PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI THE REFLECTION OF EDGAR ALLAN POE’S PERSONAL EXPERIENCE ON SYMBOL AND THEME OF “The Raven” AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By JANE Student Number: 094214005 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2015 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI THE REFLECTION OF EDGAR ALLAN POE’S PERSONAL EXPERIENCE ON SYMBOL AND THEME OF “THE RAVEN” AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By JANE Student Number: 094214005 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2015 i PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma : Nama : Jane Nomor Mahasiswa : 094214005 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah yang berjudul: THE REFLECTION OF EDGAR ALLAN POE’S PERSONAL EXPERIENCE ON SYMBOL AND THEME OF “THE RAVEN” Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan ( bila ada ). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 25 Februari 2015 Yang menyatakan, ( Jane ) iv PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge, the content of this undergraduate thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or any purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged. Jane. v PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI You ain‟t seen nothing yet, the best is yet to come -Michael Jackson- If I was perfect then this would be easy -Avenged Sevenfold- I live by „Go big or Go home.‟ That‟s with everything. It‟s like either commit and go for it or don‟t do it at all. I apply that to everything -Paul Walker- No matter how many mistakes you make or how slow you progress, you are still way ahead of everyone who isn‟t trying -@Fact- vi PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI For the 2 angels who are more precious than anything in my life, the reason I struggle this far vii PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. F.X. Siswadi., M.A. for his patience, supports and love towards me during the making of this research from the very beginning until this final script. I also thank Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani S.S., M.Hum as my co-advisor for her advices and supports. Then to both of my parents, Meliawati Salihin and Iwan Subagio Wirjan for their great love and powerful life, and also to my brother, Reynaldi, who always becomes my loyal friend in the dark and in the light. The special thanks go to Patrick Anthonio Vespereza Andrada for the undying love during this research and for all the helps, prayers, and also supports for me during the process. I also thank Moses Dominick Putra for the love, support, and smiles during the hard time. I am so glad to have both of you in my life. Also for Alvieni M. Angelica MPsi., Psi (Mbak Alvi) for the psychological advices during the hard times. My thanks also go to Mbak ninik, Mas Paryo, and Mbak Elis. Thank you to Fira, Dian, Yuca, Ganis, Key, Okta, Yosi, Tjia, Sasa for all the beautiful memories. They are the best friends I ever have. For all the names that I do not mention here, I also would like to thank them for all the support and love. May God bless them. Jane viii PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………….. i APPROVAL PAGE……………………………………………………………........ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ……………………………………………………………iii LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS………....iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY………………………………………………..v MOTTO PAGE……………………………………………………………………...vi DEDICATION PAGE……………………………………………………………...vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………….....viii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………...ix ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………xi ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………………...xii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….1 A. Background of the Study………………………………………………..........1 B. Problem Formulation………………………………………………………....5 C. Objectives of the Study………………………………………………………5 D. Definition of Terms……………………………...……………………………5 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW...…………………………………….7 A. Review on Related Studies…………………………………………………..7 B. Review on Related Theories………………………………………………….9 1. Theory of Theme...……………………………………………………….9 2. Theory of Symbol………………………………………………………..11 C. Literature and Biography…………………………………………………….12 D. Review on Biographical Background………………………………………. 13 E. Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………16 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY……………………………………………….19 A. Object of the Study……………………………………………………..........19 B. Approach of the Study……………………………………………………….19 C. Method of the Study…………………………………………………………20 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS…………………………………………………….....21 A. The Symbols of The Poem………………………………………..................22 B. The Theme of The Poem The Symbols Suggest…………...………………. 31 C. The Relation of Symbol and Theme of the work with the Poet‟s Personal Experience……………………………………………………………….......35 ix PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION…………………………………………………....41 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………..43 APPENDICES…........................................................................................................45 x PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI ABSTRACT Jane. The Reflection of Edgar Allan Poe’s Personal Experience on Symbols and Theme of “The Raven.” Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015. The background of this research is because there are so many researchers have done their researches for “The Raven” from the psychoanalytical point of view, then in this research the writer wants to use biographical background to prove that Edgar Allan Poe‟s work is written based on his biography or his life background. The writer believes that Poe wrote his work based on what has happened in his life, the experiences that the poet has in life influence him in writing and choosing the symbols and theme that the poet use in the work. The approach used in this research is a biographical approach. This approach used to prove that the biography or the background of the poet can be reflected through his work. This research is divided into three problems. The first one is to find the symbols of the poem itself. Then, the second problem is to find the theme of the poem from the symbols in the poem. The third problem is to find the relation between the work and the poet based on his personal experience. The analysis starts with the findings of symbols. The symbols used in the poem are Lenore, Night‟s