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WBc'BP9F² OTBP~OC§O $ ORfWB HF~O $ $ D~FIQ Q$~ À = BPOFkF9OS Sk Q R
PQ RG Oc£c LgAC´ FÅOS WB ¬BPkOS = §O = vBk@OTB c ÌBcORS O[WÅ $ DGFQ
¯® QTSNBPN H°£FIBPFIkPê8Q = pO BkQTSPORS $ Û Q G ORkkcFQ cBPNF£ºmBfOFkÆL
JOS ²³F£F¸OTB R F£OR £ $®G BPNH H9FéOS IBfO Kë=ìcñkî =¬À¢G¤§¢ÅBPNH Á Î!µ íPî µ[¦óBPI§
¯® BPÀH Ha¬BkNHãS ÇvB Q$Bk² ¬WOS É ¯® BkNF£cã» Q$Bk² ²³ R Å B FIHaLv¿F£OS
OS BcHD cO8k¨vB ¬_¢G¤§¢Í²³fD H k² F¸OT³OF Ú~´NB O = ³FBÉDfBP´£O HòB B¶F£
OS  ´F£OFkÀËW´FIHF£NÅFÍHf~Of±¿ÉBkSFPORk¹¬ÄA-L L¬OÉJ £FPORkÌMCBP
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²fD HF£OR¾Q RG Oc£ckFIQ@S BkHÚ~´NB O $ vO Â O=L $ cÅJQ=BkH ² ¬xB4· ² = cF Û
QTSGcaF£ OSG §O¿¶Bc§SFkOkÆL
Ñk´N§O F ORCORS ¼ Lz¢xL cO F~O¨OS ¢ Q¯cNH-¿Ê IH¿ÉB ¬EOS ¼ F¸O H4¢~OTBfO
BPNH4¦ R BfO0Ë F¸OTBPF» ~BP³Q$Bk´OFk´N ¯® QTSNBPN kÀO QTSFIQ$BkF£· ²³BPOFk¹¬kF£NQ$£´ÀHGµ
F£K§c² SNB F4P!HBPORB4cQ G OTBPNBk F=LNÐpBkQTSWBc'H FkS~O HO8 B OSÀBfO
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Q¯H ÀBP² » [ORf H°cKF£O'» OS J'£F T«L
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OS PORS $ CO9´F¸O@F£OR¾fÉ Q$FBkIJFF¸OTB R $ H=LxôN @ $® Bk² ¬OS ¦ $ ²4BP
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B B _O³» B§F² H DGFQ ¡GF£OvFIvBP QO c² QTSNBkFQ=BPxH DGFIQ SFIQTS°´N vB
Q¯k²-»FNBfORF£ck POR ¥· POTBfOF4HFI T«vBPNH £´~vO NQ¯F S = ² RBk v O§O =
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k $ = ORS F Q$k²³².´NFQ=BfOFkÀWBk»Nk´O Q$´ R L
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SNBPNHQ$k´IH°W R L
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OS Ë F¸ORFS¹L
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¦ $ ²³Bkú²FF¸OTB R Q¯c²³².´FIQ$BPOFkN=¬ Q RF£¶ORS ² BPNH BkR§F¶OS Å §´£µ
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Ð_©'¤§¦  J H Q G OTvWBcv²³B c H°F¸ORSKORS Q¯H p H ¼ Ϫ½'J.L
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OS Ë F£OFI§SƬEBkNHa¬EF.åBcQO=¬P¢G¤§¢.BPNH Á Î!µ íPî µi¦Í²³H HOS F HFI[O F»´ORF£c- [O ²4
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H D H9B8W R F£N8 §O ²;ORSNBfO¨cBED ORS F F£ BcH $ 'BPÀHéQ¯c²²4BkNH $
´ R Q H cO H°O GÀ 'BPNHBP²³c´~ORvP! Q R OF· ²4BfORF£c¹L
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kk»NBkWB BfO_OS » kFFN¬cF£~O £F ÀQ F· ²4BfORF£c» Fc F² OTBP~O_Fµ
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PO8» ´ N FI§FÊOS úOSNBPO°BPÎ ¼ ½'Î_ÏgÐ /  J'¦¨¤ BkNHÍÐp©'¤§¦  0J / ¼ Ϫ½'J
²³BPO = FIBPWBc BP $ F£N §O H8» Q¯cN´² $ pBk ® F£c´N0· pR FIBP» F· ²4BfORF£c¹L
Î ¼ ½Î_ÏÆÐ¬GOSc´kS´N H» ORS ÑcB BP · HF £c²³BPOFIQ@Q¯c²²-´FIQ$BPOFkN=¬» µ
Q$BP² B²4Bfç[ F HF ~OvF9J'£F H²³F£F£ORB H Q¯FIF£cµ{²4B FÀL
ªvS ¦ = ²4BPÊBPNHéÑ~B BP ²³F£F£ORB ´N HéB°DfB F O kpQ RG Oc B SFIQ@ §µ
O ²4OR PO Q¯O-ORS F Q¯c²²-´FIQ$BPOFkN F£ ORÉBkNHÌH´ FÊOS vB LJ£F H
Q R~ ORBPÀBP §OR_§c£D H³²4BP PxOS §O ²³_fD = OSFI À = FHa¬k»´O_· OS C ´ µ
~ vPOSFIB OFIQ¯ ¬ F£ÆHFIRQ¯´NRÎ ¼ ½'Î_ÏgÐÍBkNHÐ_©'¤§¦  Jc L
Î F£ O³A Q ².» $¾ë=ì Në ¬ $®G £cF¸OTBfOFk°PgÎ ¼ ½'ÎpÏÆÐ~BED J'² $ FQ=BP kFIQ µ
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F£kOcÊBPÀHéORS kkOFIBfOR Û = OT¨P0ORS ² = ORF£~¨F¸ORSÉ¢~OTBfO A $ B O² ~O
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D BkÄOORS J'² = FIQ$Bk BED H NÀ = OS ²~[ODfBk£´NBk» Q R OPBP ÿ ORS Úc´ §OFkPÄWB BkNH À BkQ L
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H OTBPF@kWF£OR. $ BfORF£cNBP IBPNF£NN¬¹ Bc[O@P'Bk£!ORSNBfO.BIB §O F c · Q vBk
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BP»k´OORS F£² NHF£8BPO§OTBkQ BfOÎ B aMB » L
J'² $ FQ=BPJ ² BkNHK©CBEDfBP¹Q RG ORBkNBP [OT ¯® kF£O H D = BkÑ~B BP ²³F££µ
F¸OTB R §O ²4BfäO $ Î B ÄMCB »À ¬ NBP»N£F ¼ Lz¢xLQ¯k²³²4BPÀH $ ¨Oé O.Bk¶´Nµ
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BPcBkF£À[O¾kµr©CBEDEBk! §O ²¬OSG´N¨ORS Q¯c~OF~´ H $® £cF¸OTBfORF£cÊk_OS Î ¼ ½'ÎpÏÆÐ
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Q¯kÀ§´² = v§OF£ R Q FD HKHFI§O F£»´OFkPgOS H Q RG OF£~O £F ÀQ L
Ë Bk°FcO $R §OF-O´ °k¹åBfO ¬Î ¼ ½'Î_ÏgÐ'¬ D 8ORSk´cSKB-ÑcB BP §O ²
