DAV PUBLIC SCHOOLS, ODISHA, ZONE-II
QUESTION BANK
CLASS-XII, BIOLOGY (044)
PRE-BOARD EXAMINATION (2015-16)
Ch1 - Reproduction in Organisms
VSA (1 mark)
1. Explain why meiosis and gametogenesis are always interlinked ?
2. Cucurbits and papaya plants bear staminate and pistillate flowers. Mention the
categories they are put under separately on the basis of the type of flowers they
bear.
3. Define continuous breeders.
4. Why is whiptail lizard referred to as parthenogenetic ?
5. Off springs produced by asexual reproduction are referred to as clones. Why?
6. Name the most invasive aquatic plant weed which is called as „Terror of Bengal‟.
7. How does Zygote usually differ from Zoospore in terms of ploidy?
8. Name the plant which flowers once in twelve years.
9. Mention the main difference between the offspring produced by asexual
reproduction and progeny produced by sexual reproduction.
10. Which characteristic property of Bryophyllum is exploited by gardeners and
farmers?
11. Why do we refer to offspring formed by asexual method of reproduction
as clones?
12. What is pericarp.
13. Name two groups of plants that have haploid body. ?
14. Frogs and fishes show external fertilization, what are the conditions
required for it ?
15. How dose penicillium reproduceasexually ?
16. Name the phenomenon and the cell responsible for the development of
Drones in honeybees.
17. Mention a characteristic feature and function of zoospores in some
algae .
18 .Name the group of the organisms that produce non- motile gamets .
How to do they reach the female gametes for fertilization
19. What is the technical term used to denote unisexual condition?
20. What is meant by seasonal breeders?
21. Name the phenomenon and the bird where the female gamete directly
develop into a new organism .
22. Define clones.
SA-1 (2 Marks)
1.How many chromosomes do drones of honey bee possess? Name the type of
cell division involved in the production of sperms by them.
2. Why do intermodal segments of sugarcane fail to propagate vegetatively even
when they are in contact with damp soil?
3. Higher organism have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity.
Why?
4. Tapeworms possess both male and female reproductive organs. What is the
name given to such organism? Give one more examples of such organisms.
5. Study the relationship between first two words and suggest a suitable word for
fourth place.
(a) Male flower:Stamens:: Female Flower : .............................
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(b) Birds:oviparous:: Primates : .............................
(c) Chlamydomonas : Zoospores :: Penicillium : .............................
(d) Ginger:Rhizome:: Agave : .............................
6. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes produce a large number of male gametes but
relatively very few female gametes. Why?
7. Mention the site of zygote formation in the ovule of a flowering plant. What
happens to sepals, petals and stamens after fertilization? State the fate of zygote,
ovule and ovary in these plants.
8.. Distinguish between gametogenesis and embryogenesis.
9. Name any two organisms where the female gamete gives rise to new organisms
without fertilization. Name and define the phenomenon.
10 . Cucurbits are referred to as monoecious whereasdate palm as diocious. Why?
11. Fill the blank spaces a, b, c, and d given in the following table.
Organism
Organ
Gamete
a …………….
Testes
Spermatozoa
Human female
b …………….
Ovum
Plant (Angiosperm) c ………………..
Pollen grains
Plant (pteridophytes)
antheridium
d……………..
12. Cucurbits are referred to as monoecious. Justify
13. Unicellular organisms are immortal, whereas multicellular organisms
arenot .Justify?
14. Why meiosis and gametogenesis are always interlinked,explain.
15.What do the following parts of a flower develop into, after fertilization;
(i) Ovary (II) zygote (iii) ovarywall (iv) ovules.
16. Why is it difficult to get rid of „waterhyacinth?‟
17.Write the ploidy of the following;
a)Ovary
b) Anther
c) Pollen
d)Zygote
18. Differentiate between a Zoospore and a Zygote.
19.Define external fertilization .Mention its disadvantages.
20. Why are offsprings of a Oviparous animals at a greater risk ?
21. The meiocyte of an onion plant contains 32 chromosomes .Workout the
number of chromosomes found in its endosperm.
22.What is a fruit, a seed and an embryo?
23.Write the ploidy of the followings
a) Ovary
b) Anther
c) Pollen
d)Zygote
24. Differentiate between a Zoospore and a Zygote.
25.Define external fertilization .Mention its disadvantages.
26. Why are offsprings of a Oviparous animals at a greater risk ?
27. The meiocyte of an onion plant contains 32 chromosomes .Workout the
number of chromosomes found in its endosperm.
SA-II (3 Marks)
1. Describe the post fertilization changes in a flower.
2. Why have higher organisms resorted to sexual reproduction inspite of its
complexity?
3. What are vegetative propagules? Name any four along with their
examples.
4. Describe the progress of events after syngamy of male and female
gametes?
5. Differentiate between oviparous and viviparous animals with an example
of each.
6. Diagrammatically show the binary fission in Amoeba.
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7. (a) Name the vegetative propagules of
(i)
Bryophyllum (ii) onion
(b) Why are male gametes produced in large numbers than the female
gametes?
8. (a)Which of the two , an annual or a perennial, has a shorter juvenile
phase ? Give reason.
(b) Why do the internodal segments of sugarcane fail to propagate when
they are in contact with damp soil ?
9. Differentiate between external and internal fertilization with 2
examples of each .
10. Describe the post-fertilization changes in a flower.
11. Differentiate between oestrous & menstrual cycle.
12. Write the advantages of sexual reproduction.
13. Name the vegetative propagules of the followings.
a)Oxalis
e) banana
b) Ginger
f) agave
c) Water Hyacinth
d)Mint
14. Write any three characteristics of asexual reproduction.
15.a) Why is banana considered a good example of parthenocarpy?
b) Which is the first diploid single cell that begins life?
c) What are gemmules ?
16. How does the pollen mother cell develop into a mature pollen grain? Show
diagrammatically.
17. a) An anther has 100 microspore mother cell per microsporangium. How many
male gametophytes produced by this anther?
b) A moss plant produced a large number of antherozoids but relatively only a few
egg cells, why?
18.a) An anther with manufacturing tapetum often fails to produce viable male
gametophytes. Give one reason.
b) How many haploid cells are present in a mature female gametophyte of a
flowering plant? Name them.
19. Draw a labeled diagram of the structure of mature monocot embryo?
20.a) Mention any four strategies adopted by flowing plants to prevent selfpollination.
(b)What will happn if plants continue to undergo self-pollination for long period of
time?
VLA(5 MARKS)
1. Describe the progress of events after syngamy of male and female.
2. a) Explain the three major phases in the lifecycle of an organism .
b) In Whiptail lizards only females are born generation after generation .There are no
males
.How is this possible?
3. Write the mode of asexual reproduction in the following organisms.
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a)Sycon
b) Penicillin
c) Marchantia
d) Chlamydomonas
e)Paramoecium
4. a) Distinguish between asexual & sexual reproduction .
b) Why is vegetative propagation also considered as a type of
asexual reproduction ?
c) Which is the better mode of reproduction? Sexual or asexual? Why?
5.a)Explain the process of double fertilization in angiosperms.
b) List the changes each parts of fertilized ovule undergo to develop into
a seed.
6. (a) Why sexual mode of reproduction is better than asexual mode of reproduction
?
(b) Diagrammatically show the fertilization in Isogametes andHeterogametes
7.(a) Define –i) Juvenile phase. ii) Reproductive phase. iii) Senescent phase .
(b) Name two organisms where the cell division is its self a mode of reproduction.
Ch2 (Sexual reproduction in flowering plants)
VSA (1 Mark)
1 .Name the kind of pollination in self-incompatible plants.
2. Which nuclei fuse to give rise to endosperm?
3. How many germpores are there in pollen grains of monocots and dicots?
4. State the function of filliform apparatus.
5. In a young anther, a group of compactly arranged homogenous cells were
observed in the centre of each microsporangium. What is the name given to these
cells?
6. Give the scientific name of a plant which came to India as a contaminant with
imported wheat and causes pollen allergy.
7.Pollen grains of water pollinated species have a special characteristics for
protection from water. What is that?
8.Why are pollen grains produced in enormous quantity in Maize?
9.In same species of Asteraceae and grasses, seed are formed without fusion of
gametes. Mention the scientific term for such form of reproduction.
10 Arrange the following in correct developmental sequence:
Male gamete, Potential pollen mother cell, sporogenous tissue, Pollen grains,
Microspore tetrad.2 mark questions
11.Why pollen grains are well preserved as fossils?
12.Draw a labelled diagram of L.S of an apple?
13. How many haploid cells are present in a mature female gametophyte of a
flowering plant? Name them.
14. What is funiculus ?
15. Name the substance of which the intine and exine made up of?
16. Name the component cells of the Egg apparatus in a embryo sac.
17. Differentiate between Hypocotyl & Epicotyl.
18.Water Lily is an aquatic plant,yet it shows Entomophily. Why?
19.Name the common type of ovule found in Angiosperms.
20.Why are pollen grains produced in enormous quantities in maize?
8. Write the name of centrally located diploid celled mass of ovule that provides
nutrition to developing embryo sac.
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21. Arrange the following in correct developmental sequence:
malegamete, microspore tetrad, sporogenous tissue, pollen grains , pontential
pollen mother cell.
22. The microscopic pollen grains of the past are obtained as fossils. Mention the
characteristic of the pollen grains that make it happen.
23. If the diploid number of chromosomes in a plant is 10 mention the number of
chromosomes in the endosperm and antipodal cell.
24.Mention the pollinating agent of an inflorescence of small dull coloured flowers
with well exposed stamens and large feathery stigma. Give any one characteristic
of pollen grains produced by such flowers.
25..Pollen grains of water pollinated species have special characteristics for
protection from water, what is that ?
26.Why does a beekeeper keep beehive in crop field during flowering period?
27.If the chromosome number of a plant species is 16, what would be the
chromosome no. and ploidy of a) MMC b) the endosperm cell?
28. Name the cell from which endosperm of coconut develops, Give characteristic
features of endosperm of coconut.
SA (2 MARKS)
1. Differentiate between geitonogamy and xenogamy .
2. Fruits develop from ovary, but in few species thalamus contributes to fruit
formation.
(a Name the two category of fruits .
b- Give one example of each.
3. In T.S. of a mature anther given bellow identify a and b;
4. Write the characteristic feature of insect pollinated flowers.
5. The outer wall of pollen grains is made up of a chemical substance. Namethe
substance and write its usefulness.
6. What are chasmogamous flowers? How does it differ from cleistogamous flowers?
7. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of cleistogamous flowers.
8. In angiospermic plant before formation of microspore sporogenous tissue undergo
cell division
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(a) Name the type of cell division.
(b) What would be the ploidy of the cells of tetrad?
9. Outer envelope of pollen grain made of a highly resistant substance. What is that
substance? At which particular point the substance is not present?
10. Fruits generally develop from ovary, but in few species thalamus contributes to
fruit formation.
(a) Name the two categories of fruits.
(b) Give one example of each.
11. Among the animal, insects particularly bees are the dominant pollinating agents.
List any four characteristic features of the insect pollinated flower.
12. Write two ways of development of apomictic seeds
13. In the given figure of a dicot embryo, label the parts (A) and (B) and give their
function.
14. Differentiate between geitonogamy and xenogamy.
15. Given below is an incomplete flow chart showing formation of gamete in
angiospermic plant. Observe the flow chart carefully and fill in the blank A, B, C and
D
16. Name the blank spaces a, b, c and d is the table given below :
Item
What it represents in the plant
Pericarp
a………………………….
b.…………………….
Cotyledon in seeds of grass family
Embryonal axis
c…………………………….
d. ……………………
Remains of nucellus in a seed.
17. Even though each pollen grain has two male gametes. Why are at least 10 pollen
grains and not 5 pollen grains required to fertilise 10 ovules present in a
particular carpel?
SA-I (3 MARKS)
1. Continued self pollination lead to inbreeding depression. List four devices, which
flowering plant have developed to discourage self pollination?
2. What will be the fate of following structures in the angiospermic plant?
Ovary wall, Ovule, zygote, outer integument, Inner integument and primary
endosperm nucleus.
3. Differentiate between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. What type of
cell division occurs during these events. Name the structure formed at the end of
these two events.
4.Why are angiosperm anthers called dithecous ? Describe the structure of its
microsporangium.
5.What is apomixes and what is its importance? b Why is geitonogamy is referred as
genetical autogamy? 1. Explain any three devices by which autogamy is prevented
in flowering plants.
6.Where does triple fusion take place in a flowering plant? Why is it so called?
Mention its significance .
7.Draw a diagram of a L.S of an anatropous ovule & label any six parts.
8..What is agamospermy ? How is it different from parthenogenesis &parthenocarpy
?
9. Define seed dormancy .Write any two causes of it.
10. What is apomixes and what is its importance? b Why is geitonogamy is referred
as genetical autogamy? 1. Explain any three devices by which autogamy is
prevented in flowering plants.
11.Where does triple fusion take place in a flowering plant? Why is it so called?
Mention its significance .
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12.Draw a diagram of a L.S of an anatropous ovule & label any six parts.
13.What is agamospermy ? How is it different from parthenogenesis &parthenocarpy
?
14. Define seed dormancy .Write any two causes of it.
15.. What will be the fate of following structures in the angiospermic plant?
Ovary wall, Ovule, zygote, outer integument, Inner integument and primary
endosperm nucleus.
16. Differentiate between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. What type of
cell division occurs during these events. Name the structure formed at the end of
these two events.
17. Continued self-pollination lead to inbreeding depression. List four devices, which
flowering plant have developed to discourage self-pollination?
18. How does the pollen mother cell develop into a mature pollen
grain?Showdiagrammatically.
19. a) An anther has 100 microspore mother cell per microsporangium. How many
male gametophytes produced by this anther?
b) A moss plant produced a large number of antherozoids but relatively only a few
egg cells, why?
20..a) An anther with manufacturing tapetum often fails to produce viable male
gametophytes. Give one reason.
b) How many haploid cells are present in a mature female gametophyte of a
flowering plant? Name them.
21. Draw a labeled diagram of the structure of mature monocot embryo.
22. Name the cell from which the endosperm of coconut develops. Give the
characteristic feature of endosperm of coconut.
SECTION- D (5 MARKS )
1. a) Draw a labeled diagram of L. S of albuminous „seed‟
b) How are seeds advantageous to flowing plants?
2.. Name the cell that developed into embryo sac and explain how this cell leads to
formation of embryo sac and also show it diagrammatically.
3. a) Explain the events of post fertilization in sequential order leading to seed
formation in a typical dicotyledonous plant.
b)Draw a labeled diagram of dicot embryo.
4. a)Explain the process of double fertilization in angiosperms.
b) List the changes each parts of fertilized ovule undergo to develop into a seed.
