gamoCenili adamianebi
leonardo
da vinCi
1452-1519
giorgi xoStaria
xelovneba suliT-goniTi kulturis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
sfero, adamianTa yofierebis mudmivi Tanmdevia drosa da sivrceSi.
ar arsebobs qveyana, regioni Tu xalxi, eTnosi, epoqa Tu periodi,
rom ar mimdinareobdes SemoqmedebiTi procesi, rac saerTo jamSi
qmnis xelovnebis istoriis mSvenier, mdidar da mravalferovan su­
raTs. amasTan, xelovnebis istoriis dineba ar aris sworxazovani da
Tanabarzomieri; aris SemoqmedebiTi aqtiurobiT da miRwevebiT,
mxatvruli cxovrebis intensivobiT gamorCeuli periodebi.
avtoportreti, daaxl.1512, turin­
is samefo biblioTeka, italia.
8
xelovnebis da, saerTod, kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi ase­
Ti etapia aRorZinebis xana, e.w. renesansi, romelic Camoya­lib­­da
dasavleT evropaSi XV-XVI saukuneebSi. aqac aqtiurobis mxriv ga­
morCeulia xan erTi, xan meore dasavleTevropuli regioni, gan­
sakuTrebiT ki – italia, italiaSi – toskanis olqi, toskanaSi
– florencia. toskanur-florenciulma skolam mogvca mravali
SesaniSnavi nimuSi plastikur-vizualur xelovnebaSi – xuroT­
moZRvrebaSi, qandakebaSi, mxatvrobaSi. sakmarisia vaxsenoT iseTi
udidesi figurebi, rogorc joto (jer kidev gardamaval xanaSi
Sua saukuneebidan renesansze, e.w. protorenesansSi – XIV s.), brune­
leski, mazaCo, donatelo, girlandaio, botiCeli, miqelanjelo,
rafaeli (aRar vasaxeleb mraval mSvenier, uniWieres Semoqmeds,
magali­Tad, kastanio, uCelo da sxv.). am SemoqmedTa rigSi gansa­
saidumlo seroba, 1498, santa maria
dele gracie, milani, italia.
kuTrebuli adgili ukavia leonardo da vinCis, rogorc Tavisi is­
toriuli mniSv­
nelobiT, ise TavisTavadi mxatvrul-esTetikuri
RirebulebiT.
istoriuli Rirebuleba gulisxmobs, rom mxatvari Tavis
SemoqmedebaSi ayenebs da wyvets iseT mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT amocanebs, romelTa gareSe warmoudgenelia xelovnebis
istoriis rogorc wina periodis ganviTareba, ise Semdgomi
etapis Camoyalibeba, anu mxatvris Semoqmedeba aris absoluturad aucilebeli rgoli, etapi, istoriuli procesis, misi
evoluciuri svlisa. am rgols verafriT ver amoiReb, ver daZrav mxatvrobis istoriis saerTo suraTidan, misi logikidan.
amasTan, WeSmariti Semoqmedis, mxatvris, am SemTxvevaSi leonar­
dos, Semoqmedebas aqvs TavisTavadi mxatvrul-esTetikuri Rire­
buleba da amis aRsaqmelad ar aris aucilebeli misi maincdamainc
istoriul konteqstSi ganxilva. anu leonardos mxatvruli pro­
duqcia genialuria TavisTavad da amis aRsaqmelad ar aris saWiro
imis gaTvaliswineba, ra iyo manamde, anu ras da rogor aviTarebs
leonardo, da arc imis, Tu ras daedo safuZvlad misi Semoqmede­
ba. arian mxatvrebi, romelTa istoriuli mniSvneloba sWarbobs maT
sufTa TavisTavad esTetikur Rirebulebas, aseTia, mag., karavajo
9
gamoCenili adamianebi
(1571-1610) (cnobilia, rom man didi gavlena iqonia iseT mxatvreb­
zec, romelTa produqciis esTetikuri Rirebuleba metia mis, kara­
vajos, mxatvrobaze – mag., rubensze, velaskesze, garkveulwilad
rembrantzec), anda, piriqiT, arian didi Semoqmedebi, romlebic
asruleben did etaps da maT Semdgom uSualod maTi gamgrZeleble­
bi aRar Cndebian, Tumca zogadad maTi gavlena mxatvrebze, Tundac
saukuneebis Semdeg, didia (igive rembranti, velaskesi). leonardo
ki miekuTvneba, rogorc aRvniSneT, im iSviaT mxatvarTa rigs, ro­
melTa Rirebuleba uaRresad didia rogorc istoriul, ise Tavis­
Tavad konteqstSi (am iSviaT mxatvarTa rigSi udavod aris, maga­
liTad, sezani).
