Department of
Science and Technology Studies
HPSC3052
Nature, Technology and the
Environment
Syllabus
Session
Term 1
Web site
See Moodle site
Moodle site
moodle.ucl.ac.uk
Timetable
www.ucl.ac.uk/timetable
Description
This course explores the intersection of history of technology and environmental history. This is
the history of the material world, both natural and artificial. It explores historiography – what are
the methods for exploring and interpreting this intersection – and it examines and discusses
case studies. Topics may include: large-scale technological systems and the environment;
invasive species in history; commodity history with respect to nature and technology; pollution;
hybridities; the anthropocene; artificial life; nature and bureaucracy; war and nature.
Key Information
Assessment
50%
Essay 1
50%
Essay 2
Prerequisites
none
Required texts
readings listed below
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Module tutors
Module tutor
Professor Jon Agar
Contact
[email protected] | t: 020 7679 3521
Web
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/staff/agar
Office location
22 Gordon Square, Room 2.2
Office hours:
See days and times on door
and by appointment
Assistant
None
Contact
-
Office location
-
Office hours:
-
Aims and objectives
aims
The aim of the module is to provide students with the knowledge of a range of case studies of
the intersection of history of technology and environmental history, as well as an introduction to
the historiographical methods that assist understanding them.
objectives
By the end of this module students should be able to:
•
Knowledge of a range of case studies of the intersection of history of technology and
environmental history
•
Skills for further study of the history of technology and environmental history
Module plan
2
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Schedule
UCL Wk
Date
Topic
1
1
4.10
Introduction
2
1
4.10
Historiography
3
2
11.10
Paleo-tech
4
2
11.10
Fire
5
3
18.10
Ancient to Early Modern
6
3
18.10
Ecological and Technological
Imperialism
7
4
25.10
First and Second Nature in the
United States
8
4
25.10
Wilderness
9
5
1.11
First and Second Industrial
Revolutions
10
5
1.11
Industrialized Organisms
READ: Russell
Reading Week
no lectures
Activity
READ: Maslin and Lewis
READ: Pyne
READ: Crosby
READ: Cronon
11
7
15.11
History of conservation in the
UK and US
12
7
15.11
Campaigns
13
8
22.11
Weed Theory
14
8
22.11
Agency
15
9
29.11
Technologies of Survival
16
9
29.11
Limits and Pollution
17
10
6.12
Mediating Nature
18
10
6.12
Grizzly Man
19
11
13.12
Engineering Nature
20
11
13.12
Rewilding
ACTIVITY: Controversy case
READ: Mitchell
ACTIVITY: pollution in London
WATCH: Grizzly Man
READ: Monbiot
3
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Reading list
Week1Session14October2016
Introduction
Introductiontothecourse.Definitionofkeyterms.Determinismsandcritique.Eighttypes
ofinteractionbetweentechnologyandenvironment.
BackgroundReading
Technology
DonaldMacKenzieandJudyWajcman,'Introductoryessay',inDonaldMacKenzieandJudy
Wajcman,TheSocialShapingofTechnology(OpenUniversityPress,1985),pp2-25
Langdon Winner, ‘Do artifacts have politics?’, in The Whale and the Reactor: a Search for
Limits in an Age of High Technology, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp.19-39. Also
reprintedinMacKenzieandWajcman(1985)
Nature
Neil Evernden, The Social Creation of Nature, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1992
PeterCoates,Nature:WesternAttitudessinceAncientTimes,Cambridge:PolityPress,1998
RaymondWilliam,‘Nature’,Keywords,London:Fontana,1976,pp.184-189
4
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Week1Session24October2016
Historiography
“Historyoftechnology”and“environmentalhistory”asspecialtieswithinhistorywith
differentapproaches,topics,anddevelopment,butalsointersections.The“Anthropocene”
assubjectanddebate
EssentialReading
SimonL.LewisandMarkA.Maslin,‘DefiningtheAnthropocene’,Nature(2015)519,pp.
171–180http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v519/n7542/abs/nature14258.html
BackgroundReading
DonaldWorster,“DoingEnvironmentalHistory,”fromDonaldWorster(ed.),TheEndsofthe
Earth,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1988,pp.289-307
JeffreyK.StineandJoelA.Tarr,‘AttheIntersectionofHistories:Technologyandthe
Environment’,TechnologyandCulture(1998)39,pp.601-640
EdmundRussell,JamesAllison,ThomasFinger,JohnK.Brown,BrianBalogh,andW.Bernard
Carlson,“TheNatureofPower:SynthesizingtheHistoryofTechnologyandEnvironmental
History,”TechnologyandCulture52(April2011):246-259.
