The relations among narcissism, relational capacities,
responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal
offenders
M. Vervuurt (ANR: 184911)
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Stefan Bogaerts
Second supervisor: Drs. Michael Bosch
May 2014
Tilburg University, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences
Bachelor Psychology and Health
Bachelor’s Thesis
Word Count: 5.546
The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
Abstract
Introduction - The aim of this empirical study was to assess the relationship between centrifugal
(overt), centripetal (covert) narcissism and three related domains of the SIPP-SF, namely
relational capacities, self-control and responsibility in a population of 136 male criminal
offenders.
Method - Three questionnaires were taken; De Nederlandse Narcisme Schaal, the Severity
Indices of Personality Problems – Short Form, and one for acquiring demographic
characteristics. Several analyses were conducted on the demographic characteristics. A bivariate
correlation analysis was carried out, followed by several linear regression analyses to analyze the
specific interactions.
Results - Both centrifugal and centripetal narcissism were, with the exception of a nonsignificant correlation between centrifugal narcissism and self-control, significantly correlated
with the three domains. This confirms that they are overlapping but different constructs. A higher
score on centrifugal narcissism showed a significantly higher score on responsibility and
relational capacities, but showed no effect on self-control. A higher score on centripetal
narcissism showed significantly lower scores on all the three domains.
Discussion - This study provides some proof of an interaction of the aforementioned concepts.
These findings suggest the importance of studying the concept of narcissism and the other
Cluster B personality disorders to improve knowledge and to possibly improve the adequacy of
clinical treatment.
Keywords: centripetal narcissism, centrifugal narcissism, relational capacities, self-control,
responsibility, criminal offenders.
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The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
Introduction
The psychological concept of narcissism has its origin in Greek mythology (Spotnitz, H.,
1954) In short, the narration tells us of the handsome hunter Narcissus, who fell in love with his
own reflection which he saw in a holy pond. Because of this swell affection for his ‘mirror-self’,
he stopped eating and caring and, because of this, eventually came to decease (Paula, de, 2011).
In current psychology, narcissism is defined as a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or
behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present in
a variety of contexts (Kohut, 1971; Wink, 1991; APA, 2000) and in some cases will develop into
a Cluster B narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) (APA, 2000). Narcissism is also
characterized by various deviant behaviors, including the aforementioned and the showing of
arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes, envy towards others and the manipulation and
exploitation of others in order to achieve personal goals (Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001). Whether
narcissism is considered maladaptive or adaptive depends on the point of view taken. Narcissistic
individuals may both have adaptive traits like ‘high self-esteem’ (Brown, Budzek & Tamborski,
2009) on the one hand and maladaptive traits like ‘reduced empathy’ (Ghorbani et al., 2010; Wai
& Tiliopoulos, 2012) on the other. It is important to keep in mind that whether a trait is
‘adaptive’ or ‘maladaptive’ is in fact context-dependent and subjective (Vonk, Zeigler-Hill,
Mayhew, & Mercer, 2013; Miller & Campbell, 2008).
Considering that narcissism profiles itself in different ways, it is obvious that solely one
definition of narcissism will not suffice (Rose, 2002; Myers, Zeigler-Hill, & Barry, 2013).
Therefore Ettema and Zondag (2002) described different subtypes of narcissism, namely
centrifugal narcissism (also known as overt narcissism (Akhtar & Thomson, 1982; Wink, 1991),
or the grandiose type (Levy, 2012)) and centripetal narcissism (or covert narcissism (Akhtar &
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The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
Thomson, 1982; Wink, 1991) or the vulnerable type (Levy, 2012)). Centrifugal narcissism aims
at an aspect of narcissism in which ‘the self’ determines the environment; a centrifugal
narcissistic individual has high self-esteem, has a good grip on life (they can set and achieve life
goals) and secures his or her own image by influencing the people around them (Ettema &
Zondag, 2002). Furthermore, it is characterized by defensive attributions towards negative events
due to an internal and unstable self-image (Holdren, 2004) and a tendency to make selfenhancing attributions towards positive life events (Farwell & Wohlwend-Lloyd, 1998).