rodesac vmsjelobT romelime mxatvrul fenomenze, gasaTvalis­
winebelia ramdenime specifikuri, arsebiTi faqtori. erTi mxriv,
mxatvrul nawarmoebs qmnis subieqti, individi da is gansazRvravs
bevrwilad mis mTavar Rirsebas – erTaderTobas da ganumeoreblo­
bas, mis SemoqmedebiT bunebas, axlis qmnadobas (mecnieri ar qmnis,
is aRmoaCens ara erTaderTs da ganumeorebels, aramed sayovelTa­
od kanonzomiers).
amasTan, mxatvruli fenomenis ukan, mis fundamentSi Zevs `koleqtiuri me~, anu misi gansazRvruloba im dakveTiT, romelsac iZleva epoqa da eTnosi, im faseulobebiT, romelic momdinareoben am epoqidan, eTnosidan. yovelgvari mxatvruli
fenomeni iqmneba am faseulobaTa safuZvelze, TavisTavad es
faseulobebi mxatvrobis enaze gadayvanis gareSe rCeba zogad
ideebad. am gadayvanaSi, anu garkveuli faseulobebis warmodgenaSi, kompoziciaSi, ageba-modelirebaSi (anu naxatSi
specifikur-profesionaluri gagebiT), ferSi, tonSi, xazSi,
ritmSi, taqtSi, kontrastSi, simetriisa da wonasworobis
sxva­dasxva saxeSi mxatvars exmareba skola, kerZod da ufro
farTod – is garemo, romelSic mas uwevs cxovreba da moRvaweoba.
lorenco mediCi (1449 – 1492)
florenciis respublikis mmarT­
veli.
10
am zogadi istoriul-kulturuli fonis, niadagis, Tvalsaz­
risiTac leonardosTan uaRresad maRal dones vxedavT. kerZod,
leonardo ibadeba florenciis maxloblad, daba vinCisTan, da igi
aris florencieli notariusis `ukanono~ Svili. pirvel rigSi unda
naTlad warmovidginoT florenciis fenomeni italiis da saerTod
kacobriobis istoriaSi. igi jer kidev feodalizmis wiaRSia, magram
XIII s-Si isini uars amboben feodalur wodebriv diferencirebaze
da qalaqs marTaven mdidari ojaxebi (piti, stroci, tornabuoni
da sxv.). XV s-Si florencias rkinis xeliT, magram moqnilad da
gonivrulad, marTavs mediCebis ojaxi, jer – kozmi mediCi, mere –
lorenco brwyinvaled wodebuli (florenciis – toskanis centris
madona lita, 1490-1491, ermitaJi,
sanqt-peterburgi, ruseTi.
11
gamoCenili adamianebi
– mniSvneloba rom warmovidginoT, moviyvan erT magaliTs: XIII s-Si
inglisis mefem uari uTxra erT-erT ojaxs (pitis) didi valis dab­
runebaze. ojaxi gakotrda da aman mTel dasavleT evropaSi gamoiw­
via finansuri krizisi).
kvatroCento italiurad
niSnavs 400-s. am terminiT moixse­
nieba adreuli renesansis, kvat­
roCentos mxatvruli stilebi.
momdevno saukunis maRali rene­
sansis periods ki, Sesabamisad,
uwodeben CinkveCentos, rac 500-s
niSnavs.
axali sociumi, moqalaqe win wamowevs axal faseulobebs. qris­
tianoba, ra Tqma unda, rCeba faseulobaTa ZiriTad ganmsazRvre­
lad, magram TviT qristianoba iZleva aqcentebis gadaadgilebis
saSualebas. qristianobis, rogorc religiis (anu rwmenaze dam­
yarebuli msoflxedvis), qvakuTxedi dogmatia rwmena gankace­
bul RmerTSi, anu qriste aris rogorc srulyofili RmerTi, ise
srulyo­fili adamiani. qalaqis da, miT umetes, dasavleT evropuli
qalaqis yofaSi udides rols TamaSobs racionaluri azrovneba (me­
vaxSe – Tanamedrove bankiris winapari, sxvadasxva profesiis ostati
ver ifunqcionirebs warmatebulad racionaluri midgomis gareSe).
aqedan modis garkveuli dapirispireba Sua saukuneebis asketizmsa
da adamianis, rogorc RmerTis qmnilebis, faseulobis zrdas So­
ris, rac rogorc sulier, ise materialur, sagnobriv-sxeulebriv
planSi vlindeba. cxadia, es asaxvas hpovebs vizualur-plastikur
xelovnebebSic – xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, qandakebaSi, mxatvrobaSi (ise­
ve, rogorc literaturaSi – dante, petrarka, bokaCo). jer kidev
XIII-XIV s-Si isaxeba gardamavali periodi, romlis yvelaze maRali
gamoxatulebaa mxatvrobaSi joto di bondone (1267-1337).
