CONTENTS
PREFACE
ABO UT THE AUTHO RS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
Foundations of Nonverbal Communication
Basic Definitions
Considerations for Definitions
Approaches to Nonverbal Communication
Theoretical Approaches
Disciplinary Approaches
M ethodological Approaches
Nonverbal Functions and S ubcodes
Touch and Space
Physical Appearance
Body M ovements and Gestures
Vocalics
Covert Body/Temporal Communication
Nonverbal Functions
Nonverbal Communication and Perception
Process Structure
Age
Culture and Race
Status
Gender
The Importance of Research in the Study of Nonverbal Communication
Summary
S ECTION ONE
CHAPTER
Questions for Thought
S TUDIES AND S UBCODES
Haptics (Touch)
Animal S tudies
Tactile Development and Humans
Types and Functions of Touch
Factors Influencing Touch
Frequency of Contact
Violations of Haptic Expectations
Substitutes for “Real Touch”
Functional Approach to Touch
S ummary
Questions for Thought
CHAPTER 3
Proxemics (Personal S pace)
Proxemics
Personal S pace
Classification Schemes
Definitions and Need
Factors Influencing Distancing Expectations
Age Differences
Sex Differences
Cultural Differences
Racial Differences
Status, Personality, and Liking
Environmental Structuring
Violations of Personal S pace
Other Violations
Functions of Personal S pace
S ummary
Questions for Thought
CHAPTER 4
Proxemics (Territory and Environment)
Territory
Animal Correlates of Territoriality
Human Correlates of Territoriality
Territorial Claims
Purposes of Territory
Environment
Room Color and Aesthetic Appreciation
Room Size and Shape
Temperature and Humidity
Environmental Structuring
Architecture
Functions of Territory and the Environment
S ummary
Questions for Thought
CHAPTER 5
Physical Appearance: Impressions of the Body
Physical Attractiveness
Social Interaction
Sex Appeal
The Body
Body Shape
Weight and Attitude
Body Image
S tigmas
Functions
S ummary
Questions for Thought
CHAPTER 6
Body Alterations and Coverings
Body Alterations
Hair and Hairstyles
The Skin: Cosmetics and Colorings
Additions
Tattoos, Body Piercing, and Branding
Clothing
Purposes of Clothing
Functions of Clothing
Clothing and Success
Accessories
Functions
S ummary
Questions for Thought
CHAPTER 7
Kinesics: The S tudy of Human Body Movements
Principles
Putting Principles to Work
Categories in Kinesics
Birdwhistell’s Linguistic Analogy
M orris’ Derivation System
M ehrabian’s Functional Approach
Ekman and Friesen’s Cumulative Structure
Functions
S ummary
Questions for Thought
CHAPTER 8
A Practical Functional Approach to Kinesics
Variables that Influence Kinesics
Culture
Sex/Gender
Left- and Right-Handedness
Relationship with Language
Decoding
Functions
Identification and Self-Presentation
Control of the Interaction
Relationship of Interactants
Display of Cognitive Information
Display of Affective Information
Deception and Leakage
S ummary
Questions for Thought
CHAPTER 9
Vocalics (Paralanguage)
Definitions
S ound and Its Attributes
Paravocal Communication
Vocalic Functions
The “Normal” Conversation
Identification and Self-Presentation
Controlling Interaction
Regulating the Conversation
Relationship of Interactants
Display of Cognitive Information
Display of Affective Information
Deception
Other Encoding and Decoding Aspects of Vocalics
S ummary
Questions for Thought
CHAPTER 10
The Covert S ubcodes: Biofeedback, Olfaction, and Chronemics
Feedback S ystems
Gustatory Systems
Biofeedback Systems
M ood and Emotion
Olfaction
What Is Olfaction?
Olfactory Processes
Olfactory Identification
Olfactory Influence
Olfactory M emory
Time (Chronemics)
The Structure of Time
Bruneau’s Chronemic Structures
Culture and Time
S ummary
Questions for Thought
S ECTION TWO
CHAPTER 11
APPLICATIONS
Nonverbal Communication in S ocial S ituations
Meeting Others
General Characteristics
Intimate Behavior
Environment, Proxemics, Chronemics
Computer M ediated Relationship Building
Cross-S ex Friendships
S ame-S ex Relationships
M ale–M ale Nonverbal Communication
Female–Female Nonverbal Communication
S ummary
Questions for Thought
CHAPTER 12
Nonverbal Communication in the Family
The Home
Spatiotemporal Dimensions
Kinesic Factors
Vocalic Factors
Physical Appearance
Review
Nonverbal Communication in the Marriage and Committed Relationships
Environmental Factors
Space
Touch
Kinesics and Vocalics
Chronemics
Physical Appearance
The Expanding Family—Children and the Family Relationship
Nonverbal Communication in Children
Nonverbal Communication with the Elderly
Environment and Space
Touch
Vocalics
Physical Appearance
Kinesics
Chronemics and Olfaction
Review
S ummary
Questions for Thought
CHAPTER 13
Nonverbal Communication at Work
Nonverbal Relational Messages
General Nonverbal Considerations
Spatiotemporal Dimensions
Overt Body Dimensions
Physical Appearance
Impression M anagement
Review
The Performance Appraisal Interview
Nonverbal Interaction in Particular Professions
The Teacher in the Classroom
The Attorney in Court
The Health Care Industry
The Business Person in a Leadership Position
S ummary
Questions for Thought
CHAPTER 14
The Future of Nonverbal Communication: A Review
What We Know About Nonverbal Communication
Where Is the S tudy of Nonverbal Communication Going?
General Review
APPENDIX
Methods of Nonverbal Communication Research
Nonverbal Research
Review of the Literature
Theoretical Perspective
M ethodology
Data Collection
Data Analysis and Application
Limitations of Nonverbal Communication Research
An Example of Context
S ummary
Questions for Thought
GLO SSARY
REFERENCES
AUTHO R INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX