Graduate Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies
2:1 (2004), 32-43
‘We Don’t Want Your Racist Tour’: The 1981
Springbok Tour and the Anxiety of Settlement in
Aotearoa/New Zealand
ȱ
JacobȱPOLLOCKȱ
UniversityȱofȱAucklandȱ
ȱ
THEȱ1981ȱTOURȱofȱtheȱSouthȱAfricanȱrugbyȱfootballȱteamȱtoȱAotearoa/NewȱZealandȱ
metȱwithȱpublicȱprotestȱonȱaȱscaleȱthatȱfarȱexceededȱanyȱpreviousȱtourȱbyȱaȱraciallyȱ
selectedȱteam.ȱTheȱprotestsȱfocusedȱonȱSouthȱAfrica’sȱpoliticalȱsystemȱofȱapartheid,ȱaȱ
systemȱthatȱensuredȱtheȱsegregationȱandȱsubjugationȱofȱblackȱSouthȱAfricansȱthroughȱ
someȱ ofȱ theȱ mostȱ notoriousȱ raceȱ lawsȱ inȱ theȱ postȬWorldȱ Warȱ Twoȱ world.ȱ Jacquesȱ
Derridaȱdescribesȱapartheid,ȱtheȱlastȱwordȱinȱracism,ȱȱ
ȱ
orȱ leȱdernierȱ asȱ oneȱ sometimesȱ saysȱ inȱ Frenchȱ inȱorderȱ toȱ signifyȱ “theȱ worst”…ȱ Itȱ isȱ toȱ
theȱlowestȱdegree,ȱtheȱlastȱofȱaȱseries,ȱbutȱalsoȱthatȱwhichȱcomesȱalongȱatȱtheȱendȱofȱaȱ
history,ȱ orȱ inȱ theȱ lastȱ analysis,ȱ toȱ carryȱ outȱ theȱ lawȱ ofȱ someȱ processȱ andȱ revealȱ theȱ
thing’sȱ truth,ȱ hereȱ finishingȱ offȱ theȱ essenceȱ ofȱ evil,ȱ theȱ worst,ȱ theȱ essenceȱ atȱ itsȱ veryȱ
worstȱ —ȱ asȱ ifȱ thereȱ wereȱ somethingȱ likeȱ aȱ racismȱ parȱ excellence,ȱ theȱ mostȱ racistȱ ofȱ
racisms…ȱ Noȱ tongueȱ hasȱ everȱ translatedȱ thisȱ nameȱ —ȱ asȱ ifȱ allȱ theȱ languagesȱ ofȱ theȱ
worldȱ wereȱ defendingȱ themselves,ȱ shuttingȱ theirȱ mouthsȱ againstȱ aȱ sinisterȱ
incorporationȱofȱtheȱthingȱbyȱmeansȱofȱtheȱword,ȱasȱifȱallȱtonguesȱwereȱrefusingȱtoȱgiveȱ
anȱ equivalent,ȱ refusingȱ toȱ letȱ themselvesȱ beȱ contaminatedȱ throughȱ theȱ contagiousȱ
hospitalityȱofȱtheȱwordȬforȬword.1
ȱ
Apartheidȱ hadȱ arrivedȱ inȱ aȱ Southȱ Pacificȱ paradiseȱ whichȱ regularlyȱ boastedȱ
aboutȱhavingȱtheȱ‘bestȱraceȱrelationsȱinȱtheȱworld’.ȱThisȱuntranslatableȱwordȱsignified,ȱ
andȱ stillȱ signifies,ȱ theȱ ultimateȱ oppressionȱ ofȱ blackȱ byȱ white;ȱ itȱ wasȱ andȱ isȱ theȱ
ultimateȱindictmentȱofȱtheȱcolonialȱsystem.ȱApartheid,ȱinȱitsȱfinality,ȱinȱtheȱwayȱthatȱ
theȱ wordȱ itselfȱ transgressesȱ itsȱ ownȱ history,ȱ gainsȱ aȱ doubleȱ meaning.2ȱ Onȱ theȱ oneȱ
hand,ȱitȱsignifiesȱaȱsetȱofȱlawsȱthatȱexistedȱinȱSouthȱAfricaȱfromȱ1948ȱtoȱ1992,ȱwhichȱ
wereȱ designedȱ toȱ oppressȱ theȱ blackȱ populationȱ therein.ȱ But,ȱ throughȱ itsȱ
untranslatableȱquality,ȱorȱthroughȱsheerȱunwillingnessȱtoȱtranslateȱit,ȱtoȱextendȱthatȱ
hospitality,ȱitȱalsoȱbecomesȱaȱsymbolȱforȱaȱracismȱthatȱstandsȱoverȱandȱunderpinsȱallȱ
otherȱracisms,ȱaȱsymbolȱforȱracialȱhatredȱthatȱcanȱonlyȱbeȱarticulatedȱinȱtheȱlanguageȱ
ofȱ theȱ oppressors.ȱ Inȱ 1981,ȱ thisȱ lastȱ wordȱ wasȱ utteredȱ inȱ Aotearoa/Newȱ Zealand.ȱ
Whileȱ formalȱ politicalȱ oppositionȱ toȱ sportingȱ relationshipsȱ withȱ theȱ apartheidȱ stateȱ
hadȱexistedȱinȱAotearoa/NewȱZealandȱsinceȱatȱleastȱ1959,ȱinȱtheȱformȱofȱtheȱCitizensȱ
AllȱBlackȱTourȱAssociationȱ(CABTA),ȱandȱindeedȱoccurredȱpreviouslyȱinȱ1921,ȱ1937,ȱ
andȱ 1949,ȱ oppositionȱ inȱ 1981ȱ reachedȱ aȱ scaleȱ notȱ seenȱ beforeȱ orȱ since.3 ȱ Theȱ 1981ȱ
SpringbokȱTourȱisȱitselfȱaȱnameȱthatȱhasȱbecomeȱsynonymousȱinȱNewȱZealandȱwithȱ
Pollock/‘We Don’t Want Your Racist Tour’
32
violenceȱandȱdivision,ȱand,ȱaccordingȱtoȱsomeȱparticipants,ȱ‘broughtȱtheȱcountryȱtheȱ
closestȱitȱhasȱcomeȱinȱtheȱtwentiethȱcenturyȱtoȱcivilȱwar’.4ȱȱ
Theȱeventsȱofȱ1981,ȱalthoughȱnotȱwithoutȱtheirȱhistory,ȱareȱremarkableȱforȱtheȱ
intensityȱofȱemotionȱgeneratedȱonȱbothȱsidesȱofȱtheȱissue,ȱsuggestingȱthatȱmoreȱwasȱ
atȱ stakeȱ thanȱ theȱ moralȱ issueȱ ofȱ sportingȱ contactȱ withȱ Southȱ Africaȱ versesȱ theȱ
‘freedomȱ ofȱ choice’ȱ arguedȱ byȱ proponentsȱ ofȱ theȱ Tour.ȱ Asȱ Geoffȱ Chappleȱ remarks,ȱ
theȱrealityȱthatȱbeliedȱtheȱmythȱofȱracialȱequalityȱwasȱ‘NewȱZealand’sȱsublimeȱsecret’ȱ
duringȱtheȱ1960ȱ‘NoȱMaorisȱ[sic]ȱNoȱTour’ȱcampaign,ȱandȱ‘toȱtouchȱtheȱsublimeȱsecretȱ
wasȱtoȱarouseȱtheȱfuries’.5ȱTheȱpresenceȱofȱapartheidȱonȱtheseȱshores,ȱtheȱracismȱparȱ
excellence,ȱ ifȱitȱ didȱ notȱexposeȱ thisȱsublimeȱsecret,ȱ atȱ leastȱ hintedȱ atȱ theȱ myth.ȱ Thisȱ
essayȱ seeksȱ toȱ addressȱ someȱ ofȱ theȱ issuesȱ surroundingȱ internalȱ raceȱ relationsȱ inȱ
Aotearoa/NewȱZealandȱandȱtheirȱeffectȱonȱprotestsȱoverȱtheȱSpringbokȱTourȱinȱ1981.ȱ
Despiteȱ theȱ factȱ that,ȱ byȱ 1981,ȱ raceȱ hadȱ becomeȱ aȱ keyȱ issueȱ inȱ Aotearoa,ȱ notȱ
simplyȱinȱtermsȱofȱtheȱSpringbokȱTour,ȱbutȱalsoȱthroughȱaȱdecadeȱofȱMaoriȱactivismȱ
byȱgroupsȱsuchȱasȱNgaȱTamatoaȱandȱtheȱPolynesianȱPantherȱMovementȱ(PPM),6ȱitȱisȱ
anȱ issueȱ thatȱseemsȱ toȱ beȱlargelyȱignoredȱ inȱ theȱbodyȱofȱ Tourȱliterature.ȱ Ofȱ course,ȱ
Maoriȱwereȱmoreȱexplicitlyȱtheȱissueȱduringȱtheȱ1960ȱawayȱtour.ȱTheȱthreatȱofȱMaoriȱ
playersȱ beingȱ deselectedȱ dueȱ toȱ theirȱ ‘coloured’ȱ statusȱ ledȱ toȱ theȱ aforementionedȱ
formationȱ ofȱ CABTAȱ andȱ widespreadȱ protestȱ underȱ theȱ ‘Noȱ Maorisȱ [sic]ȱ Noȱ Tour’ȱ
banner.7ȱ Thisȱformȱofȱ protestȱ wasȱ successfulȱinȱ 1970,ȱ whenȱMaoriȱ wereȱ grantedȱtheȱ
dubiousȱpleasureȱofȱbeingȱ‘honoraryȱwhites’ȱforȱtheȱdurationȱofȱtoursȱtoȱSouthȱAfrica.ȱ
TheȱperiodȱsawȱtheȱformationȱofȱtheȱCitizen’sȱAssociationȱforȱRacialȱEqualityȱ(CARE)ȱ
inȱ1964;ȱaȱgroupȱwhich,ȱtenȱyearsȱlater,ȱfeltȱthatȱ‘weȱhaveȱdoneȱmuchȱtoȱimproveȱraceȱ
relations;ȱ justȱ asȱ weȱ areȱ consciousȱ thatȱ veryȱ muchȱ moreȱ isȱ neededȱ andȱ thatȱ Newȱ