Plutonian Shore, Raven, Bust of Pallas, and Nepenthe. These symbols are used by Poe to show his feeling about the death of Lenore who in the poem described as a beautiful maiden. After that, the researcher finds the possible contextual interpretation of the theme then followed by the theme that the symbols probably suggest. The possible theme of the work is the death of someone we love may disturb our own sanity no matter how hard we try to be strong. This means that in facing the umpteenth time of lost, Poe tried to be strong but he failed and it brought him to the trauma and serious depression. This analysis then dealt with the poet‟s personal experience. Poe‟s personal experience of death becomes the main idea of the work that is proven in the last part of analysis. As the results of this research, the writer proved that the poet‟s personal experience reflected through his work seen from the symbols he chose and the theme that was revealed by the symbols. “The Raven” is the mirror Poe created to reflect his personal experience so that people can enjoy his work and understand his experience at the same time. xi PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI ABSTRAK Jane. The Reflection of Edgar Allan Poe’s Personal Experience on symbols and theme of “The Raven.” Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015. Latar belakang untuk studi ini disebabkan karena banyak peneliti sebelumnya telah menggunakan sudut pandang psikoanalisis dalam mempelajari dan meneliti “The Raven” yang ditulis oleh Edgar Allan Poe, oleh sebab itu peneliti ingin mencoba menggunakan pendekatan biografi yang bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa karya yang ditulis oleh Edgar Allan Poe adalah berdasarkan biografi atau latar belakang kehidupannya. Peneliti percaya bahwa apa yang ditulis oleh Poe adalah berdasarkan dengan apa yang telah terjadi pada dirinya di masa lampau, pengalamanpengalaman pribadi ini mempengaruhi penulis dalam menulis karyanya dan memilih symbol-simbol dan tema yang tepat untuk karyanya. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan biografis. Pendekatan ini digunakan untuk membuktikan bahwa biografi atau latar belakang si penulis karya dapat direfleksikan melalui karya itu sendiri. Penelitian ini dibagi dalam 3 rumusan masalah. Rumusan masalah yang pertama adalah pencarian symbol-simbol yang digunakan puisi tersebut. Lalu, rumusan masalah yang kedua adalah mencari tema dari simbol-simbol yang telah ditemukan. Rumusan masalah yang ketiga adalah keterkaitan antara simbol dan tema dengan penulis puisi itu sendiri berdasar dengan pengalaman pribadi si penulis. Analisa dimulai dengan penjabaran simbol-simbol dalam puisi. Simbolsimbol yang digunakan di dalam puisi tersebut adalah Lenore, Night‟s Plutonian Shore, Raven, Bust of Pallas, dan Nepenthe. Simbol-simbol ini digunakan Poe untuk menunjukkan perasaannya terhadap kematian Lenore yang mana di dalam puisi tersebut disebutkan sebagai seorang wanita muda yang cantik. Setelah itu, peneliti menemukan interpretasi yang didapat ketika membaca puisi, lalu diikuti dengan tema yang dapat disimpulkan melalui symbol-simbol yang telah ditemukan. Tema dari karya tersebut adalah kematian orang yang kita cintai dapat mengganggu kewarasan kita tidak peduli berapa besar usaha kita untuk tetap kuat. Maksud dari hal ini adalah, dalam menghadapi kematian orang yang dia sayangi secara berulang-ulang, Poe mencoba untuk kuat tetapi dia selalu gagal dan kegagalan ini membawa Poe kepada trauma berkepanjangan dan depresi serius. Analisa ini lalu dikaitkan dengan pengalaman pribadi si penulis itu sendiri. Pengalam pribadi Poe mengenai kematian menjadi pikiran utama dalam analisa bagian terakhir ini. Sebagai hasil dari penilitan ini, peneliti membuktikan bahwa pengalaman pribadi sang penulis puisi memang dapat direfleksikan melalui karya yang diciptakannya dilihat dari pemilihan symbol dan tema yang dapat terlihat melalui xii PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI symbol dalam karya tersebut. “The Raven” menjadi cermin yang diciptakan Poe untuk merefleksikan pengalaman pribadinya agar penikmat sastra dapat menikmati karyanya dan mengerti mengenai pengalaman pribadinya dalam waktu yang bersamaan. xiii PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study In learning American English literature, people deal with so many major poets in the world such as Robert Frost, Robert Browning, A.E Housman, W.H Auden, Edgar Allan Poe, and many more. Each poet has their own characteristic for their own works. For example, Edgar Allan Poe always creates his work in a very dark tone. The diction, the story, the poem, and all of his works have this criterion. Edgar Allan Poe divides his works into five types. In his book, Edgar Allan Poe the Collection of Poetry and Essay, John H. Ingram stated that Poe has his own divisions of poems: poem of later life, poem of manhood, poem of youth, doubtful poem, and prose poem are the types of his poem. Take for an example “Alone,” the poem that he wrote in 1830. This poem is one of the very famous works that Edgar has written. “Alone” has the horror aura in it; from the symbols that he used in the poem, the writer can conclude that this poem is spooky. The writer knows this from the symbols that he used in the poem such as demon, thunder, storm which symbolize the darkness and loneliness that the poet feels and also from the theme that the symbols suggest in the poem that emphasizes the state of being lonely and horrifying. Another example for this poet are “To Isadore”, “The Forest Reverie” which are included in the doubtful poem, “The Island of the Fay”, “The Power of words”, “Shadow-A Parable” are the examples of the prose poem. “ The Raven”, “To My Mother”, “To Helen”, “Annabel Lee”, 1 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 2 “An Enigma”, “A Dream within A Dream‟ are the examples of the poem of later life. (1874: vi-ix) The work of art, especially the literary work by Edgar Allan Poe is written based on his personal experience (http://www.eapoe.org/geninfo/poeautob.htm). The writer of this research is about to prove that Edgar Allan Poe creates the literary works based on what he had felt before in his past. His past experience about his mother, his Lenore, and his wife (Virginia) pushed him to make a poem about his lost and grieve. The writer believes that this amazing poet has emotional relation with his own works which will be proved in the analysis. The writer intends to figure out the meaning of the poem; here in this case is “The Raven”. It is not only the literal meaning that the writer wants to figure out but also the deeper meaning of the poem. After understanding the meaning of the poem, the writer wants to figure out the experiences that the author felt during his personal life. The writer aims to find the relation between the experience and the poet‟s work which reflected in the poem through the choice of symbols (1963: 11). Taken from a collection of famous quotations, Friedrich Nietzsche ever said “Poets are shameless with their experiences: they exploit them” (http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/40009.html). It means that all poets exploit their personal experience into their works without any exception. It is interesting to see how the works have relation with the author. This research is related to Poe‟s biographical background. As people know, Edgar has no perfect family life. His biological father left him with his mother when Edgar was still young, less than a year after Edgar was born. Edgar had one brother and a sister. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 3 His older brother lived with his grandfather and Edgar lived with his mother with his younger sister. His mom died when Edgar was still 2 years old. This left Edgar in deepest pain. His mother died because of the suffering and illness. His mother had been a sick woman when his younger sister was born. His memories about his mother were only her large dark eyes and the curly black hair which he, too, possessed ( Poe, 1963 ). “The Raven” was created in 1846. This poem is noted as the greatest poem ever and often said as the success of his career. John H Ingram in his book stated that “Poe became the “lion of the season” because of „The Raven‟.” “The Raven” was translated into some different languages and from time to time read it in his musical manner in public halls or at literary receptions. The story behind this poem was about his beloved. Poe dated Lenore before he met Virginia (his own cousin). Poe loved Lenore so much like he loved his mother and Jane Stanard (his friend‟s mother). He created “The Raven” for Lenore because he also lost Lenore from the same reason of death like his mother and Mrs. Stanard. Poe was very sensitive to this case. This also became the reason why Edgar used the words “Nevermore” repeated so many times in “The Raven” which means he did not want death to grab anyone else whom he loves so much; he did not want to feel any lost after he lost his mother, his brother (Henry), Mrs. Stanard, and Lenore (1963: 128 ). From Edgar‟s life timeline, the writer feels very interested and wants to analyze more about the relation between the work and the biographical background. The writer is sure that there must be relation between the past PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 4 experience and the work that Edgar created. In “To My Mother” Edgar felt the hurt because of loss; the loss of his mother and wife. Edgar felt that he much attached to the woman in his life; his aunt, his mother, and his wife; but all the women he lived much died because of sickness. In “The Raven” Edgar dedicated the poem to his girlfriend. He felt that sadness when his girlfriend passed away and left him alone forever. He felt almost the same in both poem, but the woman that he referred to were different and that creates different meaning and relation to the readers. The writer uses the terms of “personal” experience because the experience that the writer uses in this research is the poet‟s own personal experience, the experience that only felt by the poet and not felt by any other people or the public. The urgency of discussing symbols in this poem is that the writer of this research believes that the choice of symbols in a work is also determined by the past experience of the poet himself. The symbols in the work arouse the readers‟ or listeners‟ imagination. In this research, the writer does not stop at describing the symbols only, but also reveal the theme that the symbols probably suggest and relate it all with the poet‟s past experience. The writer wants to prove that symbol and biography has the emotional relation. Emotional here means that the poet‟s emotion in writing the work reflected through the symbols he used. Also, the theme and the symbols have the relation as Stanton stated in his book An Introduction to Fiction “this device cannot carry the theme by itself, it can help to define and emphasizes the theme” (Stanton 1965:4). So, because of those reasons, the writer is really sure that this research is original for the matter of study. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 5 B. Problem Formulation To be able to understand this poem better, three problems were formulated as follows. 1. What are the symbols used in the poem? 2. What is the theme of the poem the symbols suggest? 3. How do the symbols and the theme reflect the poet‟s personal experience? C. Objectives of the Study This research aims to find the relation between the poet and his work. The writer believes that each literary works depends on the author and the experiences he felt. This research has three objectives. The first objective is the writer‟s needing to find symbols used in the poem. This aims to reveal the meaning of the poem and to give understanding of the meaning of the poem. The second objective is revealing the theme of the poem the symbols suggest. The third objective is relating the poet‟s personal experience that reflected through the choice of symbol that the poet used in the poem. D. Definition of Terms A work of literature is related to the author and it is possible that it has the relation with the author‟s personal experience. The writer uses the title: The reflection of Edgar Allan Po‟s Persona Experience on Symbol and Theme of “The Raven”. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 1. 6 The term reflection means a sign that shows the state or nature of something (Oxford 2005: 1223). Reflection means for the writer is the image that a mirror creates. In this research, the image is the work and the mirror is the poet‟s past experience. This term related to this topic because the writer wants to relate between the symbols used by the poet and the poet‟s experience that reflected in using particular symbols in his works. 2. The phrase personal experience from the Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary means the things that have happened personally to a person that influence the way he or she thinks and behaves (2005: 513, 1084). The term personal experience for the writer means an event or action that makes a memory that only an individual has which is not a common thing. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review on Related Studies Alan Poe‟s literary works have been analyzed by many researches. In this part, the writer compares this study with other undergraduate theses. They are the thesis from Petra Christian University student, Heidy Adeline, a book from Lorine Pruette, and a study from C.D. Merriman. The first study entitled “The speaker‟s optimistic attitude towards death in Edgar Allan Poe‟s poems “Sonnet To My Mother,” “Annabel Lee,” and “For Annie.” In her study, Heidy analyzed those works from the psychoanalytic point of view. She wants to state that the poet wants to say that death cannot be denied, death brings separation between him and the people he loved (the consciousness and the unconsciousness). She stated that: By doing this analysis, I want to prove that the speaker‟s attitude toward death is optimistic by his employment of figurative languages, imagery, diction, connotation, and tone. Moreover, I also want to show that the optimistic attitude achieved by the speaker in three poems is the result from Poe‟s background and his innermost experience in life that initiate his overpowering longing for peace ( 2001: 5 ). From the quotation above, it is clear that Heidy wants to prove that Edgar‟s works affected purely by what he had experienced. The second study which also analyzed the same thing comes from a book written by Lorine Pruette. Her book entitled “The Psychoanalytical Study of Edgar Allan Poe” analyzed the poet also from the psycho-analytical point of view. She agrees that Edgar Allan Poe wrote his works based on his sensitiveness to the 7 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 8 effects of stimulants and temporary fits of insanity toward the last of his life. She stated: ….with the peculiar genius of the poet himself, his sensitiveness to the effects of stimulants and temporary fits of insanity toward the last of his life, form fairly conclusive evidence that there was in the Poe family a decided organic inferiority. The lesion on the brain from which Edgar suffered in later life may have been either the result of syphilitic infection or apoplexy, or caused by an inherited inferior brain for which, according to Lombroso, genius is an over-compensation ( 1920: 372 ). From the quotation above, the writer can conclude that Pruette also agrees that Edgar wrote his works from his unconsciousness mind that affected by his personal experience. His genius mind and his unconscious mind blend together and urged him to create such a work that is really beautiful. He suffered in his mental illness that haunted him for years. This happened because he received traumatic experience that strengthens his genius mind and his unconscious part to take a portion in his work. Not only those, the third study which analyzed Edgar‟s work from psychoanalytical point of view comes from C.D.Merriman in his “Online Literature” about Poe. He stated: Poe‟s psychologically thrilling tales examining the depths of the human psyche earned him much fame during his lifetime and after his death. His own life was marred by tragedy at an early age (his parents died before he was three years old) and in his oft-quoted works we can see his darkly passionate sensibilities—a tormented and sometimes neurotic obsession with death and violence and overall appreciation for the beautiful yet tragic mysteries of life ( http://www.online-literature.com/poe/ ). From the quotation above, the writer can say that Edgar Allan Poe wrote his works based on his psychological experience he ever had. Merriman also PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 9 stated that Poe wrote his works because of his bad experience toward life but the writer thinks it is not the important thing that dealt with Poe‟s works. B. Review on Related Theories There are two theories that the writer uses in this research. The first is the theory on theme and the second is the theory on symbol. 1. Theory of theme In An Introduction to Fiction, X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia, stated that “The theme of a story is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals” (2010:183). This means that the theme of the story has one idea that can cover all aspects in the story. In this book, Kennedy and Gioia considered some points to recognize a theme in a literary work. 1.1. The first step is to look back once again at the title of a literary work used and to find what it indicates. 1.2. Make sure whether or not the main character changes in any way in the story. 1.3. Make sure whether or not the author makes any general observation related to life or human nature. 1.4. Make sure whether or not the literary work contains curious objects, repeated names and whatever that hint at meanings and larger than its ordinary meaning. 1.5. Make sure that the statement we use should be into general language, not just in form of a plot summary. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 1.6. 10 Make sure that the statement we have made can cover all aspects of ideas from the whole story and not just from a single part of the story (Kennedy et al, 2010: 185). This definition of theme also stated by Elisabeth Memahan, Susan Day, and Robert Frank in their book, Literature and The Writing Process, Third Edition. Theme has been defined in many ways: the central idea or thesis, the central thought; the underlying meaning, either implied or directly stated; the general idea or insight revealed by the entire story; the central truth; the dominating idea; the abstract concept that is made concrete through representation in person, action, and image. (Frank, 1989:122) From the quotation above, the writer concludes that theme is the idea or thought that is revealed by the entire story through the representation in person, action, and image. In short, theme is the controlling idea in the work. The same idea is taken from Robert Stanton in his book, An Introduction to Fiction. In this book, Stanton stated that theme is like the „central meaning‟ we usually meet or experience in our daily life. In our everyday life we sometimes experience many feelings and they make us an impact to remember it (Stanton, 1965: 4). Stanton also said that Usually, too, we find that such a meaning has a larger value: having experienced grief ourselves, we can better understand any man‟s grief. A central meaning of this short corresponds to what, in a story, we call the “theme” or “central idea” (Stanton, 1965: 4). In this case, Stanton wanted to say that many feelings that we experience can bear a larger meaning and value. Hence, we can consider it as the „theme‟ or „central idea‟. The theme of our life is just like the theme in the story; its value is „both particular and universal‟ (Stanton, 1965: 4). The theme here gives us the PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 11 power and „unity‟ to every event or action described and also „tells us about life in general‟. The theme usually has value and any kinds of value it has, the theme is still needed or necessary and it is the „integral part‟ of the reality found in the story. This thing then brought the consequences that the theme of a story is like a very useful thing, like a moral warning for someone. As the example is „Honesty is the best policy‟ (Stanton, 1965: 4). A theme also generalizes life and it could also deliver one single fact of one‟s experience. 