CIRCULAR
ACCI DENT11NCIDENT
REPORTING
(ADREP)
ANNUAL STATISTICS
-
1978
Approved by the Secretary General
and published under his authority
I
INTERNATIONAL
C I V I L AVIATION
O R G A N I Z A T I O N
MONTREAL
CANADA
Published in separate English, French and Spanish editions by the International Civil
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CONTENTS
Introduction
TABLE I
...................................
.A c c i d e n t s and I n c i d e n t s by Type of O p e r a t i o n
and A i r c r a f t Weight (1978)
TABLE I1
......................
........................
4
...........................
.........................
.............................
.................................
5
9
15
19
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
Scheduled A i r l i n e O p e r a t i o n s
Non-scheduled A i r l i n e O p e r a t i o n s
Other A i r l i n e O p e r a t i o n s
GeneralAviation
PART I1
3
.A c c i d e n t s and I n c i d e n t s t o Aeroplanes by Type of O p e r a t i o n
and Powerplant (1978)
PART I
1
ACCIDENTS TO HELICOPTERS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A i r l i n e Operations
General A v i a t i o n
PART I11
INCIDENTS
................................
.................................
Airlineoperations
GeneralAviation
31
35
INTRODUCTION
General
T h i s i s t h e second p u b l i c a t i o n of s t a t i s t i c s from t h e ICAO A c c i d e n t I I n c i d e n t
R e p o r t i n g (ADREP) System. These s t a t i s t i c s a r e based o n 888 a c c i d e n t s and i n c i d e n t s
which o c c u r r e d i n 1978 t o a i r c r a f t of a maximum t a k e - o f f w e i g h t of more t h a n 2 250 kg
(5 000 l b ) .
Purpose
The p u r p o s e of t h e ADREP s t a t i s t i c s i s t o p r o v i d e s i m p l e s t a t i s t i c s which may
be u s e f u l f o r g e n e r a l s a f e t y s t u d i e s and a c c i d e n t p r e v e n t i o n . For more s p e c i f i c n e e d s
t h e ADREP s y s t e m p r o v i d e s i n f o r m a t i o n i n r e s p o n s e t o s p e c i f i c ADREP r e q u e s t s .
Data Base
These s t a t i s t i c s a r e based on 888 r e p o r t e d o c c u r r e n c e s . Of t h e s e , 811 were
Data R e p o r t s .
U n f o r t u n a t e l y 7 7 o c c u r r e n c e s were r e p o r t e d o n l y a s P r e l i m i n a r y R e p o r t s ,
which do n o t i n c l u d e f a c t o r s and c a n n o t be used f o r s t a t i s t i c s on f a c t o r s .
Limitations
When c o n s i d e r i n g t h e i n f o r m a t i o n p r e s e n t e d , t h e r e a d e r must be aware of t h e
following l i m i t a t i o n s :
a)
Only o c c u r r e n c e s r e p o r t e d t o ICAO on t h e ADREP s y s t e m are i n c l u d e d ;
b)
The ADREP Manual c o n t a i n s s p e c i f i c c o d i n g i n s t r u c t i o n s . N o n e t h e l e s s
t h e r e may be some u n i n t e n t i o n a l b i a s on t h e p a r t of p e r s o n s c o d i n g
s i n c e u l t i m a t e l y t h e c o d i n g must be done by humans o n e c a n n o t assume
t h a t judgemental b i a s h a s been t o t a l l y e l i m i n a t e d i n t h e ADREP
r e p o r t i n g f o r m s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c o d i n g of f a c t o r s ;
c)
F a c t o r s s t a t i s t i c s a r e based o n l y on t h e 811 A c c i d e n t l ~ n c i d e n tData
R e p o r t s r e c e i v e d from S t a t e s ;
d)
Some a c c i d e n t s a r e r e p o r t e d t o I C A O on computer t a p e s and a r e p r o c e s s e d
t h r o u g h a c o n v e r s i o n programme b e f o r e t h e y a r e e n t e r e d i n t h e ADREP d a t a
bank. S i n c e t h e d a t a s o r e p o r t e d may n o t be f u l l y c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e
ADREP system r e c o r d i n g p r e c i s i o n i s n o t a t t a i n a b l e i n a l l c a s e s .
For
example, t h e ADREP system f o r t y p e o f o c c u r r e n c e s u b d i v i d e s "Gear C o l l a p s e d "
i n t o "Nose g e a r , Main g e a r , Complete g e a r and O t h e r g e a r " w i t h a s p e c i f i c
code f o r e a c h . However, t h e i n f o r m a t i o n r e c e i v e d on a computer t a p e may
i n d i c a t e o n l y "Gear c o l l a p s e d " .
2
ICAO Circukr 1 6 3 - M l 0 3
Accident R a t e s
ICAO h a s n o t y e t been a b l e t o c o l l e c t t h e f l i g h t hour and d e p a r t u r e i n f o r m a t i o n
required f o r calculating accident r a t e s .
It i s hoped t h a t such i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l b e
a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e 1979 AI!REP S t a t i s t i c s .
Notes on t h e S t a t i s t i c a l T a b l e s
For e a c h a c c i d e n t o r i n c i d e n t t h e r e may be two Types of Occurrence, two P h a s e s
of O p e r a t i o n , and up t o 1 3 f a c t o r s .
Thus, t h e t o t a l s w i t h i n t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s w i l l
f r e q u e n t l y exceed t h e t o t a l number o f a c c i d e n t s o r i n c i d e n t s r e p o r t e d .
A d d i t i o n a l l y , f a c t o r s may be r e l a t e d t o t h e f i r s t t y p e of o c c u r r e n c e , t h e
second t y p e of o c c u r r e n c e o r t o b o t h . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e same f a c t o r may be l i s t e d t w i c e
f o r each accident o r incident.
P e r c e n t a g e s a r e rounded o f f t o t h e n e a r e s t f u l l number.
a r e shown a s z e r o .
Numbers l e s s t h a n one
Format
There a r e t h r e e p a r t s :
Part I
Accidents t o Aeroplanes,
P a r t I1
A c c i d e n t s t o H e l i c o p t e r s , and
P a r t I11
Incidents
Each p a r t is d i v i d e d i n t o s e p a r a t e s e c t i o n s f o r " A i r l i n e O p e r a t i o n s " and
"General A v i a t i o n " .
The format w i t h i n e a c h s e c t i o n o r s u b - s e c t i o n i s t h e same, showing t h e
following:
-
The t e n most f r e q u e n t p h a s e s of o p e r a t i o n f o r t h a t s e c t i o n .
-
The t e n most f r e q u e n t t y p e s o f o c c u r r e n c e f o r t h a t s e c t i o n .
-
The mst f r e q u e n t f a c t o r s r e l a t e d t o e a c h of t h e t y p e s o f o c c u r r e n c e .
A i r c r a f t Weight C a t e g o r i e s
The a i r c r a f t w e i g h t c a t e g o r i e s used a r e f o r A i r l i n e O p e r a t i o n s ; "over 27 000 kg"
and "2 250 t o 27 000 kg" and f o r G e n e r a l A v i a t i o n ; "over 5 700 kg" and "2 250 t o 5 700 kg".
TABLE 1 - ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS BY TYPE OF OPERATION AND AIRCRAFT WEIGHT (1978)
Number
of R e p o r t s
I.
LL
.
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
2
1)
Number of F a t a l i t i e s
Non-
P.R.
D.R.
Scheduled A i r l i n e O p e r a t i o n s
A e r o p l a n e s o v e r 27 000 kg
A e r o p l a n e s between 2 250 and 27 000 kg
14
10
33
15
13
8
34
17
47
25
52
15
542
85
Non-scheduled A i r 1 i n e Operat i o n s
A e r o p l a n e s o v e r 27 000 kg
A e r o p l a n e s between 2 250 and 27 000 kg
2
9
4
56
0
13
6
52
6
65
0
19
0
57
Fatal
fatal
Total
Crew
Pax.
O t h e r A i r l i n e Operat i o n s
A e r o p l a n e s o v e r 27 000 kg
A e r o p l a n e s between 2 250 and 27 000 kg
0
3
3
5
0
3
3
5
3
8
0
A i r l i n e O p e r a t i o n s ( T o t a l by w e i g h t )
A e r o p l a n e s o v e r 27 000 kg
A e r o p l a n e s between 2 250 and 27 000 kg
16
22
40
76
13
24
43
74
56
98
52
40
542
143
General Aviation
A e r o p l a n e s o v e r 5 700 kg
A e r o p l a n e s between 2 250 and 5 700 kg
3
22
51
514
18
154
36
382
54
536
32
176
0
7
3
40
2
13
34
3
47
4
3
61
26
0
0
65
29
0
29
Number
of
Aircraft
Destroyed
Others
Total
12
0
606
100
13
8
0
1
11
1
77
7
1
5
12
1
606
184
15
24
7
285
0
5
39
466
24
188
3
7
19
6
0
2
22
15
1
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
1
0
0
0
ACCIDENTS TO HELICOPTERS
A i r l i n e Operat i o n s
General Aviation
111.