Zealandȱisȱfarȱfromȱbeingȱtheȱraceȱrelationsȱparadiseȱthatȱpeopleȱoftenȱpretendȱitȱtoȱ
be’. 8 ȱ Whileȱ groupsȱ likeȱ CAREȱ wereȱ concernedȱ withȱ theȱ statusȱ ofȱ Maoriȱ inȱ
Aotearoa/Newȱ Zealand,ȱ theȱ twoȱ issuesȱ ofȱ raceȱ ceasedȱ toȱ beȱ explicitlyȱ linkedȱ
followingȱ theȱ ‘honoraryȱ whites’ȱ decision.ȱ Instead,ȱ asȱ Jamesȱ Belichȱ pointsȱout,ȱ ‘afterȱ
1970,ȱMaoriȱareȱdemotedȱfromȱtextȱtoȱsubȬtextȱofȱtheȱvexedȱissueȱofȱsportingȱrelationsȱ
withȱSouthȱAfrica’.9
RelegationȱtoȱsubȬtextȱdidȱnotȱdoȱanythingȱtoȱdissuadeȱMaoriȱactivism,ȱwhichȱ
wasȱ prominentȱ duringȱ theȱ 1970s,ȱ andȱ representedȱ aȱchallengeȱ toȱ theȱ mythȱofȱ racialȱ
harmonyȱ thatȱ formedȱ partȱ ofȱ theȱ socialȱ imaginaryȱ inȱ Aotearoa/Newȱ Zealand.ȱ Thisȱ
challengeȱ wasȱ articulatedȱ inȱ theȱ formȱ ofȱ theȱ ‘Pakehaȱ Problem’,ȱ whichȱ recognizedȱ
institutionalȱracismȱinȱAotearoa/NewȱZealand,ȱaȱracismȱ‘embeddedȱdeepȱwithinȱNewȱ
Zealand’sȱsocial,ȱpolitical,ȱandȱeconomicȱstructuresȱfromȱtheȱtimeȱofȱcolonization.ȱTheȱ
embeddingȱofȱracismȱhadȱmanifestedȱitselfȱasȱtheȱunmitigatedȱoppressionȱofȱtangataȱ
whenua,ȱ Maori,ȱ byȱ theȱ colonialȱ oppressors,ȱ theȱ Pakeha’.10ȱ Thisȱ newȱ articulationȱ ofȱ
raceȬrelationsȱ inȱ Aotearoa/Newȱ Zealandȱ soughtȱ toȱ disruptȱ theȱ ‘oneȱ Newȱ Zealand’ȱ
configurationȱofȱidentityȱthatȱwasȱtheȱdominantȱideologicalȱformation,ȱandȱintroduceȱ
theȱconceptȱofȱbi/multiculturalism.11ȱȱ
Protestsȱ atȱ Waitangiȱ Dayȱ celebrationsȱ broughtȱ Governorȱ Hobson’sȱ
pronouncementȱatȱtheȱsigningȱofȱtheȱTreatyȱofȱWaitangi,ȱ‘heȱiwiȱtahiȱtatouȱ—ȱweȱareȱ
allȱoneȱpeople’,ȱseriouslyȱintoȱquestion.ȱAlthoughȱtheȱWaitangiȱTribunal,ȱestablishedȱ
inȱ1975ȱtoȱaddressȱMaoriȱgrievancesȱoverȱCrownȱbreachesȱofȱtheȱTreaty,ȱinitiallyȱ‘hadȱ
noȱteeth’,ȱitȱsignaledȱtheȱinstitutionalizationȱofȱtheȱMaoriȱlandȱrightsȱmovement.12ȱTheȱ
landȱ rightsȱ movementȱ ‘assert[ed]ȱ aȱ differentȱ historyȱ ofȱ Aotearoa/Newȱ Zealand…ȱ
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present[ing]ȱ aȱ profoundȱ critiqueȱ ofȱ theȱ dominanceȱ ofȱ (colonial)ȱ Newȱ Zealandȱ overȱ
(indigenous)ȱ Aotearoa’.13ȱ Thisȱ critiqueȱ ofȱ Pakehaȱ historyȱ ‘wasȱ signifiedȱ atȱ theȱ 1981ȱ
Waitangiȱ Dayȱ protests,ȱ whereȱ protestorsȱ ralliedȱ aroundȱ aȱ bannerȱ proclaimingȱ thatȱ
theȱ “Treatyȱ isȱ aȱ fraud”’. 14 ȱ Thisȱ proclamationȱ wasȱ madeȱ onȱ theȱ sameȱ dayȱ thatȱ
GovernorȱGeneralȱSirȱDavidȱBeattieȱwasȱclaimingȱthatȱ‘thereȱcanȱbeȱnoȱargumentȱthatȱ
asȱaȱnationȱ NewȱZealandȱ hasȱ achievedȱ aȱ higherȱlevelȱofȱ goodwillȱ betweenȱ itsȱ racesȱ
thanȱ anyȱ otherȱ countryȱ inȱ theȱ world’.15ȱ Theȱ contradictionȱ thatȱ Waitangiȱ Dayȱ hadȱ
becomeȱwasȱexpressedȱbyȱArchbishopȱReeves,ȱwhoȱsaid:ȱ‘Iȱshareȱmanyȱofȱtheȱdoubtsȱ
aboutȱ theȱ wisdomȱ ofȱ observingȱ aȱ dayȱ thatȱ commemoratesȱ aȱ treaty,ȱ theȱ statusȱ ofȱ
whichȱisȱuncertain.ȱItȱdoesn’tȱseemȱtoȱbeȱtheȱbasisȱforȱanȱobservanceȱwhichȱseeksȱtoȱ
expressȱ ourȱ oneness,ȱ ourȱ unityȱ within,ȱ andȱ ourȱ diversity’. 16 ȱ Inȱ theȱ yearȱ ofȱ theȱ
SpringbokȱTour,ȱtheȱhistoricalȱbasisȱofȱNewȱZealand’sȱracialȱequalityȱwasȱextremelyȱ
unstable.ȱ
Mirandaȱ Johnsonȱ arguesȱ thatȱ theseȱincidents,ȱ andȱotherȱMaoriȱ activismȱinȱ theȱ
1970s,ȱgaveȱriseȱtoȱaȱsenseȱofȱ‘dislocation’ȱinȱtheȱPakehaȱpopulationȱofȱNewȱZealand.ȱ
Thisȱ dislocationȱ ‘markedȱ aȱ disjunctionȱ betweenȱ Pakehaȱ andȱ theirȱ “normal”ȱ
connectionȱ toȱ Newȱ Zealandȱ thatȱ wasȱ traumaticȱ andȱ multifaceted.ȱ Aȱ dislocationȱ ofȱ
Pakehaȱidentitiesȱmayȱhaveȱlainȱbeneathȱtheȱvariousȱreactionsȱtoȱdebatesȱandȱprotestsȱ
aboutȱraceȱandȱracismȱinȱNewȱZealandȱinȱtheȱ1970s’.17ȱTheȱchallengeȱtoȱtheȱTreatyȱofȱ
Waitangiȱ wasȱ aȱ challengeȱ toȱ theȱ legitimacyȱ ofȱ theȱ settlerȱ society,ȱ whileȱ challengesȱ
suchȱasȱ thatȱ exemplifiedȱ byȱ theȱ‘hakaȱparty’ȱ directlyȱconfrontedȱ theȱsublimeȱsecret,ȱ
theȱ mythȱ ofȱ racialȱ equalityȱ inȱ theȱ presentȱ .18ȱ Bothȱ thisȱ ‘legitimacy’ȱ andȱ theȱ ‘myth’ȱ
makeȱ upȱ anȱ importantȱ partȱ ofȱ Pakehaȱ identityȱ inȱ Newȱ Zealand.ȱ Ifȱ theseȱ areȱ
challenged,ȱandȱwithȱthemȱtheȱclaimsȱtoȱwhiteȱindigineityȱthatȱareȱpartȱandȱparcelȱofȱ
claimsȱ toȱ beingȱ aȱ ‘Newȱ Zealander’,ȱ then,ȱ asȱ Stephenȱ Turnerȱ tellsȱ us,ȱ ‘beingȱ Pakehaȱ
looksȱlikeȱmoreȱselfȬdeception,ȱbadȱfaith’.19
Theȱ mainȱ argumentȱ ofȱ Turner’sȱ workȱ onȱ settlementȱ inȱ Newȱ Zealandȱ isȱ thatȱ
settlementȱ requiresȱ ‘forgetting,ȱ aȱ constitutiveȱocclusionȱofȱ theȱ traumaȱofȱ dislocationȱ
andȱ unsettlement’. 20 ȱ Thisȱ forgettingȱ isȱ basedȱ onȱ theȱ disjunctionȱ betweenȱ twoȱ
divergentȱ tendenciesȱ inȱ theȱ settlerȱ psyche.ȱ Firstly,ȱ ‘[t]heȱ colonialȱ wantsȱ toȱ
subordinateȱtheȱnewȱplaceȱtoȱtheȱoldȱplace.ȱToȱmakeȱitȱlikeȱhome,ȱwhichȱisȱanotherȱ
place:ȱtheȱoldȱcountry[,ȱandȱsecondly,ȱt]heȱNewȱZealanderȱwantsȱtoȱbeȱatȱhomeȱinȱtheȱ
place.ȱActuallyȱofȱtheȱplace.ȱToȱbeȱindigenous:ȱtoȱhaveȱcomeȱfromȱhereȱallȱalong.’21
Thisȱ desireȱ leadsȱ toȱ theȱ developmentȱ ofȱ aȱ nationalȱ story,ȱ inȱ searchȱ ofȱ aȱ newȱ
nationalȱ identity.ȱ Thisȱ story,ȱ however,ȱ canȱ onlyȱ beȱ createdȱ throughȱ forgettingȱ bothȱ
theȱ oldȱ countryȱ andȱ theȱ indigenousȱ populationȱ ofȱ theȱ new. 22 ȱ Whileȱ oneȱ mightȱ
speculateȱasȱtoȱwhatȱimpactȱBritain’sȱentryȱintoȱtheȱEuropeanȱEconomicȱCommunityȱ
