Determination of Perchlorate Levels in Food and
Soil Samples Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction
and Ion Chromatography
Carl Fisher, Bruce Richter, Brett Murphy, and Linda Lopez
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
Overview
Purpose: Demonstrate the use of accelerated solvent
extraction and ion chromatography (IC) to determine
perchlorate levels in complex matrices.
Methods: Samples contained within stainless steel
extraction chambers were subjected to heat and pressure
following addition of solvent. Extracted material was
recovered, filtered, and then analyzed using IC.
Results: Accelerated solvent extraction yielded percent
recovery for perchlorate of 89–119% with %RSD of 8.9–
1.6. The method detection limit (MDL) and reliable
quantitation limit (RQL) ranged from 0.72–2.0 and 2.0–8.0
µg/kg, respectively, depending on the matrix.
Introduction
–)
Perchlorate (ClO4 occurs naturally, but also as an
environmental contaminant that has been found in
drinking, ground, and surface waters in several U.S.
states. Most of the contaminated sites have been
traceable to sources near military installations or
manufacturing sites where perchlorate salts are used to
produce rocket propellant, munitions, or fireworks. The
solubility, mobility, and persistence of perchlorate have
resulted in the contamination of drinking water, soil, and
vegetation.
Perchlorate has been shown to disrupt iodine uptake by
the thyroid gland, inhibiting growth and development. For
this reason, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has defined perchlorate as a regulated contaminant
for drinking water. 1 Plants grown with perchlorate-tainted
water become contaminated with perchlorate.2
Preparation of water samples for determination of
perchlorate is generally not considered difficult. However,
preparation of vegetation for analysis is much more
challenging and tedious.
This poster describes the use of accelerated solvent
extraction and IC for determination of perchlorate in soil,
milk, and plant matrices.
A more precise and sensitive method for perchlorate
determination using 2D-IC is outlined in Thermo Scientific
Application Note 1024.3
Methods
Sample Preparation
Prior to extraction, 100 mL extraction cells were prepared
from bottom to top as follows: two glass microfiber (GFB)
filters, 3.0 g of Thermo Fisher™ Dionex™ OnGuard™ H
(hydronium), a GFB filter, 6.0 g of Dionex OnGuard Ag
(silver), a GFB filter, 3.0 g Dionex OnGuard Ba (barium), a
GFB filter, 18 g basic alumina, a GFB filter, 1.8 g Dionex
OnGuard RP (Poly-divinylbenzene), a GFB filter, and then
the remainder of the cell was filled with Thermo Scientific
Dionex ASE Prep DE (diatomaceous earth) plus sample.
Representative samples (5 g) were placed into a mortar
with 10 g of Dionex ASE Prep DE, ground with a pestle,
and
added Using
to the
extraction
cell.Extraction
The mixture
then
andthen
Soil Samples
Accelerated
Solvent
and Ion was
Chromatography
2 Determination of Perchlorate Levels in Food
spiked with the appropriate amount of perchlorate
FIGURE 1. Schematic of the s
concentration and determina
Load Sample
Rinse Matrix:
Eluent Generation
0.25 mL/min
Steps 1, 2, and 3
Load
Injec
Thermo Scientific™
Dionex™ IonPac™
Cryptand C1
Concentrator
Column
Guard
Column
Waste
Primary Met
IonPac™ AG
NaOH Eluent Generation
Step
Function
Conc.
Time
1
Perchlorate
Transfer
0.5 mM
12 min
2
Analysis
60 mM
16 min
3
Column
Cleanup
100 mM
2 min
Confirmatory
250 mm)
Results
Each sample matrix was extrac
five. The recovery data and rep
of extractions are shown in Tab
TABLE 1. Recovery data for p
matrices following accelerate
IC analysis.
Matrix
Perchlorate (ppb)
Soil
50
Alfalfa
50
Corn
50
Milk
25
*Analysis was performed using EPA M
Dionex ICS-2500 IC system.
Perchlorate in Soil
Figure 2 compares chromatogr
that had been spiked with 50 p
extracted with water. Chromato
extract, and chromatogram B s
with perchlorate. The perchlora
with no observed sample-relat
FIGURE 2. Chromatograms o
obtained using accelerated s
a 3 g soil sample spiked with
with water.
