1750 CE - 1914/1900 CE
“Must Know” Vocabulary Terms
• Abolition - movement to end human slavery
• Alternative visions of society
• Utopian socialism - socialism based on a belief that social ownership
of the means of production can be achieved by voluntary and peaceful
surrender of their holdings by propertied groups
• Marxism - branch of socialism; Karl Marx “historical materialism”
• Anarchism - abolish all private property and governments (by
violence) and replace them with free associations of groups
• American Declaration of Independence - asserted the freedom and
independence of the 13 Colonies from Great Britain
• Anti-colonial movements
• Indian Revolt (1857) - revolt of Indian troops that led to the transfer
of the administration of India from the East India Company to the
British Crown
• Boxer Rebellion - anti-foreigner uprising in Qing China
• Anti-imperial resistance - opposition to wars of conquest or expansion of a
country beyond earlier borders
• Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter - included the reasons that caused the fall of the
Second Republic of Venezuela within the context of the independence of the
nation
• Bourgeoisie - wealthy social class of merchants
• Capitalism/global capitalism - philosophy of economic systems that favors
private ownership
• Capitulations/extraterritoriality - exempt from jurisdiction of local law
• Caudillos - political-military leader at the head of an authoritarian power
• Chinese Exclusion Acts - allowed the US to suspend Chinese immigration
• Class Struggle - conflict between socio-economic groups
• Conservative - promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and
supports minimal and gradual change in society
• Consumer markets - Markets dominated by products and services
designed for the general consume
• Constitution -a set of fundamental principles or established precedents
according to which a state or other organization is governed
• Economic imperialism - (neocolonialism)
• Emancipation of serfs/slaves - grant of freedom to laborers (serfs/slaves)
• Enclaves - territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the
boundaries of another territory
• Exploitation - using something in an unjust or cruel manner
• Factory system - method of manufacturing first adopted in England at the
beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1750s and later spread abroad;
replaced the putting-out system; use of machinery, usually powered by
water or steam
• Financial instruments
• Stock markets - public entity for the trading of company stock at an
agreed price
• Insurance - the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity
to another, in exchange for payment
• Gold standard - monetary system in which the standard economic unit
of account is a fixed weight of gold
• Limited liability corporations -flexible form of enterprise that blends
elements of partnership and corporate structures
• Finished goods - goods that have completed the manufacturing process but
have not yet been sold or distributed to the end user
• French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen - fundamental
document of the French Revolution defining the individual and collective
rights of all the estates of the realm as universal
• Hegemony - indirect form of imperial dominance in which the hegemon
(leader state) rules sub-ordinate states by the implied means of power rather
than direct military force
• Home society - society which revolves around the origin of the home
• Ideologies - comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things
• Imperialism/colonialism - establishment, maintenance, acquisition and
expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory
• Independence - condition of self-government over its territory
• Industrial Revolution/Industrialization - period from 1750 to 1850 where
changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and
technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural
conditions of the times
• Industrialized states - areas which have undergone the revolution of
industrialization
• Intelligentsia - Russian social class of intellectuals and like social groups
• Laissez-faire - an environment in which transactions between private
parties are free from state intervention, including regulations, taxes, tariffs
and enforced monopolies
Emily Levine
• Liberal/Liberalism/classical liberalism - philosophy committed to the
ideal of limited government, constitutionalism, rule of law, due process, and
liberty of individuals including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly,
and free markets
• Marxism - economic and sociopolitical worldview and method of
socioeconomic inquiry; branch of socialism; Karl Marx “historical
materialism”
• Migrant support networks - support network of migrant workers
• Millenarianism - belief by a religious, social, or political group or
movement in a coming major transformation of society, after which all
things will be changed, based on a one-thousand-year cycle
• Taiping Rebellion - widespread civil war in southern China from 1850
to 1864, led by Hong Xiuquan
• Ghost Dance - new religious movement which was incorporated into
numerous Native American belief systems
• Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement - (Cape Colony)
• Neocolonialism - practice of using capitalism, globalization, and cultural
forces to control a country (usually former European colonies in Africa or
Asia) in lieu of direct military or political control
• Pre-industrial - specific social attributes and forms of political and cultural
organization that were prevalent before the advent of Industrialization
• Proletariat - people who had no wealth other than their children
• Racism - discrimination against a certain race
• Raw Materials/production and export of single natural resources
• Examples: cotton, rubber, palm oil, sugar, wheat, meat, guano, metals
and minerals
• Rebellion/revolt - a refusal of obedience or order
• Reforms - to put or change into an improved form or condition (political,
social, or economic)
• Examples: state pensions, public health, suffrage, public education
• Reforms in imperial policies
• Tanzimat movement - characterized by various attempts to modernize
the Ottoman Empire, to secure its territorial integrity against nationalist
movements and aggressive powers
• Self-Strengthening Movement - period of institutional reforms
initiated during the late Qing Dynasty following a series of military
defeats and concessions to foreign powers
• Revolutions - fundamental change in power or organizational structures that
takes place in a relatively short period of time
• Settler colonies - specific colonial formation whereby foreign family units
move into a region and reproduce
• Slave resistance (Maroon societies) - an armed uprising by slaves
• Social Darwinism - use the concepts of struggle for existence and survival
of the fittest to justify social policies which make no distinction between
those able to support themselves and those unable to support themselves
• Socialism - economic system characterized by social ownership and/or
control of the means of production and cooperative management of the
economy, and a political philosophy advocating such a system
• Spheres of influence - a spatial region or conceptual division over which a
state or organization has significant cultural, economic, military or political
influence (China during the new imperialism age)
• Suez Canal - an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the
Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea
• Suffrage the right to vote gained through the democratic process
• Temporary and seasonal migrants
• Transnational businesses
• United Fruit Company - an American corporation that traded in
tropical fruit (primarily bananas) grown on Third World plantations and
sold in the United States and Europe
• HSBC (Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation) - a prominent
bank established and based in Hong Kong since 1865 when Hong Kong
was a colony of the British Empire
• Zaibatsu - japanese word for conglomerate
• Transnational ideologies and solidarities
• Transoceanic imperialism - imperialism established in a nation abroad an
ocean
• White Australia Policy - comprises various historical policies that
intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia
• Zionism -a form of nationalism of Jews and Jewish culture that supports a
Jewish nation state in territory defined as the Land of Israel