5. Draw the embryo sac of a flowering plants and label: (a) (i) Central Cell (ii)
Chalazal end (iii) Synergids
(c) Mention the role played by various cells of embryo sac.
(d) Give the role of filiform apparatus.
6.Explain with the help of a diagram the development of a nature embryo sac from a
megaspore mother cell in angiosperm
7. What will be the fate of following structures in the angiospermic plant?
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Ovary wall, Ovule, zygote, outer integument, Inner integument and primary
endosperm nucleus.
.
8. Differentiate between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. What type of
cell division occurs during these events. Name the structure formed at the end of
these two events.
9. Continued self-pollination lead to inbreeding depression. List four devices, which
flowering plant have developed to discourage self-pollination?
10. How does the pollen mother cell develop into a mature pollen
grain?Showdiagrammatically.
11. a) An anther has 100 microspore mother cell per microsporangium. How many
male gametophytes produced by this anther?
b) A moss plant produced a large number of antherozoids but relatively only a few
egg cells, why?
12..a) An anther with manufacturing tapetum often fails to produce viable male
gametophytes. Give one reason.
b) How many haploid cells are present in a mature female gametophyte of a
flowering plant? Name them.
13.Draw a labeled diagram of the structure of mature monocot embryo.
14. Name the cell from which the endosperm of coconut develops. Give the
characteristic feature of endosperm.
15. a) Draw a labeled diagram of L. S of albuminous „seed‟
b) How are seeds advantageous to flowing plants?
16.. Name the cell that developed into embryo sac and explain how this cell leads to
formation of embryo sac and also show it diagrammatically.
17.. a) Explain the events of post fertilization in sequential order leading to seed
formation in a typical dicotyledonous plant.
b)Draw a labeled diagram of dicot embryo.
18. a)Explain the process of double fertilization in angiosperms.
b) List the changes each parts of fertilized ovule undergo to develop into a seed.
19.. Draw the embryo sac of a flowering plants and label: (a) (i) Central Cell (ii)
Chalazal end (iii) Synergids
(c) Mention the role played by various cells of embryo sac.
(d) Give the role of filiform apparatus.
20.Explain with the help of a diagram the development of a nature embryo sac from
a megaspore mother cell in angiosperm.
21. Draw the embryo sac of a flowering plants and label : (a) (i) Central Cell (ii)
Chalazal end (iii) Synergids
(b) Name the cell that develops into embryo sac and explain how this cell leads to
formation of embryo sac.
(c) Mention the role played by various cells of embryo sac.
(d) Give the role of filiform apparatus.
of coconut
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Ch3 (Human reproduction)
VSA (1 Mark)
1.Name the term used for metamorphosis of spermatids.
2.What is acrosome?
3.Mention the importance of LH surge during menstrual cycle.
4.What do you mean by foetal ejection reflex.
5.What is corona radiate?
6. Whereis acrosome present in humans? Write its function.
7. Mention the function of trophoblast in human embryo.
8.Define sprermiogenesis. Where does it occur ?
9.Given below are the events in human reproduction. Write them in correct
sequential order.
Gametogenesis , Fertilisation , Insemination, Gestation, Implantation, parturition.
10.What is the difference between a primary oocyte and a secondary oocyte.
11.What is artificial insemination?
12.Define foetal ejection reflex.
13.What are choronic villi ?
14. Why is tubectomy considered a contraceptive method?
15. Mention a function of trophoblast in human embryo?
16. Name the embryonic stage that gets implanted in the uterine wall of a human
female.
17. What stimulates pituitary to release the hormone responsible for parturition?
Name the hormone?
18. Where does the fertilization occur in human?
19.What is acrosome?
20. Name the tissue which lines the inner surface of fallopian tube
21. Failure of testes to descend into scrotal sacs leads to sterility. Why?
22. What is the function of duct system of male reproductive system?
23.many eggs will be produced from 10 primary oocytes?
24. The spermatogonial cell has 46 chromosomes in human male. Give the number
of chromosomes in – (a) Primary spermatocyte (b) Spermatid
25. In ovary which structure transforms as corpus luteum and name the hormone
secreted by corpus luteum?
26. “Each and every coitus does not results in fertilisation and pregnancy”. Justify the
statement.
SA-I (2 Marks)
1.What is colostrum ? How is milk production hormonally regulated ?
2.Differentiate between follicular phase and luteal phse.
3..Differentiate between menarche and menopause.
4. Draw a sectional view of a human blastocyst and label trophoblast and inner cell
mass.
5. Why is it considered that the presence or absence of hymen is not an indication of
virginity.
6. What is meant by LH-surge ? When does it occur?
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7 .Describe the events that take place in reproductive organs of a human female
during luteal
phase of menstrual cycle.
8.List the functions of placenta.
9(i) State the function of Leydigcell .
(ii) Where do we find fimbriae ?
10. Draw a sectional view of a human blastocyst & label trophoblast& inner cell
mass.
11. Why is „Saheli‟ a well accepted contraceptive pill?
12. Write the specific location and the function of the following cells in human males.
(i)
Leydig cells
(ii)
Sertoli cells
13. Explain the role of any two accessory glands in human male reproductive
system.
14. Draw the lapelled diagram of the human female reproductive system.
15. Differentiate between vas deferens and vas efferentia.
16.. Write the effect of the high concentration of L.H. on a mature Graafian follicle.
17. Where does the fertilization occur in human? Explain the events that occur
during this process.
18. What is corpus luteum? Under what condition does it undergoes degeneration?
19. Distinguish between blastula and gastrula.
20. Where are leydig cells present ? Write their function.
21. Give the function of (a) Corpus luteum (b) Endometrium
22. What gives the signal of parturition? Name the hormne and its action involved in
parturiti
23. Give reason for the following :
(a) The first half of the menstrual cycle is called follicular phase as well as
proliferative phase.
(b) The second half of the menstrual cycle is called luteal phase as well as secretory
phase.
24. What is meant by L.H. Surge? Write the role of L.H.
25. Define spermiogenesis and spermiation.
SA-II (3 marks)
1.Write a brief account of structure and functions of placenta.
2.Draw a labeled sectional view of seminiferous tubule of a human male.
3.Describe how the changing levels of FSH,LH, and progesterone during menstrual
cycle
induce changes in the ovary and the uterus in human female.
4. Draw a sectional view of seminiferous tubule of a human and label the followings
a .Cells that undergo meiosis I
b.Cells that undergo meiosis II
c.Cells that help in the process of spermiogenesis.
5. Name the pituitary hormone influencing Leydig cells and sertoli cells present in
human
testis. Explain the function of these cells.
6.What are the major functions of male accessory ducts and glands.
7.Draw a labelled diagram of female reproductive system.
8. Why is there no menstrual upon fertilization?
9.Describe the structure of sperm with the help of diagram.
10.(i) what is meant by LH surge? Write the role of L.H „
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(ii). Explain the different phases of menstrual cycle.
11.a) Explain significance of the condition in which the testes remain suspended in
scrotum outside the abdomen?
(b) Write function of i) corpus uteum ii) Endometrium
12. Differentiate between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
13. Draw a labeled diagram of human male reproductive system?
14. What is withdrawal syndrome? List any two symptoms it is characterized by.
15..a) How is placenta formed in human female?
b) Name any two hormones which are secreted by it and also present in a nonpregnant woman.
16.Draw the diagram of human sperm.-Label any two parts that assist the sperm to
reach and enter into female gamet.
17. How is milk production regulated by hormones in human female. Explain
18. What is spermatogenesis? Compare it with oogenesis.
19. Mention the name and role of hormones which are involved in regulation of
gamete formation in human male.
20. Three of the steps of neuro endocrine mechanism in respect of parturition are
mentioned below. Write the missing steps in proper sequence.
(a) Signals originate from fully developed foetus and placenta.
(b) ______________________________. (c) ______________________________.
(d) Oxytocin causes strong uterine contraction (e) Uterine contraction stimulates
further secretion of oxytocin. (f) ______________________________.
21. (i) At what stage is the embryo implanted in uterus?
(ii) Why only one sperm can fertilize the ovum?
(iii) Why there is no mensuration after fertilisation?
22. Draw a neat labelled diagram of human sperm.
23. T.S. of mammalian testis revealing seminiferous tubules show different types of
cell.
(i) Name the two types of cells of germinal epithelium.
(ii) Name of cells scattered in connective tissue and lying between seminiferous
tubules. Differentiate between them on the basis of their function.
LA (5 Marks)
1.Give a schematic representation of oogenesis in humans. Mention the no. of
chromosomes at each stage. Correlate the life phases of the individual with the
stages of the process.
2. Describe the events of spermatogenesis with the help of a schematic
representation.
3.Study the following flow chart. Name the hormone involved at each stage.Explain
their functions.
Hypothalamus →pituitary→testis→sperms.
4.Explain the process of spermatogenesis. Write the role of hormones involved in
this process.
5. a) Describe the stages of oogenesis in human female.
b) Draw a labeled diagrammed a human ovum released after ovulation.
6. a) Mention the function of acrosome and middle piece.
b) Mention the name and role of hormones which are involved in regulation of
gamete formation in human male.
7. a) Draw the diagram of T.S of a mammalian testes?
b) Write the ploidy of spermogonium and secondary spermatocyte.
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c) At which stage of life does gametogenesis begin in human male and female
respectively?
8. Give a schematic representation of spermatogenesis in human male indicating the
chromosomal number at each step. Mention at what stage of female life each phase
occurs.
9. a)Describe the events of oogenesis with help of schematic representation.
b) Write two differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
10. (a) Explain the role of ovarian hormone in inducing changes in uterus during
menstrual cycle.
(b) What is foetal ejection reflex?
11chromosome number at each step. Mention at what phase of female life does
each phase occur?
12. (a) Draw a diagram of sectional view of human ovary.
(b) Write the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Ch-4 (Human reproductive health)
VSA (1 Mark)
1.What is lactationalamenorrhoea ?
2.Vasectomy has no effect on the sexual life of the male. Give reason.
3.What are IUDs ?
4.Expand ZIFT and RTI.
5.Name 2 STDs caused by bacteria.
6.What is amniocentesis ?
7. Expand GIFT and ICSI.
8. Name the surgical method of contraceptions.
9 .What is meant by artificial insemination,?
10.Give the technical term for foetal sex determination test based on the
chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo?
11.Give one reason for a statutory ban on amniocentesis.
12. What are Assisted Reproductive technologies ?
13. Define in- vitro fertilization.
14. Give the technical name of female used to being up invitro fertilized egg to
maturity.
15. Name the fluid from which foetal cells are extracted for chromosomal analysis.
16. Expand IUD.
17. Mention one advantage and one disadvantage of natural methods of
contraception.
18. Why is “saheli” considered to be an improved form of oral contraceptive for
human females?
19.Expand MTP and IVF.
20. What is lactational amenorrhea?
21. Give the term for prenatal diagnostic technique aimed to know the sex of
developing foetus and to detect congenital disorders.
22. After a successful in vitro fertilization, the fertilized egg begins to divide. Where is
this egg transferred before it reaches the 8-celled stage and what is this technique
called?
23. Give the term for rapid population growth.
24. Give technical name of female used to bring up in vitro fertilized egg to maturity.
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25. Name the oral contraceptive developed by CDRI, Lucknow.
26. Expand and explain ZIFT.
SA-I (2 marks)
1.What is MTP? What is its misuse?
2.How does Cu-T act as an effective contraceptive?
3.How do oral pills help in birth control? Name the common pills used.
4..Mention any 4 characteristics that an ideal contraceptive should have.
5.Why is CuT considered a good contraceptive device to space children?
6.Removal of gonad cannot be considered as a contraceptive option ? Why ?
7.What are the measures one has to take to prevent from contracting STD ?
8. Is sex education necessary in schools ? If so why ?
9.What are the suggested reasons for population explosion ?
10.(i) How does Cu T act as a contraceptive ?
(ii) What is Lactational amenorrhea ?
11. What are STDs? Mention any two of it.
12. What are implants? How do they help in preventing fertilization?
13. Enlist any four possible reasons for infertility in human beings?
14. How does Cu-T act as an effective contraceptive for human females?
15. Give another name for sexually transmitted diseases. Name two
which are
curable.
16. Lactational Amenorrhea is a method of contraception. Justify what is the
maximum effectiveness of this method in terms of duration?
17. Explain the ZIFT. How is intrauterine transfer (IUT) different from it.
18. How do pills act as contraceptive in human female?
19. Mention any four characteristics that an ideal contraceptive should have.
20. Describe the technique by which genetic disorder in a developing foetus can be
detected?
21. Lactational Amenorrhea is a method of contraception Justify. What is the
maximum effectiveness of this method in terms of period/duration?
22. How are non medicated IUD‟S different from hormone releasing IUD‟S? Give
examples.
23. What are implants? How do they help in preventing fertilisation?
24. Briefly explain two natural barriers for birth control.
25. Enlist any four possible reasons for infertility in human beings.
SA-II (3 Marks)
1.Is sex education necessary in schools ?why ?
2.Describe different methods of embryo transfer.
3. Give another name for sexually transmitted diseases. Name two sexually
transmitted diseases which are curable and two diseases which are not curable.
4. Differentiate between Vasectomy and Tubectomy.
5. Name the techniques which are employed in following cases :
(a) Transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another
female who cannot produce ova but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation
and development.
(b) Embryo is formed in laboratory in which sperm is directly injected into ovum.
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(c) Semen collected either from husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced
either into vagina or uterus.
6. Mention the various precautions one has to take in order to protect himself/ herself
form STDs.
7. What are the disturbing trends observed regarding MTP?
8.17. How do IUDs act as effective contraceptive method? Name two hormone
releasing IUDs.
9. Write the composition of oral contraceptives. How do they act in human female.
10. Name any two Cu-releasing IUDS. How are they effective as contraceptive for
human females?
11. Differentiate between vasectomy and Tubectomy.
12. Mention the preventive measures one has to take in order to protect himself from
STDS.
13. What are the disturbing trends observed regarding MTP?
14. How are assisted reproductive technologies helpful to humans? How are ZIFT &
GIFT different from intrauterine transfers? Explain.
15. What is amniocentesis? Why has the government imposed a statutory ban in
spite of its importance in the medical field?
16..(i) Mention one positive & one negetive application of amniocentesis.
(ii) Why is ZIFT a boon to childless couples? Explain the procedures.
17.Briefly explain the various reproductive technologies to assit an infertile couples .
18. How are Assited Rreproductive Technologies helpful to humans ? How are ZIFT
and GIFT different from intrauterine transfers ? Explain.
19. Why do some women use Saheli pills?
20. Describe the three ways in which fertilization of human ovum by a sperm can be
prevented?
