XRF 1051
Multiple Element Determination for
Nickel Sulfide Ores by Pressed Powder
Method on Simultix14
nickel mining,
nickel sulfide ore,
Introduction
Nickel is one of the essential base metals in modern
industries. About 60% of nickel is used to make
stainless steel. In the recent years, market price of
nickel metal and volume of primary nickel production
and ore production have been increasing. Therefore,
demand for accurate and fast analysis in laboratory to
determine multiple metal elements in ores is growing.
In the mining sites, laboratories are often required to
perform voluminous analyses such as a few hundred
samples per day. However, wet chemical analysis,
which is conventional analytical technique for multiple
metal determinations, is difficult to perform such a
large number of sample analyses because the method
is time-consuming and requires expertise skill.
Moreover, a large volume of acid waste liquid after the
conventional wet chemical analysis is undesirable load
in many laboratories.
X-ray fluorescence analysis is a well-known technique
to accurately and quickly determine elements in
samples. Pressed powder method in X-ray
fluorescence spectrometry is the best solution in terms
of simplicity on analysis and reduction of
environmental impact. Since sulfide ore has complex
matrix owing to its various mineral assemblages,
appropriate corrections for that matrix effect are
required in XRF analysis. Conventional correction
technique for metals in ores is a method using
1
Multi-channel simultaneous
X-ray fluorescence spectrometer
Simultix14
nickel sulfide ore,
nickel concentrate,
Compton scattering,
pressed powder method,
tube-above optics
Compton scattering as internal standard (Compton
scattering ratio method) but the results were often not
satisfactory for meeting the requirement of the mining
industry. RIGAKU has developed improved Compton
scattering method by integration of theoretical alpha
correction so that analytical result is significantly
improved.
This note demonstrates the improved method to
determine multiple elements in nickel sulfide ores by
pressed powder method, which covers Run-Of-Mine
and concentrate.
Instrument
The Simultix14 is simultaneous wavelength dispersive
X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometer with
multi-channels, which has advantages in high
throughput analysis. The instrument is designed to
provide reliable production control and stability for
routine analysis applications.
The Simultix14 is equipped with a 4 kW X-ray tube and
fixed channels optimized for elements to be measured.
Up to 40 fixed channels are available (option) for
simultaneous analysis. High performance scanning
goniometer channels (option) are also available in
substitution to some fixed channels. Intelligent
Automatic Sample Changer (ASC), capable of placing
up to 48 samples, is optionally available for high
demand jobs.
XRF 1051
The tube-above optics of the Simultix14 minimizes the
contamination from sample break during powder
sample measurements. The tube-above optics enables
sample preparation for pressed pellets without adding
any binding agents or with smaller amounts than usual,
which simplifies sample preparation and is
cost-effective by reducing binding agent usage. The
powder trap attachment avoids trouble on the vacuum
system caused by scattering grains from powder
samples.
The operation software is improved by regarding
daily-use operation. ”Quant Scatter FP” program is a
unique optional function integrated with RIGAKU FP
program. It is available to obtain theoretical alphas for
Compton scattering method applied to heavy element
analysis in ore analysis. The Simultix14 is the first
spectrometer in RIGAKU Simultix family on which
the ”Quant Scatter FP” function is available.
Standards and sample preparation
The standard samples used for calibration were
commercially available 14 certified reference materials
(CRMs). These standards are composed of nickel
sulfide ore and concentrate. The range of nickel
content in these CRMs is wide from 0.406 mass% to
11.7 mass%. Copper, cobalt and iron range from 0.022
mass% to 1.54 mass%, 0.013 mass% to 0.266 mass%
and 6.84 mass% to 45.1 mass%, respectively.
The well-dried (2 hours at 105 degrees C) samples
were ground with a chromium steel container and then
pressed under pressure at 150 kN using sample cups
without binding agent. In general, binding agents affect
analysis results in Compton scattering ratio method.
Therefore, it is strongly advisable to press samples
without binding agents when the Compton scattering
ratio method is applied.
Table 1
Accuracy comparison between correction methods
unit : mass%
Typical accuracy of calibration
Element
Concentration
range
Ni
RIGAKU
correction
Conventional
internal
standard
0.401 – 11.7
0.070
0.12
Cu
0.022 – 1.54
0.019
0.084
Fe
6.84 – 26.9
0.79
2.6
Matrix correction coefficients (alphas) applied to the
matrix correction in the calibrations were theoretically
calculated by the built-in program using FP. The
theoretical alphas for nickel, copper and iron
calibrations were calculated in consideration of the
Compton scattering ratio by the “Quant Scattering FP”
function.
Results
Calibration curves for selected nine components,
which are Ni, Cu, Co, Fe, Ca, S, S, Al and Mg, are
shown in Figure 1. The accuracy of nickel calibration is
excellent as shown in Figure.1 even such a wide
concentration range. The conventional internal
standard method using Compton scattering ratio gives
0.12 mass% of accuracy of calibration for same
concentration range. Table 1 shows comparison
between results applying RIGAKU correction method
and conventional internal standard method. It is
obvious that the accuracy of calibration to which the
RIGAKU correction method is applied is significantly
improved.
