Stranger in the Village: Informational Module Title Stranger in the Village: Informational Module description (overview): Template task (include number, type, level): Teaching task: Students will examine the theme "stranger in the village" across several texts presented from the perspective of different artists and writers. Students will analyze how writers and artists organize or construct text to convey meaning. Task 21: Informational or Explanatory/Analysis [Insert question] After reading_________(literature or informational text), write a/an ________(report, essay, or substitutes) that addresses the question and analyzes _____________(content), providing examples to clarify your analysis. What conclusions or implications can you draw? How do writers and artists organize or construct text to convey meaning? After reading a variety of written and visual texts (film and photography), write an essay that addresses the question and analyzes the "stranger in the village" theme, providing examples to clarify your analysis. What conclusions or implications can you draw? Grade/Level: 12 Discipline: (e.g., ELA, science, history, other?) Course: ELA Authors: Barbara Beers, Patricia Bishop, Amy Otero, Maryann Robertson, Kathryn Robinson, Deborah Van Pelt English 4: Florida College Prep • Page 1 Section 1: What Task? TEACHING TASK Background In this module you will read and view a variety of genres all focused on the theme of "stranger in the village." to share "Theme" is defined as a writer's central idea or main message about life which may be explicit (stated) or with implied. As you read each piece, try to determine which character or subject is isolated, or different, from the students: others in society and how that difference is illustrated. You will create your own definition of what the theme means and determine how each author or artist conveys the message. Teaching How do writers and artists organize or construct text to convey meaning? After reading a variety of written task: and visual texts (film and photography), write an essay that addresses the question and analyzes the "stranger in the village" theme, providing examples to clarify your analysis. What conclusions or implications can you draw? Reading texts: Springboard, Senior Level: "Four Skinny Trees"—a vignette from The House on Mango Street: Cisneros, S. (1984). The House on Mango Street. Vintage. Pages 74 –75. "I Remember"—a poem by Edmond Montez Rodriguez, L. (2012). "Speaking with Hands.” The Concrete River: Poems. Open Road Media. "Linda Jong: Double Face"—excerpt from the Joy Luck Club: Tan, A. (2006). The Joy Luck Club. Penguin: reprint. "Stranger in the Village"—a reflective essay by James Baldwin: Baldwin, J. (1995). “Stranger in the Village.” Notes of a Native Son. Beacon Press. Film: Burton, T. (Director). (1990, December 14). Edward Scissorhands [Motion Picture]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation. • Page 2 Van Sant, G. (Director). (2001, January 12). Finding Forrester [Motion Picture]. United States: Columbia Pictures Corporation. Photography: National Park Service. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.nps.gov/index.htm Variety of print advertisements photography COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS READING STANDARDS FOR INFORMATIONAL OR EXPLANATORY "Built In" Reading Standards "When Appropriate" Reading (applicable in black) 1- Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text. 3- Analyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text. 2 - Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas. 5 - Analyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (e.g. a section, chapter, scene, or stanza) relate to each other and the whole. 4 - Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone. 7 - Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse formats and media, including visually and quantitatively, as well as in words. 6 - Assess how point of view or purpose shapes the content and style of a text. 8 - Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, including the validity of the reasoning as well as the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence. 10 - Read and comprehend complex literary and informational texts independently and proficiently. 9 - Analyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the approaches the authors take. • Page 3 WRITING STANDARDS FOR INFORMATIONAL OR EXPLANATORY "Built In" Writing Standards "When Appropriate" Writing Standards (applicable in black) 2 - Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content. 1- Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence. 4 - Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. 3 - Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences. 5 - Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach. 6 - Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and to interact and collaborate with others. 