Dolly Jørgensen, Finn Arne Jørgensen and Sara B. Pritchard (eds.), New Natures: Joining
Environmental History with Science and Technology Studies, Pittsburgh: University of
PittsburghPress,2013
HughS.GormanandBetsyMendelsohn,“WhereDoesNatureEndandCultureBegin?
ConvergingThemesintheHistoryofTechnologyandEnvironmentalHistory,”inMartin
ReussandStephenCutcliffe(ed.),TheIllusoryBoundary:EnvironmentandTechnologyin
History,UniversityofVirginiaPress,2010
BillLuckin,‘Atthemargin:continuingcrisisinBritishenvironmentalhistory?’,Endeavour
(2004)28(3),pp.97-100
AndrewBarryandMarkMaslin,‘ThepoliticsoftheAnthropocene:adialogue’,Geo(2016)3.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/geo2.22/full
5
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Week2Session311October2016
Paleo-tech
Technologyandenvironmentintheearliestperiodsofhuman(andnon-human)history.
Hand-axesandotherstonetools,domesticationofdogs,fireforenvironmentalcontroland
cooking,weaving
BackgroundReading
JillPruetz‘Newevidenceonthetool-assistedhuntingexhibitedbychimpanzees(Pan
troglodytesverus)inasavannahhabitatatFongoli,Sénégal’,RoyalSocietyOpenScience
(2015)http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/2/4/140507
Sonia Harmand et al , ‘3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana,
Kenya’, Nature (21 May 2015) 521, pp. 310–315. See also: Ewen Callaway, ‘Oldest stone
toolsraisequestionsabouttheircreators:The3.3-million-year-oldimplementspredatethe
firstmembersoftheHomogenus’
http://www.nature.com/news/oldest-stone-tools-raise-questions-about-their-creators1.17369
IgnaciodelaTorre,‘TheoriginsofstonetooltechnologyinAfrica:ahistoricalperspective’,
Phil.Trans.R.Soc.B(2011)366,pp.1028-1037
DietrichStout,‘Stonetoolmakingandtheevolutionofhumancultureandcognition’,
Phil.Trans.R.Soc.B(2011)366,pp.1050–1059
GaryR.ScottandLuisGibert,‘Theoldesthand-axesinEurope’,Nature(21April2015)461,
pp.82-85.Seealso:RexDalton,‘Europe'soldestaxesdiscovered:Sophisticatedtool-making
skillsmorewidespreadthanpreviouslythought’
http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/news.2009.878.html
ThomasWynn,‘Handaxeenigmas’,WorldArchaeology(1995)27(1),pp.10-24
StanleyH.Ambrose,‘PaleolithicTechnologyandHumanEvolution’,Science(2March2001)
291(5509),pp.1748-1753http://www.sciencemag.org/content/291/5509/1748.full
JamesSerpell(ed.),TheDomesticDog:ItsEvolution,BehaviourandInteractionswithPeople,
Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1995
6
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Week2Session411October2016
Fire
Fireinworldhistory.
EssentialReading
StephenJ.Pyne,‘Consumedbyeitherfireorfire:areviewoftheenvironmental
consequencesofanthropogenicfire’,inJ.R.McNeillandAlanRoe(eds.),Global
EnvironmentalHistory,London:Routledge,2013,pp.88-109
Week3Session518October2016
AncienttoEarlyModern
Technology and environment in Ancient (eg Roman), Medieval (eg Europe) and Early
Modern worlds. The idea of a “technological environment”. Christianity as context for
environmentalthought
Backgroundreading
Cicero,Denaturadeorum
Clarence J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought
fromAncientTimestotheEndoftheEighteenthCentury,Berkeley:UniversityofCalifornia
Press,1967
Roberta J. Magnusson, Water Technology in the Middle Ages: Cities, Monasteries, and
WaterworksaftertheRomanEmpire,Baltimore:TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,2001
JeanGimpel,TheMedievalMachine:theIndustrialRevolutionoftheMiddleAges,London:
Gollancz,1977
7
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
CarolynMerchant,TheDeathofNature:Women,Ecology,andtheScientificRevolution,New
York:HarperCollins,(1980),1989
Lynn White, Jr, ‘The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis’, Science (March 1967)
155(3767),pp1203-1207
Week3Session618October2016
EcologicalandTechnologicalImperialism
Explorationandimperialismascombinedtechnologicalandbiologicalprocesses.Crosby’s
ideasofthe“Columbianexchange”andthe“DemographicTakeover”
EssentialReading
AlfredCrosby,‘Conquistadorypestilencia’,inTheColumbianExchange,1972
Backgroundreading
AlfredW.Crosby,TheColumbianExchange:BiologicalandCulturalConsequencesof1492,
Westport:GreenwoodPress,1972
Alfred W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: the Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900,
Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1986
Daniel R. Headrick, Power over Peoples: Technology, Environments, and Western
Imperialism,1400tothePresent,Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress,2010
Daniel R. Headrick, The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the
NineteenthCentury,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1981
JaredDiamond,Guns,GermsandSteel,London:Vintage1998
8
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Week4Session725October2016
FirstandSecondNatureintheUnitedStates
ThetransformationofNorthAmericabyEuropeancolonialism.Theconstructionand
contestoftechnologicalfoundationstoriesofnationhood.Axesandsaw-mills.
