chemistry_40.notebook
November 29, 2010
Warm­Up
1. Write the electron configurations for the following elements: Ge and Ar
2. What is wrong with saying that solid potassium chloride is composed of KCl molecules?
3. Name the following compounds:
a. NaClO4
b. Ca3(PO4)2
4. Find the mass in grams of each quantity.
a. 4.50 mol Fe
b. 36.8 L CO (at STP)
5. How many moles of solute are in 2.40 L of 0.66 M KCl?
6. How many liters of stock solution of 6.00 M HCl would you need to prepare 15.0 L of 0.500 M HCl?
Apr 20­9:10 AM
19.1 ACID ­ BASE THEORIES
Acid à compound that produces hydronium ions (H3O+) when dissolved in water • EX. Citrus juices (orange, grapefruit, lemon, lime), tomatoes, car battery acid, digestive juices
• strong acids are strong electrolytes b/c completely dissociate in solution (good conductors) & weak acids are weak electrolytes b/c only partially dissociate in solution (poor conductors)
Apr 20­9:10 AM
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chemistry_40.notebook
November 29, 2010
Common Acids Use Formula Name CH3COOH Acetic Acid H2CO3 Carbonic Acid Hydrochloric Acid HCl Vinegar Carbonated beverages Digestive juices in stomach Nitric Acid HNO3 Fertilizer production Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 Fertilizer production Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 Car batteries Modified Table 19.1 page 588
Apr 20­9:10 AM
Properties of Acids:
1. sour taste
2. reactivity with metals
3. acids turn blue litmus paper red
Indicator à any substance that changes color in presence of acid or base
Ex. litmus paper, methylene blue à use different indicators in diff. situations
Apr 20­9:10 AM
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chemistry_40.notebook
November 29, 2010
Base à compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH­) when dissolved in water • EX. Baking soda, Alka­Seltzer, soap, Pepto­
Bismol (antacids)
• strong bases are strong electrolytes b/c completely dissociate in solution (good conductors) & weak bases are weak electrolytes b/c only partially dissociate in solution (poor conductors)
Apr 20­9:10 AM
Common Bases
Formula Solubility In Water
Potassium Hydroxide
KOH
High Sodium Hydroxide
NaOH
High
Calcium Hydroxide
Ca(OH)2
Very Low
Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
Very Low
Name Apr 20­9:10 AM
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chemistry_40.notebook
November 29, 2010
Properties of Bases:
1. bitter taste
2. slippery feel
3. bases turn red litmus paper blue
Apr 20­9:10 AM
Arrhenius Acids & Bases
• Acids are hydrogen­containing compounds that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution & bases produce hydroxide ions (OH­) in aqueous solution
• Miscellaneous Terms
o Monoprotic Acid à acids that contain one ionizable hydrogen (HNO3)
o Diprotic Acid à acids that contain two ionizable hydrogens (H2SO4)
o Triprotic Acid à acids that contain three ionizable hydrogens (H3PO4)
Apr 20­9:10 AM
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chemistry_40.notebook
November 29, 2010
Bronsted­Lowry Acids & Bases
• Acids are proton (H+) donors & bases are proton (H+) acceptors
• Miscellaneous Terms
o Amphoteric à something that can function as an acid or a base, depending on the situation EX. water
o Conjugate Acid à formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion
o Conjugate Base à what is remaining after acid donates proton Apr 20­9:10 AM
o Conjugate Acid­Base Pair à two substances related by loss/gain of a single hydrogen ion
§ EX. NH3(aq) + H2O(l) à NH4+(aq) + OH­(aq)
Conjugate Acid­Base Pairs Acid Base
HCl Cl­ H2SO4 HSO4­ NH4+ NH3 H3O H2O H2O OH­ Apr 20­9:10 AM
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chemistry_40.notebook
November 29, 2010
Lewis Acids & Bases
• Acids are electron pair acceptors & bases are electron pair donators
Apr 20­9:10 AM
Acid­Base Definitions Type Arrhenius Acid H+ producer OH­ producer Bronsted­Lowry H+ donor Lewis Base H+ acceptor electron­pair electron­pair acceptor donor Apr 20­9:10 AM
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