9 - Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. 7 - Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects based on focused questions, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. 10 - Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of tasks, purposes, and audience. 8 - Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, assess the credibility and accuracy of each source, and integrate the information while avoiding plagiarism. NUMBER COLLEGE AND CAREER READINESS ANCHOR STANDARDS FOR SPEAKING AND LISTENING 1 Prepare for and participate effectively in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. 2 Integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally. 4 Present information, findings, and supporting evidence such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. NUMBER COLLEGE AND CAREER READINESS ANCHOR STANDARDS FOR LANGUAGE 1 Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. 2 Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. 6 Acquire and use accurately a range of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression. • Page 4 CONTENT STANDARDS FROM STATE OR DISTRICT Standards Florida College Competencies source: NUMBER CONTENT STANDARDS REDCU 4 Analyze the author's primary purpose REDUC5 Analyze the author's tone and support with examples, including denotative, connotative meaning , and figurative language REDUC13 Analyze the details to infer what the author is implying and draw logical conclusions in a paragraph and multiparagraph selection REDUC14 Synthesize the information in a text in order to make inferences and draw conclusions • Page 5 Scori ng Rubri c for Informati on al or Ex p l a n a t ory Template Tasks Scoring Elements Focus Not Yet 1 Approaches Expectations 1.5 2 Meets Expectations 2.5 3 Advanced 3.5 4 Attempts to address prompt, but lacks focus or is off-task. Addresses prompt appropriately, but with a weak or uneven focus. Addresses prompt appropriately and maintains a clear, steady focus. Addresses all aspects of prompt appropriately and maintains a strongly developed focus. Controlling Idea Attempts to establish a controlling idea, but lacks a clear purpose. Establishes a controlling idea with a general purpose. Establishes a controlling idea with a clear purpose maintained throughout the response. Establishes a strong controlling idea with a clear purpose maintained throughout the response. Reading/ Research Attempts to present information in response to the prompt, but lacks connections or relevance to the purpose of the prompt. (L2) Does not address the credibility of sources as prompted. Presents information from reading materials relevant to the purpose of the prompt with minor lapses in accuracy or completeness. (L2) Begins to address the credibility of sources when prompted. Presents information from reading materials relevant to the prompt with accuracy and sufficient detail. (L2) Addresses the credibility of sources when prompted. Accurately presents information relevant to all parts of the prompt with effective selection of sources and details from reading materials. (L2) Addresses the credibility of sources and identifies salient sources when prompted. Development Attempts to provide details in response to the prompt, including retelling, but lacks sufficient development or relevancy. (L2) Implication is missing, irrelevant, or illogical. (L3) Gap/unanswered question is missing or irrelevant. Presents appropriate details to support the focus and controlling idea. (L2) Briefly notes a relevant implication or (L3) a relevant gap/ unanswered question. Presents appropriate and sufficient details to support the focus and controlling idea. (L2) Explains relevant and plausible implications, and (L3) a relevant gap/unanswered question. Presents thorough and detailed information to strongly support the focus and controlling idea. (L2) Thoroughly discusses relevant and salient implications or consequences, and (L3) one or more significant gaps/ unanswered questions. Organization Attempts to organize ideas, but lacks control of structure. Uses an appropriate organizational structure to address the specific requirements of the prompt, with some lapses in coherence or awkward use of the organizational structure Maintains an appropriate organizational structure to address the specific requirements of the prompt. Maintains an organizational structure that intentionally and effectively enhances the presentation of information as required by the specific prompt. Conventions Attempts to demonstrate standard English conventions, but lacks cohesion and control of grammar, usage, and mechanics. Sources are used without citation. Demonstrates an uneven command of standard English conventions and cohesion. Uses language and tone with some inaccurate, inappropriate, or uneven features. Inconsistently cites sources. Demonstrates