Number of O c c u r r e n c e s
1
INCIDENTS
Airline Operat i o n s
General Aviation
1)
2)
P r e l i m i n a r y Report
A c c i d e n t / I n c i d e n t Data R e p o r t
TABLE I 1
-
ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES BY TYPE OF OPERATION AND POWERPLANT (1978)
Scheduled A i r l i n e O p e r a t i o n s
Jet
Turbo-Prop
Piston
Non-Scheduled A i r l i n e O p e r a t i o n s
Jet
Turbo-Prop
Piston
Other A i r l i n e Operat i o n s
Jet
Turbo-Prop
Piston
General A v i a t i o n
Jet
Turbo-Prop
Piston
1)
2)
P r e l i m i n a r y Report
A c c i d e n t I I n c i d e n t Data Report
PART I
A C C I D E N T S TO AEROPLANES
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ICAO Cincular 163-AM103
6
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
S C M D W D AlRUNE OPERATIONS
CASES
LOSS UF CoNTuoL
-
GWLJLI;LD/WATER LICCudS
8
I I M E 5 ( 8 P E n C E h l l OF TOTAL
U P ~ R A T I OOF
N n a A n E s uu F L I b n l C U ~ ~ T W O IL~S NGUOUNG
TO MAINTAI~V OIRECTIONAL CONTROL
SUPEWV~SOPY
PEWS./COMP. EQUIP.,
S E a v I c E s , M A ~ U A L S D~FICIENT
AIP
suvEr. PEWS./HLZARDS/OBSIRUCTIUN-NU WAWNI~G
4 1 SUPER.
~
P E R S . ~ I M ~ W O P E R ~ X N A D E O U I TSNOW
~
REMOVAL
LANOING GEAR/NOSENHEEL S l E E R l N G
E N G I I J ~S I H U C T U U E - U E C I P R O C A T I N G / C Y L I N O E R ASSEMBLY
t4YORAULIC SYS./RESERVOIR,
LINES, F I T T I N G S
AEUOuUOME CUND./MAlER/ICt/SLUSH
ON RUNMAY
AEROOHOMt CUNO./SRlJn
Olv RUMWAY
PILUT:IMP~UPEU
CO-P1LOT:FAILED
I u T A L AHOVE
*
SEA1 BELT S I G N ON AN0 NOT OBEYED
S E A T BELT NOT F A S T E N E D
wEATHER/CLEAR A I R TUReULENCE
wEATHEU/TUUBULtNCE I N CLOUOS, TnUNOERSTORMS
P I L O T l F A I L E O TO FOLLOW PROCEDURES, INSTRUCTIONS,
PIL0T:IMPROPER I N - F L I G H T D E C I S I O N OR PLANNING
MXSC. PERS./PASSENGER
F L l G t i T ATTENDANT
PIL0T:INAOEOUATE SUPERVISION OF F L I G H T
UEATnER/DOUNORAFT-UPDRAFT OR MOUNTAIN NAVE
EIC.
TOTAL ABOVE
TOTAL REMAINING
***
OVERRUN
TOTAL * * r
OCCURS
5 TIMES( 5 PERCENT) O f TOTAL
98
P l L O T l D E L A Y E D ACTION I N ABORTIRE TAME-OFF
P1LOT:OIVfRTED
ATTENTION FROM OPERATIUN OF A/C
P I L O T l F A I L E O TO FOLLOW PROCEDUHES, l N S 1 R U C T I D h S t ETC.
P I L O T 1 M I S J U 0 6 E O O I S f A h C E LND SPEED
PILOTIMISUSED
OR FAILEO T O USE LIFT o u n p DEVICES
P I L O l l F A I L E O TO I N I T I A T E GO-APOUNO/MISSED APPROACH/DVERSHOOT
C O ~ P I L 0 T : F A I L E D TO FOLLOW PROCEOURESr INSTRUCTIONS, ETC.
SUPERVISORY PERS./COMP.
EQUIP.,
SERVICES, MAhUALS D E F I C I E h T
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES IMPROPEHLY/NOI USE0
***
TOTAL * * r
98
PEWCENT
7
ICAO Circukr 163-Awla3
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
TYPE O F OCCUUWtNCE
CASES
RELATE0 FACTOUS
PIL0T:IMPRJPER OPkRATIOk OF PRIMAWY F L I G H T COhTHULS
P I L O l I I M P R O P t U COMPEhSATIOk FOU r I h O
P1LUT:MISUSED UH F A I L E D TO USE FLAPS ( L I F T OEVICES)
w E A T H E ~ / u N F A v O U R A B L E WINO C U k 0 l T I O U S
rcr TUTAL
HARD LAYOING
***
4
OCCURS
4 T I M E S 1 4 PERCENT)
98
OF TOTAL
PILOTIIMPWUPER LANDING FLAW€
P1LOl:lMPRUPER I N - F L I G H T D E C I S I O N OR PLANNING
PILOTtIMPROPER RECOVERY FROM 8OUNCED LANDING
F L I G H T ENGINEER/OTHER
OPERATIOhS OFFICER/OTHER
OPS. OFFICER/OISREGARO OF AOVEWSE W E A l k k R
AERODROME CONO./MATER/ICE/SLUSH
J N RUNNAY
WEATHER/LOH C E I L I N G
NEATMEW/RAIN
NEATHER/UNFAVOURABLE YINO CONOITIONS
r TOTAL ABOVE
l
r TOTAL REMAINING
l
r r * TOTAL r r r
UNDERSHOOT
OCCURS
4 TIMES(
4 PERCENT)
OF TOTAL
98
P I L O T I F A I L E O TO FOLLON PROCEDURES. INSTWUCTIONS. ETC.
to-PILOTIFAILED
TO FOLLOW PROCEDURES, INSTRUCTIL~S,-ETC.
MISREAO OR F A I L E D TO READ INSTHUMEhTS
r r r TOTAL * r e
LOSS OF CONTROL I N FLIGHT/OTHER
OCCURS
,
4 TIMES(
I PERCENT)
OF TOTAL
PROOUCTION/OESIGN/POOR/INADEOUATE O E S I 6 N
FAILURE/FAILED
P I L O I l O I V E R T E O ATTENTION FROM OPERATION OF A/C
P I L O T I F A I L E O TO SEE OR AVO10 0 8 J E C T S
P1LOT:IMPROPER
I N - F L I G H T D E C I S I O N OR PLANNING
PILOTIOPERATEO CARELESSLY ( U N I N T E N l I O N A L , FORGOT)
PILOTIENCOUNTERED UNFORSEEN CIRCUMSTANCES BEYONO H I S C A P A B I L I T Y
MAINT. SER. PERS,/IMPRPER
MAINT./MAINT.
PERS.
MXSC. PERS./AIRPORT
SAFETY SERVICE
F L I G H T CONTROLS/FLAP ASSEMBLIES ( T R A I L I N 6 ED6E1
r TOTAL ABOVE
*
l
TOTAL REMAINING l
r r r TOTAL
***
98
8
1-0
Cimuler 163-AN/103
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
SCHEWLED AlRUNE OPERATIONS
TYPE UF OCCURRENCE
HELATEO FACTORS
CASES
MISC. PERS./GWUUNO CREnMAN
P I L O T l l N A D E @ U A T E YUPEWVISION OF F L I G H T
MISC. PERS./PASSENGEU
FLIGnT A ~ I E N D A N ~
A E A T ~ E R / I U ~ O U L E N C CI N CLOUDS, THUNOERSTURMS
@EATHER/OOWNDUAFT-UPDRIFT OR M O U N I A I N k A V E
aEATnER/IHUNDEWSTOUM A C T I V I T V
SEAT B E L T S 1 6 N ON AN0 NOT O B t V E D
SEAT BELT NOT FASTENED
WEELSUP LANOING/UNINTENTIONAL
OCCURS
3 TIMES(
3 YERCEIdT)
OF TOTAL
P I L O T t F A I L E O TO EXTENO LANOItUG 6EAW
PILOTIFAILEO
TO CHECK P O S I T I O N AND LOCKING OF L A N D I N G GEAR
CO-P1LUT:FAILEO
TO FOLLOW PROCEDURES, INSTUUCTIONS, t T C .
MAINT. SER. PERS./lMPROPER
S E R V . 6RDUND CREk
LANDING GEAR/L.G.
n A R N I N 6 / I N D I C A T I N G COMPONENTS
P I L O T / C R E N MADE EOUIPMELT/SYSTEM I N O P E R A T I V E
IMPROPER ADJUSTMENT/ALIGNMENI
..t
TOTAL
.**
NOSE GEAR COLLAPSED
OCCURS
3 T I M E S ( 3 PEUCENT) OF 1OTAL
P l L O T I S E L E C T E D UNSUITABLE TAKE-OFF,
LANDING, T A X I I N G AREA
MAINT. SER.,
PERS./INAOEOUATE
MAINT./INSPECTlOk
LANOING GEAR/NOSEWnEEL A S S E M 8 L I E S
LANDING GEARIL.6.
W A R N I M G / I N O I C A l I N C COMPONENTS
L A N O I N 6 GEARI6, L O C l I h 6 M E c n A N I S M ( I N C L U D E S DRAG L l N M A G E )
FALSE I N D I C A T I O h
OVERLOAD F A I L U R E
...
TOTAL
.**
TOTAL NUM8ER OF FACTORS R E M A I N I N G
TOTAL NUMBER OF ALL FACTORS
98
98
PERCENT
-
ICAO Circular 163-AN/103
-
-
- -
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
NOKSCMDULED AIRLINE OPERATIONS
TOTAL
OJLU
2IOUO
I E N YOST
F H E U l l t % T PHASES OF O P E W A T I O N
NU.
a
YO.
x
APP % LAIvOING/LA%DING HULL
APP C L A ~ L ) I I u G / L E V E L OFF/TOUC~IOO~IN
TAKE-OFF RUN
TAKE-OFF I N I T I A L C L I M B
APP C L A N U I N G / F I N A L APP
VFR
tNROJTE/i43HMAL CRUISE
TAKE-OFF AtlUdTEO
SlANOING/IDLING ENGINE(S)/HUV-DO~IU
I A X I I I 4 G FROM L A N O I N G
EIUROUTE/CHANGE UF A L T I T U D E
-
TOTAL
t
AHOVE
TOTAL R E M A I N I N G
l
86
88
7 100
11
11
0
NO.
OVERHUN
ENGINE F A I L U R E
L O S S OF CONTROL
LROUND/WATER
4HEELSUP L A N D I N G / I N T E t d T I O N A L
w n E E L s u P LANUINGIU~INTENIIONAL
M A I N GEAH C O L L A P S E D
tlNDERStIUOT
L O S S OF CONTROL I N F L I G t i T / M U S H
N 0 3 E GEAU C O L L A P S E D
COLLISIUN HILL/MOUNTAIN-CONIROCLED
-
r
TOTAL ABOVE
l
TOTAL R E M A I N I N G
.r+
TOTAL b e *
l
x
U
OVER
27000
NO.
X
-
-
9
ICAO
C~muler1 63-AN/103
- - --
10
-
-
-
-
-
- -
--
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
NON-SCHEDULED AIRLINE OPERATIONS
OVEHNlllr
OCCURS
8 TIMES(
8 PEHCENT)
OF
IOIAL
97
P1LOT:DELAYEI)
A C T I O N I k A 6 O H T I N G IAKE-OFF
P I L O I : F A I L E 3 TO FOLLOW PROCEOUWES, l N S I H U C I I O k S I E T C .
P1LOT:MISJIIDGED DISTANCE A h 0 S p t t O
P 1 L U T : F A I L E O TO I N I I I A T E G O - P R U U I U O / M I S S L D A P P R U A C H / O V E H S H O L I T
P I L 0 T : I M P R O P E R I N - F L I G H T D E C I S I O N OR P L A N N I N G
PILUT:IMPRUPER
C O M P E N S A T I O N FOR N I h O
PILO~:INADEUUATE
PRE-FLIGHT
PREPAHATION u u P L A N ~ I F J ~
PILOT:MISUSEO
OR F A I L E D TO U S E F L A P S ( L I F T U E V I C t S )
M E T . P E R S . / I N A O E Q U A T E / I N C O H H E C T * F A T n t n UHI~FING
PONEUPLINT-MISC./FAILUHE-UNDETtRMlhtV
HtASUN
T O T A L ABOVE
TOTAL REMAINItvG
***
TOTAL
***
ENGIIvE F A I L U R E
OCCURS
8
TIMES(
d P t H C E N T l UF T O T A L
97
M A I N T . SER.,
PEAS./INADEOUATk
MAINI./I~uSPECIIDN
POWERPLANT-MISC./FAILUWE-UNOE1LUMINEL)
HEASON
P I L O r l I N A D E O U A T E P R E - F L I G H T P R E P A h A T I b i U OH P L A N h I h b
FALSE I N D I C A T I O N
PILOT:ATTEMPTED
OPERATION w I T n KNUKN ~ ~ U I P M E U
~ ~T F I L I ~ N C I E S
P I L 0 T : C O N T I N U E D VFR F L I G H T I N T O A U U t H S E N E A T H t R
PILOTIIMPROPER
IN-FLIGHT
OECISION
OH P L A N ~ I N G
P I L O T I F U E L MIShANAGEMENT
P1LOT:MISJUDGED
D I S T A N C E AND A L T I T U D E
I G N I T I O N SYSTEM
RECIPROCATIIUG/MA~WT~S
-
T O T A L AROVE
*
**c
TOTAL H E M A I N I N G
TOTAL
***
L O S S OF CONTROL
-
GROUIVI)/hATER
OCCUKS
b 7IHtS(
b PtkCENT)
UF T U l A L
PILOT:IMPRUPER
O P E R A T I O N OF H H A K t S Uh F L I C H l CONTHOLS UIJ GNUUliO
M A I h T . SER.,
PERS./INADEOUATt
MAINT./I~~SPECTIOk
P I L O 1 : I M P R O P F R O P E R A T I O N , POWENPLANT C O N T H U L S
P1LOT:IMPROPER
O P E R A T I O N OF P R I H 4 H Y F L I G H T CONTROLS
P I L U 1 : I M P R O P E H COMPLNSATIOP4 FOR n I N D
P1LUI:INADEUtJATE
P R E - F L I G H T P R t P A Q A T I U N UH P L I N N l h G
P1LOT:FAILEO
TO M A I ' J T A I N D I R E C T I O N A L CONTKOL
P 1 L O T : S E L t C I E D HRONG KUNrdAY 3 E L A I 1 V t I t ) U I N D
P I L O T : F A I L ~ O TO AhlJHT TAKE-OFF
PILOT:FAILCO
TO I N I T I A T E G U - A H O I J ~ J D / M I S > C D A Y P R U A C h / O V t K S H W
TOIAL HEMAINING
***
TOTAL
*+*
91
-
-
ICAO Cimukr 163-MI03
..
11
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
NON-SCHEDULED AIRLINE OPERATIONS
TYPE OF OCCURRENCE
R E L A T E D FACTORS
CASCY
M A I N T . SER.,
PERS./INADEOUATE
MAINT./INYPECTIDN
L A N D I N G GEAR/NORMAL R E T R A C T I O N / E X T E N S I O N ASSEMBLY
JAMMED ( R E S T R I C T I O N )
L A N O I N G G E A R / E M E R G E k C Y / E X T E k S I O N ASSEMBLY
M A I N T E N A N C E , S E R V I C I N G PERS./OTWER
L A N D I N G S E A R I G . L O C K I N G M E C H A N I S M ( I N C L U D E S DRAG L I N k A G E )
E L E C T R I C A L S I S T E M / R E L A Y S AN0 W I R I N G
E L E C T R I C A L SYS./MOTORS
GRUUNOED
I N S T A L L E D IMPROPERLY
TOTAL ABOVE
TOTAL R E M A I N I N G
***
TOTAL
***
NHEELSUP L A N U I N G / U N I N T E N T I O N A L
OCCURS
5 T I M E S ( 5 k'ERCLNI)
OF T O T A L
P I L O T I F A I L E D TO E X l E N D L A N D I N G 6EAR
P I L O T I D I V E R I E D A T T E N T I O N FROM O P E R A l l O N UF A / C
P I L 0 T : D P E R A T E D C A R E L E S S L Y ( U N I N T E N I I O N A L , FORGOT)
P I L 0 T : F A I L E D TO CHECK P O S I T I O N AND L O C K I N G OF L A N D I N G GEAR
M A I N T . SER.,
PEHS./INADEQUATE
MAINT./INSPECTION
L A N D I N G GEAR/NORMAL R E T R A C T I O N / E X T E N S I U N ASSEMBLY
L A h O I N G GEAR1L.G.
~ARNING/INDICA~ING
COMPONENTS
L A N D I N G GEAR/G. L O C K I N G M E C H A N I S M ( I N C L U D E S DRAG L I h K A G E )
MISC./INTERFERENCE
TU R A D I O F A C I L I T I E S
BUCKLED
TOTAL ABOVE
TOTAL R E M I I N I N G
***
TOTAL
*+*
M A I N GEAR C O L L A P S E D
OCCURS
5 T I M E S ( 5 PERCEkT)
OF
TOTAL
PIL0T:FAILEO
1 0 FOLLOW PROCEDURES, I N S T R U C T I O N S , ETC.
PIL0T:IMPROPER LANDING FLARE
P I L 0 T : I M P H O P E R I N - F L I G H T D E C I S I O N UR P L A N N I N L
P I L O T ~ I M P R O P E R COMPENSATION FOR & I N O
P I L 0 T : M I S J U O G E D D I S T A N C E AN0 SPEED
LANDING G E A R I S K I ASSEMBLIES
AERODROME CONO./WET
R U N f i A Y / S T R I P - O I L ON MOVEMENT AREA
A E R O D R O M E COND./POUR R U N W A Y S U R F A C E - R O U G I ~ E T C .
WEATHER/LOd C E I L I l d G
*EATHEH/RAIN
TOTAL ABOVE
..*
TOTAL R E M A I N I N G
TOTAL
***
97
91
VEUCERIT
/CAO Cieukr 163-AM103
12
--
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
NON-ScMDULED AlRUNE OPERATIONS
TYPE OF UCCUPREbCE
4 E L A I E I J FACTOWS
CASES
P 1 L U T : I M P R U P E R IFW U P E R A l l O N
P ~ L O T : M I S J U O G E D O I S T A N C E AN0 A L 1 I I U l ) t
PUOPELLER SlS./T.PROP./PITCH
CHANGING MEcH,
AEROOROME F A C I L I T I t S / R U N h A I L I G H I I N G A n U I-IAHII~G
WEATHER/LOW C E I L I N G
APPROACH POOWLV PLANNED
T H R U S I REVERSAL
UNWANlEU
FATIGUE, P I L O T
-
r r r TOTAL * r r
LOSS OF CONTROL I N F L I G H T / M U S H
OCCURS
5 TIMES(
5 P E H C t N l ) OF T O T A L
P 1 L O T : F A I L E O 7 0 U B T A I N / M A I F I T A I & F L Y I h G SPEED
P I L 0 T : I N A O E J U A T E ? R E - F L I G H T P R E P A H A T I D N OH PLAkl.rIFIG
PILOTIFAILED
T O ARORT IAKE-OFF
AERODROME C O N O . / h A T E R / I C E / S L U S H
UN WUFI*Al
HEATHER/ICING CONDITIONS-AIRFRAME I C 1 N 6
I C E AIRFRAME
P I L O T I P R E M A T U R E L I F T OFF
P I L O T I I M P R O P E R I N - F L I G H T O E C I S I O N OR P L A N N I N G
? I L O T I I N I I I A I € D FLIGHT I N ADVtuYE * E A l H t H
P I L O l I E h C O U ! 4 T E R € O U k F O R S t E N CIRCUMSIAFUCLS HEYOFID H I S C A P A d I L I T Y
TOTAL ABOVE r
*
TOTAL WEMAINING
rrr TOIAL a**
NOSE GEAR COLLAPSED
OCCUdS
4
TIMES(
4 PERCEkT)
OF T b T A L
L A h O I k G GEAR/NOSEhHEEL A S S E M A L I E S
T E R R A I N CONO./ROUGH/UNEVEN
OVERLOAD F A I L U R C
PILOTIFAILED
1 0 SEE on A v o l o O B J E C T S
P I L O T I M I S U S E O UP F A I L t D TO USE F L A P S ( L I F T D E V I C E S )
T E R R A I N CONO./SNOW COVEHED
T E H R A I N CONO./nlDOEN
OBSTRUClIONS
RAN OFF R U Y I A Y END
F A I L E D TO USE C H E C K L I S l
rrt
IUIAL rtr
91
97
PtHCtlrl
ICAO Cimukr 163-AW103
-
13
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
NOWSCHEDULED ARlUNE OPERATIONS
TYPE OF O C C U ~ R E N C E
RELATEO FACTORS
CASES
COLLISION HILL/MOUNTAIN-CONTROLLED
UCCUWS
4
lIMES(
4 PERCENT)
OF
TO1AL
97
PILOTICONTINUED
VFR F L I G H T I N T O AOVEHSE NEATHER
P I L O T t F A I L E O TO SEE OR A V O I D OBJECTS
P I L d T r l M P R O P E R I N - F L I 6 H T O E C I S I O N OR P L A N N I h G
HEATHER/FOS
P I L O T I A T T E M P T E D OPERATION W I T H KNOkN EQUIPMENT D E F I C I E N C I E S
P I L O T I M I S J U D G E D OISTANCEI SPEED# 4 L T I T U O E OH CLEARANCE
P I L O T I F A I L E D TO FOLLOW PROCEDURES, I k S T R U C l l C l k S , E I C .