inȱ 1973ȱ hadȱ onȱ theȱ eventsȱ ofȱ 1981,ȱ inȱ termsȱ ofȱ Pakehaȱ ‘dislocation’,ȱ thatȱ isȱ notȱ theȱ
subjectȱofȱthisȱarticle.ȱRather,ȱtheȱdiscussionȱwillȱfocusȱonȱwhatȱwasȱbeingȱarticulatedȱ
throughȱtheȱ‘MaoriȱsubȬtext’.ȱ
Inȱ aȱ critiqueȱ ofȱ theȱ stateȱ ofȱ culturalȱ historyȱ inȱ Newȱ Zealand,ȱ Chrisȱ Hilliardȱ
remarksȱthatȱTurner’sȱargumentȱ‘foundersȱasȱitȱdependsȱonȱeasilyȱrebuttedȱpersonalȱ
impressionsȱ andȱ anȱ indiscriminateȱ conversionȱ ofȱ theȱ spanȱ ofȱ Newȱ Zealandȱ historyȱ
intoȱ whatȱ is,ȱ inȱ effect,ȱ aȱ “Newȱ Zealandȱ mind”’. 23 ȱ Whileȱ itȱ isȱ certainlyȱ trueȱ thatȱ
Turner’sȱworksȱcitedȱhereȱfallȱoutsideȱofȱaȱstandardȱhistoryȱformat,ȱthisȱphenomenonȱ
ofȱ‘forgetting’ȱisȱsomethingȱthatȱhasȱbeenȱremarkedȱuponȱbyȱaȱnumberȱofȱhistorians,ȱ
includingȱHilliardȱhimself.ȱInȱaȱsurveyȱofȱtheȱhistorianȱJamesȱCowan’sȱwork,ȱHilliardȱ
Pollock/‘We Don’t Want Your Racist Tour’
34
findsȱ thatȱ ‘Cowanȱ wasȱnotȱ theȱonlyȱ Pakehaȱ writerȱinȱ theȱ earlyȱ twentiethȱcenturyȱ toȱ
sayȱ thatȱ Newȱ Zealand’sȱ pastȱ wasȱ vanishingȱ inȱ anȱ uncannyȱ way.ȱ Anotherȱ historianȱ
spokeȱofȱNewȱZealand’sȱ“fastȱrecedingȱhistory”,ȱandȱtheȱPolynesianȱSociety’sȱrhetoricȱ
ofȱ vanishingȱ knowledgeȱisȱ wellȱ known’.24ȱ Heȱ goesȱ onȱ toȱnoteȱCentennialȱ Historicalȱ
Projectȱ directorȱ Josephȱ Heenan’sȱ reluctanceȱ toȱ stressȱ theȱ Newȱ Zealandȱ Wars,ȱ andȱ
quotesȱ I.L.G.ȱ Sutherland’sȱ correspondenceȱ withȱ Cowan,ȱ whichȱ saidȱ ‘“Iȱ thinkȱ itȱ isȱ
disgracefulȱ thatȱ youȱ wereȱ notȱ permittedȱ toȱ tellȱ theȱ truthȱ aboutȱ [theȱ settlementȱ of]ȱ
Waikato.ȱHowȱcanȱgoodȱrelationsȱbetweenȱtwoȱpeoplesȱbeȱmaintainedȱonȱtheȱbasisȱofȱ
falsehoods,ȱ orȱ theȱ suppressionȱ ofȱ theȱ truth?’” 25 ȱ Jamesȱ Belich,ȱ inȱ hisȱ revisionistȱ
accountȱ ofȱ theȱ Newȱ Zealandȱ Wars,ȱ arguesȱ thatȱ theȱ dominantȱ interpretationȱ ofȱ theȱ
warsȱtendedȱtoȱignoreȱMaoriȱvictories,ȱtoȱȱ
ȱ
produceȱ aȱ fundamentallyȱ andȱ systematicallyȱ falseȱ picture….Inȱ differentȱ respects,ȱ theȱ
dominantȱ interpretationȱ canȱ beȱ understoodȱ asȱ aȱ systemȱ andȱ aȱ framework.ȱ Itȱ wasȱ notȱ
systematicȱ inȱ theȱ senseȱ ofȱ anȱ artificeȱ orȱ conspiracy;ȱ thereȱ wasȱ noȱ collectiveȱ andȱ
methodicalȱcensorship,ȱnoȱconsciousȱplotȱtoȱdeceive…Theȱcomponentsȱwereȱnumerous,ȱ
diverse,ȱandȱsometimesȱlogicallyȱcontradictory,ȱbutȱtheyȱaddressedȱconnectedȱproblems,ȱ
maximizedȱeachȱother’sȱstrengths,ȱandȱcompensatedȱforȱeachȱother’sȱweaknesses.ȱTheirȱ
relationshipȱcanȱbeȱunderstoodȱasȱthatȱofȱaȱsuccessionȱofȱsafetyȱnets,ȱeachȱfilteringȱoutȱaȱ
furtherȱshareȱofȱtheȱunacceptableȱfactsȱandȱimplicationsȱwhichȱhadȱescapedȱthoseȱaboveȱ
it.26
ȱ
Theȱ dominantȱ ideologicalȱ formation,ȱ then,ȱ constructedȱ aȱ pictureȱ ofȱ Newȱ
Zealand’sȱcolonizationȱbasedȱonȱaȱsystemȱofȱomissions,ȱandȱhalfȬtruths,ȱaȱsystemȱforȱ
forgetting.ȱThisȱforgettingȱhasȱbeenȱdetectedȱinȱNewȱZealandȱatȱtheȱtimeȱofȱtheȱTour.ȱ
Malcolmȱ MacLeanȱ arguesȱ that,ȱ inȱ Taranakiȱ inȱ 1981,ȱ ‘theȱ historicalȱ andȱ materialȱ
realityȱneededȱconsiderableȱfinessingȱtoȱcomplyȱwithȱtheȱdominantȱmythology’.27ȱTheȱ
‘tamedȱ landscapeȱ wasȱ generallyȱ conceivedȱofȱ asȱaȱ naturalȱlandscape,ȱobscuringȱ theȱ
culturalȱimplicationsȱofȱseeingȱitȱtamed….ThisȱperceivedȱnaturalȬnessȱofȱtheȱTaranakiȱ
landscapeȱ isȱ seenȱ asȱ vital,ȱ becauseȱ theȱ landscapeȱ isȱ notȱ seenȱ asȱ conquered:ȱ aȱ
perceptionȱthatȱparallelsȱtheȱhistoricalȱamnesiaȱofȱtheȱcolonialȱwar’.28ȱJohnsonȱsimplyȱ
notesȱthatȱ‘inȱ1981,ȱitȱseemedȱthatȱaȱwidespreadȱPakehaȱignoranceȱofȱtheirȱownȱpastȱ
andȱpresentȱcontinued’.29
ThatȱMaoriȱactivismȱinȱtheȱ1970sȱservedȱasȱaȱtraumaticȱreminderȱtoȱPakehaȱofȱ
theȱrealitiesȱofȱcolonizationȱinȱNewȱZealandȱhasȱbeenȱwellȱdocumentedȱinȱJohnson’sȱ
work.ȱTheȱconnectionȱbetweenȱthisȱreminderȱandȱtheȱ‘significantȱlevelȱofȱanxietyȱandȱ
feelingȱ thatȱ erupted’ȱ duringȱ theȱ Springbokȱ Tourȱ isȱ moreȱ peripheral,ȱ butȱ certainlyȱ
exists.30ȱAsȱMacLeanȱtellsȱus,ȱ‘theȱlandȱrightsȱmovementȱfoundȱanȱontologicalȱallyȱinȱ
theȱantiȬtourȱmovementȱthroughȱtheirȱcommonȱprioritizationȱofȱissuesȱofȱtheȱpoliticsȱ
ofȱ“race”’;ȱitȱwasȱthisȱallegianceȱthatȱinȱpartȱsparkedȱtheȱintenseȱreactionȱagainstȱtheȱ
antiȬTourȱ protestorsȱ inȱ Taranaki. 31 ȱ Theȱ connectionȱ betweenȱ theȱ two,ȱ supposedlyȱ
separate,ȱissuesȱofȱ‘race’ȱisȱoneȱthatȱisȱalsoȱmadeȱbyȱantiȬTourȱpeople.ȱȱ
Becauseȱtheȱconnectionȱbetweenȱtwoȱdifferentȱkindsȱofȱ‘race’ȱisȱlargelyȱmadeȱinȱ
theȱ experientialȱ reality,ȱ ratherȱ thanȱ beingȱ locatedȱ inȱ theȱ explicitȱ statementsȱ ofȱ theȱ
materialȱ evidenceȱ ofȱ theȱperiod,ȱ aȱ kindȱofȱ ‘counterȬhistory’ȱ approachȱisȱ requiredȱ inȱ
orderȱtoȱbringȱitȱintoȱrelief.ȱFollowingȱtheȱleadȱofȱRaymondȱWilliams,ȱthisȱarticleȱwillȱ
exploreȱ ‘theȱ borderlandsȱ whereȱ dissonanceȱ andȱ incoherenceȱ areȱ registered,ȱ [to]ȱ
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stress…thatȱ modernȱ socialȱ experienceȱ isȱ repleteȱ withȱ cognitiveȱ andȱ affectiveȱ
discrepancies,ȱ whichȱ rarelyȱ findsȱ directȱ expression’;ȱ toȱ seek,ȱ inȱ otherȱ words,ȱ thatȱ
whichȱisȱnotȱquiteȱsaidȱaboutȱexperience.32ȱToȱthisȱend,ȱitȱisȱwellȱtoȱlookȱbeyondȱtheȱ
archivesȱantiȬTourȱcoalitionȱCOSTȱ(CitizensȱOpposedȱtoȱtheȱSpringbokȱTour),ȱandȱtheȱ
