HGG’s Profiling Shapes
Welcome to the world of ‘Profiling Shapes’. HGG’s shapes have several distinct
advantages as minimum grinding, easy fitting and optimised weld preparation
for rapid welding and strong connections. Achieved by accurate machines
and advanced software. All profiling shapes have their own specific features
depending on member intersection, loads, weld requirements, cutting machine
and application specific characteristics. Depending on application are the shapes
in accordance with AWS, API and ASME standards.
T
hese introduction pages will give a
quick overview of the different types
of shapes and explain frequently
used terminology. Please contact HGG for
more information about shapes and our
in-house custom shape development for
many different applications.
[email protected]
End Shapes
Intermediate Shapes
V 1.1 June ‘13 BS
Hardware Software Profiling Shapes
Terminology
HG
G
-g
ro
u
p.
co
m
R
p.
co
ro
u
-g
45°
70°
Plasma
Oxyfuel
Max bevel angle β
Bevel angle limit
be
em
Heel zone
pe
Bra
nc
Joint details (section view)
Max bevel angle β
© HGG-group.com
V 1.1 June ‘13 BS
Root face
Slope
Angle between main member and branch
member.
Main member
Connection overview
S
m
Shrinkage (S)
A length compensation of the member to
correct shrinkage of the weld.
Slo
hm
Side zone
Toe zone
Root opening (R)
The separation at the joint root between
the members after fitting. Technique to
increase the joint penetration for stronger
connections.
r
Joint root
That portion of a walls end along the joint
where the members approach closest to
each other. In cross section, the joint root
may be either a point (fit line) or a line
(root face).
Weld volume
©
Transition zone
Zone in which one of the two welded faces
of a connection will smoothly changes to
fit to another face, to ensure an optimal
weld preparation. In particular when the
dihedral angle becomes too small or too
large along the joint root. Please see next
page for more details.
Joint root
HG
G
Main member
Stem profile, mostly with an ‘intermediate’
profiling shape (or none). Also called ‘run
member’.
Root face
The cut face on a walls end along the joint
root, parallel to the other connecting face
after fitting. A technique to decrease weld
volume and/or to create a mold for perfect
fitting.
©
Branch member
Sprouted profile, mostly with an ‘end’
profiling shape (or none).
Dihedral angle ψ
Angle between the connected outer faces
of the members along the fit line. Essential
to make calculations for optimal weld
preparation. Please see next page for more
details.
Bevel angle β
The angle formed between a centre line
perpendicular to the wall and the cut face
of the wall. Equal to burn angle and can be
negative or positive.
•
•
•
Weld preparation angle φ
Angle between the to be welded faces
of the members along the joint. Can be
an inside or outside weld preparation
angle. Also called ‘Joint included angle’. A
groove angle for example, is a type of weld
preparation.
A perpendicular cut has no bevel;
Largest bevel oxyfuel 70° (- or +);
Largest bevel plasma 45° (- or +).
Hardware Software Profiling Shapes
Weld types and application
The angle between the member walls
along the joint root changes constantly
(see picture below for a simplified view).
This dihedral angle is greatest in the toe
zone and smallest in the heel zone. On
some joints, this dihedral angle differs
considerably. In order to maintain a
strong connection along the joint in
these situations with a minimum of weld
volume, it may be necessary to use a
combination of weld types. For example a
fillet weld in the heel zone because of the
small dihedral angle and a groove weld in
the toe zone because of the large dihedral
angle. Somewhere between these weld
types along the joint root, is a zone where
the transition starts and ends. This zone is
called the ´transition zone´.
Fillet Weld
Weld between the outer walls
Groove Weld
Weld between an outer wall and a wall end
Butt Weld
Groove Weld
Transition zone
Fillet Weld
Weld between wall ends
ψ
Overview of used weld types for wall joints.
ψ
© HGG-group.com
Simplified view of used weld types to connect the walls to each other from toe to heel zone.
