2010. M43
Write your Examination Number here
Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit
State Examinations Commission
LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION, 2010
BIOLOGY - ORDINARY LEVEL
THURSDAY, 17 JUNE - MORNING, 9.30 to 12.30
Section A Answer any five questions from this section.
Each question carries 20 marks.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on this examination paper.
Section B
Answer any two questions from this section.
Each question carries 30 marks.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on this examination paper.
Section C Answer any four questions from this section.
Each question carries 60 marks.
Write your answers in the answer book.
It is recommended that you should spend not more than 30 minutes on Section A and 30 minutes on Section
B, leaving 120 minutes for Section C.
You must return this examination paper with your answer book at the end of the
examination.
Page 1 of 27
Section A
Answer any five questions
Write your answers in the spaces provided
1.
(a)
The diagram shows the carbon cycle.
Name the processes A, B, C, and D.
A. ___________________________________
B. _____________________________________
C. ___________________________________
D. _____________________________________
(b)
Name the substances labelled X. ____________________________________________________
(c)
Why are elements recycled in nature? ________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(d)
2.
Name one group of organisms responsible for process 1 in the diagram. ______________________
Indicate whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F) by drawing a circle around T or F in each
case.
Example: Polysaccharide molecules contain many sugar units.
F
(i)
Cellulose is a protein.
T
F
(ii)
Iodine turns starch to a blue-black colour.
T
F
(iii)
Lipids are made of amino acids.
T
F
(iv)
All vitamins are fat soluble.
T
F
(v)
Eggs are a good source of fat in the diet.
T
F
(vi)
Nitrogen is a trace element.
T
F
T
F
(vii) Glucose is a monosaccharide.
Page 2 of 27
1.
2.
(a)
A = respiration / B = photosynthesis / C = consumption (eating) /
D = combustion (burning) *allow ‘decomposition’, allow ‘assimilation’+
(b)
Fossil fuel(s) or named example(s) of fossil fuel(s)
(c)
Limited supply or words to that affect or reused
(d)
e.g. bacteria or fungi or microorganisms or earthworms or insects
(i)
2(7) + 2 +
4(1)
False
(ii)
True
(iii)
False
(iv)
False
(v)
True
(vi)
False
(vii
)
True
2(7) + 2 +
4(1)
Page 3 of 27
3.
The diagram shows a cell.
(a)
Is this a plant cell or an animal cell? ___________________________________________________
Give two reasons for the answer given above.
(b)
1.
____________________________________________________________________________
2.
____________________________________________________________________________
Name the structures labelled A, B and C in the diagram.
A. _________________________________________________
B. _________________________________________________
C. _________________________________________________
(c)
4.
Name a substance found in A. ________________________________________________________
Choose each term from the following list and place it in Column A to match a description from Column B. The
first one has been completed as an example.
Dominant
Column A
Genetics
Gamete
Gene
Mutation
Genetics
Genotype
Column B
The study of biological inheritance
(i)
The genetic make up of an individual
(ii)
A sex cell
(iii)
A change in the structure of DNA
(iv)
A part of DNA with information to make one protein
(v)
The allele expressed in the heterozygous condition
Page 4 of 27
3.
(a)
1./2.
4.
2(7) + 2 +
4(1)
Plant cell
e.g. cell wall/definite shape/chloroplasts/(large) vacuole
(Two points)
(b)
A = (Large) vacuole; B = chloroplasts; C = (Cell) membrane
(c)
Water or sugar or sap or salt(s) or named gases or protein
(i)
2(7) +
3(2)
Genotype
(ii)
Gamete
(iii)
Mutation
(iv)
Gene
(v)
Dominant
Page 5 of 27
5.
The diagram shows the external and internal structure of the human ear.
(i)
Name the parts labelled A and B.
A. ______________________________________________________________________________
B. ______________________________________________________________________________
(ii)
What is the function of B? ___________________________________________________________
(iii)
What is connected to the middle ear by the Eustachian tube? ________________________________
(iv)
What is the function of the Eustachian tube? _____________________________________________
(v)
Name one disorder of the ear or of the eye and give a corrective measure for the disorder you have named.
Disorder. _________________________________________________________________________
Corrective measure. _______________________________________________________________________
Page 6 of 27
5.