BackgroundReading
David E. Nye, America as Second Creation: Technology and Narratives of New Beginnings,
Cambridge,MA:MITPress,2003
ThomasHughes,Human-BuiltWorld:HowtoThinkaboutTechnologyandCulture,Chicago:
UniversityofChicagoPress,2004
WilliamCronon,Nature'sMetropolis:ChicagoandtheGreatWest,NewYork:W.W.Norton
1991
Week4Session825October2016
Wilderness
Changingconceptionsofwilderness
Essentialreading:
WilliamCronon,‘Thetroublewithwilderness;or,gettingbacktothewrongnature’,
EnvironmentalHistory(1996)1,pp.7-28.
(AlsoinCronon(ed.),UncommonGround:RethinkingtheHumanPlaceinNature,NewYork:
Norton,pp.69-90,andCharMillerandHalRothman(eds.),OutoftheWoods:Essaysin
EnvironmentalHistory,Pittsburgh:UniversityofPittsburghPress,1997.)
9
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Week5Session91November2016
FirstandSecondIndustrialRevolutions
Thefirstindustrialrevolution(late18thCentury-early19thCentury)andsecondindustrial
revolution(mid19thCentury–late19thCentury)definedanddiscussed.Treschon“romantic
machines”.Hughesontechnologicalsystems.CronononChicagoas“Nature’smetropolis”
andtheurban/regionalsystemoftechnologyandenvironment
BackgroundReading
DonaldCardwell,TheFontanaHistoryofTechnology,London:Fontana1994
ThomasJ.Misa,LeonardototheInternet:TechnologyandCulturefromtheRenaissanceto
thePresent,Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,2ndedn.,2011
JohnTresch,TheRomanticMachine:UtopianScienceandTechnologyafterNapoleon,
Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,2012
WilliamCronon,Nature'sMetropolis:ChicagoandtheGreatWest,NewYork:W.W.Norton
1991
ThomasP.Hughes,“TheEvolutionofLargeTechnologicalSystems,”inBijker,Hughes,and
Pinch(eds.),TheSocialConstructionofLargeTechnologicalSystems,Cambridge,MA:MIT
Press,pp.51-82
10
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Week5Session101November2016
IndustrializedOrganisms
Evolutionaryhistoryapproachto“industrialisedorganisms”.
EssentialReading
EdmundRussell,'Evolutionaryhistory:aprospectusforanewfield',EnvironmentalHistory
Vol.8,No.2(Apr.,2003),pp.204-228
BackgroundReading
Edmund Russell, Evolutionary History: Uniting History and Biology to Understand Life on
Earth,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2011
DanielSchneider,HybridNature:SewageTreatmentandtheContradictionsoftheIndustrial
Ecosystem,Cambridge,MA:MITPress,2011
EdmundRussell,‘Introduction.Thegardeninthemachine:towardanevolutionaryhistory
oftechnology’,inSusanR.SchrepferandPhilipScranton(eds.),IndustrializingOrganisms:
IntroducingEvolutionaryHistory,London:Routledge,2004,pp.1-16
Week6
**READINGWEEK**
11
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Week7Session1115November2016
HistoryofconservationintheUKandUS
Arguments for the origins of environmentalism in conservation movements in the US and
UK.OverviewofthehistoryofconservationpoliciesintheUKasbureaucracy,planningand
law
Backgroundreading
Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: the Progressive Conservation
Movement,1890-1920,Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress,1959
Harriet Ritvo, The Dawn of Green: Manchester, Thirlmere, and Modern Environmentalism.
Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,2009
Adam Rome, The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American
Environmentalism,Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2001
W.M.Adams,FutureNature:aVisionforConservation,London:Earthscan,2ndedn.,(1996)
2003
JohnSheail,NatureinTrust:theHistoryofNatureConservationinBritain,Glasgow:Blackie,
1976
JohnSheail,NatureConservationinBritain:theFormativeYears,London:StationeryOffice,
1998
DavidEvans,AHistoryofNatureConservationinBritain,London:Routledge,2ndedn,(1992)
1997
12
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Week7Session1215November2016
Campaigns
Casestudiesofcampaignsagainsttechnologicalchangeandenvironmentaldamage.