2. Theory of symbol Based on M.H. Abrams A Glossary of Literary Terms, symbol means anything that signifies something. Symbols can be a word or a phrase that contains deeper meaning of the word and the phrase (1981: 311). Symbol is categorized into three divisions: Cultural symbol, Conventional symbol, and Private Symbol. Cultural symbol is a sign that belongs to a cultural group in certain area, but understood by mostly all people. For example white flag in certain cultures are known as the symbol of death. This kind of symbol only can be understood by some cultures which use this symbol. Conventional symbol is signs that are agreed, used, and mean the same to all people in the world. For example is the traffic light‟s color. All people around the world understand that red means stop, yellow means proceed with caution, and green means go. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 12 Private symbol is a sign that is created by someone and only that person who understands perfectly what the meaning is. This kind of symbol is usually used in literary works (Abrams, 1981: 312). Holman and Harmon stated that symbol is an image which evokes an objective, concrete reality then suggests another level of meaning (1968:44). Guth also said that symbols are images that have a meaning beyond themselves, and Perrine states that a symbol may have more than one meaning (1974:20). In short, the writer concludes that symbols in a literary work emphasize the meaning of the work. Perrine also gives some cautions for the reader to interpret literary work. First, the story itself must furnish a clue that a detail is to be taken symbolically. Symbol shows the existence through emphasis, repetition, or position. The reader of a poem should be reluctant to identify a certain idea as symbolical when the signal is absent. The second, the whole context of the story must support and establish the symbol (Perrine 1974: 212). The meaning of the symbol lies inside the story. The third, a symbol must suggest a meaning which is different from its literal meaning and should be more than a representative of class or type. The fourth, as it should be different from its literal meaning, a symbol should also have more than one meaning. Its cluster of meaning is controlled by the context of the story (Perrine 1974: 214). C. Literature and Biography Literature and biography are two inseparable things. The involvement of the author existed within his or her literary work. This means that a literary work PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 13 also involves the feeling, emotion, ideas, and personality of the author which refer to his or her personal life. This also means that in order to better analyze a literary work, it is important to put the biographical approach as it conveys the author‟s personal life (Rohberger and Woods, 1971: 8). In this case, it could be said that a literary work is also influenced by the personal life of the author (Wellek and Waren, 1956:75). There is a very close relationship between the work and its author (Rohberger and Woods, 1971: 8). E. D. Hirsch in Bleich (1978: 239) said that the most fundamental means of understanding the literary works is to know the originators‟ intention to it. Hawtron also has the same idea that the possible context that can fit the analysis of a literary work is the knowledge of the author‟s biography (Hawtron, 1987: 80). Hawtron stated that It is characteristic of untrained or unsophisticated readers that they fail to come to terms with author‟s use of personae and treats statements in literary works as statement made by an author (Hawtron, 1987: 81). This means that in order to be a sophisticated reader, one must have knowledge on the author‟s life, his or her society and culture. D. Review on Biographical Background of Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809. His parents were David and Elizabeth Poe. David was born in Baltimore on July 18, 1784. Elizabeth Arnold came to the U.S. from England in 1796 and married David Poe after her first husband died in 1805. They had three children, Henry, Edgar, and Rosalie. Elizabeth Poe died in 1811, when Edgar was 2 years old. She was already a sick woman when his sister, Rosalie, had been born. She had separated from her PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 14 husband and had taken her three kids with her. Henry went to live with his grandparents while Edgar was adopted by Mr. and Mrs. Allan. John Allan was a successful merchant, so Edgar grew up in good surroundings and went to good schools (Poe, 1963: 4). His life with his foster parents was not going well, especially with his foster father. Poe started to spend his time away from home. The old friendly relationship with Mr. Allan that he remembered so well seemed to be disappearing. The man he tried to think of as his father was displeased with him often. Unhappy because of the quarreling at home, Poe visited with Rob Stanard, Jack Mackenzie, and other friends. Rob Stanard‟s mother is a very loving figure to Poe. He felt the pure perfect love he craves for. As a boy of 15 years, the love he felt for the 31-year-old Mrs. Stanard was a worshipping, noble one. Mrs. Stanard loved to hear Poe‟s poems. He was quick to accept every time she asked him to read one of his works. From Mrs. Stanard he got both encouragement and suggestions for improving his poetry. But during these meetings, the sensitive Poe began to notice that Mrs. Stanard was changing in a strange way (Poe 1963: 128). On April 28th, 1824, Mrs. Stanard died. For Poe days of deep sorrow followed. In the death of Jane Stanard he had lost his dearest friend and the one who had given him the help and the encouragement he needed so much. But as an imaginative boy of 15, the greatest, unforgettable sadness was the loss of the beautiful woman be worshipped-his perfect love. Edgar