(i)
A = Semi-circular canals; B = Cochlea
(ii)
Hearing
(iii)
Throat or Pharynx *allow ‘back of mouth’+
(iv)
To equalise pressure (on the eardrum) or air in or air out or
protection
(v)
Disorder:
Corrective measure:
Page 7 of 27
2(7) + 2 +
4(1)
6.
The diagram below shows the internal structure of a leaf.
(i)
Name the one tissue type that is found at both V and Y.
_________________________________________________________________________________
(ii)
The cells at W contain many organelles that carry out photosynthesis.
Suggest why the cells at W contain more of these organelles than the cells at X.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
(iii)
In layer X, gases can diffuse throughout the leaf. Name one such gas.
________________________________________________________________
(iv)
State one function of the opening at Z.
_________________________________________________________________________________
(v)
Name the cells which are responsible for controlling the size of the opening at Z.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Page 8 of 27
6.
(i)
2(7) +
3(2)
(Epi)dermal
(ii)
W is usually closer to the light
(iii)
Air or water (vapour) or O2 or CO2 or N2 or chemicals - in and/or
Out
(iv)
To allow gas exchange or transpiration or temperature control
(v)
Guard cells
Page 9 of 27
Section B
Answer any two questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
Part (a) carries 6 marks and part (b) carries 24 marks in each question in this section
7.
In one of your laboratory activities you isolated DNA from a plant tissue.
(a)
(i)
Where in plant cells is DNA found? ______________________________________________
(ii)
What is meant by DNA profiling? ________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(b)
(i)
Give one reason why you first chopped the plant material into very small pieces.
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii)
Detergent and salt were added to the chopped plant material, which was then heated.
Explain why the detergent was used. ______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(iii)
How was this mixture heated?
_____________________________________________________________________
(iv)
Why was this mixture heated?
_______________________________________________________________________
(v)
Later in the activity the mixture was blended for a maximum of 3 seconds.
What would happen to the DNA if the mixture was blended for longer than 3 seconds?
_____________________________________________________________________
(vi)
Protease was then added to the mixture.
Why was protease added?
_____________________________________________________________________
(vii) The mixture was then filtered.
After filtration, where was the DNA of your plant tissue to be found?
_____________________________________________________________________
(viii) What should you do next to make the DNA visible?
_____________________________________________________________________
Page 10 of 27
7.
(a)
(i)
Nucleus or chloroplasts or mitochondria
(ii)
Analysing or examining a person’s DNA (to compare patterns with
5+1
others) or getting or providing, patterns or bands
(b)
(i)
To increase surface area or to burst cells or to break cell walls
(ii)
To break down cell membranes or to burst cells
(iii)
In a water bath
(iv)
To inactivate enzymes
(v)
It would be shredded
(vi)
To digest the protein (in the chromosomes) [allow ‘to unravel
DNA’]
(vii)
In the filtrate or liquid or solution or test tube
(viii)
Add freezer-cold ethanol or alcohol [allow ‘ice-cold ethanol or
alcohol’]
Page 11 of 27
2(6)+6(2)
8.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
What is an enzyme? ___________________________________________________________
Explain what is meant by the term pH. ____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
(b)
Answer the following questions in relation to your investigation into the effect of pH on the rate of
enzyme activity.
(i)
Name the enzyme you used in this investigation. ____________________________________
(ii)
Name
1. The substrate of this enzyme. __________________________________________________
2. The product of this enzyme. ___________________________________________________
(iii)
Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you used in your investigation
(iv)
How did you vary the pH? ______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
(v)
Name one factor you kept constant . ______________________________________________
(vi)
How did you keep the named factor constant? ______________________________________
.
____________________________________________________________________________
(vii) Draw a graph, on the axes given below, to show the results of this investigation.
Page 12 of 27
8.
(a)
(b)
(i)
A (biological) catalyst or explained
(ii)
(A measure of) how acidic or alkaline a solution is [allow ‘neutral
or not’]
(i)
(ii)
Name of enzyme: amylase or pepsin or catalase
5+1
2(6) +
4(2) +1
1. Matching substrate
2. Matching product
(iii)
Diagram: [minimum of test tube with substance in it]
Label: [one label]
2, 0
1
(iv)
Add acid or add base or add (different) buffers
(v)
Temperature
(vi)
Water bath
(vii)
Graph – any line that is not parallel to x axis and that is not ‘V’
shaped
Page 13 of 27
9.