joto saTaves udebs did florenciel mxatvarTa mTel rigs.
aRorZinebis xanas XV s. dasawyisSi safuZveli Cauyares e.w. rene­
sansis mamebma: bruneleskim (xuroTmoZRvrebaSi), donatelom (qan­
dakebaSi), mazaCom (mxatvrobaSi). siaxle, rac maT moitanes da rac
safuZvels iZleva, rom swored maTi SemoqmedebiT iwyebodes re­
nesansi, aris proporciuli sistema, mimarTebaTa dacva, rasac
efuZneba samyaros proporciuli asaxva (es principi – mimarTebaTa
dacva – yvelaze arsebiTi da fuZemdebluri iqneba evropuli mxatv­
robisaTvis XIX s. 80-ian wlebamde. kerZod, sezanamde da, garkveul
aspeqtSi, van gogamde).
renesansis cneba Camoyalibda XVI s-Si italiaSi. renesansi –
frangulad da rinasimento an rinaSita italiurad niSnavs
xelmeored dabadebas da igulisxmeba antikuri, berZnul-romauli samyaros aRorZineba da dapirispireba Sua saukuneebTan faseulobiTa Tu formalur-enobriv planSi.
qalis portreti, daaxl. 1508,
parmis erovnuli galerea.
12
adamiani, misi fizikur-materialuri Tu sulieri TvisebebiT,
xdeba mTavari faseuloba samyaros proporciul-materialur asax­
vaSi. amasTan, warsuli epoqis, kulturis sruli gameoreba SeuZle­
belia. qristianobas, misi sulis pirveladobis principiT, ar SeeZ­
leonardo da vinCi
lo ukvalod Caevlo – ase rom, saqme gvaqvs Tavisebur sinTezTan,
romelsac xatovnad Semdegnairad gansazRvraven:
renesansi aris qristianuli suli antikur sxeulSi.
es yvelaze zogadi da arsebiTi principi erTbaSad ver gamovlin­
deboda mxatvrul-meTodologiurad srulyofil formaSi. misi
Camoyalibeba gansazRvravda renesansuli mxatvrobis istoriul
svlas da swored am procesSi iTamaSa am idea-faseulobebis srulyo­
fili gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT udidesi roli leonardo da vinCim.
rogorc yvela geniosis Semoqmedeba, leonardos moRvaweobaSic
aris paradoqsuli momenti. igi daibada 1452 w., anu adrindeli re­
nesansis, e.w. kvatroCentos, SuaSi, mis, SeiZleba iTqvas, wiaRSi da
savsebiT logikuri iqneboda, rom is yofiliyo adrindeli renesan­
sis, kvatroCentos met-naklebad tipuri warmomadgeneli, rogorc,
magaliTad, botiCeli, romelic masze mxolod 6 wliT iyo ufrosi.
maRali renesansis didi sameulidan centralur italiaSi (vene­
cia ufro calke dgas) miqelanjelo (daibada 1475 w.) leonardoze
23 wliT iyo umcrosi, xolo rafaeli – sulac 31 wliT (daibada
1483 w.), anu leonardo, maRali renesansis pirveli warmomadgene­
li, romelic, rogorc maRali renesansis udidesi figura, swored
miqelanjelosTan da rafaelTan erTad ganixileba, miekuTvneba
sxva, ufro wina Taobas. am erTgvari paradoqsis axsna isev leonar­
dos personaSi unda veZeboT. leonardo iwyebs Semoqmedebas XV s-is
70-iani wlebidan, magram misi Semoqmedeba aris ara ubralod arse­
buli adrerenesansuli miRwevebis Tundac Zalian saintereso vari­
reba (rogorc girlandaiosTan an botiCelisTan), aramed saocrad
mizandasaxuli, TandaTanobiTi, magram Zalian mkafiod gamoxatu­
li svla maRali renesansis principebisken. leonardos istoriuli
mniSvnelobis gasagebad aucilebelia am svlis, am Ziebebis da, rac
mTavaria, mignebebis naTeli gaazreba da aRqma.