Allan Poe went to the University of Virginia in 1826. He was 17. Even though John Allan had plenty of money, he only gave Edgar about a third of PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 15 what he needed. Although Edgar had done well in Latin and French, he started to drink heavily and quickly became in debt. Edgar Allan had no money, no job skills, and had been shunned by John Allan. Edgar went to Boston and joined the U.S. Army in 1827. He was 18. He did reasonably well in the Army and attained the rank of sergeant major. In 1828, Mrs. Allan died and John Allan tried to be friendly towards Edgar and signed Edgar's application to West Point. While waiting to enter West Point, Edgar lived with his grandmother and his aunt, Mrs. Clemm. Also living there was his brother, Henry, and young cousin, Virginia. In 1830, Edgar Allan entered West Point as a cadet. He did not stay long because John Allan refused to send him any money. It is thought that Edgar purposely broke the rules and ignored his duties so he would be dismissed. In 1836, Edgar married his cousin, Virginia. He was 27 and she was 13. Many sources say Virginia was 14, but this is incorrect. Virginia Clemm was born on August 22, 1822. They were married before her 14th birthday, in May of 1836. In 1845, Virginia's health was fading away and Edgar was deeply distressed by it. In her five year struggle she had been near death several times, but had always regained her strength. On January 30th, 1847 Virginia died, 10 days after Edgar's birthday. After losing his wife, Poe collapsed from stress but gradually returned to health later that year. She was 24 years old, the same age Edgar‟s mother and Brother Henry had been at their death. Since that time, Edgar Allan Poe‟s mental condition was no longer healthy. He suffered from his mental illness because of losing the people he loves for the umpteenth time (http://www.poemhunter.com/edgar-allan-poe/biography/). PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 16 Poe became a literary sensation in 1845 with the publication of the poem "The Raven." It is considered a great American literary work and one of the best of Poe's career. In the work, Poe explored some of his common themes—death and loss. An unknown narrator laments the demise of his great love Lenore. That same year, he found himself under attack for his stinging criticisms of his fellow poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Poe claimed that Longfellow, a widely popular literary figure, was a plagiarist, and this written assault on Longfellow created a bit of backlash for Poe. With his short stories and poems, Edgar Allan Poe captured the imagination and interest of readers around the world. His creative talents led to the beginning of different literary genres, earning him the nickname "Father of the Detective Story" among other distinctions. His life, however, has become a bit of mystery itself. The lines between fact and fiction have been blurred substantially since his death (http://www.biography.com/people/edgar-allan-poe-9443160#synopsis). E. Theoretical Framework In order to answer the questions stated in the problem formulation, the writer uses the theory of theme and the theory of symbol. The writer uses the theory of the theme and symbol to analyze and to understand the theme of the poem seen from the symbol that is analyzed in the research. After finding the theme and the symbols, the writer uses the biographical background of the poet. This aims to relate the personal experience that happened to the poet with the PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 17 symbols and the theme that he used in his work. The description can be seen in the chart below. POEM Theme (seen from the symbols in the poem) The Influence of the poet‟s personal experience to the symbols and theme he used. From the chart above, the writer puts the poem as the source of this research. From the poem, what the writer wants to analyze first is the symbol. From the symbol, the writer then can analyze the theme. In this case, the writer wants to analyze what theme the symbols suggest. After finding the symbols and theme, then the writer analyzes the poet‟s personal experience related to these two things. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study In this research, the writer uses a poem by Edgar Allan Poe as the object of study. The poem entitled “The Raven.” This poem was published in 1845. This is a unique poem because this poem looks more like a short story rather than a poem because this poem has 18 stanzas and each stanza consist of 5 lines. This poem is free in rhymes. “The Raven” is considered as the most famous work from Edgar Allan Poe until a famous actor, Vincent Price, read it as a monologue. Poe wrote “The Raven” because he lost his love, Lenore. Not only that, but also he could write “The Raven” because he heard that bird like knocked on his door at night and he associated the bird with the death of Lenore. The bird, raven, also symbolize something else in the poem. B. Approach of the Study The approach that the writer uses in this research is biographical and approach. Biographical used to analyze the poet life’s timeline and connected it with the works. However, the timeline that the writer uses are more to the early life and educational years of the poet. According to Reaske Biography is a detailed description or account of someone's life. More than a list of basic facts (education, work, relationships, and death), biography also portrays the subject's experience of those events. Unlike a profile or curriculum vitae (résumé), a biography presents the subject's life story, highlighting various aspects of his or her life, including intimate details of experience, and may include an analysis of the subject's personality. Biographical approach examines the literary work in relation to the author’s life. And often a particular poem or song is subject to this kind of 18 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 19 analysis simply by nature of its material in relation to the background of the author's personal experience (Reaske : 1966). Biography is different from curriculum vitae because biography is concerned with the person’s life story, the experiences that happened, and sometimes also the personality of the person that is being biographed. From the quotation above, the writer can simply say that Biographical approach is an approach used to understand and comprehend a literary work by studying deeper about the life of the author himself. The writer uses this approach because the writer thinks that this approach is right for the work and the topic of this research. C. Method of the Study This research is a library research because the writer only uses some printed and electronic sources without going to the field and collecting data using questionnaires. The primary source the writer uses is the poem by Edgar Allan Poe entitled “The Raven” and the secondary sources are the books of Poe’s biography, and internet sources with the related topic. The writer did three steps in this research. First, the writer read the poem that she wanted to analyze in this research and find the symbols of the poem. Second, the writer analyzed the symbols of the poem to reveal the theme that the symbols probably suggest. Third, the writer relates the biography of the poet and the work he wrote with the approaches stated above. The writer did her research used the library research method and all the sources provided. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS In this part of research, the writer wants to analyze the primary source, the poem used in this research, ―The Raven‖, which was published in January 1845 before its writer, Edgar Allan Poe‘s death in October 3rd, 1849. The writer of this research divides the analysis into three parts. The first part is the description of symbols of the poem. The second is the theme that the symbols probably suggest, and the third is the relation between the symbols and theme with Poe‘s personal experience as the writer of the poem. The writer of this research concentrates to the symbols that Poe used in his works to reveal the meaning. As stated before, symbols are divided into three: cultural symbol, conventional symbol, and private symbol. In every literary works, the author or the poet used private symbols to convey the meaning of the works itself. In the Literary Terms, Wheeler stated that: …but private symbols may only be discernable in the context of one specific story or poem. Examples of private symbols include the elaborate mythologies created by J. R. R. Tolkien in The Silmarillion (such as the One Ring as a symbol to represent poetic artifice in ―Sailing to Byzantium,‖ or Yeats‘ use of a gyre to symbolize the cycles of history and the sphinx as an emblem of the Antichrist in ―The Second Coming‖ (http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/lit_terms_P.html). Wheeler claims that story and poetry uses the private symbol because it depends on the author or the poet himself. Also as stated in the previous chapter, the writer uses Perrine theory in recognizing symbols through emphasis, repetition, or position (Perrine 1974: 214). 20 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 21 A. The Symbols of the Poem Symbol can be recognized by the repetition in the poem and it can be words or phrase. In the first poem, there are some repeated words which can be the keywords and of course bring a certain meaning to the poem. These key words are categorized as the visual symbols because each key word is referring to a particular object when stated. There are some symbols found in the poem which are discussed here. The writer orders the symbols in such way because the very first that occurred is the most important symbol then followed by the other. 1. Raven Raven is the title and also the second object in this poem. In this poem the Raven bird repeated for six times, in line 46 Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling, By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore, ―Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou,‖ I said, ―art sure no craven, Ghastly grim and ancient Raven wandering from the Nightly shore— Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night‘s Plutonian shore!‖ Quoth the Raven ―Nevermore‖ (Poe: stanza 8). Here, the writer of the poem told the presence of that bird in the poem which was actually wanted to bring the deception to him. Not only that, it is also mentioned in line 83: ―But the Raven still beguiling all my fancy into smiling‖, line 89: ―But the Raven still beguiling all my fancy into smiling‖, line 95: ―Quoth the Raven ―Nevermore‖, line 101, and line 102. In this poem, the poet uses ―Raven‖ as the symbol of darkness and loneliness, from the dictionary of symbol, is described as the messenger of Apollo. Apollo himself was the great PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 22 Olympian god of prophecy and oracles, healing, plague and disease, music, song and poetry, archery, and the protection of the young. This symbolization by Poe makes it sense in the poem, because the poet in the poem lost himself in grief of the loss Lenore. Raven came into his chamber as the messenger of Apollo to cheer the poet‘s grief and gloomy night. In some countries, this bird is also known as the bird of messenger. The Chinese, Egyptian, Greek, Semitic and Siberian legends depict the raven as a messenger of storms or bad weather. In African, Asian and European legends, the raven forecasts death. Shakespeare presents ravens as messengers or exponents of evil (like in "Julius Caesar", "Macbeth" and "Othello"), while in "Titus Andronicus" they are described as benefactors feeding abandoned children. In his poem "The Raven", Edgar Allan Poe associates this bird with lost love and despair (http://news.softpedia.com/news/10-Amazing-Facts-About-Ravens70914.shtml). Another meaning of the Raven is a large bird of the crow family, with shiny black feathers and a rough unpleasant cry (Oxford Dictionary, 2006: 1205). So the raven here symbolizes the atmosphere or the situation of the poet himself. Also, the bird Raven creates imagination in the readers‘ mind about death or something evil because Raven is one of the crow families which eat their own family or the dead body (http://ww2.netnitco.net/~legend01/raven.htm). From other research also proved that Raven is one of a very special kind of birds. The Cornell lab of Ornithology stated that Raven is smart and has kind of special personality. Common Ravens are smart, which makes them dangerous predators. They sometimes work in pairs to raid seabird colonies, with one bird distracting an incubating adult and the other waiting to grab an egg or chick as soon as it‘s uncovered. They‘ve been seen waiting in trees as ewes give birth, then attacking the newborn lambs. People the world over sense a certain kind of personality in ravens. Edgar Allan Poe clearly found them a little PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 23 creepy. The captive ravens at the Tower of London are beloved and perhaps a little feared: legend has it that if they ever leave the tower, the British Empire will crumble. Native people of the Pacific Northwest regard the raven as an incurable trickster, bringing fire to people by stealing it from the sun, and stealing salmon only to drop them in rivers all over the world (http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/common_raven/lifehistory). Here, the Raven can mean or express the feeling of rage. It also can imitate other birds‘ vocal note and mimic the crows perfectly the same. Raven's calls can express tenderness, happiness, surprise, emotion or rage (http://news.softpedia.com/news/10-Amazing-Facts-About-Ravens-70914.shtml). From the quotations and descriptions above, the writer of this research can simply conclude that raven is a bird that has two personalities, it can be a messenger of light and it can be the symbol of true sorrow (death), but the poet saw the raven as the symbol of death rather than a messenger although at first he tried to talk to the Raven but all he heard was ―nevermore.