P I L 0 T : I M P R O P E R I F R OPERATION
PILOTIINAOEQUATE
P R E - F L I G H T P R E P A R A T I O N OH P L A N N I N G
P I L 0 T : N A V I G A T I O N ERROR
TOTAL &BOVE
14
l
r TOTAL R E M A I N I N G
l
* * r TOTAL * a *
7
L1
TOTAL NUM0ER OF A L L F I C T O R S
112
TOTAL NUMBER OF FACTORS ABOVE
318
P~HCEIUT
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
ICAO Circular 163-AN/103
15
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
OTHER AIRLINE OPERATIONS
TOTAL
TEN MUST FREUUENT PHASES OF O P E R A T I O N
NO.
X
ENROUTE/NORHAL C R U I S E
APP C L A N O I N S / L E V E L OFF/IOUCHDUWN
TAnE-OFF I h I V I A L C L I M B
APP 6 LANDING/GO-AROUFrO
VFW
VANE-OFF RUN
TAKE-OFF ABORTED
APP 6 L A k D I N G / L A N O I N G R O L L
-
**+
TOTAL
***
1 5 100
TOTAL
OVER
27330
TEN MOST F H E Q U E N T TYPES OF OCCURRENCE
N n E E L s u P LANOING/UNINTENIIONAL
L O S S OF CONTROL I N F L I G H T / U T H E R
NHEELSUP L A N D I N G
GEAR R E T R A C I E O I M A L F ~ N C ~ I O N
OVERWUN
UNDERSHOOT
C O L L I S I O N L E V E L SURFACE-COMTROL
COLLISION 0IWOS
ENGINE F A I L U R E
ENGINE SIMULATED F A I L U R E
T O T A L ABOVE
TOTAL W E M A I N I N G
UhKNObN
NU.
X
ICAO Cimuiar 163-AN/103
16
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
OTHER AIRLINE OPERATIONS
TYPE OF OCCURRErdCE
HELAIEO FPLTOHb
P 1 L O T : F A I L E O TO E X l E N D L A N O l N G GEAW
P 1 L O T : F A I L E D TO C H t C 6 P O S I I I O N AND L O C 6 I N G OF L A N D l k 6 GEAR
PILuTIOIVEHIEO
A T T E N T I U N FHOM U Y E H A I I U k UF A/C
P I L O T r F A I L E D 10 FOLLDW PRUCEDURES, I N ~ T R U L T I U ~ U S C
, 1L.
CU-P1LOT:FAILEO
TO CHECK P O S I T I O N &NU L U C K I N 6 OF L A N D I N G GEAR
LANOING GEAR/L.G.
NAHNING/II~OICAIINC
~ UMPONtkIS
COMM./NAV.
EOUIP./OThEh
PENSUNNEL
OTHER
P I L O T / C U E W MaDE E Q U I P M E N I / S Y S I E M I N U P t H A r I V t
nORK LOAU E X C E S S I V E
-
I U T A L REMAINING
LUSS Uf
CUNTRUL I N F L I G H I / U l H E R
OCCUHS
2 T l h t S ( 1 3 P k W C t N T l OF TOTAL
PILOTIENCOUNTEHED UNFOHSEEN C l H C U M S I A N C E S t l t Y U N O HI5 C A P A f l I L I T Y
SUPERVIS. Y I L 0 I : f A I L t D TU O B T A I k / M A 1 N T A I N F L Y I N 6 S P t t U
SUPERVIS. P I L 0 T : F A I L E O TO F U L L O * PUUCEOUHES, I N S ~ C U L T I U N S , t T C .
SUPEHVIS. PILOTIMISUSEO
OW F A I L t O 1U U S k F L A P S ( L I F T U t V I C k S l
***
TOTAL
***
WHEELSUP L A N D I N G
OCCURS
1 TIMES(
7 PERCENT) OF TOTAL
IS
P I L O T I I N A D E U U A T E S U P E R V I S I O N OF F L I G n l
DUAL S T U D E N T 1 F A I L E D TO EXTEND L A k U I N G GEAR
F A I L E D TO USE C H E C K L I S T
***
TOTAL * * r
M A I N I . SER.,
PERS./lNADEOUATE
MAINl./lkSPtCTION
L A N O I h G GEAR/G. LOCKING MECHANISM ( I N C L U D E S DUAL L I N U A G t )
IMPUUPEW A O J U S I M E N I / A L I G N M ~ N ~
LACK UF L U d R I C A T I U N
OVERLUAU F A I L U H t
-
OUPL S T U U ~ I ~ ~ : F A I L E10
U ktLIIYl4uISh L u h l n u L
OUAL STUL)t,dT:SPUNlAkEUUS
IMk'WUk'tk P C r I U N
u u ~ ~ a 1 N I .LArdlDIIuG
l
UH I A K t - U F F
MAN U k k tlu J r u A l ENIJ
15
--
ICAO Cimulur 163-AN/103
-
17
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
OTHER AIRLINE OPERATIONS
CASES
COLLISION BIRDS
1 TIMES(
OCCURS
POWERPLANT-MISC./BIRD
***
TOTAL
I PERCENT)
OF TUTAL
15
1NGESTION
***
ENGINE SIMULATED F A I L U R t
OCCURS
1 T I M E S ( ? PERCENI)
15
OF TOTAL
P I L 0 T : I M P R O P E R I N - F L I G H T D E C I S I O N OR P L A N N I N G
P I L O T 8 I N A O E O U A T t S U P E R V I S I O N OF F L I G H l
ENGINE ACCESS.-RECIP./YlARlERS
FAILURE/FAILEO
UUOHS,
PANELS F A I L U R E
OCCUWS
1 T I M E S ( 7 PERCENT) OF TOTAL
15
P1LOl:ENCOUNTERED ~INFOHSEEN C I R C U M S r l N C E S BEYOND H I S C A P A b I L I T Y
FUSELAGE/OOORSp DOOR FRAMES, P A N E L S
OPEN
OIlCHING
OCCURS
1 TIMES(
I PCRCENT)
OF I O T A L
P I L O T I I N A D E Q U A T E S U Y E H V I S I O N OF F L I G H T
CO-PILOT:ENCOUNIERED
UNFORSEEN CIRCUMSTANCES
***
IOTAL
***
TOTAL NUMBER OF FACTORS ABOVE
15
MEYOND
n l s CAPABILITY
PEHCthl
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
lCA0 Circular 163-AN/103
19
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
GENERAL AVIATION
TOTAL
OVEU
5 700
TEN ad0ST FREQUENT PhASE.5 OF OPERATION
NO.
2
NU.
2
APP I L A i r O I N G l L E V E L OFF/IOUCHOOvVN
APP C L A k O I N G / L A N O I k G R O L L
ENROUTE/NORMAL C R U I S E
VFR
APP L L A N O I N G / F I N A L APP
TAKE-OFF I N I T I A L C L I M B
TAN€-OFF RUN
ENROUTE/UNCONTROLLED DESCENT
APP 6 L A N O I N 6 / F I N A L APP
IFR
E N R O U T E / C L I M B TO C R U I S E
E N R O U T E / A E R I A L HORN
-
-
T O T A L ABOVE
TOTAL R E M A I N I N G
***
TOTAL
***
TOTAL
OVER
5 700
TEN MOST FREOUENT TYPES OF OCCURRENCE
-
ENGINE F A I L U R E
GHOUND/WATER
L O S S OF CONTROL
FORCEO/PRECAUTIONARY L A N D I N G
COLLISION
SURFACE-CONTROLLED
GEAR C O L L A P S E 0
GEAR R E T R A C T E O / M A L F U N C T I O k
UNOERSHOOT
HARD L A N D I N G
COLLISION OBJECT/lREE
WHEELSUP L A k D I N G / U N l N T E N T I O N A L
TOTAL ABOVE
TOTAL R E M A I N I N G
***
TOTAL + * *
NO.
X
NO.