Centripetal narcissism on the other hand is characterized by low self-esteem and a view
in which the environment determines ‘the self’ in a way that he or she is barely visible (Ettema &
Zondag, 2002). Also, they feel profoundly inferior to others, generally disgruntled, and are
hypersensitive to the opinions of others (Cooper & Ronningstam, 1992; Gabbard, 1989). It is
notable that there is a significant relationship between narcissism and delinquency (Barry,
Grafeman, Adler & Pickard, 2007; Lobos-Wild, 1993; Stone, 2009; Chabrol, Leeuwen, van,
Rodgers & Séjourné, 2009).
When looking at the aforementioned definitions of Cluster B narcissistic personality
disorder and the other Cluster B personality disorders (e.g., antisocial, borderline and theatrical),
one can see similarities between those disorders (APA, 2000; Kernberg & Yeomans, 2013). The
other Cluster B personality disorders are, just like NPD, predictors and risk factors for antisocial
and delinquent behavior (Barry et al., 2007; Lobos-Wild, 1993; Stone, 2009; McCabe,
Christopher, Druhn, Roy-Bujnowski, Grudzinskas & Fisher, 2012; Hemphälä & Hodgins, 2014;
Howard, Huband, Duggan & Mannion, 2008; Lobos-Wild, 1993). Individuals diagnosed with
Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by impulsivity and emotion deregulation
(Skodol, et al., 2011) which is, according to Lau and Marsee (2013) also characterizing for
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The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
narcissism. Aggression is a common trait for a Cluster B Personality Disorder (Burnette &
Reppucci. 2007) and thus for narcissism (Ryan, Weikel & Sprechini, 2008). More specific;
Schoenleber, Sadeh, and Verona (2011) have found that centrifugal narcissism was positively
related to the interpersonal facet of psychopathy and centripetal narcissism was positively related
to the lifestyle facet of psychopathy. Also, centripetal narcissism showed a strong association
with internalizing, substance use disorder and self- and other-directed aggression (Schoenleber et
al., 2011). There is also evidence that both narcissism and ASPD are associated with low selfcontrol and high impulsivity (Harrison, 2011; Strüber, Lück & Roth 2008). Narcissism and other
Cluster B personality disorders are also characterized by egocentricity, low empathy and
irresponsibility, which are expressed in the exploitation and manipulation of others (Marcus,
Fulton & Edens, 2013; Watson & Morris, 1991).
These findings stress the importance of research regarding the topic of narcissism and the
different Cluster B personality disorder facets. However, until now, little research is done on this
relationship. A clearer image about narcissism and other Cluster B personality disorders may
result in a better understanding of - and thus better treatment for - individuals with either one of
these disorders (Levy, 2012; Burnette, South & Reppucci, 2007). Since the traits which
characterize the Cluster B personality disorders seem closely related, an interaction between
these disorders is likely to occur. As mentioned earlier, NPD as well as other Cluster B
personality disorders are common in criminal offenders, thus it is self-evident that this research
will focus on a forensic population. Two surveys, namely the Nederlandse Narcisme Schaal
(NNS) (Ettema & Zondag, 2002) and the Severity, Indices of Personality Problems – Short Form
(SIPP-SF) (Verheul et al., 2008), which will be broadly clarified later, are taken in a population
of male criminal offenders.
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The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
This research will emphasize the interaction between Cluster B related traits, more
specific the narcissistic trait and the traits of relational capacities, responsibility and self-control,
because of their different, but overlapping structure (Paulhus & Williams, 2002). This will be
examined by analyzing the interaction between scores on the scales of narcissism (results of
NNS) and the scores on related domains of the SIPP-SF (relational capacities, responsibility and
self-control) in a forensic population. Because of earlier research, it is expected that
responsibility is negatively correlated with both centripetal and centrifugal narcissism (Marcus,
Fulton & Edens, 2013; Watson & Morris, 1991). Also, it is assumed that relational capacities
will be positively correlated with centrifugal narcissism, because the individual has the need of
others and has high self-esteem (Ettema & Zondag, 2002; Akhtar & Thomson, 1982), and
negatively correlated with centripetal narcissism, because the individual ‘hides’ him/herself and
has low self-esteem (Ettema & Zondag, 2002; Cooper & Ronningstam, 1992; Gabbard, 1989).
Finally, as the literature revealed, it is expected that self-control is negatively correlated with
narcissism (Harrison, 2011; Strüber, Lück & Roth 2008).
Method
Participants and procedures
To enhance recruitment of individuals showing features of traits related to the Cluster B
Personality Disorders criminal offenders in the Netherlands were targeted for participation in this
study. Dutch students of a master program in forensic psychology, operative in the policlinic
forensic center ‘het Dok´ in Breda, Dordrecht and Rotterdam recruited the participants during a
session by asking them if they were willing to participate in this research study. A sample of 136
men aged, on average, 43 years (SD 13.5). For this study participants responded anonymously to
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The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
a series of self-report measurements. This decision was based on evidence suggesting that the
most direct and informative approach to learning about a person’s behavior is to ask the person
directly (Butcher, Bubany & Mason, 2013).
Measures
Demographic characteristics
Demographic characteristics were retrieved by a short questionnaire which asked the
participant to fill in their birthdate, social status, highest achieved education, income, and ethnic
background.
De Nederlandse Narcisme Schaal
The version of the NNS used in the present study (Ettema & Zondag, 2002), which is the
first one to measure both centrifugal and centripetal narcissism together, consisted of 35 items
and employed a 7 point Likert-scale format (Likert, 1932) with a scoring possibility ranging
from 1 to 7 with 1 meaning ‘this statement is entirely not true’, and 7 meaning ‘this statement is
entirely true’. It measured 7 dimensions based on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory’ (NPI)
(Raskin & Hall, 1979, 1981), namely: authority, egotism, superiority, exhibitionism, exploitation
of others, vanity and coercive behavior. An example of an item is: ‘Others see me as someone
who can stand up for him- or herself’. ‘The self’ determining the other is the main future of
centrifugal narcissism. Centrifugal narcissism is cohesive with a positive self-esteem and is in
some respects considered as adaptive. In the centripetal dimension ‘the self’ is determined by
others (Ettema & Zondag, 2002). The NNS also measures a third dimension called isolation,
which is characterized by a so called ‘gap’ between ‘the self’ and others. The NNS measures
three aspects: the centripetal aspect (11 items; α = .78), the centrifugal aspect (12 items; α = .66)
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The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
and Isolation (12 items; α = .69). For this study, both the centripetal and the centrifugal domain
are used (Ettema & Zondag, 2002)
Severity Indices of Personality Problems – Short Form
The version of the SIPP-SF (Verheul et al., 2008) used in the present study consisted of
60 items. The respondent was asked to answer on a four-point scale to what extent he or she
agrees with the statement presented. There are four response categories: 1 = fully disagree, 2 =
partly disagree, 3 = partly agree, 4 = fully agree. The statements are, for example: ‘I often say
things that I regret later’ and ‘It is hard for me to really enjoy things’. The questionnaire is
accompanied by the following instruction: “This questionnaire consists of a series of statements
about you. These statements refer to the last 3 months. By reporting to what extent you agree or
disagree with each statement, you are describing how you have been over the last 3 months. You
can do this by marking the box which best describes how you have been”. The 60 items are
directly assigned to 5 higher-order domains, namely: self-control (12 items), identity integration
(12 items), relational capacities (12 items), responsibility (12 items) and social concordance (12
items) (Verheul et al., 2008). The SIPP-SF lacks measurements of internal consistency, but
considering that it derived from the SIPP-118, which has a good internal consistency (0,62 ≤ α ≤
0,88) (Feenstra, Hutsebaut, Verheul & Busschbach, 2011), sufficient validity for this test is
assumed. For this study, the following three domains are employed: relational capacities (12
items), responsibility (12 items) and self-control (12 items) (Verheul et al., 2008).
Statistical analyses
To visualize the individual characteristics (e.g., age, level of education and
socioeconomic status), several descriptive statistics analyses were carried out. To analyze if there
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The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
is an interaction between Cluster B related traits, more specific both the centrifugal narcissistic
and the centripetal narcissistic trait and the traits of relational capacities, responsibility and selfcontrol of the SIPP-SF, several linear regression analyses were carried out in a within-groupdesign. A bivariate correlational analysis was performed to see if there are any significant
relationships at all. After this, a linear regression analysis was carried out with ‘responsibility’ as
the dependent variable and centrifugal/centripetal narcissism as independent variables. Secondly,
’relational capacities’ was adopted as the dependent variable for a linear regression with
centrifugal/centripetal narcissism as independent variables. Finally, a linear regression with ‘selfcontrol’ as the dependent variable and centrifugal/centripetal narcissism as independent variables
was carried out. All analyses will be executed with IBM SPSS Statistics 19 using a 5% (α < .05)
level of significance.