Column:
Eluent:
Temperature
Flow Rate:
Detection:
Peak:
A more precise and sensitive method for perchlorate
determination using 2D-IC is outlined in Thermo Scientific
Application Note 1024.3
Methods
Sample Preparation
with perchlorate. The perchlorate pea
with no observed sample-related inte
FIGURE 2. Chromatograms of (A) a
obtained using accelerated solvent
a 3 g soil sample spiked with perch
with water.
Column:
Dionex
Dionex
Dionex
35 mm
Eluent:
0.5 mM
(12–28
Temperature: 35 C
Flow Rate: 0.25 mL
Detection:
Suppres
Dionex™
Regene
mode
Prior to extraction, 100 mL extraction cells were prepared
from bottom to top as follows: two glass microfiber (GFB)
filters, 3.0 g of Thermo Fisher™ Dionex™ OnGuard™ H
(hydronium), a GFB filter, 6.0 g of Dionex OnGuard Ag
(silver), a GFB filter, 3.0 g Dionex OnGuard Ba (barium), a
GFB filter, 18 g basic alumina, a GFB filter, 1.8 g Dionex
OnGuard RP (Poly-divinylbenzene), a GFB filter, and then
the remainder of the cell was filled with Thermo Scientific
Dionex ASE Prep DE (diatomaceous earth) plus sample.
Representative samples (5 g) were placed into a mortar
with 10 g of Dionex ASE Prep DE, ground with a pestle,
and then added to the extraction cell. The mixture was then
spiked with the appropriate amount of perchlorate
standard. The cells were allowed to stand overnight at 4
ºC. The final volume of each of the resulting extracts was
adjusted to 100 mL. The 33 mL cells were prepared in the
same manner with proportionally less of each resin.
Prior to analysis, each of the extracts was filtered using a
0.2 μm polyethersulfone syringe filter.
Accelerated Solvent Extraction Conditions
Instrument:
Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ ASE™
200 or 300 Accelerated Solvent
Extractor system
Extraction Solvent: 18 MΩ-cm resistivity deionized water
Pressure:
1500 psi
Temperature:
80 ˚C
Equilibration Time: 5 min
Extraction Time:
5 min (static)
Solvent Flush:
30% (of cell volume)
Nitrogen Purge:
120 s (after extraction)
Extraction Cycles: 3
Cell Sizes:
33 mL and 100 mL
Chromatographic Conditions
Instrument:
Thermo Scientific Dionex ICS-2500
IC System
The chromatographic conditions used were as noted in
figures 2–4. Figure 1 outlines the chromatographic system
configuration. See Thermo Scientific Application Note 176
for more details.4
Peak:
1. Perch
Perchlorate in Melon
Figure 3 shows the chromatogram re
accelerated solvent extract of a 5 g m
with 10 ppb (ng/g) perchlorate. The ch
“blank” melon extract is overlaid with
show that there are no extraneous pe
extract that interfere with the perchlor
FIGURE 3. Chromatograms of (A) a
obtained using accelerated solvent
a 5 g melon sample spiked with pe
Column:
Dionex Io
Dionex Io
Dionex Io
35 mm
Eluent:
0.5 mM
(12–28 m
Temperature: 35 C
Flow Rate:
0.25 mL/
Detection:
Suppres
ULTRA,
Peak:
Data Analysis
Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ Chromeleon™
Chromatography Data Systems software, version 6.6
(Service Pack 3)
Thermo Scientific Poster Note • PN70743_e 06/13S 3
1. Perch
e use of accelerated solvent
ography (IC) to determine
ex matrices.
ned within stainless steel
subjected to heat and pressure
nt. Extracted material was
n analyzed using IC.
ent extraction yielded percent
89–119% with %RSD of 8.9–
limit (MDL) and reliable
nged from 0.72–2.0 and 2.0–8.0
ding on the matrix.
naturally, but also as an
t that has been found in
ce waters in several U.S.
inated sites have been
military installations or
perchlorate salts are used to
munitions, or fireworks. The
sistence of perchlorate have
on of drinking water, soil, and
wn to disrupt iodine uptake by
growth and development. For
onmental Protection Agency
rate as a regulated contaminant
grown with perchlorate-tainted
ed with perchlorate.2
les for determination of
t considered difficult. However,
or analysis is much more
use of accelerated solvent
mination of perchlorate in soil,
ve method for perchlorate
is outlined in Thermo Scientific
FIGURE 1. Schematic of the system configuration for
concentration and determination of perchlorate.