jer erTi, unda kargad davinaxoT, rom leonardo eyrdnoba
adrindeli renesansis miRwevebs, rac pirvel rigSi gamoixateba
sagnobrivi formis agebis maRal doneSi, imaSi, rasac safuZveli
Cauyares donatelom da mazaCom. amisaTvis leonardos SesaniSnavi
pirobebi mieca. igi mamamisma miabara adrindeli renesansis cnobi­
li moqandakisa da mxatvris andrea verokios saxelosnoSi, sadac
igi, ra Tqma unda, SesaniSnav skolas gaivlida. garda amisa, TviTon
florencia iyo saocari skola. praqtikulad yovel nabijze SegeZ­
lo genaxa, aRgeqva, gageazrebina didi ostatebis mier Seqmnili
Sedevrebi mxatvrobasa Tu qandakebaSi. garda fuZemdebluri xe­
lovanebisa (donatelosa da mazaCosi), leonardos wynarad SeeZlo
enaxa uCelos, kastanios, filipo lipis, venecianos, fra beato an­
jelikos da sxvaTa Zalian maRali donis namuSevrebi. leonardos
sandro botiCeli (1444-1510)
– italieli mxatvari, florenci­
uli skola, adreuli renesansis
periodi.
miqelanjelo buonaroti
(1475-1564) – italiuri renesansis
periodis moqandake, mxatvari,
arqiteqtori da poeti.
rafael santi (1483-1520) – mxat­
vari da arqiteqtori, italiuri
maRali renesansis florenciis
skolis warmomadgeneli.
13
gamoCenili adamianebi
genialuroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi xedavda, Tu ra unda aeRo
am uzarmazari memkvidreobidan da ra, piriqiT, daeZlia da axali
gadawyveta moenaxa.
jorjo vazaris (renesansis pirveli istorikosis) mixedviT,
leonar­
dos uadres namuSevarTa ricxvs miekuTvneba patara ange­
lozis gamosaxuleba maswavleblis, andrea verokios `naTliscemaSi~.
vazari gviyveba legendas imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos verokio imdenad
gaocebula leonardos namuSevriT, rom gadauwyvetia mxolod qanda­
kebiT dakavebuliyo (igi marTla brwyinvale moqandake iyo).
pirveli damoukidebeli namuSevari – `xareba” – leonardom Seasru­
la 70-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi da igi jer kidev tipuri adrere­
nesansuli nimuSia. suraTs udavod aqvs Tavisi poetika, saxovaneba –
pirvel rigSi, maxarobeli angelozis gamosaxulebidan gamomdinare.
andrea verokios `naTlisReba~,
marcxena patara angelozi, 14721475, uficis galerea, florencia.
leonardo Tu vlindeba, upirvelesad, albaT, misi siluetis lamaz,
faqiz ritmul dinebaSi, magram kompoziciurad suraTi moklebulia
organul mTlianobas, rac savsebiT tipuria am periodisaTvis (adrin­
deli renesansisaTvis). kompozicia gadatvirTulia meorexarisxo­
vani detalebiT rogorc fonze, ise calkeul sagnebSi da, rac mTa­
varia, angelozsa da mariams Soris kontaqti ar myardeba. isini TiTqos
mowyvetili arian erTmaneTs da damoukideblad arseboben.
70-iani wlebis miwurulisTvis, albaT, 1478 w. Sesrulebul e.w.
`benuas madonaSi~ (igive madona yvaviliT) ukve aSkarad Cans win ga­
dadgmuli nabiji. mTavari siaxle, miRweva mdgomareobs mariamisa
da yrma iesos urTierTdakavSirebaSi, erTian moZraobaSi, Sekvra­
Si, Tumca namuSevari jer kidev Seicavs mTel rig minusebs – bavS­
vi zedmetad didia, TiTqmis dedis tolia, ukana planze, kedelze,
fanj­ris moxazuloba zedmetad xistia, `gamoWrili~.
madona benua, anu madona yvaviliT,
1475-1478, ermitaJi, sanqt-peter­
burgi, ruseTi.
