Family of Elements
by: Nick Machado
Period:4th
Physical Science
Hydrogen (H)
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1 Valence electron
Positive 1 cation
Atomic number is 1
Hydrogen symbol is H
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Hydrogen is not a metal it is placed with group 1 because it has one
Valence electron.
Hydrogen is the lightest and the simplest element on the periodic table.
Hydrogen is reactive with gases in the atmosphere.
The sun is made of 75% Hydrogen.
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Group 1: Alkaline Metals
● Form a positive 1 cation.
● Have 1 Valence Electron.
● They are soft and shiny metals that react
violently with water.
● very reactive and can cause burns to body.
Lithium (Li)
● Atomic number is 3.
● Lithium is in this group because it has 1 Valence electron.
● When put to a flame, lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color,
but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.
● Lithium does not occur freely in nature.
● Lithium has the highest specific heat of any solid element and is
ideal for heat transfer.
● It is highly corrosive and requires careful handling.
Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals
● Alkaline Earth Metals have 2 Valence electrons.
● They may react with different elements to form +2
Cations.
● These elements are very reactive. Because of their
reactivity, the Alkaline Metals are not found free in
nature.
● Contains soft, silver metals that are less metallic in
character than the Group 1 elements
Magnesium (Mg)
● Atomic number is 12.
● Magnesium is in this group because it has 2 valence
electrons.
● The element was even used to make incendiary bombs.
● Magnesium is flammable.
● The metal can be mixed with other metals,
particularly aluminum.
● Main uses is for flares and fireworks
Groups 3-12: Transition Metals
● They can lose electrons to form positive ions.
● Valence electrons are unpredictable in these groups.
● Often used in jewelry because they can be stretched
and like all metals they are shiny.
Gold (Au)
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Atomic number is 79.
Gold is in this group because its number of valence electrons is
unpredictable.
Its been used to make jewelry since at least 4000 B.C.
Gold is malleable and shiny, making it a good metalworking material.
Veins of gold mined from the earth are the result of hot fluids flowing
through gold-bearing rock.
Two-thirds of the world's gold is mined in South Africa, according to
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Group 13: Boron Family
● Elements in this family have 3 Valence Electrons.
● They may react with other elements to form +3
cations.
● Boron is used in detergents.
● Aluminum is the most common metal in the Earth’s
Outer
Layer.
Aluminum (Al)
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Atomic number is 13.
Aluminum is in this group because it has 3 Valence Electrons.
This element is the second-most abundant metallic element in Earth's crust
after Silicon.
It's used in soda cans and other packaging, in aircraft and automobiles,
and even in the iPhone 6.
Recycling aluminum takes only 5 percent of the energy needed to extract
new aluminum from ore.
Aluminum's longest-lasting radioactive isotope, has a half-life of about
730,000 years.
Group 14: Carbon Family
● Elements of this family have 4 valence electrons.
● They don't form ions they share electrons.
● Carbon is found in all living substances and in many
synthetic
● Tin is used to coat steel in making rust proof cans.
Carbon (C)
● Atomic number is 6.
● Carbon is in this group because it has 4 valence
electrons.
● Symbol for Carbon is C.
● Carbon is the basis of life.
● Carbon is made in the interiors of stars.
● Carbon melts at 3800 degrees Celsius, which is the
highest melting point of any element.
● Carbon can form with other substances making millions
of compounds.
Group 15: Nitrogen Family
● Elements in this family have 5 valence electrons.
● Elements form an anion with -3 charge.
● Pure nitrogen consists as a gas. it combines with
carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen to form explosives.
● Phosphorus is a solid which can be yellow or red.
Arsenic (As)
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Atomic number is 33.
Arsenic symbol is As.
Arsenic is in this group because it has 5 valence electrons.
Arsenic sulfides and oxides have been known since ancient
times.
● Arsenic is often used as a doping agent for solid-state
devices.
● Arsenic has been used as a poison in history but is easily
detectable.
● Known for its bright yellow color.
Group 16: Oxygen Family
● Elements have 6 valence electrons.
● form an anion with -2 charge.
● Oxygen is the most common element in the earth’s
outer layer.
Oxygen (O)
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Atomic number is 8.
Oxygen symbol is O.
Oxygen is in this group because it has 6 valence electrons.
Odorless, colorless gas has eight protons in the nucleus.
One fifth of the Earth's atmosphere is made up of oxygen.
Pale blue in its liquid and solid states.
Most reactive of the non-metallic elements.
Group 17: Halogen Family
● Elements have 7 valence electrons.
● Elements from a -1 anion.
● Halogen compounds are commonly used in
disinfectants and cleaning supplies.
Fluorine (F)
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Atomic number is 9.
Symbol is F
Fluorine is in this group because it has 7 valence electrons.
It is the lightest halogen.
Fluorine gas is a pale yellow, corrosive gas, which reacts
with most organic and inorganic.
● Fluorine has been studied as a rocket propellant as it has an
exceptionally high specific impulse value.
● Fluorine can be transported by the ton safely when properly
handling techniques.
Group 18: Noble Gas
● Have 8 Valence electrons.
● Noble gases don't form ions.
● All elements in this group are gases.
Helium (He)
● Atomic number is 2.
● Helium is in this group because its outermost energy level is
full.
● Helium Symbol is He.
● Earth's gravity is not strong enough to hold on to it.
● Second most abundant elements in the universe.
● Helium has the lowest melting point.
● Helium is the second-lightest element.
Lanthanides (Elements 57-71)
● Valence electrons are unpredictable.
● Form positive ions +3
● Some lanthanides are used in the production of glass
and steel.
Cerium (Ce)
● Atomic number is 58.
● Symbol is Ce.
● Cerium is in this group because it is different from other
transition metals its a rare earth element.
● soft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air.
● Cerium is the most abundant of the rare earth elements.
● It is found in a number of minerals.
● it is also used in the "flint".
Actinides (Elements 89-103)
● Valence electrons are unpredictable.
● form +3 positive ions.
● All these elements are radioactive.
Uranium (U)
● Uranium is in tis group because it is radioactive with an
unpredictable number of valence electrons.
● Atomic number is 92.
● Symbol is U.
● very heavy metal which can be used as an abundant source
of concentrated energy.
● Uranium was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth
● Uranium has a melting point of 1132°C.
● The main source of heat inside the Earth is Uranium.