a command of standard English conventions and cohesion, with few errors. Response includes language and tone appropriate to the audience, purpose, and specific requirements of the prompt. Cites sources using an appropriate format with only minor errors. Demonstrates and maintains a welldeveloped command of standard English conventions and cohesion, with few errors. Response includes language and tone consistently appropriate to the audience, purpose, and specific requirements of the prompt. Consistently cites sources using an appropriate format. Content Understanding Attempts to include disciplinary content in explanations, but understanding of content is weak; content is irrelevant, inappropriate, or inaccurate. Briefly notes disciplinary content relevant to the prompt; shows basic or uneven understanding of content; minor errors in explanation. Accurately presents disciplinary content relevant to the prompt with sufficient explanations that demonstrate understanding. Integrates relevant and accurate disciplinary content with thorough explanations that demonstrate in-depth understanding. • Page 6 Section 2: What Skills? SKILL DEFINITION SKILLS CLUSTER 1: PREPARING FOR THE TASK Pretest Ability to connect the task and content to existing skills Bridging Conversation Ability to connect the task and new content to existing knowledge, skill, and experiences Task Analysis Ability to understand and explain the task prompt and rubric and understand the roles of the reader and writer when engaged in responding critically to a text SKILLS CLUSTER 2: READING PROCESS Preparing for Reading Ability to prepare for reading by selecting and applying a note-taking format Essential Vocabulary Ability to apply strategies to acquire and use academic and domain-specific vocabulary Active Reading and Note Taking 1 Ability to read purposefully, and to select and record textual evidence Active Reading Ability to orchestrate the skills, strategies, and behaviors needed to read and make meaning of the text Active Reading and Note Taking 2 Ability to read purposefully, paraphrase textual evidence, and/or record direct quotes to avoid plagiarism Active Reading Ability to orchestrate the skills, strategies, and behaviors needed to read and make meaning of the text SKILLS CLUSTER 3: TRANSITION TO WRITING Preparing for Writing Ability to understand analysis as a mode of discourse in explanatory writing • Page 7 SKILLS CLUSTER 4: WRITING PROCESS Project Planning Ability to plan a project so the writing process is accomplished on time Preparing as a Writer Ability to write a claim with text-based supporting details Planning Ability to develop a line of thought to insert and cite textual evidence appropriate and relevant for explanatory-analysis writing Development 1 Ability to construct an initial draft of the body paragraphs; each including a topic sentence, supporting text-based facts, examples, and details relevant to completing the task Development 2 Ability to construct an initial draft of an opening paragraph that includes a thesis sentence presenting the claim and a concluding paragraph with three parts (literal statement, interpretative statement and universal statement) Revision Ability to apply revision strategies to refine the claim, monitor line of thought, ensure relevant citations, and check language and tone as appropriate to the audience and purpose Editing Ability to proofread writing for a variety of grammatical and mechanical errors as well as for appropriate use of MLA style • Page 8 Section 3: What Instruction? Pacing Skill and Product and Prompt Definition SKILLS CLUSTER 1: PREPARING FOR THE TASK Baseline Lesson 1 1. Pretest Explanatory/Analysis 1 day Ability to Essay connect the task and content to How do writers and artists existing skills organize or construct text to convey meaning? After reading "Four Skinny Trees" and analyzing the photo "Integration of Central High School," write an essay that addresses the question and analyzes the "stranger in the village" theme, providing examples to clarify your analysis. What conclusions or implications can you draw? Scoring Product meets expectations: Student is able to define and analyze the theme "stranger in the village," define how the author and artist conveys the theme, cite textual evidence to support his or her claim, and follow conventions of Standard Written English. Instructional Strategies Students will be given "Four Skinny Trees" by Sandra Cisneros and a visual piece,. then respond to the teaching task. Not yet: Student is unable to define the theme, provide supporting textual evidence, explain how the author and/or artist has conveyed the theme, or does not follow the conventions of Standard Written English. • Page 9 Lesson 2 2 days 2. Bridging Conversation Ability to connect the task and new content to existing knowledge, skills, and experiences Visual representation