21. Why is the term test tube baby a „ MISNOMER „
22. What are the factors that contributed population explosion in India?
23. Describe vasectomy and tubectomy with diagram.
LA (5 marks)
1..Describe vasectomy and tubectomy with diagrams.
2.Explain various reproduction technologies to assist an infertile couples.
3. Suggest some methods to assist infertile couples to have children.
4. Mention the different ways in which people are made aware of the significance of
reproductive health and a reproductively healthy society.
5.. Briefly explain the various reproductive technologies to assist an infertile couple
to have children.
6. a) Mention two advantages of using condoms.
b) Name the category and the principle involved in the use of each of the
following contraceptive methods.
a) vasectomy
b) LNG-20
c) Cu-7
7. Briefly explain the various reproductive technologies to assist an infertile couple to
have children.
8.Mention the different ways in which people are made aware of the significance of
reproductively healthy society.
9.How is assisted reproductive technology helpful to the infertile couples?
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Ch-5 (Principles of inheritance and variation)
VSA (1 Mark)
1.What is aneuploidy ?
2.What is the karyotype of Turner‟s syndrome ?
3.State Mendel‟s principle of segregation.
4.What is linkage ?
5. Give any two reasons for the selection of pea plants by Mendel for his
experiments.
6. Name any one plant that shows the phenomenon of incomplete dominance during
the inheritance of its flower colour.
7. Name the base change and the amino acid change, responsible for sickle cell
anaemia.
8. Name the disorder with the following chromosome complement.
(i) 22 pairs of autosomes + X X Y
(ii) 22 pairs of autosomes + 21st chromosome + XY.
9. A haemophilic man marries a normal homozygous woman. What is the probability
that their daughter will be haemophilic?
10. A test is performed to know whether the given plant is homozygous dominant or
heterozygous. Name the test and phenotypic ratio of this test for a monohybrid
cross.
11. Why a father never passes his haemophilic gene to his son?
12.Why female becoming haemophilic is extremely rare?
13.Name the enzyme that converts phenyl alanine into tyrosine.
14. Define pleiotropy.
15. Define aneuploidy?
16.Differentiate sex chromosome from autosome.
17.What is recombinant frequency?
18..Mention the type of allele that express itself only in homozygous state in
organism.
19. Give any two reasons for the selection of pea plants by Mendel for his
experiments.
20. Name the disorder having 22pairs of autosomes + xxy.
21. How many gene(s) is/are involved in the inheritance of a) skin colour b) ABO
blood group in humans .
22. Name the base change and the amino acid change responsible for sickle cell
anaemia.
23.Give any two similarities between thebehaviour of genes (Mendel‟s factor ) during
inheritance & chromosomes during cell division .
24. How will you find out whether a plant is homozygous or heterozygous?
25.Write the scientific name of the organism that Morgan used for his linkage
experiment .
26.Which Mendel‟s law of inheritance is universally acceptable & without any
acception ? State the law.
27.What is meant by chromosomal mutation ?
28.Who rediscovered Mendel‟s laws of heredity .
29.Name the inheritance where both the genotypic & phenotypic ratios are same.
30.What are pleiotropic genes ?
SA-I (2Marks)
1.Define and design a test cross.
2.What is co-dominance ?State one example in human.
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3.If marriage has taken place between a colourblind female and normal male, what
will be the offspring ?
4..What are multiple alleles ? Give one example.
5. Mention the advantages of selecting pea plant for experiment by Mendel .
6.. Differentiate between
a)Dominance & Recessive
b) Monohybrid& Dihybrid cross
7. What is point mutation ? Give one example.
8. Explain the terms with examples –
a) Co-dominance
b) Incomplete dominance
9. How is a child affected i if it has grown from the zygote formed by an XX egg
fertilised by a Y-carrying sperm? What do you call this abnormality?
11. Identify the sex of organism as male or female in which the sex chromosome are
found as
(i) ZW in bird
(ii) XY in Drosophila (iii) ZZ in birds.
(iv) XO in grasshopper.
10. Mention two differences between polyploidy and aneuploidy.
11. The human male never passes on the gene for haemophilia to his son. Why is it
so?
12. Mention four reasons why Drosophila was chosen by Morgan for his experiments
in genetics.
13. Differentiate between point mutation and frameshift mutations.
14. Write the difference between alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia.
15. In a dihybrid cross white eyed, yellow bodied female Drosophila crossed with
read eyed, brown bodied male Drosophila produced in F2 generation 1.3%
combination and 98.7% progeny with parental type combinations. This observation
of Morgan deviated from Mendelian F2 phenotypic dihybrid ratio. Explain giving
reasons.
16. Bring out the differences between pleiotropy and multiple allelism, with an
example of each.
17. How does a test –cross help in identifying the genotype of the organism
?Explain.
18. The human male never passes on the gene for haemophilia to his son. ;Why?
SA-II (3 Marks)
1.Why Drosophilla considered suitable for genetic research?
2.Describe the inheritance of flower colour in Snapdragon.
3.Give genetic explanation of sickle cell anaemia.
4.Differentiate between Mendelian disorder and chromosomal disorder.
5.List any four symptoms of Down‟s syndrome .What is the basis of this disorder?
6.Explain the pattern of inheritance of Haemophilia in Humans. Why the possibility of
a human becoming a haemophilic is extremely rare ? Explain.
7.What is the cause of Phenylketonuria ? Explain the disorder .
8.What is pedigree analysis ? Suggest how such analysis can be useful ?
9.Who proposed chromosomal theory of inheritance ? Pointout any two similarities in
the behaviour of chromosomes and genes .
7.The male fruit fly and the female fowl are heterogametic while the female fruit fly
and male
fowl are homogametic .Why are they called so ?
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8. A woman with O blood group marries a man with AB blood group
(i) work out all the possible phenotypes and genotypes of the progeny.
(ii) Discuss the kind of dominance in the parents and the progeny in this case.
9. Explain the cause of Down‟s syndrome. Give any four symptoms shown by
sufferer of this syndrome.
10. In Mendel‟s breeding experiment on garden pea, the offspring of F2 generation
are obtained in the ratio of 25% pure yellow pod, 50% hybrid green pods and 25%
green pods.
(i) Which pod colour is dominant?
(ii) What is the Phenotypes of the individuals of F1 generation?
(iii) Workout the cross.
11. Male honey bees do not have father and sons but have grandfather and
grandsons. Justify this statement.
12. A women with blood group AB married a man with blood group O. Show the
genotypes of parent and the possible offspring with their blood groups.
14.A dihybrid heterozygousround, yellow seeded garden pea was crossed with a
double recessive plant.
i) What type of cross is this?
ii) Ii) Work out the genotype and phenotype of the progeny.
iii) Iii) What principle of Mendel is illustrated by this principle?
15.Differentiate between dominance, co-dominance and incomplete dominance.
16. In a breeding experiment, a phenotypic ratro of 3:3:1:1 was obtained on crossing
a pea plant having green inflated pods with green, constricted pods. Write the
genotypes of parents and judge the accuracy of the result, using a punnett square.
17. A woman with blood group -0 marries a man with AB blood group.
a) Work out the phenotypes & genotypes of the progeny.
b) Discuss the kind of dominance in parents and progeny in this case.
18. State the Mendelian principle which can be derived from such a cross and not
from monohybrid cross.
LA (5 Marks)
1.Write the type and location of the gene causing thalassemia in human. State the
cause and symptoms of the disease.
2. A) When a cross is made between tall plant with yellow seeds (TtYy) and tall plant
with green seeds (Ttyy), what proportion of phenotype in the offspring could be
expected to be ;
a) Tall & green
b) Dwarf &green.
B) Why are grasshopper and Drosophila said to show male heterogamety ?Explain.
3. Inheritance pattern of flower colour in garden pea and snapdragon differs. Why is
the difference observed? Explain showing the crosses.
4. A particular garden pea plant produced only violet flowers. It may or may not be
homozygous dominant for the trait. How would you ensure its genotype? Explain
with crosses.
5.Explain the causes, inheritance pattern and symptoms of any two Mendelian
genetic disorders
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6. A dihybrid heterozygous round, yellow seeded garden pea (Pisum sativum) was
crossed with a double recessive plant.
(i) What type of cross is this?
(ii) Work out the genotype and phenotype of the progeny.
(iii) What principle of Mendel is illustrated through the result of this cross?
7. (a) Explain dominance, codominance and multiple allelism with the help of ABO
blood group system.
(b) Explain polygenic inheritance with the help of an example.
8. Describe the mechanism of inheritance of the ABO system of blood group
highlighting the principle of genetics involved in it.
9. A homozygous tall pea plant with green seeds is crossed with a dwarf pea plant
with yellow seeds.What would be the phenotype and genotype of F1 generation
?Work out the phenotypic ratio of F2 generation with the help of a punnett square .
Ch-6 (Molecular basis of Inheritance)
VSA (1 Mark)
1.What is replication fork?
2.Name 3 nonsense codons.
3.What is HGP?
4.How exons are different from introns?
5.What is UTR?
6.Name the factors for RNA polymerase enzyme which recognises the start and
termination signals on DNA for transcription process in Bacteria.
7. Mention the function of non-histone protein.
8. During translation what role is performed by tRNA.
9. RNA viruses mutate and evolve faster than other viruses. Why?
10. What is a nucleosome?
11Mention the dual functions of AUG.
12.. Write the segment of RNA transcribed from the given DNA
3´ – A T G C A G T A C G T C G T A – 5´ – Template Strand
5´ – T A C G T C A T G C A G C A T – 3´ – Coding Strand.
13. Why the DNA in prokaryotes not scattered in cell?
14. Write the central dogma of Molecular Biology.
15.What is Chargaff's rule?
16. Mention the function of non–histone protein .
17. What are functions of AUG?
18. Write the segment of RNA transcribed from the given DNA.
3‟ATGCAGTACGT 5‟
5‟ TACGTC ATGCA 3‟
19.Draw and label Transcription unit .
20. Why coding strand is not involved in RNA synthesis.
21. Mention the function of non–histone protein .
22. What are functions of AUG?
23. Write the segment of RNA transcribed from the given DNA.
3‟ATGCAGTACGT 5‟
5‟ TACGTC ATGCA 3‟
24.Draw and label Transcription unit .
25. Why coding strand is not involved in RNA synthesis.
26.Name the enzyme which cuts DNA into fragments .
27.Who proposed central dogma of molecular biology ?
28.Name the genetic material of TMV.
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29.What are Exons ?
30.When does DNA replication takes place in cell cycle of Eukaryotes ?
31.Name the Chromosome that has
a)The maximum no. Of genes.
b)The least no. Of genes.
SA-I (2 Marks)
1.What is hnRNA? At which ends do „capping and tailing‟ of hn RNA occur
respectively ?
2.What are VNTRs?
3.What type of transcription is found in retrovirus? Name the enzyme.
4. (i) What is the function of amino acyl tRNAsynthetase
?
(ii) AUG has dual function, Justify it.
5. Draw a schematic diagram of a part of double stranded dinucleotide DNA chain
having all the four nitrogenous bases with correct porality .
6. Mention what enables histones to acquire a positive charge.
7. Draw a labeled diagram of nucleosome.
8. Why both the strands of DNA are not copied during transcription?
9. What are criteria of a molecule to act as a genetic material (any four)
10.Mention any four applications of DNA fingerprinting .
11.Differentiate between Euchromatin & Heterochromatin .
12.Three codons on mRNA are not recognised by tRNA.What is the general term
used for them ? What is their significance in protein synthesis .
13.Write the full form of VNTR . How is VNTR different from probe ?
14.What are the functions of DNA polymerase ?
15.Why both strands of DNA are not copied during transcription?
16.Complete the blanks a, b, c and d on the basis of Frederick Griffith Experiment.
S Strain → inject into mice → (a)………………………………..
R strain → inject into mice → (b)……………………………………
S strain (heat killed) → inject into mice → (c) ……………………
S strain (heat killed) + R strain (live) → inject into mice → (d)
…………………………
17. Give two reasons why both the strands of DNA are not copied during
transcription.
18. Draw the diagram of an initiator t-RNA.
19. State the 4 criteria which a molecule must fulfill to act as a genetic material.
20. What are UTRS? Write their significance.
21. What is central dogma in molecular biology? Who proposed it?
22. Why are histones positively carged proteins?
23. Why is DNA a better genetic material than RNA?
24.Birds have evolved form reptiles ? How does paleontology provide evidence in
support ofthe above statement ?
5 Marks
1.a) Describe Hardy Weinberg principle.
b) List any four factors affect genetic equilibrium.
c)Describe founder effect.
2. Explain Urey & Miller‟s experiment with the help of diagram .
3.a)What do you understand by differential reproduction and Reproductive isolation
? In what context are these terms used ?
b)Name the ancestor of Modern Amphibians.
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c) Define Genetic drift.
SA-II (3 Marks)
1.What is DNA fingerprinting.List different steps of it.
2.Write different salient features of genetic code.
3.Draw a well labeled transcription unit.
4.Explain the switching on condition of lac operon.
5.Explain the steps involved in the elongation of polypeptide chain during its
synthesis .
6.Differentiate between Leading strand & Lagging strand .
7.Why RNA is not a suitable genetic material in comparison with DNA ? Explain the
steps involved in the elongation of polypeptide chain during its synthesis .
8.How is a Nucleosome formed ? Draw the diagram of a Nucleosome .
9.Mention any three applications of DNA fingerprinting.
10.(i) State the four criterias which a molecule must fulfill to act as a GENETIC
MATERIAL .
(ii). Why is RNA is not considered as a stable genetic material. Explain ?
11. What is hnRNA ?Why it requires processing . Name the process .
12.What is transformation ? Describe Griffth”s experiment to show transformation .
13. Write any six differences between DNA and RNA in their structure and function .
14. What is splicing ? Explain how does the hn RNA becomes the m RNA .
15.Draw a schematic diagram of lac operon in its „switched off „ position. Label the
following
a) The structural genes
b) Promoter gene
c) Regulatory gene
d) Repressor bound to it correct position .
16. Explain the process of transcription in a bacterium.
17. Name the major types of RNAs and their functions.
18. a) Name the enzyme which catalyzes the peptide Bond formation between amino
acid during the protein synthesis .
b) Describe the steps involved in elongation of polypeptide chain.
LA (5 marks)
1.Explain Hershey-Chase experiment.
2.Explain transcription in prokaryotes.
3.How did Hershey & Chase differentiate between DNA & proteins in their
experiment while
proving that DNA is the genetic material ?
4.Enumerate the goals of HGP.
5.a)Why is the DNA molecule a more stable material than RNA ?
b) “Unambiguous “ Degenerate “ & “Universal “are some of the salient features of
genetic
code.Explain .