otherȱgroupsȱthatȱformedȱtheȱcoreȱofȱtheȱprotestȱmovement,ȱwhoseȱpropagandaȱtendsȱ
toȱ feelȱ almostȱ obsidianȱ inȱ itsȱ unyieldingȱ ideology,ȱ andȱ lookȱ towardsȱ thoseȱ who,ȱ inȱ
lettersȱ toȱ theȱ editor,ȱ andȱ inȱ interviews,ȱ foundȱ aȱ modeȱ ofȱ expressionȱ thatȱ wasȱ moreȱ
fluid,ȱ lessȱ stable,ȱ andȱ thusȱ moreȱ proneȱ toȱ revealingȱ theȱ anxietiesȱ ofȱ Pakehaȱ Newȱ
Zealandersȱ duringȱ theȱ period.ȱ Ratherȱ thanȱ insertingȱ theseȱ textsȱ intoȱ thisȱ articleȱ asȱ
passiveȱ examples,ȱ then,ȱ itȱisȱnecessaryȱ toȱ recognizeȱ thatȱ theyȱcanȱ beȱ readȱ activelyȱ –ȱ
thatȱ theyȱ haveȱ meaningsȱ thatȱ areȱ multiple,ȱ andȱ perhapsȱ unintentional,ȱ andȱ canȱ beȱ
readȱinȱsuchȱaȱwayȱasȱtoȱrevealȱanotherȱdimensionȱofȱtheȱ1981ȱSpringbokȱTour.ȱTheȱ
definitionȱ ofȱ antiȬȱ andȱ proȬTourȱ supporters,ȱ then,ȱ isȱ notȱ limitedȱ toȱ thoseȱ whoȱ
organized,ȱ orȱ evenȱ participatedȱ in,ȱ protests,ȱ orȱ alternativelyȱ thoseȱ whoȱ threwȱ beerȱ
bottlesȱ atȱ protestorsȱ inȱ Hamilton.ȱ Instead,ȱ itȱ isȱ stretchedȱ toȱ includeȱ thoseȱ whoȱ
expressedȱ aȱ preferenceȱ oneȱ wayȱ orȱ theȱ other.ȱ Evenȱ withȱ thisȱ broadȱ definition,ȱ itȱ isȱ
importantȱ toȱ noteȱ thatȱ theȱ distinctionȱ betweenȱ theȱ twoȱ is,ȱ forȱ theȱ purposesȱ ofȱ thisȱ
article,ȱmoreȱorȱlessȱirrelevant.ȱBothȱgroups,ȱorȱatȱleastȱtheȱPakehaȱwhoȱmadeȱupȱtheȱ
majorityȱofȱbothȱgroups,ȱappearȱtoȱhaveȱbeenȱboundȱupȱinȱtheȱsameȱanxietiesȱaboutȱ
theȱ settlementȱ ofȱ Aotearoa/Newȱ Zealand.ȱ Theseȱ anxietiesȱ canȱ beȱ foundȱ inȱ theȱ notȬ
quiteȬsaid.ȱ
ThisȱnotȬquiteȬsaidȱmayȱbeȱseenȱinȱtheȱwayȱtheȱdistinctionȱbetweenȱMaoriȱandȱ
AfricansȱcollapsedȱforȱsomeȱantiȬTourȱprotestors.ȱIfȱtheȱlandȱrightsȱmovementȱfoundȱ
anȱ ontologicalȱ allyȱ inȱ theȱ antiȬtourȱ movement,ȱ itȱ couldȱ beȱ saidȱ toȱ haveȱ foundȱ anȱ
etymologicalȱ oneȱ asȱ well.ȱ Althoughȱ theȱ preciseȱ momentȱ atȱ whichȱ youngȱ Maoriȱ
startedȱcallingȱthemselvesȱ‘black’ȱisȱunclear,ȱitsȱoriginsȱprobablyȱlieȱinȱtheȱearlyȱ1970sȱ
andȱtheȱPPM.ȱRegardlessȱofȱitsȱorigins,ȱtheȱtermȱisȱanȱactȱofȱresistanceȱtoȱtheȱPakehaȱ
‘harmoniousȱraceȱrelations’ȱideology.ȱAtȱonceȱassociatingȱMaoriȱwithȱtheȱBlackȱCivilȱ
RightsȱandȱsubsequentȱBlackȱPantherȱmovementȱinȱtheȱUnitedȱStates,ȱitȱisȱaȱstatementȱ
ofȱ solidarityȱ withȱ othersȱ oppressedȱ byȱ whiteȱ institutionsȱ andȱ theȱ processesȱ ofȱ
colonization.ȱMaoriȱprotestorsȱduringȱtheȱTourȱcalledȱMaoriȱpolicemenȱ‘UncleȱTom’,ȱ
theȱ nameȱ givenȱ toȱ Africanȱ Americanȱ collaboratorsȱ withȱ theȱ whiteȱ system. 33 ȱ Inȱ aȱ
similarȱ actȱ ofȱ appropriationȱ inȱ theȱ sameȱ year,ȱ theȱ Listenerȱ publishedȱ anȱ articleȱ
detailingȱtheȱgrowingȱRastafarianȱmovementȱ–ȱtheȱguidingȱvisionȱofȱwhichȱisȱaȱreturnȱ
ofȱJamaicansȱofȱAfricanȱdescentȱtoȱEthiopiaȱ–ȱamongȱMaoriȱinȱAuckland.34ȱThatȱMaoriȱ
couldȱneverȱ‘returnȱtoȱEthiopia’ȱisȱobvious;ȱthatȱMaoriȱwereȱfindingȱmoreȱinȱcommonȱ
withȱ theȱ resistanceȱ culturesȱ ofȱ oppressedȱ groupsȱ inȱ distantȱ landsȱ thanȱ withȱ theȱ
Pakehaȱinȱtheirȱownȱisȱsignificant.ȱButȱMaoriȱreȬbrandingȱthemselvesȱasȱ‘black’ȱhadȱ
another,ȱmuchȱmoreȱlocal,ȱeffect.ȱ
AtȱtheȱbeginningȱofȱPatu!,ȱtheȱdocumentaryȱfilmȱofȱtheȱantiȬTourȱmovement,ȱaȱ
HARTȱ (Haltȱ Allȱ Racistȱ Tours)ȱcampaignerȱonȱ theȱ streetȱ talksȱ toȱ aȱ manȱ whoȱ isȱ proȬ
Tour.ȱAfterȱtalkingȱaboutȱtheȱplightȱofȱ‘blacks’ȱinȱAfrica,ȱtheȱHARTȱcampaignerȱasksȱ
aboutȱ Maori,ȱ whomȱ heȱ alsoȱ describesȱ asȱ ‘blacks’.ȱ Theȱ proȬTourȱ manȱ repliesȱ thatȱ
‘Maoriȱ areȱ aȱ differentȱ kettleȱ ofȱ fish.ȱ They’reȱ brown.ȱ They’reȱ adaptable’. 35 ȱ Belichȱ
arguesȱthatȱoneȱofȱtheȱPakehaȱmethodsȱforȱdealingȱwithȱtheȱproblemȱofȱMaoriȱwhenȱ
describingȱNewȱZealandȱasȱ‘98.5ȱperȱcentȱBritish’ȱwasȱsimplyȱtoȱ‘whiten’ȱtheȱMaori.36ȱ
Maoriȱ becameȱ aȱ betterȱ classȱ ofȱ savage,ȱ andȱ wereȱ madeȱ intoȱ ‘Brownȱ Britons’.ȱ Byȱ
Pollock/‘We Don’t Want Your Racist Tour’
36
makingȱ Maoriȱ brownȱ ratherȱ thanȱ black,ȱ Pakehaȱ couldȱ sayȱ thatȱ Maoriȱ wereȱ ableȱ toȱ
adaptȱtoȱPakehaȱcivilization.ȱButȱitȱalsoȱmadeȱtheȱmeaningȱofȱ‘Maori’ȱadaptable.ȱTheȱ
termȱ couldȱ beȱ seenȱ asȱ aȱ methodȱ forȱ reducingȱ difference,ȱ forȱ negotiatingȱ Maoriȱ
otherness,ȱ forȱ securingȱ Maoriȱ withinȱ aȱ firmlyȱ Britishȱ framework,ȱ forȱ reducingȱ theȱ
threatȱposedȱbyȱtheȱ‘savage’,ȱforȱforgetting.ȱByȱcallingȱthemselvesȱ‘black’,ȱthen,ȱMaoriȱ
wereȱ removingȱ themselvesȱ fromȱ theȱ ‘Brownȱ Briton’ȱ frameworkȱ andȱ reconstructingȱ
themselvesȱ withinȱ theȱ languageȱ ofȱ theȱ oppressed.ȱ Maoriȱ activistsȱ conflatedȱ theirȱ
struggleȱwithȱthatȱofȱAfricanȱAmericans,ȱandȱAfricansȱinȱSouthȱAfrica.ȱTheȱpeaceȱofȱ
mindȱPakehaȱobtainedȱfromȱlivingȱinȱracialȱharmonyȱwithȱtheseȱ‘BrownȱBritons’ȱwasȱ
threatenedȱbyȱthisȱnewȱarticulationȱofȱMaoriȱresistance.ȱTheȱobfuscationȱofȱtheȱtermȱ
‘BrownȱBriton’ȱwasȱlifted,ȱandȱtheȱissueȱbecame,ȱifȱyouȱwill,ȱblackȱandȱwhite.ȱ
ItȱwasȱtheȱantiȬTourȱmovementȱthatȱmoreȱreadilyȱacceptedȱthisȱconflation,ȱandȱ
yetȱtheȱtensionȱgeneratedȱbyȱinternalȱissuesȱofȱraceȱremained.ȱCriticismsȱwereȱmadeȱ
byȱ Maoriȱ ofȱ theȱ exclusiveȱ structureȱ ofȱ antiȬTourȱ movements.ȱ Theȱ ‘blackȱ Newȱ
Zealanders’ȱ whoȱ protestedȱ againstȱ theȱ Newȱ Zealandȱ Maoriȱ gameȱ inȱ Napierȱ statedȱ
thatȱ‘“AȱlotȱofȱusȱfeltȱmoreȱwhitesȱcouldȱhaveȱsupportedȱusȱbyȱtravelingȱtoȱNapier,ȱ
