AGARD-AG-160
Volume 11
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
ADVISORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(ORGANISATION DU TRAITE DE L’ATLANTIQUE NORD)
AGARDograph
No. 160 Vol. 11
PRESSURE AND FLOW MEASUREMENT
by
W.Wuest
Vohune 11
of the
AGARD
FLIGHT
TEST INSTRUMENTATION
SERIES
Edited by
A.Pool and K.C.Sanderson
This AGARDograph
has been sponsored by the Flight Mechanics Panel of AGARD.
REPORTDOCUMENTATIONPAGE
3.FurtherReference
5,Originator
Advisory Group for Aerospace Researchand Development
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
7 rue Ancelle, 92200 Neuilly sur Seine, France
6.Title
PRESSURE AND FLOW MEASUREMENT
--.,,
7,Resentedat
Z(.Author(sJ/Editor(sJ
W.Wuest
__-~~
9.Date
July 1980
I. Pages
lO.Author’s/Editor’sAddress
Deutsche Forschungs-und Versuchsanstalt fur Luft136
und Raumfahrt DFVLR
Gottingen, Bundesrepublik Deutschland
I.12.“iStrlb”tlO”
_ -. ..
^statemenr
This document is distributed in accordancewith AGARD
policies and regulations, which are outlined on the
Outside Back Covers of all AGARD publications.
~~.
13.Keywords/Descriptors
-
Flight tests
Test equipment
Flow measurement
Pressuremeasurement
14.Abstract
This AGARDograph is the 11th of the AGARD Flight Test Instrumentation Series,and
discussesthe fundamentals of pressure and flow measurement from the viewpoint of flight
test instrumentation. The evolution of flight test instrumentation systemsduring the last
decade reflects the radical changesin electronic measuring techniques. Nevertheless,the
basic principles of measurement methods are essentially unchangedand the sensorsfor
pressureand flow measurementshave experienced only slight changes. An overview of
modern instrumentation is given with important applications to altitude measurement,
vertical and horizontal speedmeasurement,boundary layer, wake and engine flow measurement. The scope of this AGARDograph is to give self consistent information on the different
techniques and systemsand to give references for a more detailed study of special techniques.
This AGARDograph has been sponsoredby the Flight MechanicsPanel of AGARD.
!
4GARDograph No. I60 - Volume I I
AGARD-AC-I 60 Vol. I I
4dvisory Group for Aerospace Research and
Development, NATO
‘RESSIJRE AND FLOW MEASUREMENT
Flight tests
,y W.Wuest
Test equipment
Flow measurement
PublishedJuly 1980
Pressuremeasurement
136 pages
AGARD-AG-I 60 Vol. 1 I
AGARDograph No.160 - Volume II
Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and
Development, NATO
PRESSURE AND FLOW MEASUREMENT
Flight tests
Test equipment
by W.Wuest
Published July 1980
Flow measurement
Pressuremeasurement
136 pages
rhis AGARDograph is the I I th of the AGARD Flight
rest Instrumentation Series, and discusses the fundamentals of pressure and flow measurement from the
viewpoint of fliit test instrumentation. The evolution
af flight test instrumentation systems during the last
kcade reflects the radical changesin electronic measuring techniques. Nevertheless, the basic principles of
measurement methods are essentially unchanged and
This AGARDograph is the 11th of the AGARD Flight
Test Instrumentation Series, and discusses the iundamentals of pressure and flow measurement from the
viewpoint of flight test instrumentation. The evolution
of flight test instrumentation systems during the last
decade reflects the radical changesin electronic measuring techniques. Nevertheless, the basic principles of
measurement methods are essentially unchanged and
P.T.O.
P.T.O.
