Middle East Part 2
Ottoman Empire & the Development of Islamic
Fundamentalism
Ms. Fowler 10th Grade World Cultures
Do This Now:
• Take out ME Islamic Empires
& the Crusades notes.
• Share answers to questions 1
& 2 from the exit slip.
Objectives:
• I can identify the
contributions of the Ottoman
Empire
• I can describe the fall of the
Ottoman Empire and the
effects of mandates upon the
origins of the modern Middle
East
• I can predict how the
historical conflicts in the ME
are related to modern
conflicts
Alhambra, ESP (800s)
Ottoman Political and Social Organization
• Society divided into Ottomans
(nobles) and reaya (people)
– Corrupt and unfit nobles could be
demoted; attempt at maintaining a
meritocracy
• Lowest group: Janissaries
– Slave soldiers
• Millets – Non Muslim communities.
– Loyal to sultan; ruled by their own
religious leaders.
– Paid a tax to the empire
• Non-Shi’ites were welcomed.
• Trade increased with Europe.
Janissaries
Suleiman the Magnificent
• Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
(1495-1566)
• Viziers – advisors to the sultans
– “Men of the Pen” – lawyers,
judges,
academics/mathematicians
– “Men of the sword” – ranking
soldiers and generals
• Conquered much of the Balkans
and Eastern Europe until losing
at Vienna vs. Charles V 
Ottomans slowly decline
afterward.
Suleiman
Viziers
Fall of the Ottoman Empire (1700 – 1919)
• European nationalism and
imperialism
– Balance of power in Europe
maintained through control of
colonies in ME, Africa, and Asia.
– France & Great Britain vs. Russia
• Ethnic minorities sought
independence
– Supported by Russia
• Sultans attempted to modernize
the OE
– The people reject modernization
– Corruption
Fall of the Ottoman Empire
• Young Turks
– Goals: Strengthen empire & end European
imperialism
• 1908: overthrow old sultan, replace him with a
puppet sultan
– Supported Turkish nationalism
– Ended tolerance of diverse cultures and religions
– Persecuted non-Muslim communities.
End of the Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman Empire divided into mandates after the Central Powers
lost in WWI
• Divided into independent nations or mandates: territories
administered but not owned by League of Nations.
• Britain
• Iraq, Transjordan (Jordan), and Palestine
• France
• Syria and Lebanon
The Mandate System
• Prepare Ottoman Empire
territories for independence.
• Types of government 
democratic transitions are a major
challenge
– Iran – Parliamentary (Islamic control)
– Iraq – Newly established democracy
– Israel – Parliamentary Democracy
– Kuwait – Constitutional Monarchy
– Saudi Arabia – Monarchy
– Syria – Military controlled
– Turkey – Democracy
Modern Turkey
• 1923: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk established the
Republic of Turkey
• Modern, secular state.  secular reforms =
unpopular
1. Government funds used to build industries.
2. The separation of religion and government.
3. Replaced Sharia with a western legal code.
4. Women vote and hold public office.
5. Secular public school system that
separated religion and education.
6. Outlawed traditional style dress.
Objectives:
• I can identify the contributions of the Ottoman Empire
• I can describe the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the
effects of mandates upon the origins of the modern
Middle East
• I can predict how the historical conflicts in the ME are
related to modern conflicts
Exit Slip:
• On a piece of paper, draw the chart below.
• KNOW box
• Write 3 facts that could contribute to modern conflicts in the
Middle East from BOTH Tuesday and Thursday’s lectures.
• WANT box:
• Write 3 questions that you must answer to predict how past
conflicts in the ME are related to modern conflicts.
• Even if you don’t know much about the modern ME, think about
how conflicts could occur based on what we have learned so far!
What I KNOW
What I WANT to Know What I LEARNED about
about the Middle East about the Middle East
the Middle East