theȱ wayȱ we’dȱ supportedȱ tourȱ protestsȱ inȱ placesȱ suchȱ asȱ Palmerstonȱ North.ȱ Weȱ feltȱ
thatȱ thisȱ wasȱ fairlyȱ typicalȱ andȱ indicatedȱ aȱ lackȱ ofȱ fullȱ understandingȱ ofȱ Maoriȱ
problems”’. 37 ȱ Dianeȱ Quaddel,ȱ inȱ herȱ introductionȱ toȱ anȱ interviewȱ withȱ aȱ Maoriȱ
activistȱinȱ ‘Maoriȱ Polynesiansȱ andȱ theȱ Tour’,ȱ notesȱ thatȱ ‘theȱ peopleȱ weȱinterviewedȱ
wereȱ allȱ involvedȱ inȱ blackȱ politicsȱ inȱ Newȱ Zealand’.38ȱ Theȱ useȱ ofȱ theȱ termȱ ‘blackȱ
politics’ȱ atȱ onceȱ acknowledgesȱ theȱ redefiningȱ ofȱ Maoriȱ politicsȱ byȱ Maori,ȱ and,ȱ
perhaps,ȱsuggestsȱthatȱitȱisȱanȱ‘other’ȱpolitics,ȱanȱinvertedȱversionȱofȱ‘white’ȱpolitics.ȱ
QuaddelȱdescribesȱtheȱneedȱforȱHARTȱtoȱbecomeȱmoreȱinvolvedȱinȱdomesticȱissuesȱ
ofȱracism,ȱyet,ȱdespiteȱherȱapparentȱsolidarityȱwithȱ‘blackȱpolitics’,ȱherȱinterviewȱwithȱ
aȱMaoriȱantiȬTourȱprotesterȱrevealsȱsomeȱofȱtheȱ‘lackȱofȱunderstanding’ȱthatȱ‘whites’ȱ
hadȱbeenȱaccusedȱof:ȱ
ȱ
Q.ȱ Well,ȱ ifȱ weȱ getȱ rightȱ onȱ toȱ theȱ Marshal’sȱ Committeeȱ thing.ȱ Thereȱ weren’tȱ actuallyȱ
anyȱMaorisȱinȱtheȱMarshal’sȱCommitteeȱexceptȱforȱTedȱNia.ȱ
A.ȱTedȱNiaȱisȱRarotongan.ȱ
Q.ȱ Doȱ youȱthinkȱ that,ȱconsideringȱ theȱmainȱ issuesȱofȱ theȱ tourȱ wereȱracial,ȱ thereȱcouldȱ
haveȱbeenȱmoreȱencouragementȱgivenȱtoȱblackȱpeopleȱtoȱbeȱmoreȱinvolvedȱinȱdecisionȱ
making?39
ȱ
NothingȱisȱexplicitlyȱsaidȱaboutȱQuaddel’sȱfauxȱpas,ȱbutȱtheȱtensionȱisȱpalpable.ȱ
Itȱ doesȱ notȱ stretchȱ theȱ imaginationȱ toȱ pictureȱ Quaddel’sȱ embarrassment,ȱ and,ȱ
perhaps,ȱ theȱ interviewee’sȱ embarrassmentȱ atȱ havingȱ correctedȱ her.ȱ Itȱ isȱ Quaddel’sȱ
nextȱstatementȱthatȱisȱsignificant,ȱhowever.ȱUnableȱtoȱcontinueȱthatȱparticularȱlineȱofȱ
questioningȱinȱthatȱparticularȱway,ȱsheȱchangesȱtack.ȱSheȱmakesȱtheȱontologicalȱlinkȱ
betweenȱ apartheidȱ inȱ Southȱ Africaȱ andȱ ‘race’ȱ inȱ Newȱ Zealand,ȱ andȱ proceedsȱ toȱ
conflateȱ theȱ ‘blacks’ȱ ofȱ Africaȱ withȱ otherȱ ‘blackȱ people’,ȱ presumablyȱ aȱ groupȱ thatȱ
includesȱbothȱMaoriȱandȱRarotongan.ȱItȱisȱsignificantȱthatȱthisȱisȱtheȱfirstȱofȱonlyȱthreeȱ
occurrencesȱofȱtheȱwordȱ‘black’ȱinȱtheȱentireȱinterview,ȱandȱalsoȱsignificantȱthatȱeachȱ
timeȱtheȱwordȱisȱspoken,ȱitȱisȱspokenȱbyȱQuaddel.ȱTheȱnextȱtimeȱQuaddelȱsaysȱ‘black’,ȱ
itȱisȱinȱaȱquestionȱaboutȱPakeha:ȱ‘DoȱyouȱthinkȱthatȱPakehaȱpeopleȱwhoȱmarchedȱandȱ
37
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gotȱdrawnȱinȱasȱitȱwentȱonȱwereȱmarchingȱoutȱofȱaȱsenseȱofȱsolidarityȱwithȱblacksȱinȱ
SouthȱAfrica,ȱyouȱknowȱinȱrelationȱtoȱracismȱinȱNewȱZealand?’40
TheȱsubjectȱofȱthisȱquestionȱexistsȱjustȱpastȱQuaddel’sȱabilityȱtoȱarticulate,ȱandȱ
isȱexpressedȱnotȱinȱrealȱwordsȱbutȱinȱtheȱphraseȱ‘youȱknow’.ȱBothȱQuaddelȱandȱherȱ
intervieweeȱknowȱwhatȱisȱmeantȱbyȱtheȱquestion,ȱwhichȱisȱsomethingȱalongȱtheȱlinesȱ
of:ȱ‘doȱyouȱthinkȱthatȱtheȱPakehaȱwhoȱmarchedȱagainstȱtheȱtourȱwereȱmakingȱaȱlinkȱ
betweenȱ blacksȱ inȱ Southȱ Africaȱ andȱ Maoriȱ inȱ Newȱ Zealand?’ȱ Theȱ questionȱ isȱ anȱ
obviousȱone,ȱandȱtheȱoneȱthatȱisȱbeingȱaskedȱinȱthisȱarticle,ȱbutȱtheȱaskingȱofȱitȱisȱtheȱ
sourceȱofȱsomeȱanxietyȱforȱQuaddel,ȱhenceȱherȱinarticulateȱphrasing.ȱMoreover,ȱwhatȱ
Quaddelȱcannotȱquiteȱbringȱherselfȱtoȱexpressȱisȱsomethingȱthatȱseemsȱtoȱbeȱwidelyȱ
understood;ȱ theȱ wordsȱ‘youȱ know’ȱinvokeȱ aȱpriorȱ understandingȱonȱ theȱ partȱofȱ theȱ
interviewee.ȱRatherȱthanȱsayingȱwhatȱsheȱisȱunableȱtoȱsay,ȱsheȱbypassesȱtheȱanxietyȱ
ofȱexpressionȱandȱreliesȱonȱherȱinterviewee’sȱownȱexperienceȱandȱknowledge,ȱsoȱthatȱ
theȱkeyȱpartȱofȱtheȱquestionȱmayȱbeȱleftȱunsaid.ȱThisȱtacticȱisȱentirelyȱsuccessful,ȱandȱ
theȱanswerȱisȱ‘yes,ȱcertainly’.41
ThisȱinarticulateȱexpressionȱcanȱbeȱfoundȱinȱotherȱplacesȱwhereȱideasȱofȱMaoriȱ
andȱAfricansȱcomeȱintoȱcontact.ȱWhenȱtheȱSecretaryȱofȱtheȱPoliceȱAssociation,ȱDr.ȱBobȱ
Moodie,ȱ wasȱ askedȱ whatȱ markedȱ apartheidȱ outȱ forȱ particularȱ protest,ȱ heȱ replied:
‘Well,ȱNewȱZealandȱisȱaȱMaoriȱculturalȱsocietyȱand,ȱofȱcourse,ȱweȱhaveȱlargeȱIndian,ȱ
Polynesian,ȱ Chineseȱ andȱ Europeanȱ populations.ȱ Theȱ veryȱ conceptȱ ofȱ separateȱ
developmentȱandȱseparateȱtreatmentȱcanȱgoȱbackȱtoȱtheȱbeginningȱofȱNewȱZealand’sȱ
history.ȱWeȱfindȱthatȱtheȱconceptȱisȱquiteȱobnoxious.’42
QuiteȱwhatȱMoodieȱmeansȱbyȱthisȱstatementȱisȱunclear.ȱIfȱoneȱwereȱtoȱrelyȱonȱ
theȱpriorȱknowledge,ȱtheȱ‘youȱknow’,ȱtheȱstatementȱmightȱbeȱinterpretedȱasȱbeingȱanȱ
invocationȱofȱtheȱ‘bestȱraceȱrelationsȱinȱtheȱworld’ȱmyth.ȱMoodieȱmightȱbeȱsayingȱthatȱ
becauseȱ ofȱ theȱ harmoniousȱ raceȱ relationsȱ inȱ Newȱ Zealand,ȱ peopleȱ findȱ theȱ ideaȱ ofȱ
apartheidȱ offensive.ȱ Butȱ thisȱ isȱ notȱ whatȱ Moodieȱ actuallyȱ says.ȱ Moodieȱ actuallyȱ
identifiesȱ Newȱ Zealand,ȱ asȱ distinctȱ fromȱ Aotearoa,ȱ asȱ aȱ ‘Maoriȱ culturalȱ society’.ȱ
WhetherȱthisȱisȱaȱFreudianȱslipȱ–ȱwhereȱMoodieȱmeantȱ‘multiȬ’,ȱheȱsaidȱ‘Maori’ȱ–ȱorȱ
MoodieȱactuallyȱmeantȱthatȱNewȱZealandȱisȱaȱMaoriȱsociety,ȱandȱtheȱ‘Europeans’ȱareȱ
onlyȱpartȱofȱtheȱgroupȱofȱlaterȱimmigrants,ȱisȱunknowable.ȱInȱeitherȱcase,ȱthisȱseemsȱ
toȱbeȱaȱmomentȱofȱ‘settlerȱremembering’.ȱMoodieȱisȱdescribingȱtheȱMaoriȱworldȱthatȱ
existedȱ priorȱ toȱ Britishȱ settlement.ȱ Theȱ Indian,ȱ Polynesian,ȱ Chineseȱ andȱ Europeansȱ
populationsȱ becomeȱ incidental.ȱ Thisȱ priorȬnessȱ ofȱ Maoriȱ inȱ Newȱ Zealandȱ isȱ whatȱ
