Idrizović, K., et. al..: THE CORRELATION BETWEEN AEROBIC POWER...
PESH 2(2013) 2:51-56
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN AEROBIC POWER,
ACCELERATION, REPEATED-SPRINT AND SPEED
ENDURANCE IN ELITE FEMALE FOOTBALL
UDC:796.332.015.572-055.2(497.16)
(Original scientific paper)
Kemal Idrizović1, Niko Raičković2
1Faculty
of Sport and Physical Education, University of Podgorica, Montenegro
2Football Association of Montenegro
Abstract
The main aim of this research was to ascertain relations between aerobic endurance, starting acceleration, consecutive sprints and speed endurance of elite female footballers. The sample of the examinee for
this study consisted of 24 female footballers of Montenegrin national team, except for goalkeeper’s participation because of a significantly different profile of the position of this player which would influence
the final results of this research. The abilities that were the topic of this study were estimated on the following motoricity tests; Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (level 1), 10 m sprint, 5x 10 m sprint and 300
yards. By a correlation analyse it was ascertained that mutually statistically significantly correlate tests
10 m sprint and 5x10 m sprint (r=.39, p<.05), then 10 m sprint and tests 300 yards ( r=.48, p=0.1). Beside
these statistically significant correlation coefficients, it was ascertained that Yo-Yo intermittent recovery
tests (level 1) left no one statistically significant correlation with remaining tests. The conclusion derived
from the results of this research is that elite footballers with high potentials of a starting speed also have
ability of their consecutive repetitions, and for persistent manifesting of sub-maximum fast running. On
the other side, their aerobic potentials do not have a statistically significant connection with such activities.
Key words: speed, aerobic power, female football.
By the rapid development of a female football,
functional demands with which female footballers
face become ever growing.
Maybe the best explanation of the way of
female football development is given by FIFA in
its report from the world championship held in
Germany 2011: „Following the spectacular action
at the sixth FIFA Women’s World Cup™ in
Germany in 2011, it is fair to say that women’s
football is continuing to grow and develop. The
immense efforts of FIFA and several countries to
develop the game in all six confederations have
well and truly borne fruit, not only because the
game has become more and more popular with
women, but also because the quality of the game
has improved, as proven by the vast majority of
teams in FIFA’s ?agship women’s competition for
the best teams in the world. After this Women’s
World Cup, all of the experts are in agreement that
huge progress has been made in recent years,
INTRODUCTION
In the contemporary world there is a very small
number of sport disciplines that strongly and rapidly attract ever growing number of fans, as in
case of the female football. Women’s soccer is one
of the fastest growing team sports in the world:
from 2000 to 2006 the number of female soccer
players registered with FIFA, grew over 50%
(FIFA, 2006). Female soccer has over 26 million
participants around the world and 208 member
associations (FIFA, 2012). Among other, Germany
has over one million registered female soccer players (Deutscher Fussbal-Bund, 2009), while both
Sweden and Denmark have approximately 60000
registered players (Dansk Boldspil-Union, 2009;
Svenska Fotbollförbundet, 2008). During 2006,
448 female international games were playes in 134
countries (FIFA, 2007, according to Andersson,
2010).
51
Idrizović, K., et. al..: THE CORRELATION BETWEEN AEROBIC POWER...
whether in terms of the level of play, attacking and
defensive moves, or the technical skill of many
teams’ players with the ball at their feet, as well as
the great cognitive qualities (game intelligence and
individual tactics) of the players, and most notably
of the most experienced players. Other key
?ndings were the ?ghting spirit on show and many
teams’ determination to attack, as well as the players’ sense of fair play. Nevertheless, this progress
in the game, which is often coupled with high
speed and the players’ total commitment – most
notably in the cases of the USA, Japan, France,
Sweden and England – could not have been made
without good physical preparation, great psychological qualities and the perfect athletic base.“
(FIFA, 2011).