X
20
I t 2 0 Circuar 163-AN/103
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
CASES
ENGINE F A I L U R E
OCCURS
I 2 0 I I M E S ( 1 4 PERCEkr)
OF l O l A L
679
P I L U 1 : F U t L MISUANAGEMENT
FUEL S T A R V A l l O h
P I L U I : I N A U E l J l l l l t P R E - F L I G H T P R E P A R b l I O k OW P L A k h l h G
POntUPLANT-MISC./FAILURE-LJNOETEWMl~tO
ktA3Ok
FUEL ENHAUS110k
*IIEHIAL FIILIIRE
MAINT. SEN.,
PE*S./INADEOUATE
MAINT./INSPECT10N
P1LOT:IMPROPER I N - F L I G H T O E C l S l O N OH P L A N N I N 6
E N G l N t F A l L U I t (TWO UA M O R t )
rEATt4ER/CAdBURElIOP I C I N G CUNUlTlONS
I l b
r TOTAL REMAINING
LOSS OF CUNTROL
-
l
GROllkD/#ATEU
OCCURS
5 4 T I M t S ( b PERCkNI)
OF TOTAL
839
P I L O T I F A I L E U TO M A I N T A I N OIWECTIONAL CONTROL
LANOING GEAR/BRA6IYG SYSTEM (NORMAL)
P I L O T I I M P R O P E R OPERATION OF H R A I E S OR F L I G H T CONTROLS ON GROUND
I N T E N T I O N A L GROUNO/WATER LOOP/SWCRVE
MAINT. SER.,
PEMS./INAOEQdATt
MAINT./IkSPECTION
LEA!(
MATERIAL FAILURE
P I L 0 l : F A I L E O TO FOLLOW PROCEDURES, I k S T R U C I I O N S I E1C.
P I L O T 1 I N A O E O U A T E P R E - F L I G H T PREPARATION OR P L A h N I N G
P I L O T t I N A O E Q U A T E S U P E R V I S I O N OF F L I G H T
l
TOTAL AROVE r
l
.s.
TOTAL REMAINING r
TOTAL e r r
FORCED/PRECAUTIONARY
LANDING
OCCURS
53 T I M E S ( b PERCENT) OF TOTAL
P I L 0 T : F U E L MISMANAGEMENT
T E R R A I N CONO./ROUGH/UNEVEN
FUEL EXHAUSTION
P I L O T I I N A O E O U A T E P R E - F L I G H T P R E P I R A T I O N OR P L A N N I N G
P I L O T t F A I L E O T O FOLLOW PROCEDURESI INSTUUCTIONS, ETC.
ENGINE F A I L U R E (TWO OR MORE)
MATERIAL FAILURE
OBSTRUCTIONS
TERRAIN CONO./HlGH
FUEL STARV4TION
I~TENTIONAL
WHEELS UP
r TOTAL ABOVE
l
TOTAL REMAINING s
r r t TOTAL
839
PEuc~rvl
--
-
ICAO Circular 163-AN/103
--
- -- -
21
- - --
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
GENERAL AWATION
T Y P E OF UCCURRENCE
RECATLO FACTORS
CASES
C O L L I S I n N SURFACE-CONTROLLED
OCCURS
32 T I M E S (
4 PERCENT)
OF
TOTAL
839
WEATHEH/LO* C E I L I N G
P1LOT:IMPROPER
I F R OPERATION
PIL0T:IMPROPER
I N - F L I G H T D t C I S I O N OR P L A r r N I l u l ,
wEATHtR/FOG
PIL0T:CONTINUEO
VFR F L I G H T I N T O A D V E R S t W E A T H E R
PILOT:INADEl4llATE PRE-FLIGHT PREPARATION Od PLANNING
WEATf4EH/RAIN
PILOT:FAILED
TO F O L L O W P R O C E D U R E S , I N S T R U C T I O N S , ETC.
PILOT:PHVSICAL
IMPAIRMENT
P1LOT:ATTEMPTED
O P E R A T I O N BEYOND E X P E R I E N C E / A B I L I T Y
T O T A L AROVE
4
***
TOTAL
TOTAL
GEAR C O L L A P S E 0
*
REMAINING
***
OCCURS
29 T I M E S (
3 PERCENT)
OF T O T A L
839
OVEWLOAO F A I L U R C
P 1 L O T : F A I L E O TO M A I N T A I N D I R E C T I U N A L C O N T R O L
L A N D I N G GEAd/M.
GEAR-SHOCK A S S E M B L Y , S T R U T S , E T C .
MISC./uNDETERMINEO
P1LOT:IMPROPER
IY-FLIGHT
DECISION
O R PLANNING
PILOTIFUEL
MISMANAGEMENT
M A I N I . SER. P E R S . / I M P R P E R
MAINT./MAINI.
PEHS.
L A N D I N G G E A W / B I ~ A K I N GSYSTEM (NORMAL)
L A N D I k G GEAR/G.
L O C K I N G M E C H A N I S M ( I N C L U D E S DRAG L I N K A G E 1
WEATHER/ICING CUNUITIUNS-AIRFRAME I C I N G
T O T A L AROVE
TOTAL WEMAINING
**.
TOTAL
l
*a*
GEAR R E T R A C T E D / M A L F U N C T I O N
OCCURS
21 TIMES(
3 PERCENT)
OF T O T A L
L A N D I N G GEAN/G.
LOCKING MtCHANISM (IYCLUOES DRA6 L I N U A G C I
MATERIAL FAILURE
L A N D I N G GEAWINORMAL R E T R A C T I O N / E X T E N S I O N ASSEMBLY
Y A I V T . SER. P E R S , / I M P H P € R
MAINT./MAINT.
PERS.
M A I N T . SER.r
PERS./INADEQUATE
MAINT./INSPECTION
IMPROPER ADJUSTMENT/ALIGNMEhT
P I L 0 I : F A I L E D TO CHECK P O S I T I O N A N 0 L O C K I N G OF L A N D I N G GEAR
LANOING GEARIM.
GEAR-SHOCK ASSEM~LI,STRUTS,ETC.
L A N D I N G GEAR/NOSEWHEEL A S S E M B L I E S
MISC./FOREIGN
M A T T E R A F F E C T I N G NORMAL O P E R A T I O N S
TOTAL
*
AROVE
TOTAL REMAINING
839
PEACENT
ICAO
Circular 163-AN/103
.- ..
-- -
- --
-
-
--
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
GENERAL AVIATION
T Y P E OF U C C U R U ~ ~ C E
RELATED t A C I ~ R S
P I L 0 T : M I S J U D G E D n I S T A h C E AND A L T l l U O t
wEA I H E R / F O G
HEATHER/L03 C E I L I N G
P1LdT:IMPWOPER
I F R UPEUATION
PILOT:INADEOUATE
PRE-FLIGHT
P R E P A R A T I O N O R PLANIUINC
P I L O T I F A I L E D TO I Y I T I A T E G O - A R O U N D / M I S S E O A P P R O A C H / U V E R S H O O T
AERODROME COND./OTHEH
dEATHER/NINDSHEAW
UNSERVICEAHLE EOUIPMEkT/SYSTEH
FIJEL E X H A U S l I O k
ss*
TOTAL
a*+
PILOTIIMPROPER LANDING FLARE
P I L O T I I N A D E O U A T E S U P E R V I S I O N OF F L I ( Y H T
DUAL SIUUENT: IMPROPEH L A N D I k G F L A R t
nEATtIER/SNOw
P 1 L D T : F A I L E D 1 0 INITIATE
GO-AROIIND/'?IS5kL, A V P F ( ~ J A C H / O V ~ H S H ~ ~ O I
hEATHEH/LOW C E I L I N G
WEATnER/ICING CONDITIONS-AIRFRAME I C I h G
P I L U T t 4 T T E M P T E D O P E R A T I O N W I T H KNUwlu t d l J I P k l t r i T U t F I C I E k C I t 5
P 1 L O T : F A I L E O T O ORTAIN/MAIIUTAIN
FLYIIvG b ~ t t u
P1LOT:IMPROPER
I N - F L I G H T D E C I S I O N UH P L A N N I N G
ssr
TOTAL
***
T E R R A I N COND./HIGH
OBSTRUCTIONS
WEATHER/FOC
dEATHtWILOw CEILING
PILOT:ATTEMPTED
O P E R A I ION ~ I T H K ! J U ~ N ~ D U I P M E N T O E F I C I E ~ ~ C I ~ S
PILOTIIMPROPER
I F R OPERATInN
PIL0T:MISJUDGED
A L T I T U D E 6 CLEAHANCE
dEATHER/HAIN
P I L 0 I : D I V E R T E n P T T E h T I O N FHOM O P E H A T I O N OF A / C
P I L 0 T : M I S J U O G E D D I S I A N C E , SPEED
AN0 ALTITUDE
P I L O T I M I S J U O S E U D I S T A h t C E AVO A L T l l U O t
CASES
PERCEhtl
-
-
---
-- --
ICAO Circular 1 63-AN/?0 3
--
-
-
-
ACCIDENTS TO AEROPLANES
GENERAL AVlATlON
TYPE OF OCCURRENCE
RtLArEo FACTORS
CAStS
WHEELSUP L A N O I N G / U h I N T t ~ 4 T I O N A L
OCCUHS
25
IIML.51 3 PtHCEhT)
P I L 0 I : F A I L E U TO EXTEND L I N D I N G GEAH
P I L O l l F A I L E D TO CHECK P O S I T I O N ANU L U C K I N G O F L A k D I h 6 GEAR
LANDING
GEAHINORMAL
HETRACTIONIEXTENSION
ASSEMBLY
F A I L E D TO USE C H E C K L I S T
MATiHIAL FAILURE
PILOTIOIVERTEO
A T T E N T I O N FROY O P E H A T I O N OF A/C
P 1 L O T : F A I L E O TO FOLLOW PROCEOURES, I N S T R U C T I O N S , ETC.