6. Describe the various steps of Griffith‟s experiment that led to the conclusion of the
„Transforming principle “
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7. What does the lac operon consists of ? How is the operator switch on and off in
the
expression of gene in this operon.Explain.
8..a)What are okazaki fragments ?
b)What is splicing ? Why is splicing necessary in eukaryotic genes ?
c)How is hnRNA processed to form mRNA ?
9.a)Who developed the technology for DNA fingerprinting ?
b)Write the steps involved in DNA fingerprinting.
10.i)Who developed DNA fingerprinting ?
ii)What is VNTR ?
iii)Write the steps included in DNA finger printing.
11. Explain Hershey & chase expt. to prove DNA is the genetic material.
12. What is meant by semiconservative replication ? How did Meselson and Stahl
prove it experimentally ?
13. Write the goals of HGP (Human Genome project).
14. a) Write the features of genetic code .
b) Genetic codes can be universal and degenerate . By giving one example ,
explain.
15. a) State the role of VNTR in DNA fingerprinting .
b) Explain DNA polymorphism as the basis of genetic mapping of human
genome .
16. Write and explain the steps involved in the technique of DNA fingerprinting .
17. What is meant by semi conservative replication? How did Meselson and Stahl
prove it experimentally?
18. What does the lac operon consist of? How is the operator switch turned on and
off in the expression of genes in this operon? Explain.
19. Describe the process of transcription of mRNA is an eukaryotic cell.
20. (a) Who developed the technique of DNA finger printing?
(b) Describe the various steps involved in the technique.
(c) Write two applications of it.
21. (a) Who performed Blender experiment with respect to DNA.
(b)Explain the procedure in detail.
5 mark questions
1. Explain the steps involved in polypeptide synthesis. How are the amino acids
activated during polypeptide synthesis?
2.Who demonstrated the semi conservative replication of DNA? Explain the
procedure in detail.
3. What is Operon? Who first proposed this concept? describe the major steps in Lac
Operon.
4. a) Mention any two application of DNA fingerprinting technique other than in
forensic science
b) List the steps followed in DNA fingerprinting technique.
5. Give the difference between DNA and RNA in their structure/ chemistry and
function.
6. Explain how does the hnRNA become the mRNA.
7. Name the three major types of RNAs, specifying the function of each in the
synthesis of polypeptide. 16. Enlist the goals of Human genome project.
8. A tRNA is charged with the amino acid methionine.
(i) Give the anti-codon of this tRNA.
(ii) Write the Codon for methionine.
(iii) Name the enzyme responsible for binding of amino acid to tRNA.
9. Illustrate schematically the process of initiation, elongation and termination during
transcription of a gene in a bacterium.
10. State salient features of genetic code.
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Ch-7 (Evolution)
VSA (1 Mark)
1.What is divergent evolution ?
2.Give a biological term for single step large mutation.
3.Give one example of homologous organs in plants.
4.Mention the brain capacities of Homohabits and Neanderthal man.
5.Give the scientific term to the fish like reptiles.
6.Define species .
7.What is molecular biology ?
8. In which form did Urey & Miller supply energy in their experiment ?
9.Who proved experimental support for Haldane Oparin Hypothesis ?
10.What causes speciation according to Hugo de vries ?
11.Name the ancestor of Bryophytes.
12.What is biogenesis ?
13.Who proposed the theory of chemical evolution ?
14.What is the cause of speciation according to Hugo de Vries .
15.What does Oprain – Haladane hypothesis about origin of life suggests ?
16.What causes speciation according to Huge de Vries ?
17. Name one fish like reptile that evolved from land reptile about 200 million years
ago ?
18. Name any two vertebrate body parts that are homologous to human forelimbs.
19. Pick out the ancestral line of angiosperms from the list : conifers, seed ferns ,
cycads ,ferns.
20. Mention the type of evolution that has brought the similarity as seen in potato
and sweet potato.
21.Give a biological term for single step large mutation.
22. What is divergent evolution?
23.Name one fish like reptile that evolved from land reptile about 200 million years
ago?
24. For a long time, it was believed that life originated from decaying matter. What is
this theory known as? Name the scientist who experimentally disproved this
theory.
25.If abiotic origin of life is in progress on a planet other than earth, what should be
the conditions there?
26. Name the person who proposed that population tends to increase geometrically
while food production increases arithmetically.
27.Name the scientist who had also come to similar conclusion as that of Darwin
about natural selection as a mechanism of evolution. Which place did he visit to
come to conclusions?
SA-I (2 marks)
1.What does Hardy-Weinberg equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 convey ?
2.What is Industrial melasmism.
3.What is speciation? List any two events leading to speciation
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4.Explain Oparin-Haldane theory of chemical evolution of life.
5.Distinguish between convergent and divergent evolution giving one example of
each.
6.What is adaptive radiation? Explain with an example.
7.How did Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation theory?
8. How do Darwin‟s finches illustrate adaptive radiation ?
9.. Distinguish between convergent and divergent evolution giving one example of
each .
10. a) State and explain the Hardy – weinberg principle .
b)When there is a disturbance in the equilibrium.
11. Classify the following under analogy/ homology .
i)Hearts of fish and crocodile ii) wings of birds and butterfly iii) Tubers of potato
and sweet potato iv) thorns if bougainvillea and tendrils of cucurbits
12. Industrial melanism in peppered moth is an excellent example of natural
selection .Justify .
13. Classify the following as example of Homology and Analogy
a)Sweet potato & potato
b)Eyes of octopus & mammals
c)Mouth parts of cockroach & butterfly
d) Hearts of rabbits & Human beings
14.Define Analogous organs .Give one example of it .
15.Write any four salient features of Hugo de vries theory of mutation .
16.Explain Adaptive radiation with the help of a suitable example.
17.How do Darwin‟s finches illustrate adaptive radiation ?
18.Distinguish between convergent and divergent evolution giving one example of
each .
19.a) State and explain the Hardy – weinberg principle .
b)When there is a disturbance in the equilibrium.
20.Classify the following under analogy/ homology .
i)Hearts of fish and crocodile ii) wings of birds and butterfly iii) Tubers of potato
and sweet potato iv) thorns if bougainvillea and tendrils of cucurbits
21. Industrial melanism in peppered moth is an excellent example of natural
selection .Justify.
SA-II (3 marks)
1.Describe one example of adeptive radiation.
2.Explain why DDT has now become ineffective against mosquitoes.
3.Explain the salient features of Hugo de Vriestheory of mutation.
4. What are fossils? Mention any two ways in which the studies of fossils support
biological evolution of an organism.
5.State the theory of biogenesis. How does Miller experiment support this theory?
6.Explain natural selection with respect to industrial melanism .
7.Stanley Miller and Harold Urey performed an experiment by recreating in the
laboratory the probable conditions of the atmosphere of the primitive earth.
8. (i) What was the aim of the experiment?
(ii) In what forms was the energy supplied for chemical reactions to occur?
(III) For how long was the experiment run continuously? Name two products
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formed.
9.How does industrial Melanism explains Darwin‟s theory of „Natural selection‟.
Justify the statement.
10.(i)In which part of the world, Neanderthal man lived?
(ii)What was his brain‟s capacity?
(iii)Mention the advancement which Neanderthal man showed over Homo
erectus.
11. (a) Mention the specific geographical area where Darwin‟s finches were found.
(b)Name and explain the phenomenon that has resulted in the evolution of such
diverse species in the region.
(c) How did Darwin visit the particular geographical area?
13. Give examples to show evolution by anthropogenic action.
12.(i) State the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
(ii) When there is a disturbance in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what would it
result in?
(iii) According to this principle, what is the sum total of all allelic frequencies?
13. Classify the following as examples of homology and analogy–
(i) Hearts of fish and crocodile
(ii) Wings of butterfly and birds
(iii) Eyes of Octopus and Mammals
(iv) Tubers of potato and Sweet potato
(v) Thorns of Bougainvillea and spines of Opuntia (vi) Thorn of Bougainvillea and
tendrils of cucurbita.
14.How does Darwin's theory of natural selection explain the appearance of new
forms of life on earth ?
15.Explain Oparin –Haldane theory of chemical evolution .
16. In which part of the world , Neanderthal man lived ? Write their features and
brain capacity .
17. Ornithologists observed decline in the bird population in an area near a lake
after the setting of an industrial unit in the same aria . Explain the cause
responsible for the decline observed .
18.What does Hardy –Weinbergs principle states? What are the factors that which
affects Hardy weinbergs equilibrium?
19.How does Industrial melanism illustrate the action of Natural selection ? Explain
briefly.
20.Explain Antibiotic resistance observed in Bacteria in light of Darwinian theory
21.How do Darwin & Hugo de Vries differ in their views on the mechanism of
evolution of Birds have evolved fromreptiles? How does paleontology provide
evidence in support the above statement?
LA (5 marks
1.Describe Miller and Urey‟s experiment along with the product obtained what is the
significance of this experiment.
2.Give an account of the factors that affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
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3.Describe Miller and Urey experiment along with the product obtained.What is the
significance of this experiment?
4.Is evolution is a process or the end result of a process ? Describe various factors
that affect Hardy-weinberg equilibrium .
5.With the help of suitable diagram , represent the operation of natural selection on
different traits .
6.a) Write and explain the conclusion Darwin arrived at after observing the variation
seen in the beaks of finches during his sea voyage .
b) Marsupials and Australian placental mammals exhibit convergent evolution .
Explain.
7.How is Darwin‟s theory of evolution different from that of Hugo de Vries?
With the help of suitable diagram, represent the operation of natural selection on
different traits.
8.(a) Explain Darwin‟s theory of evolution with the help of suitable example. State the
two key concepts of the theory.
(b) Mention any three characteristic of Neanderthal man.
9.Who were the two scientists that concluded an experiment to synthesise organic
molecule abiotically ? How did they provide the probable conditions of the primitive
earth?
10.a) Describe Hardy Weinberg principle.
b) List any four factors affect genetic equilibrium.
c)Describe founder effect.
11.Explain Urey & Miller‟s experiment with the help of diagram .
12 .a)What do you understand by differential reproduction and Reproductive
isolation ?
b) In what context are these terms used ?
c) Define Genetic drift.
Ch-8 (Human health and diseases)
VSA (1 Marks)
1. When does a human body elicit an anamensticresponse ?
2.How does saliva act in body defence ?
3.Why is Gambusia introduced into drains and ponds ?
4.What are interferons ?
5.State 2 different roles of spleen in human body.
6.Expand CMI and AIDS
7.What is the source of cocaine?
8.Which genes cause cancer?
9.Where are B cells and T cells formed?
10.Expand NACO.
11.Name two techniques that serve the purpose of early diagnosis of some bacterial
/ viral human diseases.
12.State the function of mast cells in allergy response.
13.What are interferons ?
14.What role do macrophages play in providing immunity to human ?
15.Name the diagnostic test which confirms typhoid.
16.Name the two major groups of cells required to attain specific immunity.
25
17. Name any two types of cells which act as „Cellular barriers‟ to provide innate
immunity in humans.
18. Name the dignostic test which confirms typhoid .
19. Name the pathogen which causes malignant malaria.
20.Name the two groups of cells that provide immunity .
21. What is the reason of shivering in malaria patient?
SA-I (2 marks)
1.Why is Colostrum important to be given to the new born infants ?
2.What are allergens ? How do human beings respond to them.
3.Define auto immune disease. Give 2 examples.
4.What is contact inhibition ?
5. Draw a labeled diagram of an antibody molecule.
6. Differentiate between innate and acquired immunity.
7. You have heard of many incidences of Chickengunya in our country. Name the
vector of the disease. 4. Breast fed babies are more immune to diseases than the
bottle fed babies. Why?
8. Name the pathogen which causes malignant malaria.
9. Which microorganism is used to produce hepatitis B Vaccine?
10. What is the reason of shivering in malarial patient?
11. What measures would you take to prevent water borne diseases?
12. How does the transmission of each of the following diseases take place.
a.Amoebiasis
b.Malaria
c.Ascariasis
d.Pneumonia
13.Name the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
14.How is cancerous cells different from normal cell.
15.Name the causative organism of the following diseasesa.Typhoid
b. pneumonia c. cold d. Ringworm
16. Where are B-cells and T-cells formed? How do they differ from each other?
17. Given below are the pathogens and the diseases caused by them. Which out of
these pairs is not correct matching pair and why?
(a) Wuchereria – Filariasis
(b) Microsporum – Ringworm
(c) Salmonella – Common Cold
(d) Plasmodium – Malaria
18. What would happen to the immune system, if thymus gland is removed from the
body of a person? 11. Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs. Describe the
role of lymph nodes in our immune response.
19. What is the role of histamine in inflammatory response? Name few drugs which
reduce the symptoms of allergy.
20.(i) Expand CMI ?
(ii) What are interferon ?
21. What are allergens ?How do they cause inflammatory response in side human
body ?
22. Why is secondary immune response more intense than the primary response in
humans ? Explain with an example .
23.Where are B- cell and T- cell formed ? How do they differ from each other ?
24. What would happen to the immune system , if thymus gland is removed from the
body of a person ?
25. Recently Chikungunya cases were reported from various parts of the country .
Name the vector responsible . write any 2 symptoms .
26. What causes swelling of the lower limbs in patients sufferings from Filariasis?
Write the causal organism of Filariasis.
26
SA-II (3 Marks)
1. What are hallucinogens ? Give 2 examples. Mention their clinical use.
2. What is the basic principle of vaccination ? How do vaccines prevent microbial
infections ? Name the organism from which hepatitis B vaccine is produced.
3. Write the full form of ELISA. Give clinical application of ELISA test.
4. What are lymphoid organs? Also explain its types.
5. What are the different barriers of innate immunity? How does skin act as a
chemical barrier against pathogens.
6. Differentiate the following
a. Innate and Acquired immunity
b. Active and passive immunity
c. Auto-immune diseases and immune deficiency diseases
7. Draw a labelled diagram of an antibody molecule.
8. Name the type of immunity that is present at the time of birth in humans. Explain
any two ways by which it is accomplished.
9. Why are lymph nodes and bone marrow called lymphoid organs? Explain the
function of each of them .
10. What are Cannabinoids? From which plant Cannabinoids are obtained? Which
part of the body is affected by consuming these substances?
11. Mention any three causes of drug abuse. Suggest some measures for the
prevention and control of drug abuse.
12.A person shows un desirable immunogenic reactions while exposed to certain
substances.
a) Name this condition.
b) What common term is given to the substances responsible for this condition?
c) Name the cells and the chemical substances released which cause such
reactions.
13. Fill in the blanks in the different columns of the table given below to identify 1to 6.
Name of disease
Causative organism
Symptoms
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pneumonia
Streptococcus
(1) ……………….