BPNH°F£~O NH H4· HF k²4BfORFQ¨Q¯c²²-´FIQ$BPOFkN=¬c» Q=BP² Bk ~OFIBPF R HF ~O
F£9J'F HK²³F£F£ORB $ BfOFkÀpF9Ð0´ L
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BPNHÅOSFI¾vBk· OSNQ$k²³F£N° k² ORS F HF £c²4BfOFIQ³[OTBfORF£cNCOS = .ÿ ²-´NQTS¶P_F£O
O BPN²³F¸OO H±Oʪg G éF£OS Î ¼ ½Î_ÏÆÐ §O ²LĪvSG´N$¬gOS k´ Q 8 fÍBk
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fDGFIH HBk Q=HPOTBP DGFH NQ PÄOS Q¯G HFNBfORF£c ÿ BcQ P!F£O ÿ Bk²³k4ORS J ® FWNBPOFkN=L  J'¦¨¤ BPI fD~FIH H³OS ²³c§O R FBk» k´ Q kÆSNB H8HNBfORB.k
OS ½´ÀPµ[¦ $ ²4BP8 k~OmL
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M'FI¨Ok´ @ cN R Hé» J£» $ O-¢ $ $ ¬x· @ $® BP² ¬a HÊSF£² O F¸O D $ BP
H OTBPF H R $ ORvBk»Àc´OC¦ $ ²4BP xÛ W B cNvBPNH B kÀ N H´NQ¯OFk¹L
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BP¾F£À Q¯OFk¾Oc´ k¦ = ²4BP@H N $R QO H¾BPkNvOS Q$cBc[OaPô BPÀQ L=ªvS F
H OTBPF H R $ ORNPO³k £FI[O H· OF Ý Q$BPOFkN-BPNHͧS ° ² IBkQ ² ~OR=¬g»N´O
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= D =LEªvSNF fD H BPOS = ´N ·´ÀS 8Ð_F SNf = vBk BkF ÁC $ BfOFk
Á ¨Ð_½'Ï Á ½'A.L
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 cRQ¯f@¬=Sf D = ¬ BkR§´ R H@J² $ FQ=BP R BcH $ aORSNBfO0¦ $ ²4BP H Q$£F H@O ´ µ
§´ OSNFv O§OR ² ~O=¬BPÀH4OSÀBfOWOS ¢GfDGF O ¼ Fk°FKBk Q=Bk vBkW[OTBPNHF£ ÝN ²
BPcBkF£À[OvF¸OmL
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ë=ì 6 L
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Bkv¢G H BPNH¢GF£Oº = IBPÀHa¬G» cBP ~§F. $ »N QTS ² p» SFQTSÑcB BP
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= O HOS ¬cBkNH4BPI§Sf H-ORSNBfOpOS FIH B@Pa´NQ$kNHF¸ORF£cNBP§´ RR NH = vBk
BPNBPOS ²³B-OR BcH $ vFªg G NL
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² RBP 'Ú~´FIQ » Q$Bk² BP ~OFIBPgF£N R HF ~OFÅQ¯c².»NBPO IBPF°· ORS Ë F£OFI§S¹¬cBPNHORS J'² = FIQ$BkN$¬cBfäO = OS F _ ~O F£~O¾ORS vB ¬PBPI§@ B H-O@´N F¸OT R ~OFIBPaFN§FkS~OT$L
Ð_B FÊOS vB ¬ ¼ Ϫ½'J NBk» H9ORS k´ORG´².» $R Hʽ BkÄJF ôN Q O
k´O· ® ORS ¦ $ ²4BP°JF ô Q F°F£ORW»k².»NF£Q$Bk² BPFkNWBP~BPFN[OvË F£ORBkF£¹L ¼ Ϲµ