(a)
(i)
In biology, what is meant by the term organ? _______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
(ii)
In school, a light microscope is normally used to examine cells and tissues.
Name a more powerful type of microscope that is used to show what cells are made of in much
greater detail (cell ultrastructure).
____________________________________________________________________________
(b)
Answer the following questions in relation to how you prepared and examined with a microscope a
transverse section (T.S.) of a dicotyledonous stem.
(i)
Name the plant that you used. ___________________________________________________
(ii)
How did you make a section of the stem and prepare it for examination?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
(iii)
Describe how you examined your section of stem once you had placed the slide on the stage of
the microscope.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
(iv)
Which of the following diagrams, A or B, best represents what was seen on your slide?
_____________________________________________________________________
Page 14 of 27
9.
(a)
(b)
(i)
A group of tissues (working together)
(ii)
Electron microscope
(i)
Any named dicot plant
(ii)
Make section: cut/scalpel or (backed) blade/thinly/safety point
(Two points)
Prepare for examination: section into water/onto slide/
cover slip on/how/stain/how
(Two points)
Light source/low power objective first/ look through eyepiece /move
to higher objective/coarse focus knob/fine focus knob
(Two points)
(iii)
(iv)
5+1
2(6)+6(2)
B
Page 15 of 27
Section C
Answer any four questions.
Write your answers in the answer book
10.
(a)
In ecology we study ecosystems, habitats and communities, in which every organism has its own
niche.
Explain what is meant by
(i)
an ecosystem
(ii) a habitat
(iii) a niche.
(9)
(b)
(i)
Name an ecosystem you have studied and construct a simple food chain from that ecosystem.
(ii)
What is meant by a trophic level?
(iii) Name the trophic levels A, B and C in the pyramid of numbers shown below.
(iv)
(c)
If all the organisms at C were removed (e.g. by disease) suggest what would happen to the
organisms at B?
(27)
The great pressure put on wildlife by the growing human population has caused many species to become
extinct. Habitat destruction, over-exploitation and environmental pollution have been the main causes.
There is a clear need for conservation if such a trend is to be halted. Conservation has many practical
outcomes from which humans will benefit in future years.
rd
(Adapted from Advanced Biology, 3 Edition, J. Simpkins, J. I. Williams)
(i)
Explain the underlined words from the passage.
(ii)
State the effect of any one named pollutant.
(iii)
Outline one conservation measure carried out by one of the following industries:
agriculture or forestry or fisheries.
(iv)
Name one problem associated with waste disposal.
(v)
State one role of microorganisms in waste management.
(24)
[OVER
Page 16 of 27
10.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
Organisms/interacting/in their environment
(Any two points for full marks)
(ii)
The place where an organism lives
(iii)
The (functional) role (of an organism) or ‘occupation’ (of an organism)
(i)
Name of ecosystem:
(One point)
Food chain: Must have at least three members and must match
named ecosystem.
(Three points)
[N.B.: if chain does not match ecosystem, disallow the point with the
lowest mark]
(ii)
Feeding (level)
(iii)
A = producers; B = (primary) consumers or herbivores;
C = secondary consumers or carnivores or predators
(iv)
(Their number would) increase
(i)
Pollution: Harmful addition to an ecosystem
Conservation: Management of ecosystems
Named pollutant
Effect must match named pollutant
(Two points)
(iii)
Outline of one conservation measure
(Two points)
(iv)
One problem associated with waste disposal
(v)
To consume waste
(ii)
Page 17 of 27
(Two points)
7+2(1)
3(5)+6(2)
2(6)+6(2)
11.
(a)
Many characteristics are passed on to children by their parents.
(i)
Give one example of an inherited human characteristic.
(ii)
Give one example of a non-inherited human characteristic.
(iii)
Which structures in sperm and egg nuclei are responsible for biological inheritance?
(b)
(9)
When a pure-breeding black cat was mated with a pure-breeding white cat, all the kittens were black.
(i)
Which fur colour, black or white, is recessive in these cats?
(ii)
Using capital letters for dominant and lower case letters for recessive, give:
1. The genotypes of the parent cats.
2. The genotype of the kittens.
(c)
(iii)
Is the genotype of the kittens referred to as homozygous or heterozygous?