Results
Demographic characteristics
A short overview of the demographic characteristics will be outlined here. For a complete
overview of demographic characteristics see table 1. 136 male criminal offenders were eligible
for participation and received and completed the questionnaire for demographic characteristics.
The sample consisted of 136 men aged, on average, 42.9 years (SD 13.1). The most common
finished level of education was intermediate vocational education/MBO (N=40), next to
Corporate social responsibility/MVO (N=24) and lower vocational education/LBO (N=19). Of
the participants, 72.1 % of the males had a Dutch nationality (N=98). In terms of relational
status, most men were unattached (N=63), next to married or living together with kids (N=20)
and living with relatives (N=16). At the moment of this research, most men had an income from
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The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
paid employment (N=51) next to an income of welfare (N=24) and an unemployment benefit
(N=19).
Correlational analysis
As shown in table 2, various significant relationships were found. Centripetal narcissism
correlated significantly negative with self-control (r=-.470, p<.001), significantly negative with
responsibility (r =-.366, p<.001) and significantly negative with relational capacities (r =-.446,
p<.001). Centrifugal narcissism showed a not significant correlation with self-control (r =.001,
p<.001), but correlated significantly positive with responsibility (r =.241, p<.001) and
significantly positive with relational capacities (r =.295, p<.001). Also, self-control showed a
significant positive correlation with responsibility (r =.693, p<.001) and a significant positive
correlation with relational capacities (r =.504, p<.001). Lastly, responsibility showed a
significant positive correlation with relational capacities (r =.560, p<.001).
Responsibility
To
investigate
the
interaction
between
centrifugal/centripetal
narcissism
and
responsibility, a multiple linear regression analysis was carried out. It was found that when one
scored higher on centripetal narcissism, he also scored significantly lower on the responsibility
domain of the SIPP-SF (B=-.249, p<.001). Considering centrifugal narcissism the following
effect was found; if a participant scored higher on centrifugal narcissism, he also scored
significantly higher on responsibility (B=.213, p<.001).
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The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
Relational capacities
To investigate the interaction between centrifugal/centripetal narcissism and relational
capacities, another multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. Significant results were
found for both the interaction of centrifugal narcissism with relational capacities (B=.318,
p<.0001) and centripetal narcissism with relational capacities (B=-.371, p<.001).
Self-control
Finally, to examine the interaction between centrifugal/centripetal narcissism and selfcontrol, a third multiple linear regression analysis was done. A significant result was found for
centripetal narcissism; if a participant scored higher on centripetal narcissism, he also scored
significantly lower on self-control (B=-.400, p<.001). This interaction does not apply for
centrifugal narcissism (B=.046, p=.556).
Discussion
In this research the interaction between Cluster B related traits, more specific the
narcissistic trait and the traits of relational capacities, responsibility and self-control was
investigated. Proof of this interaction was found. Multiple hypotheses were tested, which will be
clarified extensively later on. As expected, a higher score on centrifugal narcissism led to a
decrease in responsibility, this is consistent with the definitions of narcissism of Ettema and
Zondag (2002). A higher score on centrifugal narcissism led to an increase in responsibility,
which was unexpected. A higher score on centrifugal narcissism led to an increase in relational
capacities, which, by defining that centrifugal narcissism is characterized by influencing people
around them, supports the view of Ettema & Zondag (2002). A higher score on centripetal
narcissism led to a decrease in relational capacities, which also follows the already existing
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The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
definition; centripetal narcissism is characterized by he or she being barely visible (Ettema &
Zondag, 2002) and them feeling profoundly inferior to others (Cooper & Ronningstam, 1992). In
this research a higher score on centripetal narcissism led to a decrease in self-control, this effect
was not found for centrifugal narcissism. Harrison (2010) also showed this interaction of
narcissism and self-control in his dissertation.