Load Sample: 2 mL
Rinse Matrix: 1 mL of 10 mM NaOH
Autosampler
Eluent Generation
0.25 mL/min
Steps 1, 2, and 3
Load, Rinse
Inject
External Water
Waste
Thermo Scientific™
Dionex™ IonPac™
Cryptand C1
Concentrator
Column
Waste
Guard
Column
Waste
Function
Dionex ASRS™
ULTRA II
Suppressor
Conductivity
Detector
Figure 4 shows the chromatogr
spiked with 10 ppb (ng/g) perch
of a spinach “blank” extract is a
sample to show that there are n
perchlorate peak.
FIGURE 4. Chromatograms o
obtained using accelerated s
a 5 g spinach sample spiked
Column:
Dionex
Dionex
Dionex
4 35
Eluent:
0.5 mM
(12–28
Temperature: 35 C
Flow Rate: 0.25 m
Detection:
Suppre
ULTRA
Primary Method– Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™
IonPac™ AG16/AS16 (2 250 mm)
NaOH Eluent Generation
Step
Analytical
Column
Perchlorate in Spinach
Conc.
Time
1
Perchlorate
Transfer
0.5 mM
12 min
2
Analysis
60 mM
16 min
3
Column
Cleanup
100 mM
2 min
Confirmatory Method–Dionex IonPac AG20, AS20 (2
250 mm)
Peak:
Results
1. Perc
25
Each sample matrix was extracted in replicates of
five. The recovery data and reproducibility for each set
of extractions are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1. Recovery data for perchlorate in different
matrices following accelerated solvent extraction and
IC analysis.
Matrix
A
µS
1
B
Perchlorate (ppb)
% Recovery*
% RSD
Soil
50
106
7.89
Alfalfa
50
94.2
8.24
Method Performance
Corn
50
88.7
8.86
Milk
25
The method performance was
method detection limit (MDL). T
the standard deviation of the se
level samples by 3.143 (as per
reliable quantization limit (RQL
multiplying the MDL by 4. See T
118.7
*Analysis was performed using EPA Method
Dionex ICS-2500 IC system.
314.15
1.57
with a
Perchlorate in Soil
Figure 2 compares chromatograms of a 3 g soil sample
that had been spiked with 50 ppb (ng/g) perchlorate and
extracted with water. Chromatogram A shows a blank soil
extract, and chromatogram B shows a soil extract spiked
with perchlorate. The perchlorate peak was well resolved
with no observed sample-related interferences.
FIGURE 2. Chromatograms of (A) a soil “blank”
obtained using accelerated solvent extraction, and (B)
a 3 g soil sample spiked with perchlorate and extracted
with water.
Column:
Dionex IonPac AS16, 2
250 mm
Dionex IonPac AG16 Guard, 2 50 mm
extraction cells were prepared
Dionex IonPac Cryptand CI Concentrator, 4
ws: two glass microfiber (GFB)
35 mm
Eluent:
0.5 mM NaOH (0–12 min), 65 mM NaOH
her™ Dionex™ OnGuard™ H
(12–28 min), 100 mM NaOH (28–35 min)
6.0 g of Dionex OnGuard Ag
Temperature: 35 C
Flow Rate: 0.25 mL/min
Dionex OnGuard Ba (barium), a
Detection:
Suppressed conductivity, Thermo Scientific™
ina, a GFB filter, 1.8 g Dionex
Dionex™ ASRS-ULTRA Anion SelfRegenerating Suppressor, external water
benzene), a GFB filter, and then
mode
as filled with Thermo Scientific
Peak:
1. Perchlorate
50 ng/g
omaceous earth) plus sample.
5 g) were placed into a mortar
rep DE, ground with a pestle,
action cell.
The mixture
then Levels in Food and Soil Samples Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Ion Chromatography
of was
Perchlorate
4 Determination
e amount of perchlorate
0
17
20
25
Min
TABLE 2. Summary of the me
Matrix
Avg. Recovery
(%, n = 21)
Melon
103.3
Corn
96.3
Spinach
101.6
*Analysis was performed using EPA Met
Dionex ICS-2500 IC system.