Activity
IdentifyaspecificcontroversyovertechnologicalchangeinmodernBritain.Usingmedia
sources,suchasnewspaperorBBCarchives,identifytheproponentsandopponents.Make
notes.Writeashortdescriptionofthedevelopmentofthecontroversy(around500words),
payingattentiontotechnologicalandenvironmentalaswellassocialandpoliticalissues.
Forexample,ifyouchosetheTwyfordDowncontroversy,youwouldidentifytheplanners
oftheM3motorwayandthecampaigngroupsthatopposedit.
Backgroundreading
EdwardAbbey,TheMonkeyWrenchGang,1975
JohnSheail,AnEnvironmentalHistoryofTwentiethCenturyBritain,London:Palgrave,2002
Week8Session1322November2016
WeedTheory
Gardensandweedsasissuesofcontrolofnature.
BackgroundReading
Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: an Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo,
Harmondsworth:Penguin,1970
Jane Brown, The Pursuit of Paradise: a Social History of Gardens and Gardening, London:
HarperCollins,1999
Richard Mabey, Weeds: How Vagabond Plants Gatecrashed Civilisation and Changed the
WayWeThinkAboutNature,London:Profile,2010
RichardMabey,TheUnofficialCountryside,London:Collins,1973(seealsohisWeeds)
DianeRelf,'HumanIssuesinHorticulture',HortTechnology(1992),2,(2),pp.159-171
13
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Week8Session1422November2016
Agency
Agencyasatopicinhistoryoftechnologyandenvironmentalhistory
Essentialreading:
TimothyMitchell,‘Canthemosquitospeak?’,inRuleofExperts:Egypt,Techno-Politics,
Modernity,Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,2002,pp.19–53
Backgroundreading
MichelCallon,‘SomeElementsofaSociologyofTranslation:DomesticationofScallopsand
theFishermenofSt.BrieucBay’,inJohnLaw(ed.),Power,Action,andBelief:aNew
SociologyofKnowledge?,London:RoutledgeandKeganPaul,1985,pp.196–233;
JohnLaw,‘TechnologyandHeterogeneousEngineering:TheCaseofPortugueseExpansion’,
inWiebeE.Bijkeretal(ed.),TheSocialConstructionofTechnologicalSystems,Cambridge,
MA:MITPress,1987,pp.111–134;
LindaNash,‘TheAgencyofNatureortheNatureofAgency?’,EnvironmentalHistory(2005)
10(1),pp.67-69
PaulSutter,‘Nature’sAgentsorAgentsofEmpire?EntomologicalWorkersand
EnvironmentalChangeduringtheConstructionofthePanamaCanal’,Isis(2007)98(4),pp.
724-754
14
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Week9Session1529November2016
Technologiesofsurvival
Environmentsinwhichtechnologicalsystemsarecrucialtosurvival,including:marine,
space,mountains,polarregions.Comparisonswithtechnologiesofenvironmentalcomfort
(egair-conditioning)
BackgroundReading
Peder Anker, ‘The Ecological Colonization of Space’, Environmental History (2005) 10(2),
239-268.
Peder Anker, From Bauhaus to Ecohouse: a History of Ecological Design, Louisiana State
UniversityPress,2010.
Gail Cooper, Air-conditioning America: Engineers and the Controlled Environment, 19001960,Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1998
Week9Session1629November2016
Limitsandpollution
Historicalexamplesofpollution.Limitsandenvironmentaleffectsoftechnologicalsystems,
examiningLondoninparticularasacasestudy
EssentialActivity
BrowsetheLondonAirwebsite:
http://www.londonair.org.uk/LondonAir/Default.aspx
Checkthequalityofyourwater:
https://my.thameswater.co.uk/dynamic/cps/rde/xchg/corp/hs.xsl/899.htm
Backgroundreading
WilliamH.TeBrake,‘AirpollutionandfuelcrisesinpreindustrialLondon’,Technologyand
Culture(1975)16,pp.337-359
15
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
CarlosFrick,‘Themovementforsmokeabatementin19th-centuryBritain’,Technologyand
Culture(1980)21,pp.29-50
BillLuckin,PollutionandControl:aSocialHistoryoftheThamesintheNineteenthCentury,
Bristol,1986
P.Brimblecombe,TheBigSmoke:aHistoryofAirPollutioninLondonsinceMedievalTimes,
Methuen,1988
Christopher Hamlin, ‘Edwin Chadwick and the Engineers, 1842-1854: Systems and AntiSystemsinthePipe-and-BrickSewersWar’,TechnologyandCulture(1992)33,pp.680-709
DaleH.Porter,TheThamesEmbankment:Environment,TechnologyandSocietyinVictorian
London,Akron,1998
StephenHalliday,TheGreatStinkofLondon:SirJosephBazalgetteandtheCleansingofthe
VictorianMetropolis,PhoenixMil:Sutton,1999
Emma M. Jones, Parched City: a History of London’s Public and Private Drinking Water,
Winchester:ZeroBooks,2013
ESimms,ThePublicLifeoftheStreetPigeon,HutchinsonRadius,1979
Week10Session176December2016
MediatingNature
Mediating technologies – for example film and television – and the representation of the
naturalworld.