Turnerȱ identifiesȱ asȱ theȱ sourceȱ ofȱ settlerȱ anxiety;ȱ theȱ forgettingȱ isȱ bornȱ ofȱ theȱ
unknowableȱ partȱ ofȱ Newȱ Zealand’sȱ past,ȱ becauseȱ ‘it’sȱ hardȱ forȱ theȱ settlerȱ toȱ makeȱ
senseȱofȱaȱplaceȱthatȱwasȱonceȱfullyȱMaori’.43ȱThisȱ‘remembering’ȱonȱMoodie’sȱpartȱisȱ
bornȱofȱtheȱfactȱthatȱheȱisȱthinkingȱaboutȱMaoriȱatȱtheȱsameȱtimeȱasȱheȱisȱthinkingȱofȱ
apartheid,ȱtheȱmostȱracistȱofȱracisms.ȱ
Theȱ ‘conceptȱofȱseparateȱ developmentȱandȱseparateȱ treatment’ȱ thatȱ goesȱ backȱ
‘toȱtheȱbeginningȱofȱNewȱZealand’sȱhistory’ȱisȱanotherȱmomentȱwhenȱtheȱ‘bestȱraceȱ
relations’ȱmythȱisȱintercepted.ȱIfȱoneȱisȱtoȱreadȱtheȱwordsȱonȱtheȱpage,ȱratherȱthanȱtheȱ
‘youȱ know’,ȱ Moodieȱ seemsȱ toȱ beȱ implyingȱ thatȱ Newȱ Zealandȱ hasȱ alwaysȱ hadȱ anȱ
apartheidȱ system,ȱ orȱ atȱ leastȱ that,ȱ whileȱ Maoriȱ andȱ Pakehaȱ mightȱ occupyȱ theȱ sameȱ
space,ȱ theirȱ societiesȱ areȱ completelyȱ separate.ȱ Thus,ȱ inȱ findingȱ thatȱ theȱ ‘conceptȱ isȱ
quiteȱobnoxious’ȱitȱisȱdifficultȱtoȱseeȱwhetherȱMoodieȱisȱexpressingȱdiscomfortȱatȱtheȱ
factȱofȱapartheidȱinȱSouthȱAfrica,ȱorȱtheȱseparateȱdevelopmentȱofȱMaoriȱandȱPakehaȱ
Pollock/‘We Don’t Want Your Racist Tour’
38
inȱAotearoa/NewȱZealand;ȱtheȱMaoriȱinȱAotearoa,ȱtheȱPakehaȱinȱNewȱZealand.44ȱThisȱ
issueȱofȱ separateȱ developmentȱ wasȱoneȱ thatȱ isȱoftenȱ expressed.ȱ Aȱ correspondentȱ toȱ
theȱListenerȱinȱ1981ȱsuggestedȱthat:ȱȱ
ȱ
byȱ allȱ meansȱ letȱ usȱ severȱ sportingȱ contactȱ withȱ Southȱ Africa…[butȱ rememberȱ that]ȱ
SouthȱAfricaȱdoesȱnotȱhaveȱ aȱmonopolyȱ onȱ racialȱ lawsȱ andȱpolicies…Theȱ Departmentȱ
ofȱMaoriȱAffairs…isȱfoundedȱ–ȱ andȱperpetuatedȱ–ȱ onȱaȱtotallyȱunwarrantedȱracialȱbasis.ȱ
Asȱeventsȱinȱthisȱcountryȱbearȱtestimony,ȱonlyȱaȱmatterȱofȱtimeȱseparatesȱtheȱadoptionȱ
ofȱ theȱ principleȱ ofȱ racialȱ discriminationȱ andȱ itsȱ unfairȱ application…Inȱ factȱ [theȱ Maoriȱ
Landȱ Court]ȱ isȱ theȱ mostȱ pernicious,ȱ iniquitous,ȱ unjustȱ andȱ unnecessaryȱ pieceȱ ofȱ
legislation:ȱ aȱ blisteringȱ indictmentȱ ofȱ aȱ nationȱ thatȱ professesȱ toȱ upholdȱ theȱ principlesȱ
andȱidealsȱofȱaȱnonȬdiscriminatoryȱsociety.ȱItȱisȱourȱownȱracialȱlawsȱandȱpoliciesȱ(ratherȱ
thanȱ theȱ proposedȱ Springbokȱ tour)ȱ whichȱ areȱ mostȱ likelyȱ toȱ causeȱ widespreadȱ
disruptionȱandȱviolenceȱinȱthisȱcountry.45
ȱ
Othersȱ believeȱ thatȱ theȱ Newȱ Zealandȱ Maoriȱ teamȱ wasȱ anȱ exampleȱ ofȱ racialȱ
segregationȱinȱNewȱZealand.46ȱTheseȱargumentsȱwereȱbornȱofȱaȱdenialȱofȱdifference,ȱ
and,ȱ evenȱ ifȱ facetious,ȱ wereȱ invocationsȱ ofȱ theȱ ‘oneȬNewȱ Zealand’ȱ tropeȱ thatȱ wasȱ
beingȱdisrupted.ȱTurnerȱnotesȱthat,ȱifȱasȱBenedictȱAndersonȱfamouslyȱtellsȱus,ȱnationsȱ
areȱconstructedȱ asȱ’imaginedȱcommunities’,ȱ ‘someȱcommunitiesȱareȱ moreȱobviouslyȱ
orȱsatisfactorilyȱ“imagined”ȱthanȱothers’.47ȱHeȱgoesȱonȱtoȱdescribeȱaȱnumberȱofȱwaysȱ
inȱwhichȱtheȱNewȱZealandȱcommunityȱcanȱbeȱimagined:ȱ
ȱ
1.ȱ Oneȱ Nation…Ourȱ differences,ȱ suchȱ asȱ theyȱ are,ȱ oughtȱ toȱ beȱ subordinatedȱ toȱ theȱ
greaterȱgoodȱofȱtheȱnationȱ(protectorȱofȱindividualȱfreedomȱandȱjustice).ȱTheȱnationȱ
existsȱ asȱ aȱ Goodȱpreciselyȱ becauseȱdifferencesȱ withinȱitsȱ geographicalȱdomainȱ areȱ
inȱfactȱsubordinatedȱtoȱtheȱideaȱofȱit…ȱ
2.ȱ Bicultural…Aȱcountryȱfoundedȱonȱtheȱcomingȱtogetherȱofȱtwoȱmainȱkindsȱofȱpeople:ȱ
British,ȱ atȱ leastȱ EnglishȬspeakingȱ settlers,ȱ andȱ Maori.ȱ Thisȱ story,ȱ orȱ history,ȱ isȱ
foundational…Antithesisȱofȱ(1).ȱ
3.ȱ Multicultural.ȱ Allȱculturalȱdifferencesȱareȱofȱ equivalentȱ value,ȱ andȱdueȱ equivalentȱ
respect…Theȱ factȱ isȱ thatȱ aȱ greatȱ varietyȱ ofȱ people,ȱ originallyȱ fromȱ manyȱ places,ȱ
nowȱ liveȱ inȱ [Newȱ Zealand],ȱ andȱ theirȱ differencesȱ shouldȱ beȱ respected…Theȱ neoȬ
liberalismȱofȱthisȱpositionȱsometimesȱmakesȱitȱcloseȱtoȱ(1).ȱ
4.ȱ Maoriȱnation.ȱMaoriȱremainȱanȱindependentȱpeople,ȱorȱpeoples.ȱMaoriȱsovereigntyȱ
hasȱ neverȱ beenȱ ceded,ȱ anȱ eventȱ whichȱ inȱ anyȱ caseȱ contradictsȱ theȱ veryȱ selfȬ
conceptionȱ(ofȱMaoriȱsovereignty).ȱTheȱMaoriȱnation,ȱorȱperhapsȱnations,ȱretain(s)ȱ
independentȱjurisdictionȱoverȱ itsȱpeople(s),ȱbyȱ rightȱ ifȱ notȱ actuality.ȱ Bogeymanȱ ofȱ
(1).48ȱ
ȱ
Itȱ is,ȱ Turnerȱ notes,ȱ theȱ ‘intolerableȱ alternative’ȱ ofȱ optionȱ (4)ȱ thatȱ exposesȱ theȱ
insecurityȱofȱidentityȱinȱNewȱZealand.49ȱTheȱ‘racialȱlaws’ȱnotedȱbyȱtheȱcorrespondentȱ
aboveȱ areȱ suggestionsȱ ofȱ theȱ possibilityȱ ofȱ optionȱ (4).ȱ Theseȱ lawsȱ becomeȱ soȱ
‘pernicious,ȱ iniquitous,ȱ unjustȱ andȱ unnecessary’ȱ becauseȱ theyȱ threatenȱ theȱ basisȱ ofȱ
optionȱ (1);ȱ theȱ optionȱ thatȱ masksȱ inequalityȱ inȱ Newȱ Zealandȱ throughȱ theȱ
subordinationȱ ofȱ difference.ȱ Instead,ȱ itȱ isȱ theȱ correspondentȱ thatȱ becomesȱ
discriminatedȱ against.ȱ Theseȱ sortsȱ ofȱ concernsȱ canȱ beȱ seenȱ elsewhere.ȱ Aȱ
correspondentȱ toȱ theȱ studentȱ newspaperȱ Craccumȱ inȱ 1981ȱ demonstratesȱ howȱ ‘theȱ
speedȱwithȱwhichȱtalkȱofȱtheȱnationȱgravitatesȱtoȱ(4)’:50
39
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ȱ
OnȱWaitangiȱDayȱthisȱyearȱ[heȱwrites],ȱcameȱanȱincidentȱthatȱhasȱcastȱanotherȱpollȱ[sic]ȱ
onȱraceȱrelationsȱinȱthisȱcountry.ȱ
Aȱgroupȱofȱsoȱcalledȱ“Maori”ȱradicalsȱattemptedȱtoȱattack…ȱWhinaȱCooper…ȱTheȱ
nextȱdayȱHARTsȱ[sic]ȱnewȱleaderȱJohnȱMinto,ȱissuedȱaȱstatementȱsupportingȱtheȱactionsȱ