AGARD-AC-I 60 Vol. 1I
AGARDograph No. 160 - Volume 11
Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and
Development, NATO
Flight tests
PRESSURE AND FLOW MEASUREMENT
Test equipment
by W.Wuest
Flow measurement
Published July 1980
Pressuremeasurement
136 pages
AGARDograph No. 160 - Volume I I
AGARD-AG-I 60 Vol. 1 I
Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and _
Development, NATO
PRESSURE AND FLOW MEASUREMENT
Flit tests
Test equipment
by W.Wuest
Published July 1980
Flow measurement
Pressuremeasurement
136 pages
This AGARDograph is the 11th of the AGARD Flight
Test Instrumentation Series, and discussesthe fundamentals of pressure and flow measurement “of” the
viewpoint of flight test instrumentation. The evolution
of flight test instrumentation systems during the last
decade reflects the radical changesin electronic measuring techniques. Nevertheless, the basic principles of
measurement methods are essentially unchanged and
This AGARDograph is the 1 Ith of the AGARD Flight
Test Instrumentation Series, and discusses the fundamentals of pressure and flow measurement from the
viewpoint of tliit test instrumentation. The evolution
of flight test instrumentation systems during the last
decade reflects the radical changesin electronic measuring techniques. Nevertheless, the basic principles of
measurement methods are essentially unchanged and
P.T.O.
P.T.O.
the sensorsfor pressure and flow measurements have experienced only slight changes.
An overview of modern instrumentation is given with important applications to altitude measurement, vertical and horizontal speed measurement,boundary layer, wake
and engine flow measurement. The scope of this AGARDograph is to give self consistent information on the different techniques and systems and to give references for a
more detailed study of special techniques.
the sensorsfor pressureand flow measurementshave experienced only slight changes.
An overview of modem instrumentation is given with important applications to altitude measurement, vertical and horizontal speedmeasurement, boundary layer, wake
and engine flow measurement. The scope of this AGARDogmph is to give self consi>
tent information on the different techniques and systems and to give referencesfor a
more detailed study of special techniques.
Thii AGARDograph has been sponsored by the Flight Mechanics Panel of AGARD. This AGARDograph has been sponsored by the Flight Mechanics Panel of AGARD.
ISBN 92-835-1368-l
ISBN 92-835-1368-I
the sensorsfor pressure and flow measurementshave experienced only slight changes. the sensorsfor pressureand flow measurementshave experienced only slight changes.
An overview of modem instrumentation is given with important applications to alti- An overview of modern instrumentation is given with important applications to altitude measurement, vertical and horizontal speed measurement, boundary layer, wake tude measurement, vertical and horizontal speedmeasurement, boundary layer, wake
and engine flow measurement. The scope of this AGARDograph is to give self consis- and engine flow measurement. The rcope of this AGARDograph is to give self consistent information on the different techniques and systems and to give references for a tent information on the different techniques and systems and to give referencesfor a
more detailed study of special techniques.
more detailed study of special techniques.
This AGARDograph has been sponsored by the Flight MechanicsPanel of AGARD. This AGARDograpb has been sponsored by the Fliiht Mechanics Panel of AGARD.
ISBN 92-835-1368-l
ISBN 92-835-1368-i
THE MISSION OF AGARD
The mission of AGARD is to bring together the leading personalities of the NATO nations in the fields of science
and technology relating to aerospacefor the following purposes:
- Exchangim of scientific and technical information;
- Continuously stimulating advancesin the aerospacesciencesrelevant to strengthening the common defence
posture;
- Improving the cc+operation among member nations in aerospaceresearchand development;
- Providing scientific and technical advice and assistanceto the North Atlantic Military Committee in the field
of aerospaceresearchand development;
- Rendering scientific and technical assistance,as requested, to other NATO bodies and to member nations in
connection with researchand development problems in the aerospacefield;
- Providing assistanceto member nations for the purpose of increasing their scientific and technical potential;
- Recommending effective ways for the member nations to use their researchand development capabilities for
the common benefit of the NATO community.