Backgroundreading
Gregg Mitman, ‘Cinematic Nature: Hollywood Technology, Popular Culture, and the
AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory’,Isis(1993)84,pp.637-661
Gregg Mitman, Reel Nature: America’s Romance with Wildlife on Film, Cambridge, MA:
HarvardUniversityPress,1999
GailDavies,‘Science,observationandentertainment:competingvisionsofpostwarBritish
naturalhistorytelevision,1946-1967’,Ecumene(2000)7,pp.432-459(27)
Andrew Darley, ‘Simulating natural history: Walking with Dinosaurs as hyper-real
edutainment’,ScienceasCulture(2003)12,pp.227-256
16
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Week10Session186December2016
GrizzlyMan
WatchexcerptsanddiscussWernerHerzog(director),GrizzlyMan,2005
Week11Session1913December2016
EngineeringNature
Thenaturalworldassourceandsubjectofengineering.EngineeringmetaphorfromLoebto
GMOs.Biomimicry.Syntheticbiology.
BackgroundReading:
DavidGeorgeHaskell,‘Fireflies’,inTheForestUnseen,NewYork:Viking,2012
Janine M. Benyus, Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature, New York: Perennial, (1997)
2002
Philip J. Pauly, Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb and the Engineering Ideal in Biology, Oxford:
OxfordUniversityPress,1987
Rebecca Lemov, The World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men, New
York:HillandWang,2005
Jane Calvert, ‘Synthetic biology: constructing nature?’, The Sociological Review (2010) 58,
IssueSupplements1,pp.95–112
17
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Week11Session2013December2016
Rewilding
EssentialReading:
GeorgeMonbiot,‘Mymanifestoforrewildingtheworld’
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/27/my-manifesto-rewilding-world
GeorgeMonbiot,‘15speciesthatshouldbebroughtbacktorewildBritain’
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/15/rewilding-britain-launches-withthe-aim-of-restoring-uks-lost-wildlife-and-habitats
18
HPSC3052 Nature, Technology and the Environment
2016-17 syllabus
Assessment
summary
Description
Deadline
Word limit
50%
Essay 1
10 November
(TBC)
2,500
50%
Essay 2
12 December
(TBC)
2,500
coursework
Pleasechooseessaytitlesfromthelistbelow.Thereadingsuggestionsinthissyllabus
aregoodplacestostart,butyouwillbeexpectedtodrawonawiderrangeof
literature,especiallyenvironmentalhistory/historiographyandhistory/historiography
oftechnology.GoodjournalstobrowseincludeTechnologyandCulture,and
EnvironmentalHistory.
1) Ourspecieswasoncedefinedas“Manthetoolmaker”.Towhatextenthasthis
definitionbeensuccessfullychallenged?Whataretheconsequencesforhistory
oftechnologyandenvironmentalhistoryofearlyhumankind?
2) Surveythehistoryofacommodityofyourchoicewithspecialattentionto
technologicalandenvironmentalissues.
3) AssessCarolynMerchant’sclaimthat“seventeenth-centurysciencecouldbe
implicatedintheecologicalcrisis,thedominationofnature,andthedevaluation
ofwomenintheproductionofscientificknowledge”.
4) CompareandcontrastthecontributionsofhistoriansAlfredCrosbyandDaniel
Headrickasanalystsofimperialism.
5) TowhatextentshouldweagreewithCronon’scritiqueof“wilderness”?
6) Howhasthe‘nature’ofLondonchangedovertime,andwhy?
7) Areanimalsorplantsevertechnologies?
8) Writeahistoricalaccountofaspecificenvironmentalcontroversyovera
technologicalprojectinmodernBritain.
9) Towhatextenthastelevisionshapeditsaudience’sviewofnature?
10) Whataretheprosandconsof“rewilding”inBritainandoneothercountry?
19