(iv)
Give a reason for your answer to part (iii).
(v)
In relation to fur colour, what will be the genotypes of the gametes that these kittens will produce?
(vi)
What are alleles?
(27)
The diagram shows a short section of a DNA molecule.
(i)
Name the bases numbered 1 and 2 in the diagram above.
(ii)
Protein synthesis involves both transcription and translation.
Where in a cell does transcription occur?
(iii)
What type of RNA is involved in transcription?
(iv)
In what organelle does translation occur?
(v)
Name the small biomolecules that are joined together to make a protein.
(vi)
What must happen to the newly formed protein before it can begin to work?
(vii) Give one function of proteins in living organisms.
Page 18 of 27
(24)
11.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
e.g. eye colour
(ii)
e.g. ability to roller skate
(iii)
Chromosomes or genes or DNA
(i)
White
(ii)
1. (Black parents): BB
(White parents): bb
2. (Kittens): Bb
7+2(1)
3(5)+6(2)
(Three points)
(iii)
*Heterozygous
(iv)
One of each type of allele or ‘Bb’
(v)
B and b [both letters must be given for any marks to be awarded]
(Two points)
(vi)
Different forms of the same gene or B,b
(i)
1. Thymine or T
2. Cytosine or C
(ii)
Nucleus
(iii)
Messenger or m (RNA)
(iv)
Ribosome
(v)
Amino acids
(vi)
It must fold (into its functional shape)
(vii)
One function
2(6)+6(2)
Page 19 of 27
12.
(a)
(b)
(i)
What is meant by metabolism?
(ii)
Give two reasons why living things need energy.
(i)
Which biological process is represented by the following word equation:
(9)
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy?
(ii)
The above process occurs in two stages, Stage 1 and Stage 2, that take place in different
parts of the cell.
Say where in the cell Stage 1 occurs and where in the cell Stage 2 occurs.
(c)
(iii)
Does the whole process release a large amount or a small amount of energy?
(iv)
Write a word equation to show what happens when yeast breaks down glucose
in the absence of oxygen.
(v)
Give one industrial application of this process.
(vi)
When muscles break down glucose in the absence of oxygen, one main product is
produced. Name this product.
(i)
Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you used to investigate the effect of light
intensity or carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.
(ii)
How did you vary the light intensity or the carbon dioxide concentration?
(iii)
How did you measure the rate of photosynthesis?
(iv)
What is the relationship between the rate of photosynthesis and either the light intensity
or the carbon dioxide concentration
(v)
Most Irish tomatoes are grown in greenhouses. State two ways a commercial producer
could increase her/his crop yield of tomatoes.
Page 20 of 27
(27)
(24)
12.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(The sum of all) the chemical reactions (in an organism)
or catabolism + anabolism
e.g. For movement/for heat/for making products/for internal
transport
7+2(1)
(Two points)
(b)
(i)
Aerobic/respiration
(Two points)
(ii)
Stage 1. Cytoplasm
Stage 2. Mitochondria
(iii)
Large
(iv)
(Glucose →) Ethanol [allow ‘alcohol’]/ + CO2 /+ energy
3(5)+6(2)
(Two points)
(c)
(v)
e.g. Brewing or bread making
(vi)
Lactic acid
(i)
Diagram [test tube + water + plant]
Labels [three labels]
Vary light: lamp at different distances from plant
OR
Vary CO2 conc.: different concs of NaHCO3 solution
(Counted number of ) bubbles/per unit time
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(Two points)
As either light intensity or CO2 conc. increases, the rate of photosynthesis
increases.
Extra CO2/increase temperature/growth promotors/increase light/add
fertilizer
(Two points)
Page 21 of 27
3,0
3(1)
3(5)+3(1)
13.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
What is meant by a ‘balanced’ diet?
(ii)
Distinguish between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition.
(i)
Explain the word digestion.
(ii)
Give one role for each of the following types of teeth:
1.
Incisors
2.
Molars.
(iii)
Peristalsis begins when food enters the oesophagus.
What is meant by peristalsis?
(iv)
Describe the following changes that happen to food in the stomach:
1.
Mechanical changes
2.
Chemical changes.
(v)
What is the pH of the stomach contents?