V 1.1 June ‘13 BS
Hardware Software Profiling Shapes
Optimised weld preparation
A few practical examples of how HGG’s profiling shapes achieve strong and easy
to cut connections with a minimum of weld volume. Also an explanation of the
benefits of weld type transition between the toe and heel zones for connections
with a small dihedral angle. Please refer to the heel zone with 30° slope for an
example.
Slope ± 90°
Slope ± 60°
Slope ± 30°
Toe zone with groove weld
Weld volume
Joint strength
Toe zone
Cut difficulty
Weld & fit difficulty
Groove Weld
Heel zone with similar groove weld
Weld volume
Joint strength
Heel zone
Cut difficulty
Groove Weld
Weld & fit difficulty
Low
High
Low
Medium
Medium
Low
High
Medium
Complicated
Medium
High
Medium
Weld volume
Low
High
High
Simple
Medium
Simple
High
High
Weak
Complicated
Medium
Medium
Heel groove reduction off/on*.
Example ‘Saddle’ and ‘Chamfer’.
Low
Joint strength
Medium
Weld & fit difficulty
Medium
Cut difficulty
Medium
Heel zone after transition to fillet weld
Weld volume
Medium
Cut difficulty
Simple
Joint strength
Heel zone
Fillet Weld
Weld & fit difficulty
Weak
Easy
Low
Low
Medium
Medium
Simple (1 cut)
Complicated (2 cuts)
Easy
Medium
Example ‘PJP Saddle’ and ‘PJP Chamfer’
V 1.1 June ‘13 BS
*Heel groove reduction by 0,5ψ: Reference: Structural Welding Code AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2010; page 72, Table 3.6.
**Reference: Structural Welding Code AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2010; page 121-123, Figure 3.8, 3.9 & 3.10
Example ‘Offshore Saddle’ and ‘Offshore Chamfer’**
Hardware Software Profiling Shapes
PJP Saddle
A plasma optimised shape for angled pipe to pipe connections and rapid cutting.
Design Freedom
Weld Preparation
•
Adjustable slope.
•
Adjustable root opening.
•
Adjustable eccentricity (E).
•
•
Predefined start and end point of transition zone by
dihedral angle (ψ). (95° - 70°)
Toe and side zones: constant weld preparation angle (φ) along
the joint root.
•
•
Toe and side zones: adjustable outside weld
preparation angle (φ).
Easy fitting: no need for spacers to create the root opening and
the slope. The large heel zone will fixate the correct position.
•
For highly dynamic connections that are not
required to conform to the AWS.
E
A
D
Angular
B
C
Heel zone
Heel zone
Eccentric
Side zone
Multiple
Side zone
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Heel zone (slope 30)
Fillet Weld
Transition
Toe zone
Groove Weld
Hardware Software Profiling Shapes
Mitre Saddle & Mitre Hole combination
To make T-shaped pipe to pipe connections for low pressure piping.
Design Freedom
Weld Preparation
•
Adjustable slope.
•
Mitre Saddle: shrinkage compensation.
•
Adjustable outside weld preparation angle (φ).
•
Adjustable root opening.
•
Constant weld preparation angle (φ) along joint root as long as the
maximum bevel angle is not reached. For high pressure piping and
specific weld preparation please see ‘Strainer Hole & Saddle’.
Perpendicular
Toe zone
C
A
Heel zone
Angular
r=d/20
B
Side zone
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Hardware Software Profiling Shapes
Strainer Saddle & Strainer Hole combination
A pipe to pipe connection for piping with optimised weld preparation for large diameters and thick walls.
Design Freedom
Weld Preparation
•
Adjustable Slope.
•
Shrinkage compensation (S).
•
Adjustable eccentricity (E).
•
Adjustable root opening (R).
•
Strainer
cutgroove
details angles (φ).
Adjustable outside and
inside
•
Add a root face to decrease weld volume.
•
Constant weld preparation angle (φ) along the joint root.
•
Perpendicular
Angular
Eccentric
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Hardware Software Profiling Shapes