14
80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi leonardo qmnis or dausrulebel, mag­
ram uaRresad mniSvnelovan namuSevars `wm. ieronimes~ da `mogvTa
Tayvaniscemas~. orive suraTi moklebulia feradovan fenas, sama­
gierod kargad aRiqmeba sagnobrivi formis plastikuri, tipuri
rkaliseburi ritmika, romelic erTian formaSi kravs gamosaxu­
lebas, da Zalian saintereso (Tumca, jer kidev arasrulyofili)
kompozicia, gansakuTrebiT `mogvTa TayvaniscemaSi~. kompozici­
is ukana plani aSkarad gadatvirTulia sxvadasxva gamosaxulebiT,
romelTac ar gaaCniaT araviTari kavSiri. pirvel rigSi vgulisx­
mob mxatvrul kavSirs wonasworobaSi, ritmSi, suraTis organize­
baSi kompoziciis mTavar nawilTan, kerZod, wina planze gamosaxul
mogvTa Tayvaniscemis scenasTan. swored es mTavari scena gvivlens
axal midgomas, pirvel rigSi, figurebis ganlagebis Tu urTierT­
dakavSirebis TvalsazrisiT. mariami yrmiT centrSia, odnav siRr­
meSi Caweuli erTgvarad distancirebuli mogvebisagan, mogvebi
leonardo da vinCi
Tayvaniscemis pozaSi ixrebian da es kompoziciuri jgufi mkafiod
ikvreba samkuTxa-piramidul formaSi (e.w. klasikuri samkuTxedi),
rac mkafiod gawonasworebul formas aZlevs mTavar plastikur
aqcentebs, rasac ukve Semoaqvs harmonizebis gancda. garda amisa,
mTavari azrobrivi aqcentebi ara marto gamoiyofa erTmaneTi­sagan
zomierad, rac naTeli aRqmis saSualebas iZleva, aramed lamazad
ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs plastikuri ritmiT. gansakuTrebiT mkafio
da efeqturia es ritmi jgufis marjvena nawilSi: mariami rbilad da
Tan metyvelad xris Tavs marjvniv, mis kalTaSi mjdomi yrma ieso ga­
nagrZobs am ritms gawvdili xeliT, xolo es ritmi gadaecema ukve
misken daCoqil mogvs, romelic saCuqrad raRac Zvirfass awvdis ie­
sos. ritmi – es xasiaTia xelovnebis nebismier dargSi (musika, lit­
eratura, gansakuTrebiT poezia, cekva). igi SeiZleba iyos Zalian
mravalferovani Tavisi xasiaTiT, magaliTad, elementaruli aRqmis
mqone adamians ar SeeSleba erTmaneTisgan xorumis Tu Strausis
valsis TavisTavad Zalze metyveli ritmebi; igive SeiZ­leba iTqvas
galaqtionis da muxran maWavarianis ritmuli wyobis Sesaxeb da
praqtikulad yvela mxatvrul nawarmoebs aqvs misi macocxlebeli
ritmika.
wm. ieronime, 1480-1482, vatikanis
pinakoTeka, vatikani.
mogvTa Tayvaniscema, 14811482, uficis galerea,
floren­cia.
15
gamoCenili adamianebi
oTxmociani wlebis dasawyisSi leonardo iRebs dakveTas da
iwyebs muSaobas Tavis etapobriv suraTze `madona mRvimeSi~. am
suraT­ze igi Zalian didxans muSaobs, albaT pauzebiT, da asrulebs
mas mxolod 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi milanSi. pauzebisas igi
qmnis kidev ramdenime namuSevars, magaliTad, `litas madonas~, mag­
ram Cven amaze aRar SevCerdebiT, vinaidan `madona mRvimeSi~-s mniS­
vneloba metad didia. 1483 wlidan leonardo miemgzavreba milanSi,
milanis hercogis ludoviko sforcas, morod wodebulis, karze.
madona mRvimeSi, 1490,
luvri, parizi.
16
leonardo da vinCi
SemogvrCa saintereso werili, sadac CamoTvlilia is mravalricx­
ovani sferoebi, romlebSic SeeZlo leonardos moRvaweoba. esaa:
samxedro-sainJinro saqme, arqiteqtura, qandakeba da bolos mi­
TiTebulia, rom ferwerac kargad SeuZlia. milanSi mas daevala
gaekeTebina lodoviko moros mamis cxenosani qandakeba. am qanda­
kebaze man, rogorc sCveoda, didxans imuSava. nimuSze xangrZ­livi
muSaoba pirvel rigSi ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom igi yovelT­
vis axlis ZiebaSi iyo. igi gauTaveblad xvewda da aRrmavebda Tav­
is namuSevrebs. samwuxarod, man ver moaswro qandakebis bolomde
miyvana. ufro zustad, man TixaSi gaakeTa cxenosani qandakeba, ma­
gram ve­Rar moaswro misi brinjaoSi Camosxma. 1499 wels milanSi
Semovidnen frangebi, romelTac omi hqondaT lodovikosTan da
arbaletebis samizned gaixades TavianTi mtris cxenosani qandake­
ba. samwuxarod, Cven davkargeT yvela varaudiT Zalian saintereso,
Tavisi gadawyvetiT novatoruli cxenosani qandakeba. Semogvr­
Ca Canaxatebi da patara brinjaos qandakeba, romelic budapeStis
muzeumSi inaxeba. novatorulia cxenis yalyze Semdgari warmodge­
na da amdenad, mxolod or sayrdenze dayeneba. wonasworoba miiR­
weva mxedris da cxenis Tav-kisris masebis urTierTdapirispirebiT.
nimuSi Sesrulebulia ukve XVI s-is dasawyisSi, etyoba, leonardos
mowafeebis mier, Tumca mainc SeigrZnoba leonardoseuli plasti­
kuri, morkalur formaTa metyveleba.
