Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol. 49, No 1, 2004
Pages 41-48
UDC: 634.8.047
Original scientific paper
PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATION OF WHITE GRAPE VARIETIES IN THE
GRAPE GROWING AREA OF GROCKA
Branislava Sivčev1 and Nevena Petrović1
Abstract: Phenological stages of white wine varieties grown in the
“Radmilovac” collection vineyard were recorded during a three- year period. The
included stages were: time of bud burst - shoot growth, flowering, véraison and
full ripening. The number of days, sum of active and sum of effective
temperatures were established for each phenological stage, 12 features in total.
The features such as the length of vegetative period from bud burst to full
ripening and sum of active temperatures for the same period were of crucial
importance for the classification of varieties.
Based on climate characteristics and phenological observations of plant organ
growth and development in some cultivars, the total of 66 cultivars, of 71
investigated, can be grown at Radmilovac. Late-maturing varieties cannot be
successfully grown.
Key words: phenology, temperature, precipitation, white vine grape.
Introduction
The knowledge of the phenological changes during the vegetation of vine, on
one hand, and the meteorological parameters on the other, are important factors in
choosing the sorts in a vineyard region. Mesoclimate conditions, sun radiation,
precipitation, evaporation etc., reflect themselves throughout the phenological
process during the period of vegetation, the ability of grape growing on a certain
site (H o p p h m a n , 1988). According to the results of T o d o r o v i ć and
P e t r o v i ć (1986), the analysis of precipitation, sum of temperature, and
hydrotermical coefficient effect on the grape quality, reflected by the index of
1
Branislava Sivčev, PhD, Assistant Professor, email: [email protected], Nevena
Petrović, PhD, Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, 11081 Belgade-Zemun, Nemanjina 6, Serbia and
Montenegro
42
Branislava Sivčev and Nevena Petrović
ripeness, points out the existence of the linear correlation between the
hydrothermical coefficient during the ripening period and the index of grape
ripeness (R=-0.51). According to V e r e s h et al. (1984), the sum of active
temperatures during the period of vegetation was of primary importance for
classifying the cultivars in Czechoslovakia.
The aim of this work was to select and recommend the white grape varieties
for growing in the growing area of Grocka, according to the phenological
observations and more important meteorological parameters.
Materials and Methods
The phenological observations of 71 cultivars assigned for white wine
production were carried out at “Radmilovac” ampelographic collection during the
period 1991-1993. The plantation is situated to the south-east of Belgrade, in the
grape growing area of Grocka. According to the results by P e t r o v i ć and
T o d o r o v i ć (1991), the Belgrade subregion is in the second climate zone, with
the sum of effective temperatures of 1470oC . The normal precipitation sum
during the period of vegetation is 413.2 mm, which makes 61.76% of the entire
precipitation sum. The hydrothermical coefficient is HTC=1.24, which
characterizes the area with insufficient humidity. According to the Branac
hydrothermical diagramm, “strong drought” appears on average in this grape
growing region at the beginning of grape ripening (S i v č e v , 1996).
Phenological observations include: bud burst, shoot growth, flowering,
veraison and full ripeness. For each cultivar one day during the investigation year
cycles were marked. The period in- between the shoot growth and flowering was
designated as phenophase 1, the period in-between flowering and veraison as
phenophase 2; the period in-between veraison and full ripeness is phenophase 3,
and the period which includes all three phenophases is designated as phenophase
4. The number of days, sum of active and sum of effective temperatures were
established for each of phenological stages (phenophase) - 12 features in total.
The data were processed using factor and discriminant analyses. The starting
basis of discriminant analysis was the classifying of cultivars into the I, II, III and
IV ripening epoch. The calculated values ranged between 101 and 103, so they
had to be transformed into log(x) for the sake of easier data processing.
Results and Discussion
The adaptability of a cultivar is based on its genetical variability and
phenotype adaptability. It is a general rule that the grape variety of wide
adaptability has a high genetical potential and that it gives very high yields in
favourable ecological conditions, and lower yield and grape quality in
Phenology of white grape in Grocka area
43
unfavourable conditious. Therefore, the survey of the influence of climate on the
grown culture – vine, is very significant (S i v č e v , 1996, C v e t k o v i ć et al.,
1999).
Observing the features in multidimensional area, our aim was to decrease the
original group of data and to investigate a part of variations which is common to
all variables. The phenological features having the primary significance for all the
investigated cultivars are defined in our case.