Typhoid
(2)……………..
Highfeverweakness,headache,
Stomach pain
(3)…….…
Rhinoviruses
Nasal Congestion, and
Soa r throat
Ascariasis
Ascaris
(4) ………………
Ringworm
(5)………………………
Dry, Scaly lesions on
various body parts.
(6)………………….. Entamoeba histolytica
Constipation, cramps,
abdominal pain,
14. is tobacco smoking associated with rise in blood pressure and emphysema?
15. What is innate immunity? List the four types of barriers which protect the body
from the entry of the foreign agents.
16. (i) . Name the source of smack. Mention one way in which it affects the human
body.
(ii) What are biological response modifiers ?
17. Mention any three causes of drug abuse. Suggest some measures for the
prevention and control of drug abuse.
18. What are cannabinoids ? From which plant cannabinoids one obtained ? which
part of the body is affected by consuming these substances .
27
19. a) Draw the diagram of antibody molecule.
b) Write the function of these molecule.
LA (5 Marks)
1.Explain the asexual and sexual phases of life cycles of malaria parasite.
2.Explain the causes, detection and treatment of cancer.
3.Describe the phases of life cycle of Plasmodium that causes malaria in Human.
4. a.Name some Drugs which are normally used as medicines but are often abused .
b.What is the role of Histamine in inflammatory response ? Name few drugs which
reduce the symptoms of allergy .
5. Explain the different ways of diagnosing cancer & describe the different methods
of treatment .
6. Answer the following with respect to Caner;
(a) How does a cancerous cell differ from a normal cell?
(b) Benign tumor is less dangerous than malignant tumor. Why ?
(c) Describe causes of cancer.
(d) mention two methods of treatment of the disease.
7. The pathogen of a disease depends on RBCs of human for growth and
reproduction. The person with this pathogen suffers with chill and high fever.
(a) Identify the disease.
(b) Name the pathogen.
(c) What is the cause of fever?
(d) Represent the life cycle of the pathogen diagrammatically.
8. The immune system of a person is suppressed. He was found positive for a
pathogen in the diagnostic test ELISA.
(a) Name the disease, the patient is suffering from.
(b) Which pathogen is identified by ELISA test?
(c) Which cells of the body are attacked by the pathogen?
(d) Suggest preventive measure of the infection.
9. i) Name the toxin release in human body by malaria parasite.
ii) Why do the symptoms of malaria not appear immediately after the entry of
sporozoites into the human body.
10.a) Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases of humans. Explain „contact
inhibition‟ and „metastasis‟ with respect to the disease.
b)Name the group of genes which have been identified in normal cells that could
lead to cancer and how they do so ?
c) why are cancer patients often given α- interferon as part of the treatment ?
11. a) Name the pathogen that causes amoebiasis in humans. Give the symptoms
and the mode of transmission of the disease.
b)Name the type of immunity that is present at the time of birth in humans. Explain
any two ways by which it is accomplished.
12. Explain the life –cycle of malaria parasite with the help of diagram.
Ch-9 (Strategies for enhancement in food production)
VSA (1 Mark)
1.Why meristem culture is one of the best technique of tissue culture.
2.Where was IR-8 developed ?
3.Name the wheat variety developed, which is resistant to leaf and stripe rust.
28
4.What is outcrossing ?
5.What is inbreeding depression ?
6. Why is inbreeding necessary in animal husbandary?
7. Name two fungal diseases of Crop plants.
8. How can virus free plants be obtained?
9. Semi-dwarf varieties of a crop plant were derived from IR-8. Name that crop.
10. Write two qualities of Saccharum officinarum (Sugarcane) grown in South India.
11. Name the organism commercially used for the production of single cell protein.
12. Name any two fungal diseases of crop plants?
13. Write two qualities of Saccharum officinarum(sugarcane) grown in South India.
14. Mention the strategy used to increase homozygosity in cattle for desired traits ?
15. Which one of the following is used in apiculture Hilda, Apis indica, Sonalika.
16. Which product of apiculture is used in cosmetics and polishes?
17.Name the most common species of Honey bees .
18. Define inbreeding depression.
19.Name two cattle diseases
20.Name the Indian variety of Rice patented by an American company .
21.Where are IR-8 developed ?
22. Name the scientist who developed semi-dwarf varieties of wheat in Mexico.
23.Name the sugarcane variety that is native to North India and South India.
SA-I (2 Marks)
24. What is the importance of bagging in unisexual flowers in crop improvement
programme.
25. Suggest two features of plants that will prevent insect and pest infestation.
26. Which part of the plant is best suited for making virus free plants &Why ?
2 7. What is single protein? What is its significance?
28. A new breed of sheep was developed in Punjab by crossing two different breeds
of Sheep. Name the two breeds which were crossed and the new breed
developed.
29. Study the table given below and fill in the blanks marked A, B, C and D
S.No.
Crop Variety
Resistant to Disease
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Wheat
Himgiri
(A) …………………..
2. Brassica
(B) …………………
White rust
3. (C)……..
Pusa Komal
Bacterial blight
4. Chilli
(D) ………………..
Chilly mosaic Virus
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29. Why are proteins synthesized from Spirulina called Single celled Proteins? What
is the significance of such a protein?
30. Differentiate between inbreeding and outbreeding in animals.
31.What is meant by biofortification?
32.What is explant? Explain.
33. Define (a) totipotency
(b) Explant
34. Explain the process of somatic hybridization.
35. Give the flowchart of the process of somatic hybridization?
36. What is miropropagation? Name any two plants produced by this technique.
37. Expand MOET. Explain the process.
38. Explain the significance of mutation in plant breeding. Give 2 examples of plant
produced by this technique.
39. What is biofortification? How does it improve the public health?
29
40. Write any 4 advantages of GMO.
41. What is SCP? Write its significance.
42. Name the vegetables released by IARI , New Delhi which have high nutritional
value.
43. What is plant culture? Name the two types of plant tissue culture.
44. What is emasculation? Explain its importance in Hybridisation .
45. Which part of the plant is best suited for making virus free plants and why ?
46. Explain what is meant by Biofortification ?
SA-II (3 Marks)
1.What is mutational breeding?
2. What is micropropagation? Why are plants produced by this technique called
somaclones? Name any two food plants which are produced on commercial scale
using this method.
3.What is mutation? Explain the significance of mutation in plant breeding. Give an
example of a disease resistant variety of cultivated plant induced by mutation.
4.How can we improve the success rate of fertilisation during artificial insemination
in animal husbandry programmes?
5.Biofortification is the most practical means to improve public health. Justify the
statement with examples.
6. What is meant by germplasm Collection? Describe the steps of plant breeding
programmes.
7. Write the significance of the following;
(a) Hisardale
(b) Atlas 66
(c) Parbhani kranti
8. How is MOET carried out? What are its advantages?
9. What are the three options to increase food production?
10 What is emasculation? Explain its importance in hybridization.
11. Explain the advantages of inbreeding in cattle population. What effect does
inbreeding depression have on cattle population and how is it overcome?
13. a) Honey collection improves when beehives are kept in crop-fields during the
season why?
b) Write two varieties of honey bee.
14. Explain the efforts which must be put into improve health, hygiene and milk yield
of cattle in a dairy farm.
15. i) Mention the property that enables the explants to regenerate into a new
plant.
ii) A banana herb is virus infected. Describe the method that will help in obtaining
healthy banana plants from disease plant.
16.Fill in the blanks
Crops
Variety
Resistance to disease
Wheat
_______________________ Leaf and stripe rust
_______________________ Pusaswarnim
Cauliflower
_______________________
_______________________ _______________________
_______________________ Pusasadabahar
Chilly mosaic
17. What are the major steps involved in plant breeding?
18. What is inbreeding depression? How can it be overcome?
19. Expand MOET. Explain.
20. Explain in brief the role of animal husbandry in human welfare.
21. What is meant by the term „Breed”? What are the objectives of Animal breeding?
30
22.What is cross breeding ? What advantages does it confer? Give one example.
LA (5 Marks)
1. Write short notes on
a) SCP
b) Biofortification
2.What is protoplast ?Describe the steps involved in producing somatic hybridization.
3. Does apiculture offer multiple advantages to farmers? List its advantages, if it is
located near a place of commercial flower cultivation. Name the most common
species of bee which is reared in India.
4.What is somatic hybridization? Describe the various steps in producing somatic
hybrids from protoplasts.
5.What is protoplast? Describe the steps involved in producing somatic hybrids.
Mention the uses of somatic hybridization.
6. What are transgenic animals? Explain any four ways in which such animals can
be beneficial to humans.
7. Fill in the blanks.
a)
Crop
Variety
Resistant to Disease
i. Wheat
ii. Chili
iii. ______
iv. _____
-------------------------------Chili Mosaic virus
White rust
Bacterial blight
Pusa komal
b) What is meant by germplasm collection? Describe its significance in plant
breeding programs.
8.a)What is mutation ?List the steps how mutation breeding is carried out in
agricultural crops?
b)What is the economic value of Spirulina ?
9.What is somatic hybridisation ? Explain the various steps involved in this
process .
10.Name any five hybrid varieties of crop plants which have been developed in India
a)Cauliflower
b) Brassica
c)Wheat
d)Rice
e)Chilli
Ch-10 (Microbes in human welfare)
VSA (1 Marks)
1.Name the microbes from which cyclosporin A and statins are obtained.
2.Why large holes are there in swisscheese ?
3.Name a bioactive molecules used as immunosuppressive agent in organ
transplant patients.
4.Expand LAB and BOD.
5.What are flocs ?
6. How does a small amount of curd added to fresh milk convert it into curd?
Mention a nutritional quality that get added to the curd.
7. Why is secondary treatment of water in sewage treatment plant called biological
treatment?
31
8. An antibiotic called „Wonder Drug‟ was used to treat the wounded soldiers of
America during World War-II. Name the drug and the scientist who discovered it.
9. You have observed that fruit juice in bottles bought from the market are clearer as
compared to those made at home. Give reason.
10. Alexander Fleming discovered „Penicillin, but its full potential as an effective
antibiotic was established by other scientists. Name the two scientists.
11.Name the plant whose sap is used in making „Toddy‟. Mention the process
involved in it.
12.In which food do you find Lactic acid bacteria.
13.Name two species of fungi which are used in the production of antibiotics.
14.Expand LAB. List its role in human stomach.
15.Name two acid producing bacteria.
16.Name a bioactive molecule used as immmunosupressive agent in organ
transplantation.
17.Name the baker‟s yeast used in fermentation.
18.Mention one commercial use of lipase.
19.Name any two free living nitrogen fixing bacteria .
20. Mention the dual function of LAB that are useful to man.
SA I (2 MARKS)
1. Name two alcoholic drinks produced in each of the following ways. (i) by
distillation and (ii) without distillation.
2. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) is commonly used in the conversion of milk into curd.
Mention any two other functions of LAB that are useful to humans.
3. How do mycorrhizae function as biofertilisers? Explain with example.
4. Cyanobacteria (Nostoc, Anabaena) are used as biofertilisers in certain crop fields.
Name such one crop. Also, mention the names of two other microorganisms which
perform the same function.
5. Which Ministry of Govt. of India had initiated Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna
Action Plan? What are the objectives of these plans?
6.What are methanogenes ? Name the animals they are present in and the role
they play there.
7.Differentiate between primary and secondary treatment of sewa
8.Differentiate between primary and activated sludge.
9.What is sewage and in which ways it can be harmful to us.
10.Name two alcoholic drinks produced in each (a).with distillation and (b).without
distillation
11. How BOD is related to water pollution?
12.What are biofertilizers? Name the two elements which are made available by
them.
13.How do Mycorrizae act as biofertilizers? Explin with example.
SA-II (3 marks)
1.Discuss the role of microbes in the production of biogas.
2.What are the advantages of using bio-fertilizers in agriculture.
3.Describe the treatment of sewage before it is discharged into a water body like
river .
4.a.Why do farmers prefer bio-fertilizers to chemical fertilizers these days? Explain.
b.How do Anabaena and mycorrhiza act as bio-fertilisers?
5.What are biopesticides?Give the scientific name and the use of the first
commercially used biopesticides in the world.Explain the role of baculoviruses as
biological control agents?Mention their importance in organic farming.
6.Explain the role of the followings in increasing the soil fertility and crop yield.
32
a.Leguminous plants
b.Cyanobacteria
c.Mycorrhizae
7.Name the two different categories of microbes naturally occurring in sewage
water.Explain their role in cleaning sewage water into usable water.
8.Name the microbes from which following bio active substances are extracted &
mention their roles.
(i) Statin (ii) Cyclosporina A, (iii) Streptokinase
9.Name the fungus used as biocontrol of plant diseases .
10.How does primary sludge differ from activated sludge ? What type of changes in
the sludge are carried out in anaerobic sludge digester ?
11. Fill in the blanks spaces a, b, c, d, e, and f, given in the following table:
S. No. Name of Organism
Commercial Product
Application
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.
Penicillium notatum
Penicillin
(a)………………
2.
(b)……………….
Lactic acid
Making Curd.
3.
Streptococcus
Clot buster enzyme
(c) ……………..
4.
Trichoderma polysporum
(d)…………….... Immuno supressive
agent
5.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ethanol
(e)……………………
6.
(f) ………………………
Swiss cheese
Food Product
12.What is Biological oxygen demand and (BOD) test? At what stage of Sewage
treatment this test is performed? BOD level of three samples of water labelled as A,
B and C are 30 mg/ L, 10mg/L and 500 mg/L respectively. Which sample of water is
most polluted and why?
13. what is the role of Baculoviruses in integrated pest management? Give one
example of a baculovirus.
14. What are biofertilisers? A farmer is advised to add a culture of bacterium in the
soil before sowing the crop. Name the bacterium in the culture. How is this bacterium
useful to the crop?
15.. What are statins? Name the microorganism that produces this substance. How
is it medically important?
LA (5 MARKS)
1. How does primary sludge differ from activated sludge? What type of changes in
the sludge are carried out in anaerobic sludge digester? Give the composition of
biogas produced in the sewage treatment plant.
2.Explain the process of bio gas production in a bio gas plant.Give the diagram of a
bio gas plant.
3.Discuss the biological methods for the control of insects and pests.
4. Explain the different steps involved in sewage treatment before it can be released
into natural water bodies.
5 a. Baculoviruses are excellent candidates for integrated pest management in an
ecological sensitive area. Explain giving two reasons.
b.What is organic farming? Why is it suggested to switch over to organic farming?