The results of this study offer some evidence that narcissism interacts with the other
Cluster B related traits in a population consisting of male criminal offenders. This study found
significant correlations between centrifugal narcissism, responsibility, relational capacities and
self-control and centripetal narcissism, responsibility, relational capacities and self-control. This
study thus confirms the high prevalence of the SIPP-SF Cluster B related traits in narcissistic
individuals. One explanation for this high prevalence and those correlations might be that, as
corroborated in the introduction, both narcissism and other Cluster B personality disorders are
related to delinquency (Barry et al., 2007; Lobos-Wild, 1993; Stone, 2009; McCabe, Christopher,
Druhn, Roy-Bujnowski, Grudzinskas & Fisher, 2012; Hemphälä & Hodgins, 2014; Howard,
Huband, Duggan & Mannion, 2008; Lobos-Wild, 1993). These findings support the idea that the
different traits (centrifugal narcissism, centripetal narcissism, responsibility, relational capacities
and self-control) are different from one another but also related to each other. Since centrifugal
and centripetal narcissism differ greatly (Ettema & Zondag, 2002), it is obvious that, regarding
those types, no significant correlation was found (r=0.094). Responsibility was, as expected,
lower in individuals with centripetal narcissism and unexpectedly higher for centrifugal
narcissism. A possible explanation for this effect is that centrifugal narcissism is characterized by
making use of the environment (Ettema & Zondag, 2002) and making self-enhancing attributions
towards positive life events (Farwell & Wohlwend-Lloyd, 1998), which can be, with speculation,
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The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
interpreted as ‘taking responsibility’. Relational capacities showed a significant positive
interaction with centrifugal narcissism and a significant negative interaction with centripetal
narcissism. These results were as expected; centrifugal narcissism results in an elevated need for
relationships with others (Ettema & Zondag, 2002). Centripetal narcissism on the other hand is
characterized by a more avoidant attitude towards personal contact (Ettema & Zondag, 2002;
Cooper & Ronningstam, 1992; Gabbard, 1989). Lastly, a higher score on centripetal narcissism
showed a significant lower score on self-control which is corroborated by the centripetal
narcissist feeling profoundly inferior to others, being hypersensitive to their opinions and being
generally disgruntled (Cooper & Ronningstam, 1992; Gabbard, 1989). This effect was not found
for centrifugal narcissism. One explanation for last mentioned result not being significant could
be that centrifugal narcissism is characterized by having a good grip on life, being able to set and
achieve goals (Ettema & Zondag, 2002) and having a good self-control (Cramer & Jones, 2008).
Narcissism continues to be a wide researched concept. A search of PsycINFO for articles
with the stem narciss* in the title yielded 4,086 publications in just the last 10 years. However, as
mentioned earlier, little research is done on the interaction of narcissism and related traits within
the Cluster B. Other empirical research studies focusing on roughly related subjects corroborate
the findings of this study. A study found that the Cluster B personality disorders were highly
correlational with narcissism (Stinson et al., 2009). Within the Cluster B disorders, the
narcissistic personality disorder shows a high diagnostic overlap with other personality disorders
(Ronningstam, 1999; APA, 2000; Paulhus & Williams, 2002).
This study had several strengths and limitations. First, the questionnaires were taken in a
forensic population, which caused the prevalence of Cluster B disorders to be higher than if the
same research was conducted in a normal population, and thus produced stronger results.
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The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
However, the research was conducted on a relatively small sample of 136 criminal offenders
which makes it difficult to generalize to other populations. All the questionnaires taken were
self-report measures. Therefore, common-method variance may in part explain the results
(Podsakoff, Mackenzie, Lee & Podsakoff, 2003). No record of non-response was taken when
asking the individuals to participate. Two cases were dropped out of the dataset because of item
non-response, which could create a distortion in the final scores on the domains. This nonresponse could be a random missing variable. Leaving this item blank could also be wellconsidered by the participant. In that case, the question “why this non-response?” would be
relevant. The internal consistency of centrifugal narcissism on the NNS is somewhat doubtful but
satisfactory for scientific research on group level (α = .66). Due to no control variables being
present in this study, one cannot be entirely sure that the found effect is without mediation and/or
moderation of other variables.