The conclusions derived from the same analysis give the amazing data telling that female footballers at the World championship in Germany in
average obtained a longer time interval of an active
play (57 min and 27 sec) than male footballers at
the World championship held in South Africa (54
min 04 sec).
All mentioned speaks in favour of the fact that
a contemporary conditioning training in female
football has almost identical demands, tasks and
goals as in a conditioning training for male football. If the findings of previous researches at the
field of male football are taken into account, one
can ask if functional capacities, namely their coordination, function in an identical way.
This is particularly important if it is known that
the way of homogenization of some motoricity
indicators is not the same for masculine and feminine. Therefore, physiological basis, namely coordination of functional potentials standing behind
these movement structures, has different characteristics (Zurc et al., 2005; Bala et al., 2009).
Bangsbo, Mohr, Poulsen, Perez-Gomez, &
Krustrup (2006) say that the athletic performance
in soccer is a function of aerobic fitness, anaerobic
fitness, speed, muscular strength, muscular power,
and agility.
Speed and acceleration are important aspects in
field sports such as soccer (Baker & Nance, 1999).
So, soccer is comprised of intermittent activity
where players are required to turn and change
direction at varying intensities, which requires
well-developed aerobic and anaerobic mechanisms
(Hoff, Gran, & Helgerud, 2002)
Earlier researches often more specifically tell
about an issue of which potentials are necessary in
order to attain topmost football quality, however,
PESH 2(2013) 2:51-56
the number of previous works dealing with the correlation of these potentials, especially in female
football, is much smaller.
As a result of all previously mentioned facts,
the basic goal of this research is defined as the
ascertaining of mutual connection of basic functional potentials (aerobic ability, speed potential)
whose quality is necessary for excellent football
results.
METHODS
The participants for this study were 24 female
soccer players who are members of the Women’s
National football team of Montenegro. The subjects were the following: 8 defenders, 11 midfield
players and 5 forwards. Because of characteristics
of a play profile of a goalkeeper, they were not
subject of this work.
All the players had more than 2 years of experience in the National team. The players were
fully-informed of all the experimental procedures
before giving their written informed consent to
participate.
To assess physical performance, the testing procedure applied included the following tasks: 10 m
sprint, Ajax test 5x10 m, 300 yards shuttle, Yo-Yo
intermittent recovery test level 1.
Speed potentials like short acceleration were
assessed by tests 10 m sprint from a stationary start
position. The ability of consecutive sprints with
change of movement direction was tested with
tasks of Ajax test 5 x10m. Speed endurance was
assessed by a test 300 yards shuttle, and aerobic
endurance with Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test
(level 1).
All tests were performed on an outdoor grass
pitch, and electronic timing gates were used to
record completion times. Tests were conducted in
this order: 10 m sprint and Yo-Yo intermittent
recovery test, level 1 (YYIRTL1), on the first day
and Ajax 5x10 m and 300 yards (300Y), second
day. Subjects performed two trials, with at least 3
minutes of rest between all trials, except for
YYIRTL1 and 300Y tests which were realized
once. The best performances in each test were used
for analysis. All tests were conducted more than 48
hours following a competition or hard physical
training to minimize the influence of fatigue on
test performance.
Descriptive statistics (minimum, maximum,
mean, standard deviation) were calculated for all
physical performance characteristics variables.
52
Idrizović, K., et. al..: THE CORRELATION BETWEEN AEROBIC POWER...