Conclusion
The method described in this p
 Use of accelerated solvent
solvent, and time efficient w
across a variety of matrices
 Determination of perchlora
 Detection and reliability lim
8.0 µg/kg, depending on th
References
determination of
idered difficult. However,
lysis is much more
accelerated solvent
on of perchlorate in soil,
thod for perchlorate
ined in Thermo Scientific
Milk
25
*Analysis was performed using EPA Method
Dionex ICS-2500 IC system.
n Conditions
entific™ Dionex™ ASE™
Accelerated Solvent
stem
esistivity deionized water
)
volume)
extraction)
100 mL
entific Dionex ICS-2500
used were as noted in
e chromatographic system
ntific Application Note 176
314.15
1.57
the standard deviation of the seven re
level samples by 3.143 (as per EPA g
reliable quantization limit (RQL) was
multiplying the MDL by 4. See Table 2
with a
Perchlorate in Soil
Figure 2 compares chromatograms of a 3 g soil sample
that had been spiked with 50 ppb (ng/g) perchlorate and
extracted with water. Chromatogram A shows a blank soil
extract, and chromatogram B shows a soil extract spiked
with perchlorate. The perchlorate peak was well resolved
with no observed sample-related interferences.
FIGURE 2. Chromatograms of (A) a soil “blank”
obtained using accelerated solvent extraction, and (B)
a 3 g soil sample spiked with perchlorate and extracted
with water.
Column:
Dionex IonPac AS16, 2 250 mm
Dionex IonPac AG16 Guard, 2 50 mm
Dionex IonPac Cryptand CI Concentrator, 4
35 mm
Eluent:
0.5 mM NaOH (0–12 min), 65 mM NaOH
(12–28 min), 100 mM NaOH (28–35 min)
Temperature: 35 C
Flow Rate: 0.25 mL/min
Detection:
Suppressed conductivity, Thermo Scientific™
Dionex™ ASRS-ULTRA Anion SelfRegenerating Suppressor, external water
mode
ction cells were prepared
o glass microfiber (GFB)
Dionex™ OnGuard™ H
f Dionex OnGuard Ag
x OnGuard Ba (barium), a
GFB filter, 1.8 g Dionex
ne), a GFB filter, and then
ed with Thermo Scientific
eous earth) plus sample.
ere placed into a mortar
E, ground with a pestle,
cell. The mixture was then
unt of perchlorate
d to stand overnight at 4
he resulting extracts was
cells were prepared in the
less of each resin.
racts was filtered using a
filter.
118.7
Peak:
1. Perchlorate
50 ng/g
TABLE 2. Summary of the method
Matrix
Avg. Recovery
(%, n = 21)
*MD
(µg/k
Melon
103.3
0.
Corn
96.3
1.4
101.6
2.0
Spinach
*Analysis was performed using EPA Method 314.
Dionex ICS-2500 IC system.
Conclusion
The method described in this poster d
 Use of accelerated solvent extrac
solvent, and time efficient way to
across a variety of matrices.
 Determination of perchlorate at p
 Detection and reliability limits tha
8.0 µg/kg, depending on the matr
References
1. Technical Fact Sheet- Perchlorat
Protection Agency. 2012. EPA Pu
003.
Perchlorate in Melon
Figure 3 shows the chromatogram resulting from an
accelerated solvent extract of a 5 g melon sample spiked
with 10 ppb (ng/g) perchlorate. The chromatogram of a
“blank” melon extract is overlaid with the spiked sample to
show that there are no extraneous peaks in the “blank”
extract that interfere with the perchlorate peak.
FIGURE 3. Chromatograms of (A) a melon “blank”
obtained using accelerated solvent extraction, and (B)
a 5 g melon sample spiked with perchlorate.
Column:
Dionex IonPac AS16, 2 250 mm
Dionex IonPac AG16, 2 50 mm
Dionex IonPac Cryptand C1 Concentrator, 4 x
35 mm
Eluent:
0.5 mM NaOH (0–12 min), 65 mM NaOH
(12–28 min), 100 mM NaOH (28–35 min)
Temperature: 35 C
Flow Rate:
0.25 mL/min
Detection:
Suppressed conductivity, Dionex ASRSULTRA, external water mode
Peak:
1. Perchlorate
2. Perchlorate Accumulation in Fora
Vegetation. W. A. Jackson, P. Jos
Tan, P. N. Smith, L. Yu, T. A. Ande
Chem. 2005, 53, 369.