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¼ Ϫ½'JÇWBc0BP ~OFIBPÀF£N R HF ~O_F8FF@OS ËvBfOO PxORS JWORBkcORFQkL
¦ $ ²³Bk ¼ µiËWcBfOT! $R B = Fk´ÀÄOS R BPO0O-J'£F H8SF FN¬~BPNH4Q$k´IH cR§F»
SNBED Ê D cO HãJ² $ FQ=BPãF~O $ D ~OFkãFÐ_´ À LM'f D = ¬WH Q G ORF£cãP
§´»N²³B F ² RBP NBP» H±OS J'£F H±ÀBED~F OéSG´~O³BPNHH §O B9IB ~´N².» $ k´»N-Bk@ _Bc¾OS F - = FI§SN² ~O.§SF =LgM $R ¬ ¼ Ϫ½'J+SNBcHÊO
» Bk´k² ~O HÉQ$B ·´£ F£OS±kOS = §c´ Q ¾kWHBPORB¬ÆF£NQ$£´ÀHF£Né§FkS~OF~@BPNH
HF R Q¯OFk Ý NHFÀ¬»´O'vBkWORS §F Ú~´NBkkÆOS ¼ µiËp~BfO»NBPO§O =L
A Q R~ ORv k² Ð_©¤§¦  Jµr»NBk H² RBP v» Q$Bk² OS [OTB P0J£F H9 µ
Q R O_F~O F£ NQ F£8OS ¤rORBPFIBP8Q$Bk² BPFkN_BPNH4F³OS H F£D BkQ ~!ô BkNQ BfäO =
A'µiACB L Âé RBk fDGFIH H4Q$ Fk´À_BP²³c´~OR0kÆHBfOTB@k ² H $ P¹»NBPO§O BPNHÉkäO ±~BED J'F HQ¯c²²4BkNH $ @BkHDEBkNQ WB FPF² À NHFʦ $ ²4BP
BfO§OTBkQ =L
8 &ÊpaÙ§CÕG[_CÕ
¤_Wk´IH° Ü = OS ·c£fF£NQ$kNQ$£´NFkNvBP»k´OWORS J'² = FIQ$BkKBPÀHKJ£F H ¯®À µ
F NQ F¸ORSÎ ¼ ½'ÎpÏÆ*Ð /  J'¦¨¤ BkNHÐ_©¤§¦  9J / ¼ Ϫ½'J.¡
ªvS ʼ L ¢xLvk´OFkãk¾OS Î ¼ ½'Î_ÏgÐ+ §O ² BkNHãË F£OFIS ¯® kF£ORBPOFkP
Ð_©'¤§¦  Jó~BED J'£F HÉH Q¯FI§Fkʲ³B k = ¾Q¯c~OF~´Nk´N¨FN§FkS~O¾F£~ORSÀBfO¾OS ³ µ
² vBkCB F4OKF¸OT ¸[LaªvSFIC´ R Q H cO H ÿ BPNHŧ´N§ORBkF£ H ÿ F£NFkS~OCF~O
OS BkQORF£DGF£OF =¬ORSF£ FÀ¬BkNH9FcO ~OFkÀ'P0c´ ' ²³F Cp IHFIH BPÀH9BfOORS SF£cS §O D v~BED OS J£F 'BPFNQ$BkQ$´Bk» BcHDfBP~ORBk L
ªvS Bk»F£F£O OR R BcHòOS Î ¼ ½'Î_ÏgÐ+ §O ² N fDGFIH Hú²-´NQTSãFIH $ BkQ=Q R
OSNBkò²³FkS~O8SNBED » $ ¯®À QO HaL0¤rOKPO4kN Í H´ÀQ HòF· ²4BfORF£cÍcÍORS F£²³² HFIBfO ´N $ $¬kOSNBPO_FI$¬kOS Ñ~B BP HF k²4BfORFQ = DGFIQ ¬kF¸O_~BED ORS J'F _B
§´ $ F k´ Q PaF£· ²³BPOFk4´N ·´NÀF8»POS8OS BfO = 0P¹vB BkNH· ²FF¸OTB R
´ R ~ _Bkp ðLc¤rOW²³FkS~Op» B c´ HORSNBfOvÎ ¼ ½Î_ÏÆÐÌBfOWk² §ORBk 0vBk0²³ F£² ORBP~O¾F£ÊOS §O ´kc BP~BPFN[O@¦ $ ²4BP OSNBkÊF£O@WBcFéORS Ý kS~O@BPcBkF£À[O
ÑcB BPF¸OT ¸[L
ªvS Bk»F£F£O OR ¯® kF£O.ORS ½'Ð_A; §O ²vBkOS Q$BPORBP [OSFIQTSÌ ´ R H
OS fvOSKP¢¤§¢4 k²õB.OF Q$BcH R F~O³B-IB BPNHBkQ¯OFD cBkF£ºmBfORF£c8BPNH