PILOTIINAOEQUAIE
PRE-FLIGHT
P R E P A H A T I O N 0 2 PLANNING
P I L 0 T : I N A O E Q U A T E S U P E R V I S I O N OF F L I G H T
P 1 L U I : F U E L MISMANASEMENT
4
TOTAL AROVE
4
TOTAL NUMBER OF FACTORS R E M A I N I r 4 G
T O T A L NUMBER OF A L L FACTORS
TOTAL NUMHER OF F A C T O d S AROVE
UF T O T A L
839
PERCENT
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
ICAO Circular 163-AND03
25
ACCIDENTS TO HELICOPTERS
AIRLINE OPERATIONS
L I S T OF TEN MOST FREQUENT P H A S E S OF U P E U A T I O N
PHASE OF O P E R A T I O N
ENROUTE/NORMAL C R U I S E
ENROUTE/PO*ER-ON
DESCENT-ROTORCRAFT
APP L LANON6/PO#ER-ON LANDING-ROTORCRAFT
***
TOTAL
***
L I S T OF TEN MOST FREQUEhT TYPES OF OCCURRENCE
l Y P E OF OCCUURENCE
DRAGGED d I N G / R O T O R POO/FLOIT
UOLL-OVER
M A I N ROTOR F A I L U R E
TEMPORARY LOSS OF CONTROL I N FLIGHT
***
TOTAL
***
CASES
PEHCtNl
26
ICAO Circular 163-AN/103
ACCIDENTS TO HELICOPTERS
CASES
DRACSED WING/ROTOR
POD/FLOAT
OCCURS
1 1 1 M E S ( 25 P t k C k N T )
P I L 0 T : F A I L E D TO SEE OR A V O I D O B J E C T S
P1LOT:MISJIJOGED H O R I Z O N T A L / V E R T I C A L CLEARANCE
T E R R A I k COND./HIODEN
OBSTRUClIONS
NHITEOUl
*a*
ROLL-OVER
TOTAL
***
OCCURS
1 T I M E S 1 25 PERCENT) OF T O T A L
P I L O T r F A I L E o TO SEE OR A V O I D O B J E C T S
P I L O T l M l S J U D G E D H O R I Z O N T A L / V E R T I C A L CLEARANCE
OBSIRUCTIONS
T E R R A I N COND,/HlDDEN
nnITEuuT
*a*
TOTAL **r
ROTOR A S S E M B L I E S / M L I N ROTOR B L A D E S
F A T I E U E FRACTURE
r e e TOTAL r e *
TOTAL NUMBER OF A L L F L C T O R S
4
U*
TOTAL
PEHCENT
PART I1
ACCIDENTS TO HELICOPTERS
ICAO Cimuler
1 63-AN/103
-
27
-
ACCIDENTS TO HELICOPTERS
GENERAL AVIATION
CASES
PHASE OF O P E R A T I O N
ENROUTEINORMIL C R U I S E
APP 6 L A N O I N G / A U T ~ R O T A T I O N LANOIg\G
APP 6 LANONG/POWER-ON L A N D I N G - R O T O R C R A F I
ENROUTE/HOVERING
APP & L A h D I N G / L E V E L OFFITOUCHDOWN
TAKE-OFF V E R T I C A L
E N R O U T E I C L I M B TO C R U I S E
APP 6 L A N O I N G / F I N A L APP
VFR
TAKE-OFF I N I T Z A L C L I M B
E N R O U T E I T O I F R O M A E R I A L NORK AREA
-
T O T A L ABOVE
TOTAL R E M A I N I N G c
***
TOTAL
***
L I S T OF TEN MOST FREQUENT TYPES OF OCCURRENCE
TYPE OF OCCURRENCE
HARD L A N D I N G
ENGINE F A I L U R E
M A I N ROTOR F A I L U R E
FORCED/PRECAUTIONARY L A N D I N G
L O S S OF CONTROL I N F L I G M T / O T H E R
T A I L ROTOR F A I L U R E
C U L L I S I O k SURFACE-UNCONTROLLED
AIRFHAME F A I L U R E I h F L I G H T
ENGINE SIMULATED F A I L U R E
C O L L I S I O N OBJECT/OTHER
T O T A L ABOVE
TOTAL R E M A I N I N G
*re
TOTAL
***
lCAO Circular- 163-AN/7 0 3
-
--
-
--
ACCIDENTS TO HELICOPTERS
GENERAL A V I A T I O N
TYPt
c)F t i L C r J R H E i J C €
RFLATED FACTOUS
UUAL STUDE%T:IMPROPEk L A N D I N G FLAHC
P 1 L J T : F A I L E D 1 0 FOLLOW PROCEDlJUES, I i q S T H U C l I U h S , t T C .
P I L O T I I N A D E J U A l E S U P E R V I S I O N OF F L I b H l
~ E H R A I I u CO.UD./HOUGH/UNEVEN
PILOT:INAD~OUAIE
THAINING
OF s r u u t b r ( I ~ S I U U C T U U
1 r ~PC
I)
DUAL STUDEN1:LACK
OF F A M I L I A d I T Y h l l H A / C
OUAL S T U O t - u T : M l S J U O G t U S P E t l ) & A L T I I I J O E
M A I N T . SEN. P E R b . / I M P H P E H
MAINT./MAIi41.
PEAS.
MAINT.
SER.,
P~RS.IINAD~OUAT~ M A I N ~ . / I ~ ~ P ~ c T I ~
FUEL SVS.-dECIPROCATING/PUMPS
TOTAL
AHOVE
ENGINE FAILUHE
*
OCCURS
11 T I M E S
(
1 5 PtNCENT)
liF
TUIAL
73
POmEAPLANT-YISC./FAILUC1E-UNDEI~RMIIV~D R E A ~ U I U
MATERIAL FAILURE
PIL0T:FAILED
TO FOLLOW PROCEDURES, I h S T H U C T I O N S , ETC.
M A I N T . 3EH..
P t R S . / I N A U E Q U A T E M A I f g I ./I t 4 S P t C T I O ~ v
ENbINE STRUCTUHE-RECIPUULATIIYG/CVLIIVU~U ASStMhLY
FUEL SVS.-RECIPROCATING/PUMYS
EXHAUST S Y S T E M - R E C I P R U C A T I N G / O T H t U
COMPRtSSOH/TlJRBUPROP/TURBUJ€T/BLADt-COMPS
kL10k
TURBINE ASSEMBLV/T.PHUP/T.JET/REARIkG-SHAFT
T R A N S M I S S I U N HOTOR U H I V E / C L U T C H A b 5 t M M L Y
T O T A L AROVE
***
TOTAL
*
***
M A I N HOTOH F A I L U R E
UCCLINS
7 TIMES
L
10 P E H C E h T )
UF
F A T I G U E FRACTURE
1 4 A I N I . SER.,
P€HS./INAOEOUATE
MAINT./IhbPECTIUh
PHUOUClIl~N-OESIGN-SUU-S1ANUAHO
UUALIIY CUWI4bL
T R A N S M I S S I U N NUTOR b H I V E / M A I V H O I U U U H I V E S H A F T
MAllUT. SER. P E H S . / I M P H P E k
MAINI./MAINT.
PtHS.
NOTOH A S S E M H L I E S / M A I t u H O l U R H L b D t S
T H A I u S M I ~ S I O ~ ROTOH
\
D H I V t / E N G I ; Y E U H I V t 5HAF I
T N A I u S M I S S I L ) I ~H I I I O U O H I V ~ / M A I I \ I r i O l u k b t A H HUM
T H A I V S I ~ I S ~ I UH* 0 1 0 Q U d I V t / S P H A l , S V S . - b t L L
HtL1.r
tIC.
1:rSTALLEi) IMPW()PEQLY
1UTAC
13
.
-
-
-
ICAO Circular
- ---1 63-AN/103
--
----
-
-
-
-
-
-
--
29
-
ACCIDENTS TO HELICOPTERS
GMERAL AVIATION
TYPE OF OCCUARENCE
R E L A T E D FACTUHS
FORCEO/PRECAUTIONARY
CASES
LANDING
OCCURS
b TIMES
[
8 PtHCtNT)
UF T O T A L
POWERPLANT-MISC./FAILURE-UIYOETERMINEU
UtASON
T E R W A I N CONO./HIGH
OBSTRUCTIONS
MATERIAL FAILURE
ENGINE S T R U C T U R E - R E C I P R O C A T I N G / C Y L I N O E A ASSEhbLY
TURBINE ASSEMBLY/T.PROP/T.JET/t)EARING-SHAFT
T R A N S M I S S I O N ROTOR O R I V E / T A I L ROTOR GEAR BOX
T E R R A I N CONO./GLASSY
WATER
TERRAIN CONDITIONS/OTHER
BUPNED
LOAD NOT J E T T I S O N E O
T O T A L ABOVE
...
TOTAL R E M A I N I h G
TOTAL
**.
P I L 0 T : A T T E M P r E O O P E R A T I O N W I T H CNOWh E O U I P M t N T D E F I C I E N C I E S
M A I N T . SER. P E W S . / I ~ N A b E D U A l t I N 5 P . UF b / C M A I N T . P t M S .