T a b. 1. - Correlative factor analysis matrix structure of the phenological features
Activ1
Activ1
Activ2
Activ3
Activ4
Effect1
Effect2
Effect3
Effect4
Feno1
Feno2
Feno3
Feno4
1
Activ2
0.186
1
Activ3
-0.215
-0.847
1
Activ4
0.513
0.418
0.017
Effect1
0.689
0.144
-0.269
0.175
Effect2
0.190
0.945
0.791
0.402
0.146
1
Effect3
-0.261
-0.809
0.839
-0.198
-0.267
-0.769
1
Effect4
-0.086
0.045
-0.137
0.260
-0.051
0.045
0.024
1
Feno1
0.836
0.114
0.078
0,527
0.204
0.129
-0.083
-0.081
Feno2
0.169
0.909
-0.783
0.387
0.148
0.735
-0.741
0.043
0.076
1
Feno3
-0.099
-0.497
0.799
0.361
-0.208
-0.395
0..485
0.199
0.011
-0.54
1
Feno4
0.541
0.389
-0.052
0.871
0.086
0.374
-0..237
0.084
0.635
0.359
0.359
1
1
1
1
On the correlative matrix in the column that refers to the phenological
observations from bud-burst to flowering, it is noticed that there is greater
correlative relation between this phase and the sum of active temperatures than
between the phase and the sum of effective temperatures. At this time of the year,
daily air temperature is seldom higher than 10 °C, so greater sum of active
temperatures is achieved by increasing the number of days, i.e. by extension of
this phenophase.
In the second phase, i.e. from flowering to varaison, all three features: sum
of active temperatures, sum of effective temperatures and number of days are in
the high correlative relation in-between the same period. This period has primary
significance for the length of variason-full ripeness period, and stands in the
negative correlative relation for all the surveyed cultivars. The relation between
sum of active temperatures and number of days for the same period is somewhat
faintly expressed.
In the fourth column that refers to the period from the bud-burst to full
ripeness, the positive correlative relation is observed only between sum of active
temperatures and number of days for the same period.
Branislava Sivčev and Nevena Petrović
44
The differences between cultivars are the greatest in the field of sum of
active air temperatures for the flowering to variason period (activ 2) and in the
negative correlation with the sums of active temperatures which refer to the
period from variason to grape ripeness (activ 3). The greatest deviations have
come about in the sum of effective temperatures correlated to the period from
bud-burst to vintage, to what also point the results of F o r l a n i et al., (1988),
S i v č e v (1998a).
The cultivars are classified into four groups: early, middle-late, late and very
late. Using the descriminant analysis, based on the features: the length of period
of vegetation from bud-burst to full ripeness (pheno 4), sum of active
temperatures for the same period (activ 4) and the length of period from bud-burst
to flowering (pheno 1), we succeeded in separating the cultivars in 80.56%.
Additional division of 13.47% was provided by the following features: sum of
effective temperatures from bud-burst to flowering (effect 1), sum of active
temperatures for the same period (activ 1) and by sum of effective temperatures
from bud-burst to full ripeness (effect 4). The features referring to the periods
from flowering to varaison (pheno 2) and from varaison to full ripeness (pheno 3)
have contributed less compared to the previous one – 5.96%. Such a small
contribution to separating the cultivars during the summer is, by W o l f a r t t et.
al. (1988), ascribed to a physiological condition of vine. B o u b a l s and T r u e l
(1980) explain the appearance of varaison on grape by the polygenic character of
this feature, with cumulating effect.
T a b. 2. - Disposition of cultivars according to grape ripening time
Medium early
cvs.
1
Muscat Ottonel
Muscat Fleur
d'Orangen
Malvasia Istriana
Late cvs.