3. Improved Determination of Trace
Drinking Water Using 2D-IC. The
Application Note 1024. Documen
Sunnyvale, CA, 2012.
4. Determining Sub-ppb Perchlorate
Using Preconcentration/Matrix El
Chromatography with Suppresse
Detection by U.S. EPA Method 31
Scientific Application Note 176. D
AN70398, Sunnyvale, CA, 2012.
5. Method 314.1, U.S. Environment
Cincinnati, OH, 2005.
10 ng/g
All trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific and its subsidi
This information is not intended to encourage use of these products in any
property rights of others.
hromeleon™
software, version 6.6
Thermo Scientific Poster Note • PN70743_e 06/13S 5
e system configuration for
nation of perchlorate.
mple: 2 mL
atrix: 1 mL of 10 mM NaOH
Autosampler
Load, Rinse
Inject
External Water
Waste
Waste
Analytical
Column
Dionex ASRS™
ULTRA II
Suppressor
Conductivity
Detector
Perchlorate in Spinach
Figure 4 shows the chromatogram of a 5 g spinach sample
spiked with 10 ppb (ng/g) perchlorate. The chromatogram
of a spinach “blank” extract is again overlaid with the spiked
sample to show that there are no interferences with the
perchlorate peak.
FIGURE 4. Chromatograms of (A) a spinach “blank”
obtained using accelerated solvent extraction, and (B)
a 5 g spinach sample spiked with perchlorate.
Column:
Dionex IonPac AS16 Analytical, 2 250 mm
Dionex IonPac AG16 Guard, 2 50 mm
Dionex IonPac Cryptand C1 Concentrator,
4 35 mm
Eluent:
0.5 mM NaOH (0–12 min), 65 mM NaOH
(12–28 min), 100 mM NaOH (28–35 min)
Temperature: 35 C
Flow Rate: 0.25 mL/min
Detection:
Suppressed conductivity, Dionex ASRSULTRA, external water mode
Method– Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™
™ AG16/AS16 (2 250 mm)
atory Method–Dionex IonPac AG20, AS20 (2
m)
Peak:
1. Perchlorate
10 ng/g
25
racted in replicates of
reproducibility for each set
Table 1.
or perchlorate in different
ated solvent extraction and
)
% Recovery*
% RSD
106
7.89
1
B
0
17
20
25
Minutes
30
35
94.2
8.24
Method Performance
88.7
8.86
The method performance was evaluated by calculating the
method detection limit (MDL). This was done by multiplying
the standard deviation of the seven replicates of the lowlevel samples by 3.143 (as per EPA guidelines). The
reliable quantization limit (RQL) was calculated by
multiplying the MDL by 4. See Table 2 for a summary.
118.7
PA Method
A
µS
314.15
1.57
with a
ograms of a 3 g soil sample
0 ppb (ng/g) perchlorate and
atogram A shows a blank soil
B shows a soil extract spiked
orate peak was well resolved
lated interferences.
s of (A) a soil “blank”
d solvent extraction, and (B)
ith perchlorate and extracted
Dionex IonPac AS16, 2 250 mm
Dionex IonPac AG16 Guard, 2 50 mm
Dionex IonPac Cryptand CI Concentrator, 4
35 mm
0.5 mM NaOH (0–12 min), 65 mM NaOH
(12–28 min), 100 mM NaOH (28–35 min)
ature: 35 C
te: 0.25 mL/min
n:
Suppressed conductivity, Thermo Scientific™
Dionex™ ASRS-ULTRA Anion SelfRegenerating Suppressor, external water
mode
1. Perchlorate
50 ng/g
TABLE 2. Summary of the method performance.
Matrix
Avg. Recovery
(%, n = 21)
Melon
103.3
Corn
Spinach
*MDL
(µg/kg)
*RQL
(µg/kg)
0.72
2.9
96.3
1.4
5.6
101.6
2.0
8.0
*Analysis was performed using EPA Method
Dionex ICS-2500 IC system.
