9/18/2014
Section 1: New Scientific Ideas
• I. A Scientific Revolution
– The Polish scientist
Copernicus became
convinced that the earth was
round
Chapter 9
The Scientific Revolution
• earth rotated on the Earth’s
axis as the Earth revolved
around the sun.
• Planets move at a constant
speed and in circles
Section 1: New Scientific Ideas
Section 2: Impact of Science
Section 3: Triumph of Reason
– Copernicus worked in privacy
for 30 years without
publishing his ideas
• Fear of the Catholic Church
• Work published after his death
Section 1: New Scientific Ideas
• II. New Theories About
the Universe
Section 1: New Scientific Ideas
• III. Challenging the
Church
– In 1632, Galileo observation’s
confirmed Copernicus’s ideas
– The German astronomer
Kepler provided
mathematical proof that the
planets revolve around the
sun
– Kepler believed:
1. planets move at changing
speeds and in ellipses
– Kepler disproved Copern.
• Earth revolves around the sun
• Sun= center of universe
– An outraged Pope Urban VIII
put Galileo on trial.
– Threatened w/ torture &
execution, Galileo recanted
some of his views
– Galileo helped to establish the
universal laws of physics.
• Law of inertia
Section 1: New Scientific Ideas
Section 1: New Scientific Ideas
An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump is a 1768 oil-on-canvas painting
•
V. Newton’s Universe
– A. In the work Principia, English mathematician Isaac Newton offered a new
understanding of the universe, explaining and expanding the findings of
Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler.
– B. The book stated Newton’s theory of universal gravitation; to prove his theory,
Newton developed calculus.
– C. With his suggestion that precise mathematical formulas could be used to
describe an orderly universe, Newton’s work greatly influenced scientific thought.
•
VI. Studying the Natural World
•
VII. Investigating the Human Body
– A. As astronomy, philosophy, and mathematics advanced at an incredible pace,
so too did the sciences of anatomy and chemistry.
– A. By dissecting human bodies in the 1500s, the French scientist Andreas
Vesalius made groundbreaking discoveries in anatomy.
– B. Using the newly invented microscope to examine vegetable tissue, English
scientist Robert Hooke discovered the cell.
•
VIII. Experimenting With Chemistry
– A. Through his careful scientific experimentation, the Irish scientist Robert Boyle
was primarily responsible for establishing chemistry as a pure science.
Joseph Wright of Derby 1768
1
9/18/2014
Section 1: New Scientific Ideas
Section 1: New Scientific Ideas
• IV. New Ways of Thinking
– A. English philosopher Francis Bacon helped to develop the
scientific method
• a scientific truth is not assumed – instead deduced from observations and a
series of thorough experiments.
– Rene Descartes (French mathematician)
• saw mathematics as the perfect model for clear and certain knowledge.
Section 2: Impact of Science
Section 2: Impact of Science
• Hobbes Explores
Government
– Hobbes argued that
absolute monarchy = best
form of government
– w/o an absolute gov.t,
chaos would occur.
– Hobbes believed that
people should form a
social contract
• People give up some
freedom in return for
protection from the
gov.t
• Exploring Political Ideas
– Scientific thought and method influenced
political theory
• political philosophers believed in the idea
of natural law.
– During the 1600s, two English philosophers
grappled with their ideas of natural laws and
government.
• Thomas Hobbes and John Locke
Section 2: Impact of Science
•
Locke Offers a Different View
– Locke also held that gov.t was
based on a social contract
– Unlike Hobbes, he believed
that people have natural
rights
• including the right to life,
liberty, and property.
– people created gov.t to protect
natural rights
• if a gov.t failed in this duty,
people had the right to
overthrow the gov.t.
– Thomas Jefferson would use
Locke’s ideas when writing the
Declaration of
Independence
Section 3: Triumph of Reason
• I. Spreading Ideas
– Most philosophes passionately believed in Locke’s
political philosophy and Newton’s scientific theories;
they believed in both freedom of speech and the
individual’s right to liberty.