The highest authority within AGARD is the National DelegatesBoard consisting of officially appointed senior
representativesfrom each member nation. The mission of AGARD is carried out through the Panelswhich are
composed of experts appointed by the National Delegates,the Consultant and Exchange Programme and the Aerospace
Applications Studies Programme. The results of AGARD work are reported to the member nations and the NATO
Authorities through the AGARD seriesof publications of which this is one.
Participation in AGARD activities is by invitation only and is normally limited to citizens of the NATO nations.
The content of this publication has been reproduced
directly from material supplied by AGARD or the author.
Published July 1980
Copyright 0 AGARD 1980
All Rights Reserved
ISBN 92-835-1368-l
Printed by Technical Editing and Reproduction Ltd
Harford House, 7-9 Charlotte St, London. WIP IHD
PREFACE
Soon after its founding in 1952, the Advisory Group for Aerospace Researchand
Development recognized the need for a comprehensivepublication on flight test techniques
and the associatedinstrumentation. Under the direction of the AGARD Flit Test Panel
(now the Flight MechanicsPanel), a Flight Test Manual was published in the years 1954 to
1956. The Manual was divided into four volumes: I. Performance, II. Stability and Control,
HI. Instrumentation C&log, and IV. Instrumentation Systems.
Since then flight test instrumentation has developed rapidly in a broad field of sophisticated techniques. In view of this development the Flight Test Instrumentation Group of the
Flight MechanicsPanel was asked in 1968 to update Volumes 111and IV of the Flight Test
Manual. Upon the advice of the Group, the Panel decided that Volume 111would not be
continued and that Volume IV would be replaced by a seriesof separately published monographs on selectedsubjects of flight test instrumentation: The AGARD Flight Test
Instrumentation Series. The first volume of the Seriesgives a general introduction to the
basic principles of flight test instrumentation engineeringand is composed from contributions by severalspecialized authors. Each of the other volumes provides a more detailed
treatise by a specialist on a selectedinstrumentation subject. Mr W.D.Mace and Mr A.Pool
were willing to accept the responsibility of editing the Series,and Prof. D.Bosman assisted
them in editing the introductory volume. In 1975 Mr K.C.SandersonsucceededMr Mace as
an editor. AGARD was fortunate in finding competent editors and authors willing to
contribute their knowledge and to spend considerable time in the preparation of this Series.
It is hoped that this Serieswill satisfy the existing need for specializeddocumentation
in the field of flight test instrumentation and as such may promote a better understanding
between the flight test engineer and the instrumentation and data processingspecialists.
Such understanding is essential for the efficient design and execution of flight test programs.
The efforts of the Flight Test Instrumentation Group members (l.Moreau CEV/FR,
H.Bothe DFVLR/GE, J.T.M. van Doom and A.Pool NLRINE, E.J.Norris A&AEE/UK,
K.C.Sandenon NASA/US) and the assistanceof the Flight MechanicsPanel in the preparation of this Series are greatly appreciated.
F.N.STOLIKER
Member, Flight MechanicsPanel
Interim Chairman, Flight Test
Instrumentation Group
-
SUMMARY
The evolution
of flight
test instrumentation
systems during the last decade
reflects
the radical
changes of electronic
measuring techniques.
Nevertheless
the basic
principles
of measurement methods are essentially
unchanged and the sensors for flow
and preSSurS measurements have experienced
only Slight
changes. The fundamentals
of flow
and pressure measurements are explained
from the viewpoint
of flight
test instrumentation
An overview of modern instrumentation
is given with important
applications
to altitude
measurement, vertical
and horizontal
speed measurement, boundary layer,
wake and engine
flow measurement. The scope Of this m.Snual is to give self-consistent
information
on the
different
techniques
and systems and to give references
for a more detailed
study of
special
techniques.
ACKNOWLEDQEMENT
Mr. P. PartSSch (formerly
Dornier)
co-operated
with the author during the early stages
of the writing
of this AGARDograph. Edited versions
of his contributions
have been incorporated
in Sections 3.1, 3.5 and 6.4 of this AGARDograph.