314.15
with a
Conclusion
The method described in this poster demonstrates:
 Use of accelerated solvent extraction as a labor,
solvent, and time efficient way to perform extractions
across a variety of matrices.
 Determination of perchlorate at ppb levels using IC.
 Detection and reliability limits that ranged from 0.72 to
8.0 µg/kg, depending on the matrix.
6 Determination of Perchlorate Levels in Food and Soil Samples Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Ion Chromatography
References
olvent extraction, and (B)
h perchlorate and extracted
*Analysis was performed using EPA Method 314.15 with a
Dionex ICS-2500 IC system.
Dionex IonPac AS16, 2 250 mm
Dionex IonPac AG16 Guard, 2 50 mm
Dionex IonPac Cryptand CI Concentrator, 4
35 mm
0.5 mM NaOH (0–12 min), 65 mM NaOH
(12–28 min), 100 mM NaOH (28–35 min)
e: 35 C
0.25 mL/min
Suppressed conductivity, Thermo Scientific™
Dionex™ ASRS-ULTRA Anion SelfRegenerating Suppressor, external water
mode
1. Perchlorate
50 ng/g
Conclusion
The method described in this poster demonstrates:
 Use of accelerated solvent extraction as a labor,
solvent, and time efficient way to perform extractions
across a variety of matrices.
 Determination of perchlorate at ppb levels using IC.
 Detection and reliability limits that ranged from 0.72 to
8.0 µg/kg, depending on the matrix.
References
1. Technical Fact Sheet- Perchlorate. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. 2012. EPA Pub. No. EPA 505-F-11003.
2. Perchlorate Accumulation in Forage and Edible
Vegetation. W. A. Jackson, P. Joseph, P. Laxman, K.
Tan, P. N. Smith, L. Yu, T. A. Anderson. J. Agric. Food
Chem. 2005, 53, 369.
ram resulting from an
a 5 g melon sample spiked
The chromatogram of a
d with the spiked sample to
ous peaks in the “blank”
erchlorate peak.
3. Improved Determination of Trace Perchlorate in
Drinking Water Using 2D-IC. Thermo Fisher Scientific
Application Note 1024. Document No. AN70213,
Sunnyvale, CA, 2012.
of (A) a melon “blank”
olvent extraction, and (B)
ith perchlorate.
Dionex IonPac AS16, 2 250 mm
Dionex IonPac AG16, 2 50 mm
Dionex IonPac Cryptand C1 Concentrator, 4 x
35 mm
0.5 mM NaOH (0–12 min), 65 mM NaOH
(12–28 min), 100 mM NaOH (28–35 min)
35 C
0.25 mL/min
Suppressed conductivity, Dionex ASRSULTRA, external water mode
1. Perchlorate
4. Determining Sub-ppb Perchlorate in Drinking Water
Using Preconcentration/Matrix Elimination Ion
Chromatography with Suppressed Conductivity
Detection by U.S. EPA Method 314.1. Thermo Fisher
Scientific Application Note 176. Document No.
AN70398, Sunnyvale, CA, 2012.
5. Method 314.1, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH, 2005.
10 ng/g
All trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific and its subsidiaries.
This information is not intended to encourage use of these products in any manners that might infringe the intellectual
property rights of others.
www.thermofisher.com
©2016 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved. All trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. and its
subsidiaries. This information is presented as an example of the capabilities of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. products. It is not
intended to encourage use of these products in any manners that might infringe the intellectual property rights of others.
Specifications, terms and pricing are subject to change. Not all products are available in all countries. Please consult your local
sales representative for details.
Australia +61 3 9757 4486
Austria +43 1 333 50 34 0
Belgium +32 53 73 42 41
Brazil +55 11 3731 5140
China +852 2428 3282
PN70743_E 08/16S
Denmark +45 70 23 62 60
France +33 1 60 92 48 00
Germany +49 6126 991 0
India +91 22 6742 9494
Italy +39 02 51 62 1267
Japan +81 6 6885 1213
Korea +82 2 3420 8600
Netherlands +31 76 579 55 55
Singapore +65 6289 1190
Sweden +46 8 473 3380
Switzerland +41 62 205 9966
Taiwan +886 2 8751 6655
UK/Ireland +44 1442 233555
USA and Canada +847 295 7500