M A I N T . SER.,
PERS./INADEOUATE
MAINT./INSPECTIOh
T R A N S M I S S I O N ROTOW V R I V E / G E A R BOX O I L COOLER, BLOWER
HOTORCRAFT A S S E M B L l E S / l A I L B V O M S / P v L O h S / C O N E S
LEAK
iIVERHEATE0
FAILUPE/FAILEO
M I S R E A D OR F A I L E D TO READ I N S T R U M E N T S
F A T I G U E FRACTURE
TOTAL ABOVE
*
*
TOTAL R E M A I N I N G
c**
*
TOTAL * * c
T A I L ROTOR F A I L U R E
OCCUHS
5 TIMES
(
7 PtHCENT)
F L I G H T CONT. S Y 3 . / T A I L
ROTOR P I T C H CONT.
d A I E P I A L FAILURE
ROTOR A S S E M B L I E S / U N I V E R S A L J O I N T S - C O U P L I N G S
ROTOR A S S E M R L I E S / O T H E R
T R A N S M I S S I O N ROTOW D R I V E / T A I L ROTOR GEAR u O x
M I S C ./UNOETEHMINED
EXCESSIVE
F A T I G U E FRACTURE
SEPARATION I N F L I G H T
* * r TOTAL * * r
OF TOTAL
73
73
PtHCtlvI
--
ICAO
Circular .1-63-AN/103
--
ACCIDENTS TO HELICOPTERS
GENERAL AVIATION
CASE b
F A T I G U E FUACTURE
A I R C W A F T CAME TO WEST I N h 4 T E Y
P 1 L U I : C U N T I N L l E D VFR F L I G H T I V l U A g v t H S t ~ E A l h t k
P1LOT:FAILEO
TO U S E UH I N C O R R E C T L Y u S ~ UE U U I P M E N
P I L O T : I M P R O P E R I N - F L I G H T OEC I S I O l v UK P L A l r r N I N G
PIL011SPATIAL OISORIENTAlION (VEHTIGU)
HAINT.
SER.,
PERS./INAOEQUATE
MAI~T./I~SPECTION
PRODUCTION-I)ESIGN-SU~)-STAI\~OAHLI O U A L I 1 Y
YISC. PkRS./PASSENGkR
HOTOR A S S E M B L I E S / M A I N ROTOR B L A O E S
LUNlWllL
TOTAL REMAINING
a t *
AIRFRAME
TOTAL
b
***
1a
FAILIJRE I N FLIGHT
OCCURS
3 TIMES
i
U PERCENT)
OF
TUTAL
I3
HOTORCRAFT A S S E M H L I E S / T A I L B U O M S / P Y L U N S / C U N E S
FATIGUE FRAClURE
M A I N T . SER.,
PEHS./lNADEOUATE
MAINI./INSPtCTIOh
T R A N S M I S S I O N ROTOR O H I V E / O T H E R
FAILURE/FAILEO
MATERIAL FAILURE
C U L L I S I O N OBJECT/OTHER
OCCURS
2 IIMtS (
3 PERCENT)
A I R C R A F T CAME TO REST I N W A T E R
P I L 0 T : F A I L E D TO F O L L U W PROCEDURES,
IhSlHUCTIONS,
P1LOT:MISJUDGEO
HORIZONTAL/VERIICAL CLEAHAkCE
PIL0T:SPATIAL DISORIEbTATIUtv (VERlIGU)
M I S C . PERS./OTHER
CREa CO-ORUINATION INADEQUATE
*+*
UF
TOTAL
73
ElC.
TOTAL * * a
C O L L I S I U ~ JU B J E C T / W I H E / P O L E
OCCURS
2 TIMES
[
5 PEHCENI)
P 1 L U T : F A I L t l ) 1 0 S t E UR A V O I D O t i J E C l S
PILO1:FAILEO
TO F O L L O N P R G C E O U H t S . I 1 u S I h U C I I D k S ,
PILO1:MISJUOGED HOHILUPUTAL/VEHIICaL CLEAUAldCt
T E R H A I I J CONI)./HIGH
OBSTHUCI I O , V ~
T O T A L 4JUMtiER
OF F A C I U H S AklUVE
T U T A L NUMBER
OF F A C T O R S ~ E M A I b l l u t i
T O T A L ~ u M H E R OF
ALL FACTORS
tlC.
OF
TUTAL
73
PART I11
INCIDENTS
-
---
-.
-
-
ICAO Circular 163-AM103
--
-
-- -
INCIDENTS
AIRLINE OPERATIONS
ENROUTE/NOUMAL CRUISE
TARE-OFF RUN
APP 6 LANOING/LEVEL OFF/TOUCHDUWN
TAKE-OFF INITIAL
CLIMB
T A X I I N G FROM LANDING
T A X I I N G TO TAKE-OFF
APP b LANDING/LANDING ROLL
TAKE-OFF ABORTED
ENROUlE/CLIMB TO CRUISE
ENROUTE/OESCENOING
l
TOTAL ABOVE
l
TOTAL REMAINING
l
l
r r * TOTAL * a *
L I S T OF TEN MOST FREQUENT TYPES OF OCCURREhCE
CASES
TYPE OF OCCURRENCE
ENGINE F A I L U R E
WHEELSUP L A N O I N G / I N T E N T UNKNOWN
BOTH ON GROUND
C O L L I S I O N A/C
COLLISION BIRDS
dHEELSUP L A N D I N G / U k I N T E N T I O N A L
C O L L I S I O N A/C
ONE AIRBORNE
F L I G H T CREW I L L N E S S / I N C A P A C I T A T I O N
T I R E OR WHEEL F A I L U R E
LOSS OF CONTUOL
GWOUND/WATER
GEAR COLLAPSED
-
r TOTAL ABOVE
*
-
*
TOTAL REMAINING
* r e TOTAL
***
l
31
32
-
- -
ICAO Circular 163-AN/103
-- -
--
-
-- -
-
--
INCIDENTS
AIRLINE OPERATIONS
l V P t UF OCCUWUENCt
R E L A I E O FACTUHS
F A T I G U E FRACTURE
FUEL STARVATION
SERV. GUUUNO CUE*
M A I N T , SEA. P E H S . / I M P R O P t R
M A I N T . StR.,
PERS./INADEOUATE
MAINT./IASPkCTICJtV
F L I G H T E N G I N E E U / I H P R O P E R O P E R A T I U N UF k U U I P M E N 1
E N G I N E S T R U C T U h E - R E C I P R U C A T I N ( i / M A S l t ~ a C O I ' J N ~ C T I ~ MUDS
~G
POWERPLANT-MISC./FAILURE-UhOETERMINtO
HtASUh
CO~PRESSOR/TURBOPROP/TUNBOJET/t)LAUE-CUMPES UUlUH
E N G I h E INSTRUMENTS/l.PROP./T.JE1/OTHtk
FALSE I N O I C A I I O N
T U T A L ABOVE
TUTAL WEMAINING r
***
TOTAL * r e
#HEELSUP L A N O I N G / I N T E N T
UNKhUrdN
UCCUHS
4
TIMES
(
b PEkCEhTl
OF
TUTAL
70
F A T I G U E FRACTUHE
M A I N T . SER. P E U S . / I M P R P E R
MAINT./MAItVT.
PLUS.
L A h O I h G GEAWIM. GEAR-SHOCK ASSEMMLY,STHUTS,ETC.
L A N D I N G GEAR/NURMAL R E T R A C T I O N / k x T E h S I U N A S S t F U L t
LANOING GEAH/EMEHGENCY/EXTCYSION ASSLMaLY
L A N O I N G G E A U I G . L O C K I N G M E C H A N I S M ( I N C L U D t S DRAG L I N K A G E )
I k S T A L L E O IMPROPERLY
***
TOTAL
***
ATC P E R S . / I S S U E U
I M P U O P E R / C U N F L I C I I I ~ ~ .I h S T H .
PILOTIMISJUOGED H O R I Z O N T A L / V E R l I C A L C L t A U A N C t
MISC.
PERS./PILOT
OF O T n t R A / C
MISC./tSIRO
COLLIYIUN
PONEUPLINT-MISC./BIHD
***
TOTAL
INGESTION
***
#HEELSlJP L A N D I ~ V G / U k l N T E l u T I O N A L
***
TOTAL * * r
OCCUHS
3 Tlht5
(
Q PtULkNl) Of
1LJlAL
I0
b
lU0
ICAO CimuIar 163-AN/?03
33
-
INCIDENTS
TYPE OF OCCURRENCE
RELATED FACTORS
C O L L I S I O N A/C
-
ONE AIRBORNE
3 TIMES
OCCURS
(
B PERCENI)
OF TOTAL
TO
P I L O T l M I S U N O E R S T A N O I N 6 OF OROERS, I N S T R U C T I U h S r C L t A R A N C E S
n1sc. PERS./PILOT
OF O T H E R AIC
ATC PERS./OTHER
SEE REMARUS
ATC PERS./INADEOUATE
S P A C I N G OF A/C
-
***
***
TOTAL
b
F L I G H T CREW I L L N E S S / I N C A P A C I T A T I O h
OCCURS
3 IIhES (
4 PERCENT) OF TOTAL
70
PILOTrINCAPACITATION
n A I w T . SER. PERS./IMPRPER
MAINT./MAINT.
PENS.
SUPERVISORY PERS./INAOEOUATE
OIRECTIVES~MANUALSI EUUIP.
OTHER SYS./OTHER
OvERnEATEO
ELECTRICAL FAILURE
P I L O T SUFFEREO HEART ATTACK
***
***
TOTAL
T I R E OR WHEEL F A I L U R E
8
OCCURS
3 TIMES (
4 PERCtbl)
OF TOTAL
70
MATERIAL FAILURE
L A N O I N G GEAR/LHEELS, T I R E S , AXLES
P I L O T I I N A D E O U A T E P R E - F L I G H T P R E P A R A T I U N OR P L A k b I N G
P I L O T I I N A D E U U A T E S U P E R V I S I O N OF F L I G H T
DIRECTIVES,MANUALS,
EOUIP.
SUPEUVISORV PEWS./INADEUUAIE
SUPERVISORY PERS./COMP.