Calibration accuracies for all the components
measured in this study are listed in Table 2.
The accuracy is calculated by the following formula.
Measurement and calibration
The Simultix14 with a 4 kW Rh target X-ray tube was
used to measure the element lines of Na, Mg, Al, Si, P,
S, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and As, and Rh-Kα
Compton scattering line. For the Fe-Kα measurement,
attenuator was used to obtain appropriate intensity
without changing tube loading. Counting time for all
element lines was 40 seconds.
Calibration equations for nickel, copper and iron are as
follows.
2
Wi  (AI R  BI R  C)  (1   α j W j )
I R  I i I Compton
αj : theoretical alpha of element j
Wj : weight fraction of element j
Ii : intensity of element i
ICompton : intensity of Rh-Kα Compton line
A, B, C : constants
2
Accuracy 
 C
i
 Ĉ i

2
i
nm
Ci: calculated value of standard sample
Ĉi: reference value of standard sample
n : number of standard samples.
m: degree of freedom (linear 2, quad. 3)
To
demonstrate
measurements were
sulfide ore sample.
standard deviation of
Table 3.
instrumental
precision,
20
also performed with a nickel
The results of average and
each component are shown in
Conclusions
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is rapid, precise and
accurate method to meet the requirements of mining
industry.
XRF 1051
Simultaneous multi-channel system is the best suited
for laboratory on mine site or beneficiation plant, where
voluminous sample analysis is required in a day for
quality and process control.
In this application note, it is demonstrated that
improved correction method using the “Quant Scatter
FP” function, which is the combination of Compton
scattering ratio method and theoretical alpha
correction, is practically applicable for analysis of
nickel sulfide ore and concentrates．
The pressed powder method with RIGAKU’s advanced
correction technology is widely available for mining
industries with higher cost-efficiency and higher
throughput than conventional method
Rigaku Simultix14 has all the features stated above
and is the best system for production and quality
control of nickel ore mining.
Co
Cu
Intensity
Intensity Ratio
Intensity Ratio
Ni
0
12
8
4
Standard Value (mass%)
0
1.8
0.6
1.2
Standard Value (mass%)
Intensity
Intensity Ratio
S
Intensity
0
30
15
45
Standard Value (mass%)
Accuracy
= 0.78 mass%
2
4
6
Standard Value (mass%)
0
20
30
Mg
Intensity
Intensity
Intensity
10
Standard Value (mass%)
Al
Si
Accuracy
= 0.20 mass%
Accuracy
= 0.87 mass%
10
20
Standard Value (mass%)
0.3
0.1
0.2
Standard Value (mass%)
Accuracy
= 0.18 mass%
Accuracy
= 0.79 mass%
0
0
Ca
Fe
0
Accuracy
= 0.007 mass%
Accuracy
= 0.019 mass%
Accuracy
= 0.070 mass%
0
6
2
4
Standard Value (mass%)
Accuracy
= 0.92 mass%
0
10
20
Standard Value (mass%)
Figure 1
Calibration curves of representative components in nickel sulfide ores. Calibration curves of nickel, copper and iron
use Compton scattering ratio with theoretical alpha correction.
3
XRF 1051
Table 2
Accuracy of the calibration curves
Table 3
Result of precision test
unit : mass%
unit : mass%
Element
Concentration
range
Typical accuracy of
calibration
Element
Certified
value
Average of 20
measurements
Std. dev.
RSD%
Ni
0.406 – 11.7
0.070
Ni
0.686
0.716
0.0007
0.10
Cu
0.022 – 1.54
0.019
Cu
0.0222
0.0184
0.0001
0.43
Co
0.013 – 0.266
0.007
Co
0.0131
0.0153
0.00006
0.37
0.0099
0.0060
0.00008
1.2
Zn
0.007 – 2.67
0.005
Zn
As
0.001 – 0.205
0.004
As
0.0146
0.0138
0.00004
0.29
Fe
6.84 – 45.1
0.79
Fe
6.84
6.90
0.006
0.083
Mn
0.027 – 0.126
0.003
Mn
0.101
0.0971
0.0001
0.15
0.216
0.196
0.0003
0.13
Ti
0.039 – 1.07
0.010
Ti
Ca
0.505 – 5.94
0.18
Ca
2.79
2.61
0.003
0.13
K
0.019 – 1.14
0.021
K
1.14
1.10
0.001
0.10
S
1.44 –26.9
0.78
S
1.44
1.74
0.001
0.067
P
0.008 – 0.077
0.002
P
0.026
0.025
0.0008
0.66
Si
4.54 – 24.3
0.87
Si
24.02
23.24
0.009
0.041
Al
0.550 – 6.83
0.20
Al
4.79
4.32
0.002
0.054
Mg
1.18 – 19.6
0.92
Mg
9.59
9.28
0.006
0.073
Na
0.053 – 1.86
0.093
Na
1.01
0.872
0.002
0.20
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