Kokorko
Cataratto bianco
Feher Dinka
Emerald Riesling
Grulling
Ribolla gialla
Aligote
Palarusa
Sremska zelenika
Belina krupna
New
Start
2
3
centroid of group epoch
1
1
1
1
1
2
centroid of group epoch
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
Medium late cvs
4
Lisicina crna
Traminer weiss
Chardonnay
Kochis borksa
Müller-Thurgau
Godominka
Traminer Griss
Pinot Blanc clon
Muscat Petit Grains
Harslevelu
Pinot blanc
Vugava
Albana
Zelen
Meses feher
New
Start
5
6
centroid of group epoch
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
Phenology of white grape in Grocka area
1
Kreaca
Semillion
Veltliner rot
Mustoasa de
Madeerat
Furmint feher
Tamjanika zlatna
Souvignon
Elbling
Riesling italico
Bojanka
Ohridsko belo
Veltliner Rouge
Precoce
Krkosia pirgava
Montonico
bianco
Lisicina okrugla
Medna
Prokupac beli
Krkosia zuta
Ugni blanc
Veltliner
Posip bijeli
Kujundjusa
Muscak Petit
Grains
Balbut
45
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
Bratislavka
Krstac bijeli
Rebula
Botun
5
2
2
2
2
6
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
Bagrina
Traminer gris
Riesling
Kladovka
Traminer gewerz
Zilavka
Rkaciteli
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
Very late cvs.
3
3
Bajan sirej
centroid of group epoch
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
2
3
Heunish Weiss
Dymiat
Gjujabi icicak
Belina sitna
Sibirkovij
Aramon griss
Grk
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
4
2
2
3
3
Calculated discriminant scores are based on the first two canonic
discriminant functions, and they represent a diagram i.e. disposition of cultivars
by ripening epoch in disriminant space (tab. 2). It is noticed that the cultivars of I
min t °C
25
20
50
15
10
0
5
1
-50
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
period of vegetation 183 days
sum of active temperature 3311
°C
Fig. 1. - Meteorological conditions in the period of investigation
0
-5
temperature °C
precipitation (mm)
100
46
Branislava Sivčev and Nevena Petrović
and IV epoch clearly differ compared to the ones belonging to II and III epoch.
The nearness of group centroides incline to that. The Armon gris cultivar as well
as Rkaciteli cultivar give relatively high absolute values of all three discriminants.
Armon should represent the transition between II and IV epoch, and Rkaciteli
between II and III epoch. They both originate from distant regions: Armon comes
from the Mediterranean, and Rkaciteli from the Black Sea. The strength of the
third discriminant, which explains the part of period of vegetation from flowering
to varaison (activ2, effect2, pheno2) and the period from varaison to full ripeness
(activ3, effect3, pheno3), brings them together in our region. Meterological
conditions of this period influence the belonging to a certain ripening epoch more
than with other cultivars.
Conclusion
Grape growing area of Grocka lies in the area of the Danube region and
belongs to zone C1. The average sum of active temperatures from bud-burst to full
ripeness is 3311ºC, and sum of effective temperatures for the same period is –
1470ºC. The average length of the period of vegetation during a 183-day survey
varied between 167 days (year 1992) and 207 days (year 1991).
The normal height of rainfall during the period of vegetation is 413.2 mm,
which makes 61.76% of the year rainfall amount.
Heliothermic coefficient has a value of 1.24 which speaks of insufficient
humidity in the region. The deficit of humidity appears in August, at the
beginning of grape ripening phenophase.
Heliothermic conditions are favourable for growing and developing of the
most of white grape vine varieties.
According to the time of ripening, the cultivars are classified into four
groups: there are 2 cultivars of the I epoch, 30 of the II epoch, 34 of the III epoch
and 5 of the IV epoch.
In the conditions of Radmilovac site, the cultivars of the I, II, and the III
epoch could be successfully grown, all together 66 cultivars.
The cultivars of the IV epoch could give satisfactory results, with the optimal
load, prompt and efficient measures of summer pruning, except in the years with
extreme meteorological changes.
REFERENCES
1. B o u b a l s , D., T r u e l , P. (1980): Influence of fruit-ripening time in the vinifera grape. IV
International Symposium of Grape Breeding. Abstracts. Devise.
2. C v e t k o v i ć , D., Branislava S i v č e v , Snežana S t a n k o v i ć , J o k s i m o v i ć , J. (1999):
Effects of altitude on grape yield and quality in the cultivar Muscat Hamburg grown under
the conditions of the Toplica grape growing subregion. Journal of Agricultural Sciences.
Belgrade, Vol. 44, No 2, 145-151.
Phenology of white grape in Grocka area
47
3. F o r l a n i , M., P i l o n e , N., C o p p o l a , V., G i o f f r e , D. (1988): Opseervazion
polinnalisulla fenologia di 17 vitigni e studio delle correlazionni con alcumi indici
bioclimaici. Rivista de Viticoltura e du Enologia. Conegliano, 40, 503-522.