2
9/18/2014
Section 3: Triumph of Reason
Section 3: Triumph of Reason
• III. Voltaire
– A. Perhaps the most
celebrated of the philosophes
was Francois-Marie Arouet,
known as Voltaire, who wrote
poetry, plays, essays, and
books in a satirical style.
– B. After twice serving time in
prison as a youth, Voltaire
opted to be exiled from France
rather than to serve more
time; in England, Voltaire felt
unfettered in his creativity.
During the three years he
spent in England, Voltaire
wrote books promoting
Bacon’s philosophy and
Newton’s science.
– C. Voltaire deepley admired
the English ideal of religious
liberty and its relative freedom
of the press. Free speech.
• II. Montesquieu
– A. Charles Louis de Secondat,
the Baron de Montesquieu
promoted the idea of
separating governmental
powers into three branches:
the legislative, the executive,
and the judicial.
– B. Montesquieu strongly
believed in the rights of
individuals and influenced the
writing of the constitutions of
many countries, including the
United States.
Section 3: Triumph of Reason
• IV. Some Leaders Initiate
Reform
– A. Enlightened despots were
European monarchs who
sought to govern by
Enlightenment principles while
maintaining their royal powers.
– B. Prussia’s Frederick II, the
most famous of the
enlightened despots, ruled as
an absolute monarch but
instituted many reforms.
– C. Catherine II of Russia
made reforms in law and
government but was inclined
to praise Enlightenment
values more than practice
them.
Section 3: Triumph of Reason
•
V. Enlightenment Opponents
– A. Some saw the structured and
ordered view of the universe as
overly rational and devoid of
emotion and feeling.
– B. The French philosopher JeanJacques Rousseau claimed that
people should rely more on
instinct and emotion and return to
nature. He wrote the famous
work, The Social Contract that
stated sovereignty, or the right to
rule, rested in the people. People
had the right to create a
government devoted to the
common good. A social contract
through which people give up their
individual rights to the “general
will.”
– C. The German thinker Immanuel
Kant believed that reason could
not answer the problems of
metaphysics-the branch of
philosophy that deals with spiritual
issues such as the existence of
God.
Section 3: Triumph of Reason
• VI. Religious Movements
– A. As people questioned the philosophies of
the Enlightenment, classicism in the arts gave
way to romanticism, celebrating emotion and
the individual; world history moved on to a
period of tumult and revolution.
The Enlightenment
Museum
A culminating project for State Standard 10.2.2
Grading: 30 Point Project Rubric
3
9/18/2014
Inside the Museum
Student Activities
• Meet with table group
• Collaborate with group to determine
museum exhibits
• Sketch mock design
• Work together to finish
Definitions for the Museum
• Artifact - An object produced or shaped by
human craft, especially a tool, weapon, or
ornament of archaeological or historical interest.
• Englightened Despots – rulers who tried to mix
Enlightenment principles with absolute power.
• Epitaph –
1. An inscription on a tombstone in memory of the one buried there.
2. A brief literary piece commemorating a deceased person.
The Scientific Advancement
Room – Illustrate the top 4
artifacts that you have
chosen from this era – each
artifact must be labeled
with what it is and who
created it.
The Philosophers’ Room –
Statues of your top 3
philosophers appear with a
quote that expresses his
views.
The Classics Room –Pick 3
of the most important ideas
from Classical Movements
to graphically (with
pictures) present in your
museum.
The Despot Room – this
room houses the posters
created for “Most
Enlightened Despot of the
1700s.” Draw a poster
advertising one of the
enlightened despots:
Frederick II or Catherine
the Great.
Included details about the
monarch’s reforms.
Use persuasive language!
High School Room – How
do the ideas/inventions of
this era fit into your lives?
Show by cartoon/pictures
how you use 3 of these
ideas/inventions
The Science Memorial
Room – A room housing the
graves of 4 famous scientists
design and write their
epitaphs.
How do we budget our time?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Delegate responsibility
Decide on museum exhibits
Sketch mock design quickly
Use marker first, not pencil then marker!!
Have as many hands on deck as possible
Save EVERYTHING else for LATER!!
4