ofȱ theȱ radicals.ȱ Thisȱ raisesȱ someȱ interestingȱ points.ȱ Suchȱ as:ȱ theȱ allegedlyȱ “Maori”ȱ
radicalsȱ(mostȱofȱthemȱhaveȱmoreȱBritishȱbloodȱthanȱIȱhave)ȱareȱcloselyȱconnectedȱwithȱ
theȱ Socialistȱ Actionȱ League,ȱ aȱ partyȱ whichȱ infestsȱ theȱ University.ȱ Let’sȱ beȱ frank.ȱ Theȱ
radicalsȱ areȱ nothingȱ moreȱ thanȱ puppets.ȱ Theȱ peopleȱ pullingȱ theȱ stringsȱ areȱ aȱ smallȱ
groupȱofȱwhite,ȱmiddleȬclassȱpseudoȬintellectualsȱwhoȱareȱcommittedȱtoȱvagueȱideasȱofȱ
classȱstruggleȱ andȱ aȱMarxistȱ ideology.ȱ Thisȱ isȱespeciallyȱ interestingȱ inȱ viewȱofȱ theȱ factȱ
thatȱcertainȱradicalsȱwhoȱspokeȱinȱtheȱquadȱlastȱyearȱexpressedȱaȱloathingȱforȱmiddleȬ
classȱwhites,ȱandȱanȱinferredȱdesireȱtoȱkillȱthem.ȱ
Whatȱ isȱ evenȱ moreȱ ironicȱ isȱ thatȱ radicalsȱ haveȱ proposedȱ aȱ systemȱ ofȱ “separateȱ
development”ȱforȱMaorisȱ[sic],ȱmodelledȱcloselyȱonȱtheȱSouthȱAfricanȱsystem,ȱbutȱwithȱ
Maorisȱ enjoyingȱ theȱ privileges.ȱ Thisȱ isȱ quiteȱ acceptableȱ toȱ HART,ȱ why,ȱ Iȱ willȱ neverȱ
know.51
ȱ
Thisȱletterȱ representsȱ aȱnumberȱofȱ anxieties,ȱparticularlyȱ theȱ Coldȱ Warȱfearȱofȱ
communism,ȱ whichȱ isȱ aȱ majorȱ strandȱ ofȱ proȬTourȱ discourse.ȱ Whatȱ isȱ interestingȱ
aboutȱ thisȱ letterȱ (andȱ thisȱ isȱ onlyȱ aȱ smallȱ portionȱ ofȱ it)ȱ isȱ theȱ wayȱ inȱ whichȱ theseȱ
anxietiesȱareȱplayedȱout.ȱTheȱletterȬwriter’sȱanxietyȱoverȱtheȱdamageȱtoȱraceȱrelationsȱ
causedȱbyȱtheȱdisruptionȱofȱWaitangiȱDayȱisȱmanagedȱbyȱunderminingȱtheȱ‘radicals’’ȱ
claims,ȱ notȱ toȱ theirȱ rights,ȱ butȱ toȱ theirȱ race.ȱ Theȱ ‘radicals’ȱ areȱ onlyȱ ‘soȬcalled’,ȱ andȱ
‘allegedly’ȱMaori;ȱtheirȱbloodȱisȱnotȱonlyȱBritish,ȱitȱisȱmoreȱBritishȱthanȱtheȱwriter’s,ȱ
anȱunsubtleȱdemonstrationȱofȱtheȱMaoriȱtendencyȱtoȱoppressȱPakeha.ȱTheirȱclaimȱisȱ
rejectedȱ notȱ byȱ reason,ȱ butȱ byȱ anȱ adȱ hominemȱ responseȱ thatȱ reflectsȱ theȱ writer’sȱ
unwillingnessȱtoȱdealȱwithȱtheȱchallengeȱmadeȱtoȱtheȱhistoricalȱmeaningȱofȱWaitangiȱ
Dayȱ byȱ theȱ Maoriȱ ‘radicals’.ȱ Ratherȱ thanȱ faceȱ theȱ past,ȱ theȱ writerȱ rejectsȱ thatȱ theseȱ
MaoriȱcanȱbeȱMaoriȱatȱall.ȱTheseȱnonȬMaoriȱMaoriȱradicalsȱareȱthenȱdeniedȱagency,ȱ
andȱ insteadȱ becomeȱ ‘puppets’ȱ forȱ whiteȱ communists,ȱ whoseȱ plans,ȱ apparently,ȱ
extendȱtoȱtheȱmurderous.ȱWhetherȱorȱnotȱ‘certainȱradicals’ȱdidȱimplyȱaȱ‘desireȱtoȱkill’ȱ
theȱwhiteȱmiddleȬclassȱisȱunknown,ȱbutȱitȱwasȱtheȱauthorȱofȱthisȱletterȱthatȱinferredȱit.ȱ
Theȱ writerȱ ofȱ thisȱ letter,ȱ inȱ oneȱ paragraph,ȱ hasȱ managedȱ toȱ completelyȱ debaseȱ anyȱ
claimȱthatȱMaoriȱmightȱmake,ȱnotȱonlyȱonȱtheȱhistoryȱofȱNewȱZealand,ȱbutȱonȱtheirȱ
ownȱ abilityȱ toȱ actȱ inȱ theȱ present.ȱ Thisȱ fairlyȱ strikingȱ exampleȱ ofȱ racismȱ inȱ Newȱ
Zealand,ȱallȱdoneȱinȱtheȱnameȱofȱ‘anȱexȬHARTȱsupporter’,52ȱthenȱproceedsȱtoȱdisplayȱ
theȱ‘fearȱandȱloathing’ȱbroughtȱaboutȱbyȱTurner’sȱoptionȱ(4).ȱMaoriȱsovereigntyȱdoesȱ
notȱsimplyȱmeanȱtheȱ‘racialȱlaws’ȱdiscussedȱbyȱtheȱcorrespondentȱtoȱtheȱListener;ȱitȱisȱ
closelyȱmodeledȱonȱSouthȱAfricanȱapartheid.ȱMaoriȱareȱcollapsedȱhere,ȱnotȱwithȱblackȱ
SouthȱAfricans,ȱbutȱwithȱwhite.ȱTheȱ‘exȬHARTȱsupporter’ȱisȱmaligningȱMaoriȱinȱtheȱ
sameȱ termsȱ thatȱ HARTȱ malignsȱ theȱ apartheidȱ regime.ȱ Anxietyȱ surroundingȱ theȱ
Maoriȱ claimsȱ toȱ Newȱ Zealand’sȱ history,ȱ andȱ thereforeȱ Newȱ Zealand’sȱ future,ȱ areȱ
wrappedȱupȱinȱtheȱpoliticsȱofȱtheȱmostȱracistȱofȱracisms.ȱ
Turnerȱnotesȱthatȱtheȱ‘unacknowledgedȱculturalȱdifferenceȱatȱtheȱheartȱofȱcivilȱ
societyȱ makesȱ forȱ aȱ potentiallyȱ uncivilȱ state’.53ȱ Thisȱ wasȱ borneȱ outȱ inȱ theȱ eventsȱ ofȱ
1981.ȱPakeha,ȱbothȱproȬȱandȱantiȬTour,ȱhaveȱbeenȱshownȱtoȱexpressȱanxietyȱoverȱraceȬ
relationsȱ inȱ Aotearoa/Newȱ Zealandȱ whenȱ theȱ ontologicalȱ linkȱ betweenȱ blackȱ Southȱ
Pollock/‘We Don’t Want Your Racist Tour’
40
Africansȱ andȱ Maoriȱ wasȱ made.ȱ Thisȱ anxietyȱ didȱ not,ȱ however,ȱ manifestȱ itselfȱ
suddenly,ȱ inȱ 1981,ȱ butȱ insteadȱ cameȱ atȱ theȱ endȱ ofȱ aȱ decadeȱ ofȱ challengesȱ toȱ raceȱ
relationsȱ inȱ Aotearoa/Newȱ Zealandȱ byȱ Maoriȱ activists.ȱ Theseȱ challengesȱ forcedȱ
PakehaȱtoȱconfrontȱanotherȱversionȱofȱNewȱZealand’sȱhistoryȱthatȱhadȱbeenȱforgotten,ȱ
aȱversionȱwhichȱnotȱonlyȱupsetȱtheȱsublimeȱsecretȱofȱtheȱmythȱofȱracialȱharmony,ȱbutȱ
theȱveryȱclaimȱtoȱNewȱZealandȬnessȱinȱNewȱZealand.ȱHowever,ȱitȱwasȱnotȱuntilȱtheȱ
Springbokȱ Tour,ȱ whereȱ thatȱ whichȱ representedȱ theȱ worstȱ racismȱ ofȱ theȱ postȬWorldȱ
Warȱ Twoȱ Westȱ wasȱ madeȱ present,ȱ thatȱ theȱ anxietyȱ causedȱ byȱ thisȱchallengeȱspilledȱ
intoȱtheȱstreets.ȱThisȱanxietyȱofȱsettlementȱdoesȱnotȱaccountȱentirelyȱforȱtheȱeventsȱofȱ
theȱ Tour;ȱ economicȱ hardshipȱ andȱ theȱ fearȱ ofȱ communismȱ hintedȱ atȱ inȱ theȱ letterȱ
quotedȱ aboveȱ noȱ doubtȱ playedȱ theirȱ parts,ȱ asȱ wellȱ as,ȱ ofȱ course,ȱ theȱ challengeȱ toȱ
Rugbyȱ asȱ theȱ dominantȱculturalȱformationȱ thatȱMacLeanȱhasȱ arguedȱfor.54ȱ Norȱisȱ itȱ
complete;ȱ Maoriȱ gangsȱoperateȱasȱ aȱsourceȱofȱ anxietyȱforȱ Pakeha,ȱ asȱcanȱ beȱseenȱinȱ
theȱ journalismȱ ofȱ theȱ period,ȱ andȱ alsoȱ becomeȱ aȱ siteȱ whereȱ theȱ meaningȱ ofȱ Maoriȱ
involvementȱinȱantiȬTourȱprotestȱwasȱinȱcompetition.ȱAlthoughȱthisȱfacetȱofȱtheȱTourȱ
deservesȱ greaterȱ attentionȱ thanȱ itȱ seemsȱ toȱ haveȱ receivedȱ soȱ far,ȱ thereȱ hasȱ beenȱ noȱ