milanis periodidan mainc yvelaze mniSvnelovania misi fer­
weruli namuSevrebi. milanSi asrulebs igi `madona mRvimeSi~-s. es
nawarmoebi miCneulia maRali renesansis pirvel nimuSad. mTavari
kompoziciuri jgufi mkafiod jdeba harmoniul, gawonasworebul
samkuTxa-piramidul formatSi. moZraobebi, plastika Zalze daxve­
wili da metyvelia. aqve ukve naTlad Cans leonardos mxatvrobis
unikaluri wyobis niSani, uaRresad faqizi SuqCrdili, e.w. `sfu­
mato~, anu bindi, romelic miiReba formaTa virtuozuli, rbili
mode­lirebiT. aseT sifaqizes da sizustes formaTa damuSaveba­
Si Cven veravisTan vnaxavT. renesansSi, rafaelTan an miqelanje­
losTan, saerTod ar aris haerovneba, XVII s-Si farTod vrceldeba
sxvada­
sxva tipis SuqCrdili, magram plastikur-momrgvalebul
formaTa aseT faqiz modelirebas veravisTan SexvdebiT. bevri
ram leo­nardos miRwevebidan naxatsa da kompoziciaSi safuZvlad
daedeba maRal renesanss, pirvel rigSi, miqelanjelos da rafa­
els, magram leonardos sfumato darCeba unikalur movlenad. igi,
cxadia, wyobiseul sxva gadawyvetebTan erTad mniSvnelovan rols
iTamaSebs leonardos Sedevrebis SeqmnaSi – pirvel rigSi, iseT uni­
kalur qmni­lebebSi, rogoricaa `saidumlo seroba~ da `mona liza~.
`saidumlo seroba~ Sesrulebulia milanis santa maria dela
gracies monastris satrapezos erT-erT kedelze. freska dasrul­
cxenosani, budapeStis muzeumi,
ungreTi.
ludoviko sforca, anu ludoviko
moro (1452-1508) – milanis hercogi,
renesansis epoqis cnobili dinasti­
is – sforcebis warmomadgeneli.
17
gamoCenili adamianebi
mona liza, 1503-1505,
luvri, parizi.
18
leonardo da vinCi
da 1498 wels. am nawarmoebSi pirvelad Seesxa xorci moTxovnas,
romelic Camoayaliba XV saukunis didma xuroTmoZRvarma da Teo­
retikosma leon batista albertim: `kargi nawarmoebi aris is, ro­
melsac verafers gamoakleb an miumateb~. es moTxovna gulisxmobs,
rom yvela aqcenti, yvela gamosaxuleba aris aucileblobiT kav­
SirSi erTmaneTTan, rac iZleva srulyofil mxatvrul mTlianobas.
leonardos eqsperimentebis gamo saRebavma male daiwyo Camocve­
na. restavraciis mravalricxovanma mcdelobam mxolod uaryo­
fiTi Sedegi mogvca. dRes freska sagrZnoblad aris dazianebuli
da SeZlebisdagvard gamagrebulia (sakmarisia iTqvas, rom viRac
ugunurma monazvnebma karic ki gaWres da daazianes freskis qveda
nawili, napoleonis dros ki satrapezo Tavlad gamoiyeneboda...).
arsad ise ar igrZnoba sulieris, mistikuris, RvTaebrivis da
amasTan Rrmad adamianuris iseTi erTianoba, rogorc am monumen­
tur freskaSi (anu `qristianuli suli antikur sxeulSi~). saxare­
bis erT-erTi Zalian mniSvnelovani da, rogorc am wminda wigns axa­
siaTebs, lakoniuri siuJeti araCveulebrivad aris warmodgenili
adekvatur formaSi. evqaristiis dros (`ese ars xorci Cemi... ese ars
sisxli Cemi~), romelic ganasaxierebs RmerTis, rogorc sicocxlis
wyaros, da adamianis, rogorc individualuri, personaluri arse­
bis urTierTobas, mimarTebebs, qriste ambobs: `erT-erTi Tqven­
gani mimcems (gamcems) me~. gadmocemulia kulminaciuri momenti:
qristem ukve warmosTqva Tavisi sakraluri sityvebi, igi RvTaebaa
da Tan sevdiani adamiani, xolo misi mowafeebi reagireben am SemaZr­
wunebel sityvebze. uamravi adamianuri da mistikur-RvTaebrivi
plastebis wamoweva SeiZleba am mokle saxarebiseuli siuJetidan
da Tuki vinmem moaxerxa es, pirvel rigSi es iyo leonardo. uamra­
vi saidumlo seroba daxates manamdec da merec. verc erTi axlos
ver miva leonardosTan siRrmiT, damajereblobiT da mxatvruli
doniT. scena frontaluradaa gaSlili wina planze, rac xazs us­
vams mis reprezentaciul xasiaTs. qriste centrSia da interieris
mkafio perspeqtiuli xazebi mis Tavze fiqsirdeba. uyureb suraTs
da azrad ar mogdis ikiTxo, Tu ratom sxedan yvelani sufris cal