6. Complete the given tableName of the organism
a.Aspergillus niger
i
b.
ii
c.
iii
d.
iv
Product/Enzyme/bioactive molecule
Ethanol
cyclosporin-A
Acetic acid
33
e.Streptococcus
v
CHAPTER-11(BIOTECHNOLOGY –PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES)
VSA(1MARK)
1.Name two commonly used vectors in genetic engineering
2. Write conventional nomenclature of ECoRI.
3. How does plasmid differ from chromosomal DNA?
4. Identify the recognition sites in the given sequences at which E-coli will be cut and
make sticky ends.
5‟ GAATTC 3‟
3‟ CTTAAG5'
6.Name the source of the DNA polymerase used in PCR technique.
7.Expand EFB.
8.Write the function of restriction enzyme?
9.Name the first plasmid used as vector.
10.Name the substance used as medium in gel electrophoresis.
11.Which enzyme is used to digest walls of bacteria and fungi in genetic
engineering.
12.What is gene gun ?
13.Expand cDNA and Bt
14.What is gene gun ?
15.What is a bioreactor ?
16.Name the first plasmid used as vector.
17.Why is a thermostable DNA polymerase needed in genetic engineering ?
SA-I (2 marks)
2.Why are molecular scissors so called ? Write their use in biotechnology.
3.What is Eco RI ? What does „R‟ represent in this ?
4.Why is Agrobacterium a good cloning vector ?
5.How can DNA segments, separated by gel electrophoresis be visualized and
isolated ?
6. Study the diagram and answer the following:
a)Name a‟ and b‟
b)Complete the palindrome which is recognised by ECoRI.
7. Name two main steps which are collectively referred to as down streaming
process why is this process significant?
34
8. What are recombinant proteins ? How do bioreactors help in their production?
9. What is vector ?Which cloning vector was discovered first?
10. Write the full form of PCR. What are the three basic steps involved in a single
PCR amplification cycle.
11.How many types of restriction endonucleases are found ?Why are they called as
molecular scissors?
12.Name the polymerase which is generally used in PCR ?What is the source of the
enzyme?
13. How is the bacterium Thermus aquaticus employed in recombinant DNA
technology?
14..DNA being hydrophilic cannot pass through the cell membrane of host cell.
Explain how does recombinant DNA get introduced into the host cell to transform
the latter.
15. Why is restriction endonucleases so called ? Explain their role as 'molecular
scissors' in recombinant DNA technology.
16. A vector is engineered with three features which facilitates its cloning within the
host cell. List the three features and explain each one of them.
17. Why is Agrobacterium mediated genetic engineering transformation in plants
considered as natural genetic engineering ?
SA II (3MARKS)
1.How are DNA fragments separated and isolated for DNA fingerprinting ?Explain
2.Explain the different steps involved in the PCR.
3.Why is the Agrobacterium tumifaciens a good cloning vector .Explain.
4.Give the technical terms for the following;
a.Molecular scissor
b.Molecular sieve
c.Molecular glue
d. Autonomous replicating circular DNA
e. First isolated restriction endonuclease
f. Extraction of DNA fragments from gel.
5.Why are molecular scissors so called ? Write their use in biotechnology.
6.What is Eco RI ? What does „R‟ represent in this ?
7.Wht is Agrobacterium a good cloning vector ?
8.List the steps involved in r-DNA technology.
9.Explain insertional inactivation used in the selection of recombinants in
biotechnology experiment.
10.Why and how bacteria can be made „competent‟ ?
SECTION-D (5 MARKS)
1. Explain the steps involved in the PCR
2.a)What is a plasmid?
b) What is meant by ADA deficiency? How is gene therapy a solution to this
problem ?
C) Why is it not a permanent cure?
3.
a)Identify the selectable markers
in the diagram of Ecoli Vector
shown above.
35
B
4. What is a bioreactor? Draw a labelled diagram of a stirred tank bioreactor. Explain
its functioning.
5. With the help of a diagrams show the different steps in the formation of
recombinant DNA by action of restriction endonuclease enzyme EcoRI.
6.Describe briefly the followings.
a.Origin of replication
b.Downstream processing
c.Chitinase
d.Exonuclease
e.Plasmid DN
7.Represent digramatically the steps in amplification of a DNA segment.
8.Name and describe the technique that helps in separating the DNA fragments
formed by the use of restriction endonuclease.
CHAPTER 12
VSA (1 MARK)
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION
1. Name the technique based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction used in
detection of a virus (HIV).
2. Development of a transgenic food crop may help in solving the problem of night
blindness in the developing countries, name this crop plant.
3. Which nematode infects the roots of tobacco plant and causes a great reduction
in yield?
4. The first transgenic cow, produced human protein – enriched milk. Name the cow
and the protein found in milk.
5. The insulin produced using recombinant DNA technology is more advantageous
than the insulin extracted from pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs. How?
6. Name two pest resistant plants produced by using recombinant DNA technology.
7.Name a molecular diagnostic technique to detect the presence of a pathogen in its
early stage of infection.
8.What was the speciality of the milk produced by transgenic cow Rosie ?
9.Name two genetically modified hormones.
10.State the role of transposons in silencing m-RNA in eukaryotic cells.
11.State the role of c-peptide in human insulin.
12.Expand SCID
13.What is „Flavr savr „ ?
14.State the role of C peptide in human insulin.
36
15.Name the first transgenic cow.
16.How many polypeptide chains are present in a molecule of insulin ?
SA-I (2 MARKS)
1. What are the two methods for correcting ADA deficiency in a child?
2. Some crop plants are modified genetically by manipulating their genes. How are
they made beneficial?
3.GEAC is one of the organisation set up by Indian Government. Write its full form.
Give its two objectives.
4. “Industrialised nations are exploiting the bioresources of under industrialised
nations”. Justify the statement with a suitable example.
5.Distinguish between Cry and cry.
6.What are the four main objectives of genetically modified crop plants.
7.What is biopiracy ? State the initiative taken by the Indian parliament towards it.
8.What are transgenic bacteria ? Illustrate using any one example.
9. What are cry proteins ?Name an organism that produce it.How man has exploited
this protein for his benefit?
10.Define the terms Biopatent and Biopiracy .
11.Name some techniques used for early molecular diagnosis of pathogens and
genetic disorder.
SA-II (3 MARKS)
1. Some multinational companies and other organisations are using bioresources for
commercial benefits, without proper authentication and compensation to concerned
authorities.
(a) Give the term for this unauthorised act.
(b) Suggest any two ways to get rid of this.
2. A bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produces a toxic protein named „cry protein‟
that is lethal to certain insects but not to bacterium
(a) Why this toxin does not kill the bacteria?
(b) What type of changes occur in the gut of insects on consuming this protein?
(c) How man has exploited this protein for his benefit?
3. What is RNA interference? How is this method used to produce nematode
resistant plants.
4.Explain the process of RNA interference.
5.Explain the synthesis of genetically engineered human insulin.
LA (5 MARKS)
1. The clinical gene therapy is given to a 4 years old patient for an enzyme which is
crucial for the immune system to function.
(a) Name the enzyme.
(b) Name two methods to cure it.
(c) Name the vector used for transferring functional DNA into recipient cells in
human. Name the recipient cells.
(c) Scientists have developed a method to cure this disease permanently. How?
2. (a) What type of bonding is present between chain A and B of insulin hormone?
(b) How is pro insulin differ from mature insulin?
(c) Explain how was this hormone produced by Eli Lilly, an American company,
using rDNA technology.
3.What is gene therapy ? Illustrate using the example of ADA deficiency.
4.Explain different uses of transgenic animals.
5.Explain the steps involved in the production of genetically engineered insulin?
37
6.a.Name the nematode that infests and damages tobacco roots
b. How are transgenic tobacco plants produced to solve this problem?
7. What is ADA deficiency? Describe three methods to cure it.
8. How is Bt-cotton created as a GM plant? How is it protected against ballworm
infestation?
9. Expand GEAC. Why was GEAC established? Mention the responsibilities
assigned to this organization.
10. Plasmid is a boon to biotechnology. Justify this statement quoting the production
of human insulin as an example.
11.What is meant by stem cells? Mention any four sites in a human body,from where
stem cells can be obtained.
12.What are Cry proteins? Name an organism that produces it . How has man
exploited this protein to his benefit?
13. You have identified a useful gene in bacteria. Make a flow chart of the steps
that you would follow to transfer this gene to a plant.
14.Write an account of production of human insulin in transgenic animals
15.How does RNA interference help in developing resistance against nematode
infection in tobacco plants?
16.What is ADA deficiency? How is gene therapy a solution to this problem? Explain.
CHAPTER 13
ORGANISMS AND POPULATION
VSA (1 Mark)
1.Name the mechanism to suspend development in zooplankton.
2.Expand CAM.
3.What are stenothermals.
4.What is meant by competitive release ?
5.What is Allen‟s rule ?
6.State Gause‟s competitive Exclusion principles.
7.Name the interaction between a whale andbarnacle growingonits back.
8. Which are the factor responsible for the wide variety of habitat formed within each
biome?
9. Fresh water animals are unable to survive for long in sea water. Give reason.
10. With which population growth model is the Verhulst Pearl equation associated?
11.Define diapause. Which organisms exhibit it?
12.Calculate the death rate if 6 individuals in a laboratory population of 60 fruit flies
died during a particular week.
13.In biological control method, one living organism is used against another to
check its uncontrolled growth. Which kind of population interaction is involved in
this?
14.An organism has to overcome stressful condition for a limited period of time.
Which strategies can it adopt to do so?
15.Write what do phytophagous insects feed?
16.What is diapause ?
17.Define Allen‟s rule.
18.What do you mean by Amensalism ?
19.What is Eurythermal ?
20.What is carrying capacity (K) of the environment ?
21.Name two endotherms .
38
22. When and why do some animals like frog hibernate ?
23.. Which one of the two, stenothermals or eurythermal shows wide range of
distribution on earth and why?
24. List any two adaptive features evolved in parasite enabling them to live
successfully on their host ?
25. Fresh water animals are unable to survive for long in sea water. Give reason .
26. Define diapause? Which organisms exhibit it ?
27.Define carrying capacity.
28.What is Allen‟s rule?
29.What is mycorrhiza?
30.Which are the factor responsible for the wide variety of habitat formed within each
biome?
31.Fresh water animals are unable to survive for long in sea water. Give reason.
32.With which population growth model is the Verhulst Pearl equation associated?
33.Define diapause. Which organisms exhibit it?
34.Calculate the death rate if 6 individuals in a laboratory population of 60 fruit flies
died during a particular week.
35.In biological control method, one living organism is used against another to
check its uncontrolled growth. Which kind of population interaction is involved in
this?
36.An organism has to overcome stressful condition for a limited period of time.
Which strategies can it adopt to do so?
37.Write what do phytophagous insects feed on?
SA-I (2 Marks)
1.Give an example to explain brood parasitism.
2.Differentiate between ectoparasite and endoparasite.
3.The clownfish lives among the tentacles of sea anemone. What is the interaction
between them called and why ?
4. What are the four levels of biological organisation with which ecology basically
deals?
5. Differentiate between stenohaline and euryhaline organisms.
6.. List four features which enable the Xeric plants to survive in the desert conditions.
7. Mention the attributes which a population has but not an individual organism.
8. Differentiate between stenothermal and eurythermal organisms.
9. What are the four ways through which the living organisms respond to abiotic
factors?
10. Why do clown fish and sea anemone pair up? What is this relationship called?
11..List any two adaptive features evolved in parasites enabling them to live
successfully on their hosts.
12.List the attributes that populations , but not individuals possess.
13.Name the interaction in each of the following
a)Cuckoo lays eggs in the crow‟s nest
b)Orchid grows on a Mango tree
c)Ticks live on the skin of Dogs.
d)Sea anemone is often found on the shell of Hermit crab.
14.Why is predation required in a community of different organisms ?
15.What is Gauses competitive exclusion principle ? Explain with an example .
16.. Name the interaction in each of the following :a) Cuckoo lays her eggs in the crow‟s nest ,
b) Orchid grows on a mango tree
39
c) Ticks live on the skin of dogs
d) Sea anemone is often found on the shell of hermit crab .
17. List any four feature which enable the xeric plants to survive in the desert
conditions.
18. Mention the attributes which a population has but not an individual organism .
19. What kind of interaction is found between pray and predators ? Mention any two
significant role predation plays in nature.
20. A) Between amphibians and birds , which will be able to cope with global
warning ? Give reason .
b) Certain species of wasps are seen to frequently visit flowering fig trees .
what type of interaction is found there .
21.What is brood parasitism? Explain with an example.
22.Explain the relationship between biotic potential and environmental resistance.
SA-II (3Marks)
1.Explain the three basic types of interspecific interaction.
2.Describe the specific adaption of xerophytes with respect to root-system, stem
and leaves.
3.Describe the mutual relationship between fig tree and wasp and comment on the
phenomenon that operates in their relationship.
4.. How does the shape of age pyramid reflect the growth status of a population?
5. Darwin showed that even a slow growing animal like elephant could reach
enormous number in absence of checks. With the help of your understanding of
growth models, explain when is this possible? Why is this notion unrealistic?
6. How will you measure population density in following cases?
(i) fish in a lake
(ii) tiger census in a national park (iii) single huge banyan tree
with large canopy.
7. Species facing competition might evolve mechanism that promotes coexistence
rather than exclusion. Justify this statement in light of Gause‟s competitive
exclusion principle, citing suitable examples.
8.Describe the three types of age pyramids .
9.Write about the important defence mechanisms in plants against herbivory .
10.What is mutation ? Explain it by giving two suitable examples.
11.What do you meant by competition ? Name the two basic types of competitions
found among the organisms .Which one of them is more intense and why ?
12.What is altitude sickness ?Write the causes of it . Write any two symptoms of it.
13.Explain with the help of a graph the population growth curve when resources are
(i) Limiting and (ii) Non limiting
14 Write short notes on
i. Adaptations of desert plants and animals
ii. Behavioural adaptation in animals
iii. Adaptation in hydrophytes.
15 .How do animals cope with stressful external environmental conditions which are
localized or of short duration ?
16. What is meant by competitive release? How does it affect population density?
17. Distinguish between hibernation and aestivation. Give one example of each.
18. How to organisms manage with stressful conditions existing in their habitat for
short duration ? Explain with the help of one example each .
19. How does the shape of age pyramid reflect the growth status of a population ?
40
20. State Gause‟s „Exclusion principle „ with citing suitable examples .
21. What is altitude sickness ? write the symptoms .
22. What are the four ways through which the living organisms respond to abiotic
factors ?
23. What is meant by competitive release? How does it affect population density?
24..Distinguish between hibernation and aestivation. Give one example of each.
25. Darwin showed that even a slow growing animal like elephant could reach
enormous number in absence of checks. With the help of your understanding of
growth models, explain when is this possible? Why is this notion unrealistic?
26. How will you measure population density in following cases?
(i) fish in a lake
(ii) tiger census in a national park (iii) single huge banyan
tree with large canopy.