The data are limited, and further research is necessary in order to achieve a better
understanding of narcissism, other Cluster B personality disorders and their related traits. This is,
as mentioned before, of vital importance for the improvement of the understanding of – and
better treatment for - individuals with either one of these disorders (Levy, 2012; Burnette, South
& Reppucci, 2007). Similar research, but perhaps more elaborate, should be conducted in which
more variables are recorded, both as target variables and control variables and a larger
population is used. The unexpected link of centrifugal narcissism with a heightened feeling of
responsibility could be an interesting one to investigate, because there is no clear explanation in
other research which would explain this effect. It continues to be recommendable for further
research to use a forensic population, since this will enhance the effects of the study. Also, Wink
(1991) was the first to differentiate the two subtypes in 1991, which means that these concepts
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The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
are still in their infancy. Therefore further research could also contribute to a better definition for
the concepts related to Cluster B disorders. Interesting to know is that the authors of the DSM-V
have tried to limit the comorbid traits in the Cluster B disorders so as to decrease their overlap
(Miller, Gentile, Wilson & Campbell, 2012). Efforts should be made to get an even clearer image
of what narcissism actually is and how it is related with other personality aspects, so that the still
frequent over- and under-diagnosis (Gunderson, Ronningstam & Smith, 1995) of NPD can be
reduced. Because it is known that anxiety and depressive disorders are more severe when
comorbid with NPD (Zuckerman, 1991) and persons with NPD are prone to suicidal ideation and
attempts (Ronningstam, 1990), it is the clinicians task to identify of which specific pathology to
speak of and to choose which treatment would suit best (Frances, First & Pincus, 1995).
To conclude this study it was found that both centrifugal and centripetal narcissism were
significantly related to three different domains of the SIPP-SF sub scales, namely relational
capacities, responsibility and self-control in a forensic population. It also suggest that more
research on this subject and related subjects is important, both for gaining more knowledge about
what narcissism actually is and for being able to provide better care if there is talk of
pathological narcissism. It could very well also implicate that, due to there being a lot of overlap
between the Cluster B disorders (Paulhus & Williams, 2002) there are in fact multiple diagnoses.
On this subject, more research is needed.
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The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of the study sample
Criminal Offenders (N=136)
Age at time of survey (mean ± SD)
42.9 ±13.1
Socio-economic status (n(%))
Single
63 (46)
Married/living together with children
20 (15)
Living with relatives
16 (12)
Married/living together
15 (11)
Single > 2 years
10 (7)
Single with children
7 (5)
Living with kids with relatives
3 (2)
Retirement home or other institute
1 (1)
Missing
1 (1)
Level of education (n (%))
Intermediate vocational education/MBO
40 (29)
Corporate social responsibility/MVO
24 (18)
Lower vocational education/LBO
19 (14)
Higher vocational education/HBO
15 (11)
Primary school
12 (9)
School of higher general secondary education/HVO
6 (4)
Lower secondary education
5 (4)
No education
5 (4)
Secondary education/VWO
4 (3)
Scientific education/WO
4 (3)
Special education
2 (.5)
Missing
1 (.5)
23
The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
Table 1 (continued)
Demographic characteristics of the study sample
Income (n (%))
Income from paid employment
51 (38)
Social welfare provision
24 (18)
Unemployment benefit
19 (14)
Other benefit
18 (13)
Student grant
7 (5)
Old age pension
4 (3)
Retirement
3 (2)
No income
2 (2)
Missing
6 (5)
Ethnical background (n (%))
Dutch
98 (72)
Surinamese
5 (4)
Dutch-Indian
3 (2)
Turkish
3 (2)
Moroccan
2 (1)
Aruban
1 (1)
Hindustani
1 (1)
Caucasian
1 (1)
Iraqi
1 (1)
Cape-Verdean
1 (1)
Antillean
1 (1)
Missing
18 (13)
24
The relations among narcissism, relational capacities, responsibility and self-control in a sample of criminal offenders
Table 2
Outcome of the bivariate correlation analysis
Centripetal
Centrifugal
D60t_slfc
D60t_res
Centripetal
Centrifugal
d60t_slfc
d60t_resp
d60t_rel
Pearson Correlation
--
.094
-.470**
-.366**
-.446**
Sig. (2-tailed)
--
.277
.000
.000
.000
N
--
136
136
136
136
Pearson Correlation
--
.001
.241**
.295**
Sig. (2-tailed)
--
.000
.005
.000
N
--
136
136
136
Pearson Correlation
--
.693**
.504**
Sig. (2-tailed)
--
.000
.000
N
--
136
136
Pearson Correlation
--
.560**
Sig. (2-tailed)
--
.000
N
--
136
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.001 level (2-tailed).
25