EQUIP.,
SERVICEY, MANUALS O t F I C I E N l
TIRES
OVERHEATED
HYORAULIC F A I L U R E
***
**r TOTAL
LOSS OF CONTROL
-
12
CROUkO/WA~ER
OCCURS
2 TIMES (
3 PEHCtNr)
OF TUTAL
P I L O I I I M P R O P E R OPERATION, P O N E U P L I N T CONTROLS
P I L O T I I N A D E O U A T E SUPERVISION UF F L I G H T
P I L O T I S E L E C T E D U N S U I T A B L E TAKE-OFF, LANOING, T A X I I k G AREA
P I L O T I F A I L E D TO M A I N T A I N D I R E C T I O N A L CUNTRUL
CO*PILOT:SPONTAhEOUS
IMPROPER ACTICJh
C O - P I L O T I F A I L E O TO I N I T I A T E GO-AHUUND/MISStD APPHOACH/UVERSHIJOT
SUPERVIS. P l L O l l D I V E W T E O A T T E h T I U N FROM U P E R A T I O N UF A/C
AERODROME CONO./WATER/ICE/SLUSH
O h UUNwAY
WEATt!ER/LOW C E I L I N G
wEATHER/FOG
-
TOTAL R E M A I N I N G
a**
TUTAL
***
70
lCA0-Circular
1-.
63-AN/103
-- -
.
INCIDENTS
AIRLINE OPERATIONS
GEAR C O L L A P S E D
OCCUHS
L A N D I N G GEAR/M.
2
TIMES (
GEAH-SHOCK
F A T I G U E FRACTUUE
COWRODED
MATERIAL FAILURE
***
T O T A L NUMBER OF F A C l O R S ABOVE
T O T A L NUMBER OF F A C T O R S H E M A I Q I N G
T O T A L NUMBLR OF A L L F A C T O d S
OF
ASSEMt$LY,SIHUTS,tTC.
U U A L I I Y CONTROL
PROOUC1ION-DESIGN-SUB-STANDAHD
TOTAL
3 PEHCEWI)
lU1AL
70
-
36
lCAO Circular 163-AN/103
--..
p~
p
p
--
~
-----
-
p
-
--- -
INCIDENTS
GENERAL AVIATION
TYPE OF OCCUWHEbYCE
PELA I E D FACTORS
C O L L I S I O N A/C
-
CASES
HOTH AIRBORNE
3 lIMtS
OCCURS
9 PEUCtNT)
(
OF
TOlAL
34
P I L U T I F A I L E U 1 0 SEE on AVOID
orritn A/C
CONGESTED T R A F F I C PAT TERN
MISC. PERS./OTHER
MISC. P E R S . / P I L O T
OF OTHER A/C
AIHFHAME F A I L U R E I N F L I G H T
OCCUHS
3 TlMLS (
9 P k H C t N I l Of
IUTAL
34
P l L O l t F A I L E O TO FOLLOW PRUCEOURES, I N S I R U C T I U N S , t l C .
P I L O T l I M P R O P E R I N - F L I G H T O E C I S I O I ~ OR P L A N N I N b
P I L U T t I N A O E h l U A T E P R E - F L I G H T P H E P A R A I I U N OH P L A N N I N 6
FUSELAGE/WINOSHIELDS, WINDOWS, C A N U P I t S
F L I G H T CONTROLS/FLAP ASSEMBLIES I I H A I L I N G E O b t )
JAMMED ( R E Y I R I C T I O N )
SEPARATION I N F L I G H T
MATEHIAL F A I L U R E
***
TOTAL
ENGINE F A I L U R E
***
OCCURS
3 TIMES
(
Y PERCLNT)
ENGINt STHUCTURE-RECIPROCATIN6/MASTEH
POnERPLANT-MISC./FAILURE-UNDETEkMINEO
UF TUT1L
34
& COtdNLClItdG NODS
MEASUN
F A T I G U E FRACTURE
***
TOTAL * * z
WHEELSUP L A N O I N G / U N I N T E N T I O N A L
OCCURS
2 TIMES
(
6 PERCENT)
P I L O T t F A I L E D TO EXTEND L A N D I N G GEAR
P I L O T I F A I L E D TO FOLLOW PHOCEOUHES, I N S l H U C T I b N S , E I C .
P I L O T ~ F A I L E O TO CHECS P O S I l I O N ANU L D C f i I N G OF L A b O I h G GEAN
C I R C U I T BREAKER POPPEU
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES IMPROPERLY/NOT USED
***
TOTAL
***
L A N D I N G GEAR/WHEELSr T I R t S ,
I N T E N l I U N a L WHEELS UP
MATERIAL FAILURE
***
TOTAL
***
AiLES
OF TOTAL
34
PERCENT
37
ICAO CimuIar 163-AN/! 03
INCIDENTS
GENERAL AVlATlON
TYPE OF OCCURRENCE
WELATED FACTORS
NOSE GEAR COLLAPSE0
2 TIMES (
OCCURS
6 PERCLLI)
OF
101AL
34
P I L O T ¶ M I S J U D 6 E D SPEED
L A N D I N 6 6EAR/WHEELS,
TIWES, AXLES
ON RAMP/TAXlnAY
AERODROME COND./WATER/ICE/SLUSH
AEROUROME COhO./SNOW ON R A h P / T A X I n A Y
FATIGUE FdACTURE
OVERLOAD F A I L U R E
t t r IOTAC
C O L L I S I O N A/C
-
b
*t*
ONE AIRBORNE
Z TIMES
OCCURS
(
6 PERCENT)
P I L O T l M I S U N D E R 8 T A M D I N 6 OF ORDERS, INSTRUCTIOhS,
ATC PERS./INAOEUUATE
SPACING OF A/C
MISC. PERS./PILOT
OF OTHER A/C
OF I O T A L
34
CLEARANCES
t r * TOTAL r r *
3
C O L L I S I O N DBJECT/SNOWBANK
OCCUUS
Z 11MES [
6 PEWCEhl)
OF TOTAL
30
P I L O T l M I S J U O G E D SPEED
A T C PERS./FAILURE
T O ADVISE OF n r z m o UR AP
I
CONU.
A/P SUPER. PERS./IMPROPER/INAOEOUAT€
SNOW REMOVAL
OM RUNWAY
AEROOROME CUNO./SNUW
AERODROME COND./WATER/lCE/SLUSH
ON RAMP/TAXIkAV
AEROORUME CONO./SNUN ON n A n p / r r x I * r v
a r c TOTAL
*.*
FIRE/EXPLOSION I N FLIGHT
b
2 TIMES
OCCURS
EXHAUST S Y S T E M - R E C I P R D C A T I N G / S T A C K S
EXHAUST SYSTEM-RECIPROCATIh6/EXTERNAL
ELECTUICAL SYS./COkVEUTER
MISC./SMOKE
I N AIRCRAFT
DISCONNECTED
F I R E I N ENGINE
M I S S I N G NUT, BOLT, P I N ETC.
MATERIAL F A I L U R E
ttr
(
b PERCENI) OF TOTAL
34
SUPERCHARGER
TOTAL t r t
WWEELSUP L A N O I N G / I h T E N T
6
UNKhOhN
LANDING SEARIM.
GEAR-SHOCK
FATIGUE FRACTURE
t t c TOTAL
OCCURS
I TIMES (
3 PERCENT) UF T U l A L
34
ASSEM~LY,STUUTS,ETC.
***
t?
TOTAL NUMBER OF FACTORS ABOVE
49
TOTAL kUMBER OF FACTORS NEMAIhJING
21
TOTAL NUMBER UF ALL FACTORS
7b
END
ICAO T E C H N I C A L P U B L I C A T I O N S
The following summary gives the status, and also
describes in general terms the contents of the various
series o f technical publications issued by the Znternational Civil Aviation Organization. It does not
iriclude specialized publications that do not fall
specifically within one o f the series, such as the
Aeronautical Chart Catalogue or the Meteorological
Tables for International Air Navigation.
regarded as not yet having attained a sufficient degree
of maturity for adoption as International Standards
and Recommended Practices, as well as material of a
more permanent character which is considered too
detailed for incorporation in an Annex, or is susceptible to frequent amendment, for which the processes
of the Convention would be too cumbersome.
Regional Supplementary Procedures (SUPPS) have
a status similar to that of PANS in that they are
approved by the Council, but only for application in
the respective regions. They are prepared in consolidated form, since certain of the procedures apply to
overlapping regions or are common to two or more
regions.
International Standards and Recommended Practices are adopted by the Council in accordance with
Articles 54, 37 and 90 of the Convention on
International Civil Aviation and are designated, for
convenience, as Annexes to the Convention. The
uniform application by Contracting States of the
specifications contained in the International Standards is recognized as necessary for the safety or
regularity of international air navigation while the
uniform application of the specifications in the
Recommended Practices is regarded as desirable in
the interest of safety, regularity or efficiency of
international air navigation. Knowledge of any differences between the national regulations or practices of
a State and those established by an International
Standard is essential to the safety or regularity of
international air navigation. In the event of noncompliance with an International standard, a State
has, in fact, an obligation, under Article 38 of the
Convention, to notify the Council of any differences.
Knowledge of differences from Recommended Practices may also be important for the safety of air
navigation and, although the Convention does not
impose any obligation with regard thereto, the
Council has invited Contracting States to notify such
differences in addition to those relating to International Standards.
Air Navigation Plans detail requirements for facilities and services for international air navigation in the
respective ICAO Air Navigation Regions. They are
prepared on the authority of the Secretary General
on the basis of recommendations of regional air
navigation meetings and of the Council action thereon. The plans are amended periodically to reflect
changes in requirements and in the status of imple. mentation of the recommended facilities and services.
Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) are
approved by the Council for world-wide application.
They contain, for the most part, operating procedures
ICAO Circulars make available specialized information of interest t o Contracting States. This includes
studies on technical subjects.
The following publications are prepared by authority of the Secretary General in accordance with the
principles and policies approved by the Council.
Technical Manuals provide guidance and information in amplification of the International Standards,
Recommended Practices and PANS, the implementation of which they are designed to facilitate.
PRICE: U.S.$2.50
P
:(or equivalent in other currencies) :
@ ICAO 1981
36/81, E/P1/2000
Circ. 163-AN1103
Order No. 809037