27. Species facing competition might evolve mechanism that promotes coexistence
rather than exclusion. Justify this statement in light of Gause‟s competitive
exclusion principle, citing suitable examples.
LA (5MARKS)
1.What is altitude sickness? What its causes and symptoms? How does human body
try to overcome altitude sickness?
2. Orchid flower, Ophrys co-evolves to maintain resembelance of its petal to female
bee. Explain how and why does it do so?
3.(a) What roles do predator play in nature. Explain with example.
(b) Why are predators prudent in nature?
(c) Write two defence mechanism of plants against herbivores.
4.With the help of suitable diagram describe the logistic population growth curve.
5.Describe Exponential growth curve with the help of a diagram.
6. What is brood parasitism? Explain with an example.
7. Explain the relationship between biotic potential and environmental resistance.
8.Describe the exponential growth model of a population with curve.
9.Study the graph given below and answer the questions which follow :
i) What does „k‟ stand for in this equation ? Mention its significance .
ii) write equation for „a‟ & „b‟ .
iii)which graph is more realistic in nature & why ?
10.a) Define confirmers and regulators .
b) Mention the category to which humans belong .
c) Give 2 examples of each category.
11. Describe the exponential growth model of a population with curve.
12.What is altitude sickness? What its causes and symptoms? How does human
body try to overcome altitude sickness?
13.Orchid flower, Ophrys co-evolves to maintain resembelance of its petal to female
41
bee. Explain how and why does it do so?
14.(a) What roles do predator play in nature. Explain with example.
(b) Why are predators prudent in nature?
(c) Write two defence mechanism of plants against herbivores.
15.Draw population growth curves and explain them.
Ch-14 (Ecosystem)
VSA (1 Mark)
1.What is humification ?
2.Expand PAR.
3.What is meant by 10% law ?
4.What is detritus ?
5.What is secondary production?
6. Decomposition is faster if deteritus is rich in nitrogen and water soluble substance
like sugars. When is the decomposition process slower?
7. If we count the number of insects on a tree and number of small birds depending
on those insects as also the number of larger birds eating the smaller, what kind of
pyramid of number would we get?
8. Differentiate between Sere and Seral communities.
9. Who are generally the pioneer species in a Xerarch succession and in a Hyararch
succession?
10. Which metabolic process causes a reduction in the Gross Primary Productivity?
11.What percentage of photosynthetically active radiation is captured by plants?
12.Name the pioners of primary succession in water.
13.What is stratification?
14.What is meant by the term biosphere?
15.How is the net primary productivity of an ecosystem derived?
16.Why is an earthworm called a detritivore ?
17.What is secondary productivity?
18.Mention the role of pioneer species in primary succession on rocks?
19.Differentiate between standing state and standing crop in an ecosystem.
20.What does the base tier of the ecological pyramid represent ?
21.Name any two organisms which can occupy more than one trophic level in an
ecosystem.
22.Define ecological succession and seres.
23. Define sere ?
24. BOD of two samples of water A and B were 120 mg /l and 400mg/l respectively .
Which sample is more polluted ?
25. Write the features that make a stable biological community .
26. Give the unique feature of pyramid of energy ?
27. Why green plants are not found beyond a certain depth in the ocean .
28.What is the shape of pyramid of biomass in sea? Why?
29.Give an example of an ecological pyramid which is always upright. Justify your
answer.
30. Differentiate between primary succession and secondary succession. Which one
occurs faster and why?
31. Gaseous nutrient cycle and sedimentary nutrient cycles have their reservoir.
Name them. Why is a reservoir necessary?
32. What is GPP? How is it different from NPP?
SA-I (2 Marks)
42
1.Differentiate between GFC and DFC.
2.What do you mean by standing crop and standing state ?
3.Why the pyramid of energy is always upright ?
4.Name 4 functional aspects of an ecosystem.
5. Write the difference between carbon cycle and phosphorous cycle.
6. Differentiate between Hydrarch and a Xerarch succession.
7. (a) Write the characteristic of humus.
(b)What is the effect on decomposition rate if :–
I) Detritus is rich in lignin and chitin
II) Detritus is rich is nitrogen and sugars
8.What are the limitations of ecological pyramids?
9. Name any four ecosystem services. Who gave the price tags on nature‟s life
support services? Which is the most important ecosystem service provider?
10. Diagrammatically show phosphorous cycle in nature.
11. How does the shape of age pyramid reflect the growth status of a population
12.What are the main functions of an ecosystem?
13.Distinguish between the biotic community and an ecosystem.
14.What are decomposers? Name any two kinds of decomposers.
15. Differentiate between detrivores and decomposers.
16. Name the pioneers of primary succession in hydrarch and in xerarch .
17. Construct a grazing food chain and detritus food chain using the following , with 5
links each. earthwarm , bird , snake , vulture , grasshopper , grass , frog, decaying
plant matter .
18. Explain the cause of algal bloom in a water body. How does it affect an
ecosystem ?
19.Construct a pyramid of biomass starting with phytoplanktons . Label 3 trophic
levels . Is the pyramidis upright or inverted ? Why?
20. What is the shape of pyramid of biomass in sea? Why?
21. Give an example of an ecological pyramid which is always upright. Justify your
answer.
22.Differentiate between primary succession and secondary succession. Which one
occurs faster and why?
23.Gaseous nutrient cycle and sedimentary nutrient cycles have their reservoir.
Name them. Why is a reservoir necessary?
24. What is GPP? How is it different from NPP?
25.How does the shape of age pyramid reflect the growth status of a population?
26.What are the main functions of an ecosystem?
27.Distinguish between the biotic community and an ecosystem.
28.What are decomposers? Name any two kinds of decomposers.
29.A given species may occupy more than one trophic level in the same ecosystem
at the same time. Explain with an example
30.Explain with the help of two examples how the pyramid of numbers and the
pyramid of biomass can look inverted.
31.Differentiate between a detritivore and a decomposer giving example of each .
32.What could be the reason for the fast rate of decomposition in the tropics?
33.Who attempted to put a price tag on ecosystem services? What is the estimated
value?
43
34.In ecosystem the movement of nutrients is called cycling while the term “flow”
used for energy. Why ?
SA-II (3 marks)
1.What is stratification in an ecosystem ? Explain with an example.
2.What is an incomplete ecosystem ? Explain with the help of a suitable example.
LA (5 Marks)
SA- II (3MARKS)
1.Write the difference between carbon cycle and phosphorous cycle.
2. Differentiate between Hydrarch and a Xerarch succession.
3. (a) Write the characteristic of humus.
(b)What is the effect on decomposition rate if :–
I) Detritus is rich in lignin and chitin
II) Detritus is rich is nitrogen and sugars
4. What are the limitations of ecological pyramids?
5 .Name any four ecosystem services. Who gave the price tags on nature‟s life
support services? Which is the most important ecosystem service provider?
Diagrammatically show phosphorous cycle in nature.
6.Darwin showed that even a slow growing animal like elephant could reach
enormous number in absence of checks. With the help of your understanding of
growth models, explain when is this possible? Why is this notion unrealistic?
7. How will you measure population density in following cases?
(i) fish in a lake
(ii) tiger census in a national park (iii) single huge banyan
tree with large canopy.
8.Species facing competition might evolve mechanism that promotes coexistence
rather than exclusion. Justify this statement in light of Gause‟s competitive exclusion
principle, citing suitable examples.
9.Describe the process of decomposition of detritus . Mention the conditions which
favours the process of decomposition .
10.Define ecological succession . Give one example of each xerach and hydrach
succession.
11.What is ecological pyramids ? Describe different types of pyramid .
12.Explain carbon cycle with the help of simplified model . Describe the effect of an
increased level of this nutrient in the atmosphere on our environment .
13.What is primary productivity ? How is it different from net primary productivity?
14. Write the difference between carbon cycle and phosphorous cycle.
15Differentiate between Hydrarch and a Xerarch succession.
19. (a) Write the characteristic of humus.
(b)What is the effect on decomposition rate if :–
I) Detritus is rich in lignin and chitin
II) Detritus is rich is nitrogen and sugars
20.What are the limitations of ecological pyramids?
21. Name any four ecosystem services. Who gave the price tags on nature‟s life
support services? Which is the most important ecosystem service provider?
22. Diagrammatically show phosphorous cycle in nature.
23. Distinguish between pioneer community and climax community.
24. Give an account of energy flow in an ecosystem.
25. Construct an ideal pyramid of energy where 1,000,000 joules of sunlight is
available. Label all its trophic levels.
26.List the three parameters used for constructing an ecological pyramid.
27.What is stratification in ecosystem? Explain with an example.
44
28.Describe the three components of an ecosystem.
29. a.Why is secondary succession faster than primary succession?
b. State the relation between gross and net primary productivity.
30. Distinguish between pioneer community and climax community.
31. Give an account of energy flow in an ecosystem.
32.What is primary productivity? How is it different from net primary productivity?
33.Write the difference between carbon cycle and phosphorous cycle.
34. Differentiate between Hydrarch and a Xerarch succession.
35. (a) Write the characteristic of humus.
(b)What is the effect on decomposition rate if :–
I) Detritus is rich in lignin and chitin
II) Detritus is rich is nitrogen and sugars
36.What are the limitations of ecological pyramids?
37.What is biogeochemical cycle? Gaseous and sedimentary nutrient cycles have
their reservoir. Name them. Why is a reservoir necessary?
38.Study the given aquatic food chain and answer the following:Fish eating birds
DDT 5ppm
Large fish
DDT 2ppm
a) Give reasons why there is a continuous increase in the DDT
content different trophic level.
b) Name the phenomena responsible for the increase in the DDT
content.
Small fish
DDT 0.5ppm
Zoo plankton
DDT 0.04 ppm
39.What do you mean by Ecological pyramids? Write the limitations of ecological
pyramids .
LA (5 MARKS)
Water
1.Explain
Hydrarch succession.
DDT 0.003
ppm the process and products of decomposition. Mention the factors that
2.Describe
affect the rate of decomposition
3. Detrivores like earthworm are involved in the process of decomposition of dead
plants and animals. Describe the different steps involved in the process of
decomposition.
4. What is ecological succession? What is climax community? How is climax
community established?
5.Explain the different steps involved in the process of decomposition of detritus?
6. Give an account of energy flow in an ecosystem.
7. Explain the carbon cycle with the help of a diagram.
8. Draw a simplified model of phosphorous cycle in a terrestrial ecosystem.
45
9. Explain how xerarch succession progresses from xeric to mesic condition and
forms a stable climax community?
10. Describe the process of decomposition of detritus under the following heads ;
Fragmentation, leaching , catabolism , humification and mineralisation .
11. Darwin showed that even a slow growing animal like elephant could reach
enormous number in absence of checks. With the help of your understanding of
growth models, explain when is this possible? Why is this notion unrealistic?
12. How will you measure population density in following cases?
(i) Fish in a lake
(ii) tiger census in a national park (iii) single huge banyan
tree with large canopy.
13. Species facing competition might evolve mechanism that promotes coexistence
rather than exclusion. Justify this statement in light of Gause‟s competitive exclusion
principle, citing suitable examples.
14.Describe the process of decomposition of detritus. Mention the conditions which
favours the process of decomposition.
15.Define ecological succession. Give one example of each xerach and hydrach
succession.
16.What is ecological pyramids? Describe different types of pyramid.
17.Explain carbon cycle with the help of simplified model. Describe the effect of an
increased level of this nutrient in the atmosphere on our environment.?
18. Name any four ecosystem services. Who gave the price tags on nature‟s life
support services? Which is the most important ecosystem service provider?
19. Diagrammatically show phosphorous cycle in nature.
20 . a) Explain primary productivity and the factors that influence it .
b) Write the difference between net primary productivity and gross primary
productivity.
c) What is secondary productivity?
21.a) Name any four ecosystem services? Who gave the price tag on natures life
support services? Which is the most important ecosystem service provider?
b) Give the schematic representation of phosphorus cycle.
Ch-15 (Biodiversity and conservation)
VSA (1 Mark)
1.What do you mean by co-extinction ?
2.What are seed banks ?
3.What is the Red list ?
4.What is genetic diversity ?
5.What is meant by alien species invasion ?
6. How many species of plants and animals have been described by IUCN in 2004 ?
What is global species diversity according to Robert May?
7.What trend is observed in respect of species diversity when we move from equator
to poles ?
8.Name the type of biodiversity represented by the following :a) 50 000 different strains of rice in India
b) Estuaries and alpine meadows in India .
9. What is coextinction ? Give one example .
10.What are hot-spots ? Name any two hot –spots in India?
11.Define endemism.
46
12.What is the significance of genetic diversity?
13. What are biodiversity hotspots?
14.What is cryopreservation?
15.Habitat loss and fragmentation has caused severe damage to a particular type of
ecosystem. Name it. 2. What trend is observed in respect of species diversity when
we move from equator to poles?
14.Which region is considered as the one with highest biodiversity on earth? What is
the name given to such region.forests?
15.Ecologists have discovered that value of z lies in range of 0.1 to 0.2 regardless of
taxonomic group or region. When will the slope of line steeper in species area
relationship?
16.When was Earth Summit held?
17.Name the Indian hot spots that extend into other countries.
18.efine species richness.
19.What is meant by Endemic species ?
20.What is cryopreservation ?
21.What is meant by Alien species ?
22.When was the Earth summit held ?
23.Which forest is known as “Lungs of the planet “?
SA-I (2 marks)
1.Differentiate between insitu and exsitu conservation.
2.Write a short note on hotspot of biodiversity.
3.What is cryopreservation ? What is the advantage of this method ?
4. Define cryopreservation. Why is it useful in conserving biodiversity?
5. What is the reason for genetic variation shown by medicinal plant Rauwolfia
vomitoria?
6. How many species of plants and animals have been described by IUCN in 2004?
What is global species diversity according to Robert May?
7. Explain co-extinction with a suitable example
8. How is alien species invasion is one of the cause of loss of biodiversity? Explain
with example..
9. Where would you expect more species biodiversity in topics or in polar regions ?
Give reasons in support of your answer .
10. What is the reason for the genetic variation shown by medicinal plant Rauwolfia
Vomitoria ? Where is it found ?
11. Study the pie diagram ? Answer the following .
i) Identify
a&b
ii) Id entify A & B
12.Many threatened animals are maintained in zoological parks.
a) Name the type of conservation of biodiversity
47
b) Write any two other ways of this type of conservation
13. Describe the various benefits of biodiversity to man.
14.Explain the „rivet popper hypothesis‟.
15.Mention any two factors which pose threat to biodiversity.
16.What are the four major causes of Biofortification ?
17. What do you meant by Hotspots ? Name any two hotspots of India.3.Define coextinction .Explain it by giving an example.