= B R H¨ORS ~BPFº=BPOFk¨OORB k BcHDfBP~ORBk kOS BPO = k´OFkkNÎ ¼ ½'Î_ÏgÐ'L
¤rOpBPI§@ Q F£ORBfO HORS H D ² ~O_Pa² QTSNBkFI§²4Ä· FH BkH4Q$k QOFk
BPNH9HFIR ²FNBPOFk9P_¢G¤§¦¨¤[©Cª ²4BfO = FIBPI'BkNHOS HQO F ´ÀH $ SFQTSORS BkQORF£DGF£OF vWk´IHK» Q$kNH´ÀQO HaL
ªvS åBkQ¯ORxORSNBfO $® £cF¸OTBfORF£c¨kcORS Î ¼ ½'ÎpÏÆÐ §O ²ÇvBkx²4BP f $ µ{F~O À§FD BPNH $ H8k Q RF£-WBcWF£² $ BfOFD ¬~· Q H8OS O[W-» BkNQTS pPgOS ²³F£F£µ
27
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ORB R $ DGFQ =¬ D ³SF£ OS $ $R Hk² [ORFQ F£DfBk· 0 §c´ Q =¬mOQ$~ À = BPO O H´ÀQ OSFI¾§c´ Q FÊB8OF² WB LªvSFI¨S H N = B R ORS c´NH·
F£NQ Bk H°F£~O = $ DGFQ Q¯G $ BfORF£c°FKORS @ c§O§µrWB W = BNL
 c§O¨ F BPNHé²³Bk ²³FIHGµr D ²³F£F£ORB R BPNHÅQ¯FD~FFBké BkH = CF9OS vB
SNBkH8k² D ÀP¹BkQ=Q R!OR  J'¦¨¤ ÍR $ OR=LcªvS =-R OTBPF H4OS F ² ²³ F 0P
¿Ê IH¿¶B Q R~ OkkcFQ¨´NQ$Q R $¬BkNHK´ O HKOS Q$k~OFG´NBfORF£cKkÄQ G ORPµ
£ckFIQ¨Q=B Bk»F£F£OF vFOS » BED c§O§µrWB W IHaL
ªvS k´ORF£cNPCÎ ¼ ½'ÎpÏÆÐBkNHÌÐp©'¤§¦  J; $R F~O £ Q¯O´NBkvBcQ$Q$k² FSµ
² ~ORKP@OS éÝN [O» F££FIBPÀQ LvËWPORSã = O Bk² ¯Ü OR°BkNHúORS ² ²-» = KP
OS O Bk²³k´cS~OO8» F§O H9BP²³k³ORS F² OTBP~OCQ¯c~O F£»´O WO°D~FIQOR R
F£¿¶ HK¿¶B ¤§¤L ¼ · O´NNBfO ¬Sf D $ ¬c· ²³c§OvkÆORS Q¯ccO F»´OR $¬~ORS F
NBP² CBPNHÅH $ HB = Bk£ ° f9c OR8OS SB R F£~O $R §O HéF£
F£~O £F ÀQ BkQ¯OFD~F£OF =L
ôgFNBk£ ¬Æ¢G¤§¦¨¤[©CªóHFH¶kO¾FÉ¿Ê IHÊ¿¶B ¤§¤L¹ªvS vB vBk¨pcÊ» ORSc BkF£ $¬~§cHF = =¬~BkF ² ¹¬GBPÀH8²4B F£ pSOR~ OS CÝ cScOpO-OS ¨ ² BPOpORS FI BPNHa¬0k² OF² $¬0Q$c§O4P¨OS F fò£FD $L0Mf D = ¬0¢GFkNBk¤i~O £F ÀQ cBED Q¯c²³²³BkNH = ³FNFH F· ²4BfORF£cBP»k´O4ORS 9 ² F£ã´NQTSúH OTBPF'OSÀBfO
F¸O-Bk£f H9ORS ²O9²4B k F H Q¯FI§FkN¨ORSNBfOBED Hé´NNQ¯c´~O HÊORSk´NRBPÀH@P
J'² $ FQ=BPBPNHË F¸ORFSKFD BkNH§S O H8ORS vB » ²4BP ²³k~ORSN$L
ªvSNBfOFIvSNBfOFI ¯® QO HKP!BPF£~O £F NQ cBkFº=BfORF£c8FKvB OF² ¬BPÀHa¬
F£4¿¶ H¿ÉB ¤¤¬POS J'² $ FIQ$BP4BkNH³Ë F£OFI§S8¢G¤§¦¨¤[©Cª $ k H FD $R H-ORS F
H´ÀQO'F£OSWB µiQTSNBkkF.BkNH£F£ RBEDGF£ ¯Üx Q¯OR=L
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