mxares. leonardo iyenebs mxatvrobis organzomilebiani zedapiris
specifikas da scenas mis gaswvriv gaSliT reprezentaciulobas
sZens marTlac saidumlo suraTs. qriste centrSia da mSvidia. da­
narCenebi, yvelani, reagireben, yvela individualurad, xasiaTisda
mixedviT. iuda gamoyofilia zedmeti aqcentebis gareSe. igi erTad­
erTi eydrnoba magidas xeliT, romelSic qisa CaubRujavs da saxe
CrdilSi aqvs. Tormeti mamakaci Tanabrad iyofa jgufebad – orori qristes marjvnidan da marcxnidan. kompozicia savsea emoci­
uri JestikulaciiT, magram mTlianobaSi wonaswordeba, Tan jgu­
fidan jgufze gadasvla xdeba aseve ritmulad, e.w. kontrapostis
evqaristia (berZn. εύχαριστία
– sityva-sityviT niSnavs `sa­
madlobels~), anu liturgia
(Jamiswirva), saidumlo, romlis
Sesrulebisasac locviTa da
monaniebiT ganwmendili morw­
muneebis Sewiruli puri da Rvino
qristes xorcad da sisxlad
gardaiqmneba. Semdeg am pursa da
Rvinos eziarebian morwmunebi
da ramdenadac purisa da Rvinis
yovel nawilSi qriste mTlianad
aris, amdenad evqaristiis aR­
srulebisas morwmuneebi Tavad
qristes eziarebian. evqaristiis
saidumlo ori nawilisagan Sedge­
ba: erTi – purisa da Rvinis uflis
xorcad da sisxlad gadaqceva da
meore – am wminda ZRvenis ziareba.
evqaristias `usisxlo msxverplis
Sewirvasac“ uwodeben.
kontraposti italiuri sityvaa
da gamoiyeneba saxviT xelovnebaSi
adamianis sxeulis im mdgomareobis
aRsaniSnavad, rodesac sxeulis
yvela elementis erTmaneTTan
dapirispirebiT saboloo jamSi
miiRweva wonasworoba, rac figuras
dinamikurobasa da bunebriobas
aniWebs. klasikuri kontrapostis
magaliTia berZeni moqandakis, po­
likletis (Zv.w. 5-4) e.w. `dorifori~
(Subosani).
19
gamoCenili adamianebi
principiT. mag., marjvena samkaciani jgufis marcxena kidura figu­
ra saxiT da taniT Tavis jgufiskenaa mimarTuli, magram xelebiT ga­
davyavarT meore jgufze – dapirispirebisa da Tan gadabmis es prin­
cipi gamoyenebulia oTxive jgufSi, saerTo jamSi viRebT didebul
talRovan ritms, mimarTuls kideebidan centrisken, qristesken.
saocari mravalferovneba da erTianoba, didebuleba da sisadave,
RvTaebrioba da adamianuroba sufevs mTel am scenaSi.
XV s-is miwuruls milanidan wamosuli leonardo brunde­
ba florenciaSi. SedarebiT mokle, daaxloebiT 6-wliani meore
florenciuli periodi Zalian nayofieria leonardosTvis.
pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia, ra Tqma unda, mona liza `jokondas~
portreti. portretebi leonardos adrec hqonda Sesrulebuli,
maT Soris Zalian maRali donis, magaliTad, milanSi `qali siasa­
muriT~, igive CeCilia galerani (krakovis muzeumi), magram mona
liza mainc unikaluri nimuSia, gamorCeuli TviT leonardosTan.
leonardo portretSi aqcents akeTebs ara individualur saxasi­
aTo niSnebis metyvelebaze (rogorc xdeba umetes portretebSi),
aramed qalis da qalurobis zogadi saxis Seqmnaze da fantastiku­
rad gadmogvcems im sinazes da sulier siRrmes, im saidumloebas,
romelic qalSia Cadebuli. yovelive amis miRwevaSi isev mTavar
rols TamaSobs leonardos fantastikuri modelireba, misi rbi­
li tonaluri gradacia, romelic saocrad cocxlad gadmogvcems
Tvalebis siRrmes da msubuq binds, saxis sirbiles, msubuq Crdilebs
Tvalis Tu tuCebis kideebTan. amasTan, suraTi sruliad gawonas­
worebulia. masze ver ityvi, rom Wedavs CarCos, magram arc `yanya­
lebs~ – zomieradaa ganTavsebuli formatSi. aseve ver ityvi, rom
daZabuli zis, magram arc moSvebulia – uWiravs sxeuli. saocrad
natifi TiTebi, romlebzec falangebis naoWebic ki ar gadmoicema,
Tavisuflad devs, arc daZabulad, arc moSvebulad. harmonia da
saidumloebis faqizi sulierebis niuansuri gadmocema saocrad
aris Serwymuli mona lizaSi.
qali siasamuriT, 1483-1990,
krako­vis muzeumi, poloneTi.