roomȱtoȱexploreȱitȱhere.ȱLikewise,ȱtheȱnotionsȱofȱ‘forgetting’ȱandȱtheȱ‘colonialȱmind’ȱ
deservesȱmoreȱinȬdepthȱattention,ȱinȱworkȱthatȱseeksȱtoȱdemonstrateȱtheseȱideasȱoverȱ
aȱ greaterȱ periodȱ ofȱ Aotearoa/Newȱ Zealandȱ history.ȱ Nevertheless,ȱ byȱ exploringȱ theȱ
notȬquiteȬsaidȱofȱdiscourseȱsurroundingȱtheȱTour,ȱIȱhaveȱdemonstratedȱtheȱshapeȱofȱ
thisȱ ‘settlerȱ forgetting’;ȱ theȱ eventsȱ ofȱ Edenȱ Park,ȱ Molesworthȱ Street,ȱ andȱ Operationȱ
EverestȱinȱHamiltonȱdemonstrateȱtheȱeffect.ȱ
41
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NOTESȱ
ȱJacquesȱDerrida,ȱ‘Racism’sȱLastȱWord’,ȱPeggyȱKamuf,ȱtrans.,ȱinȱHenryȱLouisȱGatesȱJr.,ȱRace,ȱWritingȱ
andȱDifference,ȱUniversityȱofȱChicagoȱPress,ȱChicago,ȱ1986,ȱpp.330Ȭ1.ȱ
22ȱSeeȱAnneȱMcClintlockȱandȱRobȱNixon,ȱ‘NoȱNamesȱApart:ȱTheȱSeparationȱofȱWordȱandȱHistoryȱinȱ
Derrida’sȱ“LeȱDernierȱMotȱduȱRacism”’,ȱinȱGatesȱJr.;ȱandȱJacquesȱDerrida,ȱ‘But,ȱbeyond…(OpenȱLetterȱtoȱ
AnneȱMcClintlockȱandȱRobȱNixon)’,ȱinȱtheȱsameȱvolume,ȱforȱaȱdebateȱaboutȱtheȱhistoricizingȱofȱtheȱterm.ȱ
3ȱSeeȱTrevorȱRichards,ȱDancingȱOnȱOurȱBones:ȱNewȱZealand,ȱSouthȱAfrica,ȱRugbyȱAndȱRacism,ȱBridgetȱ
WilliamsȱBooks,ȱWellington,ȱ1999,ȱpp.ȱ10Ȭ11,ȱ13,ȱ15Ȭ8ȱandȱ27.ȱ
4ȱRichards,ȱp.4.ȱ
ȱ
5ȱGeoffȱChapple,ȱ1981:ȱTheȱTour,ȱReed,ȱWellington,ȱ1984,ȱpp.5ȱandȱ6.ȱ
6ȱMirandaȱJohnson,ȱ‘LandȱofȱtheȱWrongȱWhiteȱCrowd:ȱPakehaȱAntiȬRacistȱOrganisationsȱandȱ
IdentityȱPoliticsȱinȱAuckland,ȱ1964Ȭ1981’,ȱMAȱthesis,ȱUniversityȱofȱAuckland,ȱ2002,ȱp.22.ȱ
7ȱRichards,ȱp.20.ȱ
8ȱM.P.K.ȱSorrenson,ȱTenȱYearsȱofȱC.A.R.E.,ȱC.A.R.E.,ȱAuckland,ȱ1974,ȱp.2.ȱ
9ȱJamesȱBelich,ȱParadiseȱReforged:ȱAȱHistoryȱofȱtheȱNewȱZealandersȱfromȱtheȱ1880sȱtoȱtheȱYearȱ2000,ȱAllenȱ
Lane:ȱPenguinȱPress,ȱAuckland,ȱ2001,ȱp.516.ȱ
10ȱJohnson,ȱp.24.ȱȱ
11ȱibid.,ȱp.46.ȱ
12ȱBelich,ȱParadiseȱReforged,ȱp.478.ȱ
13ȱMalcolmȱMacLean,ȱ‘MakingȱStrangeȱTheȱCountry,ȱMakingȱStrangeȱtheȱCountryside:ȱSpatializedȱ
ClashesȱinȱtheȱAffectiveȱEconomiesȱofȱAotearoa/NewȱZealand’,ȱinȱJohnȱBaleȱandȱMikeȱCronin,ȱSportȱandȱ
Postcolonialism,ȱBerg,ȱOxfordȱandȱNewȱYork,ȱ2003,ȱp.59.ȱȱ
14ȱJohnson,ȱp.105.ȱ
15ȱNikitinȱSallee,ȱ‘WhyȱWaitangi?’,ȱNewȱZealandȱListenerȱ(NZL),ȱ14ȱMarchȱ1981,ȱp.38.ȱ
16ȱibid.,ȱp.14.ȱ
17ȱJohnson,ȱp.3.ȱ
18ȱTheȱ‘hakaȱparty’ȱofȱ1979,ȱinȱwhichȱaȱgroupȱofȱMaoriȱactivistȱdisruptedȱanȱannualȱEngineeringȱ
Schoolȱcappingȱstuntȱwhichȱparodiedȱtheȱhakaȱ‘KaȱMate’,ȱleadingȱtoȱviolenceȱandȱarrests,ȱfeaturedȱinȱ
Craccumȱforȱtheȱnextȱtwoȱyears.ȱSeeȱCraccum,ȱ54,ȱ8ȱ(1980),ȱpp.9Ȭ11,ȱandȱ55,ȱ9ȱ(1981),ȱpp.10Ȭ11.ȱ
19ȱStephenȱTurner,ȱ‘BeingȱColonial/ColonialȱBeing’,ȱJournalȱofȱNewȱZealandȱLiterature,ȱ20ȱ(2002),ȱp.52.ȱ
20ȱStephenȱTurner,ȱ‘SettlementȱAsȱForgetting’,ȱinȱKlausȱNeumann,ȱNicholasȱThomas,ȱandȱHilaryȱ
Ericksen,ȱeds,ȱQuicksands:ȱFoundationalȱHistoriesȱinȱAustraliaȱandȱAotearoaȱNewȱZealand,ȱUNSWȱPress,ȱ
Canberra,ȱ1999,ȱp.20.ȱ
21ȱTurner,ȱ‘BeingȱColonial/ColonialȱBeing’,ȱp.39.ȱ
22ȱTurner,ȱ‘SettlementȱasȱForgetting’,ȱp.21.ȱ
23ȱChrisȱHilliard,ȱ‘ColonialȱCultureȱandȱtheȱProvinceȱofȱCulturalȱHistory’,ȱNewȱZealandȱJournalȱofȱ
Historyȱ(NZJH),ȱ36,ȱ1ȱ(2002),ȱp.85.ȱ
24ȱChrisȱHilliard,ȱ‘JamesȱCowanȱandȱtheȱFrontiersȱofȱNewȱZealandȱHistory’,ȱNZJH,ȱ31,ȱ2ȱ(1997),ȱp.220.ȱ
25ȱibid.,ȱp.231.ȱ
26ȱJamesȱBelich,ȱTheȱNewȱZealandȱWarsȱandȱtheȱVictorianȱInterpretationȱofȱRacialȱConflict,ȱPenguin,ȱ
Auckland,ȱ1988,ȱ1998ȱedn,ȱp.312.ȱ
27ȱMacLean,ȱp.66.ȱ
28ȱibid.,ȱpp.66Ȭ67.ȱ
29ȱJohnson,ȱp.3.ȱ
30ȱIanȱPowellȱ‘Moodie:ȱinterviewȱwithȱDr.ȱBobȱMoodie’,ȱCraccum,ȱ55,ȱ20ȱ(1981),ȱp.9.ȱ
31ȱMacLean,ȱp.59.ȱ
32ȱCatherineȱGallagherȱandȱStephenȱGreenblatt,ȱPracticingȱNewȱHistoricism,ȱUniversityȱofȱChicagoȱ
Press,ȱChicagoȱandȱLondon,ȱ1997,ȱp.62.ȱ
33ȱCharlotteȱHughes,ȱ‘AȱCommonȱCode?:ȱHegemonicȱMasculinityȱandȱtheȱ1981ȱSpringbokȱTourȱofȱ
NewȱZealand’,ȱMAȱthesis,ȱUniversityȱofȱAuckland,ȱ2001,ȱp.154.ȱSeeȱalsoȱTomȱNewnham,ȱByȱBatonsȱandȱ
BarbedȱWire:ȱAȱResponseȱtoȱtheȱ1981ȱSpringbokȱTourȱofȱNewȱZealand,ȱRealȱPictures,ȱAuckland,ȱ1981,ȱp.24,ȱforȱ
aȱstrikingȱdepictionȱofȱthisȱphenomenon.ȱȱ
34ȱGordonȱCampbell,ȱ‘RastaȱinȱAotearoa’,ȱNZL,ȱ14ȱMarchȱ1981,ȱp.18.ȱ
35ȱMerataȱMita,ȱdir.,ȱPatu!ȱ(videoȱrecording),ȱWellington,ȱ1985.ȱ
36ȱBelich,ȱParadiseȱReforged,ȱp.189.ȱ
1
Pollock/‘We Don’t Want Your Racist Tour’
42
ȱUnattributedȱarticle,ȱ‘BlackȱNewȱZealandersȱStandȱ[sic]’,ȱinȱGeoffȱWalkerȱandȱPeterȱBeach,ȱeds,ȱ56ȱ
Days:ȱAȱHistoryȱofȱtheȱAntiȬTourȱMovementȱinȱWellington,ȱL.ȱWrightȱ[for]ȱCitizensȱOpposedȱtoȱtheȱ
SpringbokȱTourȱ(C.O.S.T.),ȱWellington,ȱ1982,ȱp.38.ȱ
38ȱDianeȱQuaddel,ȱ‘MaoriȱPolynesiansȱandȱtheȱTour’,ȱinȱDavidȱMacKay,ȱMalcolmȱMcKinnon,ȱPeterȱ
McPheeȱandȱJockȱPhillips,ȱCountingȱtheȱCost:ȱTheȱ1981ȱSpringbokȱTourȱinȱWellington,ȱVictoriaȱUniversity,ȱ
HistoryȱDepartment,ȱWellington,ȱ1982,ȱp.20.ȱ
39ȱibid.,ȱp.22.ȱ
40ȱibid.,ȱp.23.ȱ
41ȱibid.,ȱp.23,ȱ
42ȱPowell,ȱp.9.ȱ
43ȱTurner,ȱ‘BeingȱColonial/ColonialȱBeing’,ȱp.41.ȱ
44ȱSeeȱMacLean,ȱp.59ȱforȱtheȱdistinctionȱbetweenȱtheȱtwo.ȱ
45ȱNZL,ȱ6ȱJuneȱ1981,ȱp.11.ȱȱ
46ȱSeeȱibid.,ȱp.12,ȱforȱaȱgoodȱexampleȱofȱthisȱargument.ȱ
47ȱTurner,ȱ‘BeingȱColonial/ColonialȱBeing’,ȱp.61.ȱ
48ȱibid.,ȱp.62.ȱ
49ȱibid.,ȱp.63.ȱ
50ȱibid.,ȱp.62.ȱ
51ȱCraccum,ȱvol.ȱ55,ȱno.ȱ4,ȱ1981,ȱp.22.ȱ
52ȱibid.,ȱp.24.ȱ
53ȱTurner,ȱ‘SettlementȱasȱForgetting’,ȱp.33.ȱ
54ȱMacLean,ȱpp.61Ȭ63.ȱ
37
43
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