(vi)
Where does the partially digested food go when it leaves the stomach?
(9)
(27)
The liver, the gall bladder and the pancreas all play a part in digestion. Digested food is
carried to the liver where it is processed. Undigested food enters the large intestine.
(i)
State
1.
One role of the pancreas in digestion.
2.
One role of the gall bladder in digestion.
(ii)
From what part of the digestive system does the digested food enter the blood?
(iii)
Name the blood vessel that carries the digested food to the liver.
(iv)
State two functions of the liver – other than the processing of digested food.
(v)
The colon contains many symbiotic bacteria – mostly ‘good’ bacteria.
State two benefits we get from these bacteria.
Page 22 of 27
(24)
13.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
The breaking down of food
(ii)
1. Cutting (food)
2. Chewing/grinding (food)
(Muscular) contractions/in the walls of the alimentary canal/to move food
(Two points)
1. Churned
2. pH changes or broken down by acid or broken down by enzymes or
proteins → peptides
(iii)
(iv)
(c)
(One which contains) all the food types/in correct or suitable or
optimum proportions (Two points)
Autotrophic nutrition: Food synthesised from simple molecules or
produces own food
(Either point answered)
Heterotrohic nutrition: Already synthesised food consumed from other
organisms or food from other sources
(v)
0−3
(vi)
Duodenum or small intestine
(i)
1. Pancreas: Makes enzymes or makes neutralising secretion or makes
NaHCO3
2. Gall bladder: Stores bile or releases bile
(ii)
Small intestine or duodenum or jejunum or ileum
(iii)
(Hepatic) portal vein
(iv)
Heat generation / vitamin storage / iron storage / makes cholesterol /
makes bile / deamination of amino acids / detoxification of poisons /
makes plasma protein / breaks down blood cells
(Two points)
Synthesise vitamins/out-compete pathogens or complement immune
system /break down fibre
(Two points)
(v)
Page 23 of 27
7+2(1)
3(5)+6(2)
2(6)+6(2)
14.
Answer any two of the parts (a), (b), (c).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(30, 30)
The diagram shows the human male reproductive system.
(i)
Name the parts A, B, C and D.
(ii)
What is the function of part D?
(iii)
Name the principal male sex hormone.
(iv)
Name two male secondary sexual characteristics.
(v)
Draw a labelled diagram of a human sperm cell.
The diagram shows a foetus in the uterus.
(i)
From what tissues is the placenta formed?
(ii)
Give two functions of the placenta.
(iii)
Describe the process of birth.
(iv)
Give any one biological benefit of breastfeeding.
(v)
List two methods of contraception.
(i)
What is meant by fertilisation?
(ii)
Name the part of the flower in each case
1.
Where fertilisation occurs
2.
That becomes the fruit.
(iii)
Each seed is made up of an embryo, a food store and a seed coat (testa). One function of fruit is to aid
dispersal.
Explain each of the underlined terms.
Blackberries
Sycamore fruit
(iv)
By which method are the seeds of each of the fruits shown above dispersed?
(v)
What term is given to the growth of an embryo into a plant?
(vi)
In order for this growth to be successful, certain environmental conditions must be
present. Name any two of these conditions.
Page 24 of 27
(a)
(i)
A = prostate; B = urethra; C = testis; D = vas deferens or sperm duct
(ii)
To carry sperm [allow ‘to carry semen’]
(iii)
Testosterone
(iv)
Deep voice/enlarged testes/enlarged penis/facial hair/chest
hair/underarm hair/pubic hair/extra sebum/distinctive
musculature/increase sex drive (Two points)
Diagram [must have head and tail for 3 marks]
Labels [three labels]
(v)
(b)
3, 0
3(1)
(i)
Mother’s and child’s
(ii)
To allow nutrients / O2 / antibodies to pass to child / to allow CO2 out / to
allow waste to pass to mother / to synthesise progesterone / to prevent
mixing of mother’s and child’s blood / to protect foetus from mother’s
blood pressure
(Two points)
Oxytocin increases / progesterone decreases / uterus contracts / waters
break / cervix dilates / baby out / usually head first / cord cut / placenta
out
(Three points)
(iii)
(c)
2(6)+6(2)
(Single point)
(iv)
Ideal nutrient or antibodies or mother-baby bond or reduced infection
(v)
Condom / pill / IUD / cap / diaphragm / spermicide / mucus monitoring /
sympto-thermal / vasectomy / tubectomy / surgical / chemical / mechanical
/ natural / rythym / implants
(Two points)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Fusion of gametes or formation of zygote
2(6) +2(3) +
6(2)
1. Embryo sac or ovule or ovary or carpel
2. Carpel or ovary or receptacle
Embryo: (part of seed that) becomes the new plant
Dispersal: spreading of seeds
Blackberries: Animals
Sycamore fruit: Wind
(v)
Germination
(vi)
Suitable temperature/moisture/O2 [Allow ‘pH’ and allow ‘light’ if light is
linked to ‘some seeds’ or specifically named seed]
(Two points)
Page 25 of 27
3(6)+6(2)
15.