20
meore florenciuli periodidan aRsaniSnavia kidev ramdenime
namuSevari. im periodisaTvis, rodesac leonardo florenciaSi
Cadis, iq imyofeboda meore geniosic – miqelanjelo buonaroti da
florenciis meriam gadawyvita moewyo fantastikuri Sejibri: orive
mxatvars, miqelanjelosac da leonardosac, daukveTes seniori­
is, anu meriis kedlebis mosaxatad ori brZolis siuJeti: `brZola
angiarisTan~ – leonardos da `brZola kaSenTan~ – miqelanjelos.
orivem Zalian sainteresod gadawyvita maT winaSe mdgomi amocanebi
da moxatvis win muyaoze Sesrulebuli maTi kompoziciebi gamoifi­
na. es gaxda movlena ara marto florenciisa, aramed mTeli italiis
da garkveulad, evropis cxovrebaSic. am muyaoebis sanaxavad Camo­
leonardo da vinCi
diodnen sxvadasxva qveynidan. mag., XVII saukuneSi rubensma, rome­
lic italiaSi, mantuaSi, imyofeboda, leonardos kompoziciidan
aslebi gaakeTa. samwuxarod, arc muyao SemogvrCa da arc freskebi
Sesrulebula. SemogvrCa sakmaod susti aslebi, samagierod dagvr­
Ca leonardos mier angiaris brZolisaTvis fanqriT Sesrulebuli
naxatebi, ZiriTadad Tavebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi mxatvruli
Rirebuleba iseve, rogorc sxva grafikuli namuSevrebisa, mag.,
leonardos portreti moxucebulobaSi, Zalze didia da SeiZleba
iTqvas, ar Camouvardeba doniT mis ferwerul namuSevrebs.
1505 wlis Semdeg leonardo midis florenciidan da gadadis qa­
laqidan qalaqSi, Tumca didxans arsad Cerdeba. am periodSi misi
mxatv­
roba naklebintensiuri xdeba, asrulebs ramdenime namuSe­
vars, mag., `wm. ioane naTlismcemlis~ saxes – ra Tqma unda, maRal
doneze. Tumca, `mona lizas~, `saidumlo serobis~ da `madona mRvi­
meSi~-s dones mainc ver aRwevs.
angiarisTan brZola, fragmentebi.
samagierod, Zalze intensiuria misi Teoriuli xasiaTis muSaoba.
leonardo gvevlineba rogorc genialuri Teoretikosi, mecnieri,
inJineri gamomgonebeli. swavlobs yvelafers, adamianis anatomias,
cxovelebs, frinvelebs – ainteresebs safreni aparatis Seqmna, aqvs
tankis, vertmfrenis, wyalqveSa navis modelebi – ubralod, im dros
ar iyo meqanikuri Zravebi da maTi ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iyo.
dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom misi Semoqmedeba bevrwilad iyo gak­
veTili miqelanjelosa (gansakuTrebiT naxatSi) da rafaelisTvis
(romelic pirdapir aviTarebs mis kompoziciur principebs).
leonardo gardaicvala safrangeTSi, avinionSi, sadac im dros
iyo italiuri diaspora da papis sasaxlec (erT dros papi frangebma
waiyvanes – cnobili avinionis tyveoba).
`madona mRvimeSi~ da `mona liza~ leonardos mudam Tan dahqon­
da. man mSvenivrad icoda maTi fasi da ar undoda maTTan ganSoreba.
Znelia gadaWarbebiT Seafaso am saocari xelovanis, mecnieris,
moazrovnis, unikaluri pirovnebis roli msoflio xelovnebasa da
kulturaSi.
avinionis tyveoba – 1309-1377 ww.
papebis rezidencia iyo ara romSi,
aramed avinionSi (safrangeTi).
1305 wels romis papi klement V,
rome­lic frangi iyo, konklavze
(kaTolikuri eklesiis kardinalTa
kolegiis Sexvedra) airCies safran­
geTis mefe filip IV-is mxardaWe­
riT. mas uwodes `frangebis papi~
da man 1309 wels papis rezidencia
romidan avinionSi gadaitana, riTac
daiwyo e.w. `papebis tyveoba~ (1377
wlamde).
21