18.How does human activities cause desertification ?
19.Why is there a need to conserve biodiversit
20.What are the four major causes of Biofortification ?
21.What do you meant by Hotspots ? Name any two hotspots of India.
22.Define co-extinction .Explain it by giving an example.
23.How does human activities cause desertification ?
24.Why is there a need to conserve biodiversity ?
SA-II (3 marks)
1.Give three hypotheses for explaining why tropics have greatest levels of species
richness.
2.Which region / biome in the world is considered as the Lungs of the plant. Give 2
reasons for its degradation.
3.Hot spots are the regions of exceptionally high biodiversity. But they have become
regions of accidental habitat loss too. Name the three hot spots of our country. Why
are they called „Hot spot‟?
4. What is so special about tropics that might account for their greater biological
diversity?
5. Why is the sobriquet „The Evil Quartet‟ used in context of biodiversity? Name the
members of this quartet. Why do we grieve for the genes when a species is lost?
6. Describe at least two approaches each for ex-situ conservation and in situ
conservation as a strategy for biodiversity conservation.
7. Differentiate between Ex-situ and In situ type of biodiversity conservation . Give
example of each .
8. What are Ramsar sites ? Why they are named so ? Give any one such example
from Odisha.
9.Why habitat loss and fragmentation has caused severe damage to a particular type
of ecosystem?
10.What is cryopreservation? How is it use full in conserving biodiversity? Give 2
examples.
11.Differentiate between in-situ and ex-situ conservation .
12.What will be consequences of loss of biodiversity ?
13.What are sacred groves ? What is their role in conservation ?
14.Give three hypotheses for explaining why Tropics show greatest levels of species
richness?
15.Who proposed Rivet Popper Hypothesis ?Explain the principle.
16.Differentiate between in-situ and ex-situ conservation .
17.What will be consequences of loss of biodiversity ?
18.What are sacred groves ? What is their role in conservation ?
19.Give three hypotheses for explaining why Tropics show greatest levels of species
richness?
20.Who proposed Rivet Popper Hypothesis ?Explain the principle .
21.What does the term genetic diversity refer to ? What is the significance of large
genetic diversity in a population ?
48
22.Explain “Rivet popper hypothesis . Name the ecologist who proposed it .
23.Differentiate between insitu & ex_situ approaches of conserving biodiversity.
24.Alien species are a threat to native species . Justify btaking examples of an
animal and a plant alien species .
26.What did David Tilmans long term ecosystem experiments show ?
27.Explain accelerated eutrophication. Mention any two consequences of this
phenomenon.
SA-II (3 MARKS)
1.Hot spots are the regions of exceptionally high biodiversity. But they have become
regions of accidental habitat loss too. Name the three hot spots of our country. Why
are they called „Hot spot‟?
2. What is so special about tropics that might account for their greater biological
diversity?
3. Why is the sobriquet „The Evil Quartet‟ used in context of biodiversity? Name the
members of this quartet. Why do we grieve for the genes when a species is lost?
4. Describe at least two approaches each for ex-situ conservation and in situ
conservation as a strategy for biodiversity conservation.
5. Differentiate between Ex-situ and In situ type of biodiversity conservation . Give
example of each .
6. What are Ramsar sites? Why they are named so? Give any one such example
from Odisha.
7. Why habitat loss and fragmentation has caused severe damage to a particular
type of ecosystem?
8. What is cryopreservation? How is it use full in conserving biodiversity? Give 2
examples.
9.What will be consequences of loss of biodiversity ?
10 What are sacred groves ? What is their role in conservation ?
11.Give three hypotheses for explaining why Tropics show greatest levels of species
richness?
12.Who proposed Rivet Popper Hypothesis ?Explain the principle.
13.Differentiate between in-situ and ex-situ conservation .
14.What will be consequences of loss of biodiversity ?
15.What are sacred groves ? What is their role in conservation ?
16.Give three hypotheses for explaining why Tropics show greatest levels of species
richness?
17.Who proposed Rivet Popper Hypothesis ?Explain the principle .
18.What does the term genetic diversity refer to ? What is the significance of large
genetic diversity in a population ?
19.Explain “Rivet popper hypothesis . Name the ecologist who proposed it .
20.Differentiate between insitu & ex_situ approaches of conserving biodiversity.
21.Alien species are a threat to native species . Justify btaking examples of an
animal and a plant alien species .
22.What did David Tilmans long term ecosystem experiments show ?
23. Explain accelerated eutrophication. Mention any two consequences of this
phenomenon.
LA (5 Marks)
1.How is bio-diversity important for ecosystem functioning ?
2.Draw a simplified model of phosphorus cycling in a terrestrial ecosystem and write
the importance of such cycles in ecosystem
3. Study the following graph and answer the question.
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i)Write the equation of the curves 'a' and 'b' .Explain them.
i i)Write the situations when the value of „z‟ lies between
i) 0.1 and 0.2
ii) 0.6 and 1.2
iii) What does „z‟ stand for ?
iii) When would the slope of the line „b‟ become steeper.
4.Explain giving five reasons, why tropics show greatest levels of species diversity
5. What are sacred groves? How do religious beliefs help in the conservation of
biodiversity? Where are they found in India?
6.a) Explain Species –Area relationship by showing the graph .
b)What is the significance of the slope of regression in a species area relationship .
7.a) What are Biosphere reserves ?
b)Explain the following terms
i)Tissue culture ii)seed banks
c)Name the four sacred groves of India.
Ch-16 (Environmental Issue)
VSA (1 Mark)
1.Name the metal catalyst for catalyzing converter.
2.Define bio-magnification.
3.What is algal bloom ? Write its significance.
4.What are advantages of Ecosan ?
5.What is the raw material for polyblend?
6. Why should the velocity of air between the plates of an electrostatic precipitator be
low?
7. PM 2.5 is responsible for causing greatest harm to human health. What is it? How
is it harmful?
8. What is the noise level that can cause permanent impairment of hearing ability of
human beings?
9. Why was the Montreal Protocol signed?
10. Jhum cultivation has been in practice from earlier days, but its considered more
problematic these days. Why?
11.A radiation causes ageing of skin, skin cancer, and inflamation of cornea called
snow blindness. It also damages DNA. Name the radiation.
12.What is polyblend?
13.What is chipkomovement ?
14.What do you understand by algal bloom ?
15..What are Euro II norms ?
16.Name the most widely used method of removing particulate matter.
17.Expand BOD and COD.
18.Why is it desirable to use unleaded petrol in vehicles fitted with catalytic
converters?
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19.Write the unit used for measuring ozone thickness .
20.Name two metals used in catalytic converter.
21. State the purpose of signing the Montreal Protocol?
22. In spite of being non – polluting, why are there great apprehension in using
nuclear energy for generating electricity?
23. State the cause of depletion of ozone layer?
24. What are e– wastes?
25. What is the noise level that can cause permanent impairment of hearing ability in
human?
26. What is eutrophication?
27.What is biomagnification.
SA-I (2 MARKS)
1.Landfills are not much a solution for getting rid of solid wastes. Why?
2. Electrostatic precipitator can remove over 99% particulate matter present in
exhaust from a thermal power plant. How?
3. Why is a scrubber used? Which spray is used on exhaust gases passing through
a scrubber?
4.There is a sharp decline in dissolved oxygen downstream from the point of
sewage discharge. Why? What are its adverse effects?
5. Catalytic converters use expensive metals as catalysts. (a) Name the metals
generally used. (b) What precaution should be observed while using catalytic
converter.
6.. What are e-wastes? Why are they creating more problem in developing countries
in comparision to developed countries?
7. Water logging and salinity are some of the problems that have come in the wake
of Green revolution. How does water logging create problems of salinity?
8. What is the relationship between BOD, micro-organisms and amount of
biodegradable matter?
revolution. How does water logging create problems of salinity?
9. What is the relationship between BOD, micro-organisms and amount of
biodegradable matte.
10.What is hybrid vehicle technology ? Explain the advantages with a suitable
example.
11.Explain biomagnification.
12.What is polyblend ? Write its usefulness.
13.What are e-wastes?
14.Differentiate between bad ozone and good ozone?
15.How do CFCs destroy ozone layer?
16.Describe Chipko movement?
17.Refrigerators are considered to be a necessity in modern living , but are said to
be responsible for ozone holes detected in Antarctica . Justify?
18.Why is a scrubber used? Which spray is used on exhaust gases passing through
a scrubber?
19. Landfills are not much a solution for getting rid of solid wastes. Why?
20. a) Which metals are used in catalytic converter?
B) What precaution should be observed while using catalytic converter?
21. What is the relationship between BOD, microorganisms and amount of
biodegradable matter.
22.How is snow-blindness caused in humans?
23.Mention the ill-effects of industrial wastewater.
24.Describe Chipko movement.
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25.What is an algal bloom?
SA-II (3 marks)
1.Mention 6 harmful effects of noise pollution on human health.
2.Give the advantages of CNG over diesel.
3.What is ozone shield and why is it important ? Name the gases that cause
stratospheric ozone depletion.
4.Deforestation is creating a lot of problems in the environment. List the
consequences of deforestation.
5. Enlist four harmful effects caused to the humans living in areas having polluted air.
Suggest two measures to reduce air pollution.
6. People have been actively participating in the efforts for the conservation of
forests.
(i) Name the award instituted in respect of Amrita Devi to promote such efforts.
(ii) Name the movement launched to protect the trees by hugging them.
(iii) Name the step Government of India has undertaken in 1980‟s to work closely
with the local communities for protecting and managing forests.
7. Why is CNG a better fuel than diesel and petrol? What is the problem with
switching over to CNG?
8.How do automobiles fitted with catalytic converters reduce air pollution ? Suggest
the best fuel for such vehicles.
9.Explain biomagnifications . How does the biomagnifications of DDT affect the
population of fish eating birds ?
10.i) What is ElNino effect ? Explain how it accounts for biodiversity loss .
ii) Explain any three measures that you as an individual would take , to reduce
environmental pollution .
11.i) How do chloroflurocarbons destroy ozone layers ?
ii) Differentiate between bad ozone and good ozone .
12. What is integrated waste water management ? Discuss its advantage .
13.What is Eutrophication? Write its causes.
14. Why should the spraying of DDT on vegetables crops be banned?Explain
15.a What is green house effects?
b.Name the green house gases.
c.How do green house gases effect life on earth?
16.Why ozone hole forms over Antarctica?
17.Discuss the role of women and communities in protection and conservation of
forest.
18.By the end of 2002 the public transport of Delhi switched over to a new fuel .
Name the fuel. Why is this fuel considered better?
19. Electrostatic precipitator can remove over 99% of particulate matter present in
exhaust from thermal power plant. How ? Explain .
20. a) Mention any four methods by which the vehicular air pollution can be
controlled ?
b) Why should the velocity of air between the plates of an electrostatic
precipitator be low?
21. Write the consequences of deforestation .
22. Explain the response of all communities to environment over time .
23.Explain accelerated eutrophication. Mention any two consequences of this
phenomenon.
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LA-(5 MARKS)
1. In Arcata, the town‟s people have created an integrated waste water treatment
process within a natural system. A citizen group called FOAM helps in upkeep of this
project.
(a) What are the main steps in waste water management done in this way?
(b) „Eco san‟ in Kerala and Sri Lanka is also an initiative for water conservation.
How?
2. What are the contribution of Ahmed Khan in Bangalore and Ramesh Chandra
3. Write critical notes on the following
a) Eutrophication
b) e-waste
c) Ultraviolet B
4. How does an electrostatic precipitation work to remove particulate pollutants
released from the thermal power plants ?
5. A crane had DDT level as 5 ppm in its body. What would happen to the
population of such birds ? Explain giving reason .
6.Pollutant released due to human activities (like effluents from industries and
homes) can radically accelerate the ageing process of the water body.
(a) Explain how does this process occurs during natural ageing of lake.
(b) Give the term used for accelerated ageing of water bodies. Also give the term
used for the natural ageing of lake.
7.In Arcata, the town‟s people have created an integrated waste water treatment
process within a natural system. A citizen group called FOAM helps in upkeep of this
project.
(a) What are the main steps in waste water management done in this way?
(b) „Eco san‟ in Kerala and Sri Lanka is also an initiative for water conservation.
How?
8.What are the contribution of Ahmed Khan in Bangalore and Ramesh Chandra
Dagar in Sonipat?
9.What are the various constituents of domestic sewage? Discuss the effects of
sewage discharge on a river.
10.Discuss the causes and effects of Global warming? What measures need to be
taken to control global warming.
11.a. Why are catalytic converters recommended for vehicles?
b. Why should such vehicles use only unleaded petrol?
c. Why is CNG preferred to diesel as a fuel in vehicles?
12.Describe the functioning of electrostatic precipitator along with a schematic
diagram.
13.a) Mention the major causes of air pollution in metro cities ?
b) Write any four harmful effects to the humans living in areas having polluted air
14. What is ozone Shield and why is it important? Name the gases that cause
stratospheric ozone depletion.
15.What measures would you take to control environmental pollution?
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Value based Questions
1. A few months ago the people of Raniganj started disposing their wastes in the
pond of the village , which was earlier a source of drinking water . This resulted in
deterioration of quality of water and fish mortality.
a) What changes do you think have taken place in pond ? Name such condition.
b) What measure will you take to stop villagers for such practices as well as to
improve the
condition ?
c) What values are exhibited by the people of Raniganj ?
2. Sovit & Raman are parteners and established a factory .After a few months
Electrostatic precipitator became out of order . Sovit wanted to replace it. But Raman
expressed the view that they have no effect of it on productivity as well as income
.Therefore they should not waste money to replace it.
a) Out of these partners whom do you support and why ?
b) Suggest any two measures to stop such negligence .
c)What values are exhibited by Raman ?
3. Sunita visited a Government office along with her father .There she observed dirty
spittoons in every corner of the building . Sunita was very disturbed and told her
father about it . Her father informed Higher Authorities about it and requested to take
immediate action regarding it .
a) Why are such conditions harmful ?
b) What values are being shown by Sunita and her father ?
c )How can be the awareness be spread about cleanliness ?
4.A celebrity killed a black buck during hunting in sacred grooves of Aravali hills in
Rajasthan .Local people lodged a case in court against him .He argued the court that
killing a Human being is a crime but killing an animal is not a crime .
a) Do you agree with his argument ? Why ?
b) What are sacred grooves ? Write its importance .
c) Mention any two names of such places other than Aravali hills.
5. A team of Research workers observed that the population of fish eating birds are
declining every year after setting of an Insecticide factory nearby .
a) What may be the possible reason ? Give your opinion .
b) Can you suggest any alternative to insecticides so that the population of fish
eating bird will increase?
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