PESH 2(2013) 2:51-56
Table 1: Descriptive Characteristics of participants (24)
Age (yr)
Height (cm)
Mass (kg)
Play. exper. (yr)
Min
18
156.00
51.70
6
Max
26
182.00
74.70
13
Mean
21.87
168.25
59.48
10.08
Std. deviation
1.98
7.33
7.45
2.19
Table 2: Descriptive Characteristics of performance
10m (s)
5x10m (s)
300y (s)
YYIRTL1 (m)
Min
1.77
20.05
60.00
520.00
Max
2.43
24.80
71.92
1280.00
This study used a quasi-experimental, crosssectional approach to examine the relationship
between motoricity indicators. The Pearson
Product-Moment Correlation was used to determine the relationships among the following variables: Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, level 1
(m), 10 m sprint (s), Ajax 5x10 m (s) and 300 yards
(s). The criterion for significance was set at an
alpha level of p <.05. All statistical analyses were
conducted using version 21.0 of the Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, 2012).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
On the basis of numeric values given in the
table 1, it can be seen that the sample of the examinees for this research consisted of 24 female footballers of Montenegrin national team aged of
21.8±1.93 years, with football experience lasting
10.08±2.19 years, average body height of
168.25±7.33 cm and body mass of 59.48±7.45 kg.
With these characteristics, Montenegrin female
footballers, in relation to their fellows from other
environments, have higher body mass than female
footballers from the following works (Sirotic &
Coutts, 2007; Scott, 2007; Nesser & Lee, 2009;
Andresson, 2010; Sporiš, Jovanović, Krakan, &
Fiorentini, 2011) and lower body mass than the
examinees in the researches (Hewitt, Withers, &
Lyons, 2007; Stieg et al., 2011) telling that this
anthropometric indicator of Montenegrin female
footballers is in a wider framework of average values for the population of female football seniors.
The results which the examinees accomplished
at tests for estimation of functional potentials are
given in table 2. Comparing them with the results
Mean
2.04
21.81
66.57
836.66
Std. deviation
.14
1.19
3.15
255.96
which the female footballers accomplished in
other researches, it can be concluded that the members of Montenegrin football national team are on
approximately the same level as the female footballers from other countries considering speed
potentials whether we consider start acceleration,
consecutive sprints or speed stamina. However, on
the other side, the results which the examinees
obtained in this research on tests YYIRTL1 are significantly lower than the results obtained by the
female footballers within researches in other environments.
Figure 1 (left): The scatter plot and line of best fit for
the relationship between the YYIRTL1 and
10 m sprint time (r = -.24, p > .05)
As the YYIRTL1 is one of Yo-Yo tests which
are recommended as the best tests for the estimation of PMP (physical match performance) in football (Mohr, Krustrup, & Bangsbo, 2001; Krustrup,
Mohr, Ellingsgaard, & Bangsbo, 2005) and that it
is connected with sport-specific activities in foot-
53
Idrizović, K., et. al..: THE CORRELATION BETWEEN AEROBIC POWER...
ball (Krustrup et al., 2003), namely on the basis of
previously said it can be assumed that
Montenegrin female footballers accomplish lower
PMP level than their fellows from other national
teams.
PESH 2(2013) 2:51-56
time can be seen in Figure 2) and 300 yards (the
scatter plot and line of best fit for the relationship
between the YYIRTL1 and 300 yards shuttle run
time can be seen in Figure 3).
Figure 4 (right): The scatter plot and line of best fit
for the relationship between the 10 m sprint time
and 5x10 m (r = .39, p < .05)
Figure 2 (right): The scatter plot and line of best fit for
the relationship between the YYIRTL1
and 5x10 m (r = .19, p > .05)
On the other side, considering the relationship
between the tests 10 m sprint (r=.39,p<.05), then
10 m sprint and 300 yards (r=.48,p<.01) and finally, 5x10m and 300 yards (r=.48,p<.01), statistically significant connection of the results for the estimation of different speed qualities which are
applied in this research can be ascertained. The
scatter plot and line of the best fit for the relationship between the 10 m sprint time, 5x10 m and 300
yards shuttle run time can be seen in Figure 4, 5
and 6.