Create a visual representation that demonstrates how the author uses symbolism, imagery, and diction to relay the theme in the "Four Skinny Trees" vignette. Quick-write Text-marking of Student is able to visually symbolism, theme, represent the four trees as speaker's self-perception, and imagery symbols of isolation and strength and address how Teacher modeling Chunking text the author uses symbolism, imagery, and Visualization diction to relay the theme. Product meets expectations: Not yet: Student is unable to identify what the trees represent or does not address how the author uses symbolism, imagery, or diction to relay the theme. • Page 10 Lesson 3 1 day 3. Task Analysis Ability to understand and explain the task prompt and rubric and understand the roles of the reader and writer when engaged in responding critically to a text Knowledge and Skill Chart Identify what you need to know and be able to do in order to complete the teaching task. Internalize the rubric in order to understand how your writing will be scored. No Scoring Think-Pair-Share Close reading of the prompt and text marking of knowledge and skills needed to complete the teaching task Small group summarization Class Web of knowledge and skills • Page 11 SKILLS CLUSTER 2: READING PROCESS Lesson 4 1 day 1. Preparing for Reading Ability to prepare for reading by selecting and applying a notetaking format Note-taking device Product meets Select a note-taking device expectations: Student is that you will use to record able to select a notetaking format that he/she textual evidence will be able to use throughout the module. throughout the module. Review basic note taking formats and discuss the benefits and/or differences among the formats. Not yet: Student is unable to make an appropriate selection of a note-taking format. Reflective Response No Scoring Write a brief reflection identifying your choice of note-taking format. Explain why it is beneficial to your learning style. • Page 12 Lesson 5 2 days 2. Essential Vocabulary Ability to apply strategies to acquire and use academic and domain-specific vocabulary Notes and graphic organizer Identify and explain content vocabulary and literary, cinematic, and artistic elements relating to the "stranger in a village" theme. Word Wall Student self-selected vocabulary device(word study graphic organizer) QHT vocabulary strategy: Q: Words I have questions about. H: Not yet: Student is unable Words I have heard of. T: to identify or explain with Words I know well enough to teach examples of the vocabulary. Product meets expectations: Student is able to cite examples of elements/vocabularyusing selected text and visual art. • Page 13 Lesson 6 6 days 3. Active Reading and Note- taking 1 Ability to read purposefully, and to select and record textual evidence Quick Write Critically view the film to see what the director does to set the stranger apart from the village Note-taking Expert Groups Gradual release, including modeling and Not yet: Student is unable think-alouds, guided instruction, and to explain the director's independent practice. use of cinematic devices to create meaning in film. Cooperative Groups 3-Column Note graphic organizer Product meets All-Write Round Robin expectations: Student is able to work cooperatively with group and supply at least two sentences to the paragraph. Product meets After viewing segments of expectations: Student is able to complete the the film and reviewing Quick-write, making cinematic devices, what references to the film and has helped you understand the director's the director's use of cinematic devices. message? Co-constructed Summary Paragraph Prepare a cooperatively constructed summary, beginning with the topic sentence: In the opening scenes of Finding Forrester, Gus Van Sant employs a number of cinematic devices to define the expounding boundaries of Jamal Wallace's world. Not yet: Student is unable to work cooperatively with group or unable to supply at least one example of his/her cinematic device and one commentary sentence. • Page 14 Analytical Paragraph How does Van Sant construct meaning in Finding Forrester? Write an analytical paragraph in which you answer the question, support with textual evidence, and provide commentary. Product meets expectations: Student is able to analyze the film for the use of cinematic devices in creating meaning, give examples from the film, and comment upon the theme, "stranger in the village." Not yet: Student is unable to identify how the director utilizes cinematic devices to convey the theme, "stranger in the village," and/or does not give support or commentary. Character Analysis Consider how Jamal's travels as both a stranger and a member of several villages have helped him find his true self. Write a one-page essay in which you analyze how Van Sant has developed Jamal's character and made meaning of the text. Product meets