4. H o p p h m a n D. (1988): Der Einflub von Jahreswitterung und Stadort auf die
Mostgewicheteder Rebsorten Riesling und Muller-Thurgau (Vitis vinifera L.) Thesis.
Giessen.
5. P e t r o v i ć Nevena and Natalija T o d o r o v i ć (1991): Effect of basic meteorological
elements on the yield and quality of grape of the variety Italian Riesling grown on
different rootstocks. Journal of Scientific Agricultural Research. Belgrade, Vol. 52, No
186, 155-161.
6. S i v č e v Branislava (1996): Ampelographic investigations as a basis for choose among white
varieties of wine in the vineyard of Grocka. Thesis. Belgrade-Zemun.
7. S i v č e v Branislava, Ž u n i ć , D., A v r a m o v , L., G a š i ć , N., P o l a k , V. (1998): Production
and technological properties of seedlings of F1 generation developed from the cross of the
variety Cabernet Sauvignon to varieties Prokupac crni, Vranac and Zupski bojadiser.
Journal of Scientific Agricultural Research. Belgrade, Vol. 59, No 209, 67-76.
8. S i v č e v Branislava (1998a): The results of investigation of white wine cultivars in the
“Radmilovac” collection vineyard. Review of Research Work at the Faculty of
Agriculture. Belgrade, Vol. 43, No 2, 7-23.
9. T o d o r o v i ć Natalija and P e t r o v i ć Nevena (1986): The effect of air temperature and
precipitation on yield, content of sugar and acids in the must of the variety of vine Italian
Riesling. Journal of Scientific Agricultural Research. Belgrade, vol. 47, No 165, 55-62.
10. W o l f a r t , A., B o g e n r i e d e r , A., B e c k e r , N. (1988): Witterung und Rebenphanologie Auswertung einer langahrigen Beobachtungsreihe an dei Standoren bei Freiburg in
Breisgau. Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg, No 3 108-119.
Received November 6, 2003
Accepted March 29, 2004
FENOLOŠKA OSMATRANJA BELIH VINSKIH SORTI
U GROČANSKOM VINOGORJU
Branislava Sivčev i Nevena Petrović1
Rezime
U kolekcionom zasadu Poljoprivrednog fakulteta, Oglednom dobru
“Radmilovac” u periodu od 1991-1993. god. praćena su fenološka osmatranja 71
vinske sorte namenjene za bela vina. Zasad se nalazi jugoistočno od Beograda, u
gročanskom vinogorju, na λE=44° 45′ 77′′; ϕN=20° 35′ 18′′; H= 135 m.
Fenološka osmatranja obuhvataju kretanje okaca ili izbijanje lastara,
cvetanje, šarak i punu zrelost. Za svaku sortu evidentiran je jedan datum u toku
godišnjeg ciklusa ispitivanja. Prvi period: izbijanje lastara do cvetanja vinove loze
1
Dr Branislava Sivčev, docent, email: [email protected]; dr Nevena Petrović, van.
profesor, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Nemanjina 6, 11081 Beograd-Zemun, Srbija i Crna Gora
48
Branislava Sivčev and Nevena Petrović
označen je kao fenofaza 1, period od cvetanja do šarka fenofaza 2; period od
šarka do pune zrelosti fenofazu 3 i period koji obuhvata sve tri fenofaze kao
fenofaza 4. Utvrdjen je broj dana, suma aktivnih i suma efektivnih temperatura za
svaku fenofazu, što predstavlja 12 obeležja.
Podaci su obradjeni primenom faktorske i diskriminacione analize. U
diskriminacionoj analizi polazna osnova je bila svrstavanje sorti u I, II, III i IV
epohu sazrevanja.
Zapaža se da se sorte I i IV epohe jasno razdvajaju u poredjenju sa sortama I i
III epohe, koje su dosta bliske i često zalaze u zajednički prostor. Blizina grupnih
centroida ukazuje na to (tab 2).
U uslovima lokaliteta “Radmilovac” sorte I, II, i III epohe sazrevanja mogu
se uspešno gajiti, ukupno 66. Sorte IV epohe sa optimalnim opterećenjem,
pravovremenim i efikasnim merama zelene rezidbe mogu dati zadovoljavajuće
rezultate, mada ne svake godine.
Primljeno 6. novembra 2003.
Odobreno 29.marta 2004.