Figure 3 (left): The scatter plot and line of best fit for
the relationship between the YYIRTL1 and
300 yards shuttle run (r = -.27, p > .05)
The basic aim of this research was to discover
the fact if there was and how big was the level of
connection between manifest indicators of aerobic
stamina, start acceleration, consecutive sprints and
speed stamina. The results, found in this study, tell
that there is no a statistically significant connection
between the results on YYRTL1 test and motoricity tests sprint 10 m. (the scatter plot and line of
best fit for the relationship between the YYIRTL1
and 10 m sprint time can be seen in Figure 1), 5x10
m (the scatter plot and line of best fit for the relationship between the YYIRTL1 and 5x10 m sprint
Figure 5 (left): The scatter plot and line of best fit for
the relationship between the 10 m sprint time
and 300 yards shuttle run (r = .48, p < .01)
54
Idrizović, K., et. al..: THE CORRELATION BETWEEN AEROBIC POWER...
PESH 2(2013) 2:51-56
speed stamina. The negative correlation coefficients between the tests YYRTL1 and 10 m sprint,
and 300 yards, suggest that a sizeable, although not
statistically significant number of Montenegrin
female footballers who obtained good results on
one of these tests, also had a good result on
remaining two tests. It is very characteristically
that such a case is not repeated on 5x10m test,
therefore it can be concluded that the results on
this test were determined by other factors in relation to the remaining tests. Since, on the basis of
the entire sample, the results on YYRTL1 test, considering the results on this test in other works, are
generally of low level, the obtained values of correlation coefficient of these tests with other tests
must be carefully taken into account. In any case,
it is a very important data telling that the female
footballers with higher start speed qualities in the
same way manifest in other fields of speed as a
motoricity ability, even in those utmost such is a
speed endurance, which in an energy sense go into
the abilities of different character. Additional
researches of this topic could lead to stronger concretization of these conclusions when considering
elite female footballers and these abilities of theirs.
Figure 6 (right): The scatter plot and line of best fit
for the relationship between the 5x10 m and
300 yards shuttle run (r = .48, p < .01)
CONCLUSION
The results obtained in this study lead to the
conclusion that female footballers who have a
higher level of one of speed qualities, also obtain
better results in other tests of this character. This
means that Montenegrin female footballers having
a higher level of starting acceleration were better
in repeated short sprints and also in the activities of
REFERENCE
Andersson, H. (2010). The physiological impact of soccer on elite female players and the effects of active recovery training. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Örebro Studies in Sport Sciences, Örebro University.
Baker, D., & Nance, S. (1999). The relation between running speed and measures of strength and power in professional rugby league players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 13(3), 230-235.
Bala, G., Popović, B. & Jakšić, D. (2009): Trend of changes of general motor ability strukture in pre-school children. 1th International Scientific Conference, Novi Sad, Srbija, 26 – 28 march 2009: 113 – 118.
Bangsbo, J., Mohr, M., Poulsen, A., Perez-Gomez, J., & Krustrup, P. (2006). Training and testing the elite athlete.
Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness, 4(1), 1-14.
Dansk Boldspil-Union (2009). Medlemstal, Copenhagen.
Deutscher Fussball-Bund (2009). Member Statistics, Frankfurt, pp. 2-3.
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (2007). Introduction and Executive. In Summary of 4th FIFA
women’s football symposium. Shanghai: FIFA.
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (2011). Physical Analysis of the FIFA Women’s World Cup
Germany 2011™. Zürich: FIFA.
Hoff, J., Gran, A., & Helgerud, J. (2002). Maximal strength training improved aerobic endurance performance.
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 12, 288-295.
Krustrup, P., Mohr, M., Amstrup, T., Rysgaard, T., Johansen, J, Steenberg, A., et al. (2003). The Yo-yo intermittent
recovery test: Physiological response, reliability, and validity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(4),
697-705.
Krustrup, P., Mohr, M., Ellingsgaard C., & Bangsbo, J. (2005). Physical demands during an elite female soccer
game: Importance of training status. Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise, 37(7), 1242-1248.
Mohr, M., Krustrup, P., & Bangsbo, J. (2001) Development of fatigue towards the end of a high level soccer match
[Abstract]. Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise, 33(5), 215.