expectations: Student is able to write an analysis of Jamal and explain how the director has developed his character. Not yet: Student is unable to describe "a stranger in the village" or explain how the director developed the character. • Page 15 Lesson 7 2 days 4. Active Reading Ability to orchestrate the skills, strategies and behaviors needed to read and make meaning of the text Lesson 8 2 days 5. Active Reading and Note-Taking 2 Ability to read purposefully, paraphrase textual evidence, and/or record direct quotes to avoid plagiarism Quick-Write Product meets expectations: Student is Complete a quick-write in able to use examples from which you compare how the texts to analyze how Edmond Montez and Luis the poets' use of imagery, Rodriguez convey theme sensory details and through the use of diction develops theme. diction, imagery, and detail. Discuss the poets' Not yet: Student is unable effectiveness in using to make a comparison those elements. between the two poems, is unable to identify examples for support, or is unable explain how the poets used the elements to construct or convey theme. Written Explanation Product meets expectations: Student is Closely read and text mark the narrative "Lindo able to describe the functions of dialogue in Jong: Double Face" for the excerpt citing several examples of how the appropriate examples. writer strategically uses dialogue to enhance the presentation of ideas, the theme, and the conflict between the two characters. Imagery Evidence Graphic organizer Review imagery, sensory details and diction Close reading Text marking Rules of punctuation to construct meaning from dialogue in text Not yet: Student is unable to explain how the author utilizes dialogue to reveal theme or conflict. • Page 16 Lesson 9 5 days 6. Active reading Ability to orchestrate the skills, strategies, and behaviors needed to read and make meaning of the text Socratic Seminar Participate in a Socratic Seminar that focuses on how the author's style and craft contribute to the development of the theme. Product meets expectations: Student is able to discuss how the author's style and craft contribute to the effectiveness of the theme, specifically the positive and negative effect of the word choice, repetition, and sentence structure. Chunking Close reading Text marking Use of footnotes Literary elements of: diction, repetition, syntax, imagery ,and tone Jigsaw Socratic Seminar Not yet: Student is unable to identify examples of the author's style or craft, is unable to identify appropriate examples that support theme, or is unable or does not participate fully in the Socratic Seminar. • Page 17 SKILLS CLUSTER 3: TRANSITION TO WRITING Lesson 10 1 day 1. Preparing for Writing Ability to understand analysis as a mode of discourse in explanatory writing 2-Column Note Graphic Organizer No Scoring Two-column notes Round-robin Discussion No Scoring Self-check of parts of the essay Time management Was Baldwin's conclusion positive or negative? Use the graphic organizer to organize your notes from "Stranger in the Village" and the Socratic Seminar to help answer this question. Round-Robin Discussion Using a round-robin discussion, discuss the four questions and be prepared to share with the class. SKILLS CLUSTER 4: WRITING PROCESS Lesson 11 1 day 1. Project Planning Ability to plan a project so the writing process is accomplished on time Calendar Create a calendar to chart your progress and monitor your time as you complete your writing. • Page 18 Lesson 12 1 day 2. Preparing as a Writer Ability to write a claim with textbased supporting detail Thesis Statement Write a thesis statement that analyzes how authors/artists convey "the stranger in the village" theme. Product meets expectations: Student is able to develop a claim stating his/her opinion about how the authors/artists relay the theme in their texts/visuals. Peer Response Writing Workshop Not yet: Student is unable to state his/her opinion or make a statement about how the authors/artists relay the theme in their texts/visuals. • Page 19 Lesson 13 2 days 3. Planning Ability to develop a line of thought to insert and cite textual evidence appropriate and relevant for explanatoryanalysis writing Outline Create a plan for a threepart, multi-paragraph essay that supports the claim with evidence from the text. Product meets expectation: Student is able to create a planning sheet/outline which includes three parts (introduction, body, and conclusion). The plan includes a thesis statement, topic sentences, and appropriate textual support. Writing Plan Template Student Writing Plan Checklist Not yet: Student is unable to create an effective outline that helps in writing the essay or the plan is missing elements, such as thesis statement, topic sentences, or textual support. • Page 20 Lesson 14 2 ½ days 4. Development 1 Ability to construct an initial draft of the body