Answer any two of the parts (a), (b), (c).
(a)
(30, 30)
Water is vital for the survival of living things. Plants absorb water from the soil.
(i)
Through which microscopic structures does water enter a plant from the soil?
(ii)
By what process does water enter a plant?
(iii)
Name the tissue that water travels through in a plant.
(iv)
Draw a labelled diagram of one cell of the tissue referred to in (iii) above.
(v)
Name one process that causes water to move upwards in a plant.
(vi)
Consider that night has fallen and the plant is in darkness.
Suggest what will happen to the amount of water moving through the plant and give a reason
for your answer.
(vii) State two ways by which plants have adapted to protect themselves.
(b)
The diagram shows the bones of the human arm.
(i)
Name the parts labelled A, B and C.
(ii)
What structures attach a muscle to a bone?
(iii)
Which upper arm muscle contracts to raise the lower arm?
(iv)
What is meant by the term antagonistic pair in reference to muscles?
(v)
Name the type of joint at the elbow.
(vi)
Apart from movement, give one other function of the skeleton.
(vii) Suggest one reason why the bones of birds are almost hollow.
(c)
Rhizopus is a type of mould often found growing on stale bread.
(i)
Draw a diagram of Rhizopus and on it label a hypha, a sporangium and a sporangiophore.
(ii)
Explain how Rhizopus gets its food.
(iii)
What form of heterotrophic nutrition does Rhizopus have?
(iv)
Outline the importance of this type of nutrition in nature.
(v)
To what kingdom does Rhizopus belong?
(vi)
Name one economically harmful member of this kingdom.
(vii) Mushrooms also belong to this kingdom. A restaurant owner decides to collect and cook wild
mushrooms from a local forest.
Suggest one reason why this may not be a good idea.
Page 26 of 27
(a)
(i)
(ii)
Osmosis
(iii)
Xylem [allow dermal or ground or vascular or phloem]
(iv)
Diagram: [any two valid structures for three marks]
Labels: vessel or tracheid/pits or rings or spirals/lignin/hollow or dead
[allow valid labels for other given tissue] [three labels]
(v)
Root pressure or cohesion or adhesion or capillarity or transpiration
(vi)
Amount of water moving through the plant: decreases
(One point)
Reason: photosynthesis stops or stomata close in darkness or nighttime
is cooler
(One point)
Thorns / stings / bad taste / poison / mimicry / cuticle / heat shock proteins
(Two points)
(vii)
(b)
(c)
2(6)
+6(2)
Root hairs
(i)
Tendons
(iii)
Biceps
(iv)
(Two) muscles that work in opposition to each other
(v)
Hinge or synovial or moveable
(vi)
Protection or body support or shape or blood cell production or
muscle attachment
(vii)
To be light or to allow flight
(ii)
Diagram: [hypha and sporangiophore as minimum]
Labels: hypha/sporangium/sporangiophore
Secretes enzymes/onto bread/digests/absorbs products
(Two points)
(iii)
Saprophytic
(iv)
It breaks down dead organisms or recycling of nutrients or reusing
(v)
Fungi
(vi)
Name or effect: Rhizopus or mildew or rusts or smuts or blight or
dry rot (fungus) or athlete’s foot (fungus)
(vii)
Some could be poisonous [allow ‘would make you sick’]
END
Page 27 of 27
3(1)
3(6) +
6(2)
A = Shoulder blade; B = Humerus; C = Ulna
(ii)
(i)
3, 0
5, 3, 0
3(1)
2(6) +
5(2)