Scott, D. (2007). Physical status of elite female soccer players. Journal of Sport Science and Medicine, 6(Suppl.
10), 185.
Sirotic, A.C., & Coutts, A.J. (2007). Physiological and Performance Test Correlates of Prolonged, High-Intensity,
55
Idrizović, K., et. al..: THE CORRELATION BETWEEN AEROBIC POWER...
PESH 2(2013) 2:51-56
Intermittent Running Performance in Moderately Trained Women Team Sport Athletes. Journal of strength and
Conditioning Research, 21(1), 138-144.
Spencer, M., Pyne, D., Santisteban, J., Mujika, I. (2011). Fitness determinants of repeated-sprint ability in higly
trained youth football players. International Journal of Sports Physilogy and Performance, 6(4), 497-508.
Sporiš, G., Jovanović, M., Krakan, I., & Fiorentini, F. (2011). Effects of strength training on aerobic and anaerobic
power in female soccer players. Sport Science, 4(2), 32-37.
Stieg, J.L., Faulkinbury, K.J., Tran, T.T., Brown, L.E., Coburn, J.W., & Judelson, D.A. (2011). Acute effects of
depth jump volume on vertical jump performance in kollegiate womwn soccer players. Kinesiology, 43(1), 2530.
Zurc, J., Pišot, R. & Stojnik, V. (2005). Gender differences in motor performance in 6,5–year–old children.
Kinesiologia Slovenica, 11 (1), 90–104.
Correspondence:
Kemal Idrizovic, PhD, Assoc. prof.
Faculty of sport and physical education,
University of Montenegro,
Džordža Vašingtona 6/176, 81000
Podgorica, Montenegro
E-mail: [email protected]
ПОВРЗАНОСТ МЕЃУ АЕРОБНАТА МОЌ, ЗАБРЗУВАЊЕТО,
ПОВЕЌЕКРАТНИОТ СПРИНТ И БРЗИНСКАТА ИЗДРЖЛИВОСТ ВО
ЕЛИТЕН ЖЕНСКИ ФУДБАЛ
UDK:796.332.015.572-055.2(497.16)
(Originalen nau~en trud)
Кемал Идризовиќ1, Нико Раичковиќ2
1Факултет
за спорт и физичко образование, Универзитет на Црна Гора - Подгорица
2Фудбалска асоцијација на Црна Гора
Апстракт
Главната цел на ова истражување е да се утврди односот меѓу аеробната моќ, стартното
забрзување и повеќекратниот спринт и брзинската издржливост кај елитните фудбалерки.
Репрезентативниот примерок за оваа студија се состоеше од 24 фудбалерки од националниот
тим на Црна Гора, без голманките, бидејќи исклучително различниот профил на позицијата на
овие играчи ќе влијаеше врз конечниот резултат од истражувањето. Способностите што се
тема на студијата беа проценети со следниве моторни тестови; јојо тест (прво ниво), 10 м
спринт 5x 10 м спринт и 300 метри. Со корелациската анализа се утврди дека има значителна
статистичка поврзаност меѓу тестовите на 10 м спринт и 5x10 м спринт (r=.39, p<.05), а од
друга страна, истата корелација се утврди и кај тестовите од 10 м спринт и 300 метри (r=.48,
p=0.1). Освен овие корелациски коефициенти со исклучително статистичко значење, беше
утврдено и дека јојо тестовите (прво ниво) немаат никаква значајна статистичка корелација со
другите тестови. Заклучоците што беа извлечени од резултатите добиени со ова истражување
велат дека елитните фудбалерки со висок потенцијал на стартна брзина, исто така, имаат
способност последователно да ја повторуваат таа брзина и постојано да одржуваат
субмаксимална брзина. Сепак, нивниот аеробен потенцијал нема значајна статистичка
поврзаност со претходноспоменатите активности.
Клучни зборови: брзина, аеробна моќ, женски фудбал.
56