paragraphs; each including a topic sentence, supporting text based facts, examples, and details relevant to completing the task Initial Draft of Body Paragraphs Write the initial draft of the body paragraphs; all of which include a topic sentence and textual evidence supporting the claim. Outline Product meets Peer Response expectations: Student is able to write body paragraphs, each containing a topic sentence and textual evidence that supports the claim. Not yet: Student is unable to write multiple paragraphs, or the paragraphs don't contain topic sentences, or textual evidence to support the claim. • Page 21 Lesson 15 2 days 5. Development 2 Ability to construct an initial draft of an opening paragraph that includes a thesis statement presenting the claim and a concluding paragraph with three parts (literal statement, figurative statement and universal statement) Opening and Concluding Paragraph Construct an opening paragraph that states the main purpose and/or question for the task. Product meets Outline Peer Response expectations: Student is able to write an opening paragraph which contains a thesis statement stating the main purpose and/or question for the task. Write a concluding Student is able to write a paragraph with three parts (literal, interpretive concluding paragraph and universal statements). that has three parts (literal, interpretive and universal). Not yet: Student is unable to write an opening paragraph with a thesis statement, clearly stating the claim or a closing paragraph containing literal, figurative, and universal statements. • Page 22 Lesson 16 2 days 6. Revision Ability to apply revision strategies to refine the claim, monitor line of thought, ensure relevant citations, and check language and tone as appropriate to the audience and purpose Revised Essay Lesson 17 1 day 7. Editing Ability to proofread writing for a variety of grammatical and mechanical errors as well as for appropriate use of MLA style Edited Draft No scoring Peer Response No scoring Proofreading marks Discuss your essay with a partner to obtain feedback. Use the feedback to revise your essays paying particular attention to a clear thesis, a logical line of thought, language and tone, and a clear purpose. Use proofreading marks to edit your draft for GUMS (grammar, usage, mechanics, and spelling), Modern Language Association (MLA) style, and other errors. Use the edited draft to prepare a final copy for publication. MATERIALS, REFERENCES AND SUPPORTS FOR TEACHERS Springboard text level 12 Movie: Finding Forrester FOR STUDENTS • Page 23 Section 4: What Results? STUDENT WORK SAMPLES Include at least two samples of student work that meets expectations. If possible, also include samples of student work at the advanced level. CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT TASK (OPTIONAL: MAY BE USED AS PRE-TEST OR POST-TEST) Classroom assessment task Background to share with students (optional): Reading texts: INFORMATION/EXPLANATION CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT RUBRIC Focus Reading/Research Controlling Idea Development Organization Conventions Focus Reading/Research Controlling Idea Development Organization Conventions LDC Informational/Explanatory Classroom Assessment MEETS EXPECTATIONS Addresses prompt with a focused response. Presents and applies relevant information with general accuracy. Establishes a controlling idea that states the main purpose and/or question for the tasks. L2 Addresses the credibility of sources. Presents sufficient information in order to examine or convey topics or issues, answer questions, solve problems; identifies salient themes or features; explains key information with sufficient detail. *L2 Discusses relevant implications to topic. L3 Identifies a gap or unanswered question. Applies a generally effective structure to address specific requirements of the prompt. Demonstrates a command of standard English conventions and cohesion; employs language and tone appropriate to audience and purpose. NOT YET Attempts to address prompt but lacks focus or is off-task. Attempts to present information relevant to prompt. Controlling idea is weak and does not establish a purpose and/or address a research question. Tends to retell rather than present information in order to answer questions, solve problems; lacks details to develop topic. *L2 Implications are weak or not relevant to topic. L3 Does not identifies a relevant gap or unanswered question. Applies an ineffective structure; composition does not address requirements of the prompt. Demonstrates a weak command of standard English conventions; lacks cohesion; language and tone are inappropriate to audience and purpose. • Page 24 Teacher Work Section Here are added thoughts about teaching this module. Appendix The attached materials support teaching this module. • Page 25
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