‖ Another interpretation comes from Native American Indian Lore about the Raven. This tribe sees Raven as the bird of long distance healing. As Native American Indian Lore said Foremost, the Raven is the Native American bearer of magic, and a harbinger of messages from the cosmos. Messages that are beyond space and time are nestled in the midnight wings of the Raven and come to only those within the tribe who are worthy of the knowledge. The Raven is also called upon in Native ritual for healing purposes. Specifically, the Raven is thought to provide long-distance healing. The Raven is also a keeper of secrets, and can assist us in determining answers to our own ―hidden‖ thoughts. Areas in our lives that we are unwilling to face, or secrets we keep that harm us – the Raven can help us expose the truth behind these (often distorted) secrets and wing us back to health and harmony. (http://www.symbolic-meanings.com/2007/11/15/symbolic-meaning-ofthe-raven-in-native-american-indian-lore/) PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 24 From the quotation above, there are three symbolical meaning of the raven. First one is the long distance healing. In the poem this can be interpreted as the will of Poe to be healed from his grief and broken heart because the death of Lenore. He wanted to be freed from the pain he felt. The second is the raven as a keeper of secrets, and can assist us in determining answers to our own hidden thoughts. It is clearly stated that the poet has his own thought about the death of Lenore. He sees the death of Lenore as a mystery that he did not have the answer ―Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore—Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore;— ― (Line 34-35). In every stanza he keeps asking the bird about Lenore. He thought that the Raven bird has the answer to the mystery of the death Lenore but the bird keeps it from him. Finally he get so mad because the bird only sit on the bust of Pallas without answering his question about the death of Lenore. ―And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door; ― (Line 104-103). Here, the writer finds that the ‗Raven‘ brings a negative meaning. It is the signal of a bad news; the presence of the ‗Raven‘ here indicates that something‘s bad will be happened. 2. Lenore Lenore is the first subject in this poem. ‗Lenore‘ is mentioned several times in the poem. Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December; And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow;—vainly I had sought to borrow PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 25 From my books surcease of sorrow—sorrow for the lost Lenore— For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore— Nameless here for evermore (Poe: stanza 2). Here, the poet said that Lenore was an angel. Unfortunately, he was in sorrow for the lost of that woman. The poet used Lenore to symbolize a woman in his life that he loved the most. Lenore in this poem does not mean the real women named Lenore. ―Prophet!‖ said I, ―thing of evil!—prophet still, if bird or devil! By that Heaven that bends above us—by that God we both adore— Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn, It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore— Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore.‖ Quoth the Raven ―Nevermore‖ (Poe: stanza 15). Here, the poet chose the name Lenore because that name usually associated with a young, rare, and ‗radiant maiden‘. The poet stated the description of Lenore in his eleventh lines ―for the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore.‖ This word is categorized as visual symbol because the word Lenore creates the image of a young and beautiful woman, not only in the poet‘s mind but also in the readers‘ or listeners‘ mind. Lenore symbolizes someone in the poet‘s life whom he loved very much. 3. Night‘s Plutonian Shore In this poem, the phrase ―night‘s Plutonian Shore‖ repeated by the poet two times. In line 47 ―Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night’s Plutonian shore!‖ Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling, By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore, ―Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou,‖ I said, ―art sure no craven, PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 26 Ghastly grim and ancient Raven wandering from the Nightly shore— Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night‘s Plutonian shore!‖ Quoth the Raven ―Nevermore.‖ (Poe: stanza 8) Here, the poet wanted to tell how he met the raven which brought the sadness from the Night‘s Plutonian shore and he wondered who he is. In line 98 ―Get thee back into the tempest and the Night’s Plutonian shore!‖ ―Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!‖ I shrieked, upstarting— ―Get thee back into the tempest and the Night‘s Plutonian shore! Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken! Leave my loneliness unbroken!—quit the bust above my door! Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door!‖ Quoth the Raven ―Nevermore‖ (Poe: stanza 17). Here, the poet wanted to say how he actually denied the bad news from the Plutonian shore by the raven. He showed his rejection to the bird and asked him to go back to the Plutonian shore. The Night‘s Plutonian Shore is in fact referring to the Roman‘s god, Pluto, who rules the underworld or in other word it is the god of the world of the death. Pluto is known in Greek as Hades. As one of the study of this god says: Pluto is the Roman god of the underworld and the judge of the dead. Pluto was the son of Saturn. Pluto's wife was Proserpina (Greek name, Persephone) whom he had kidnapped and dragged into the underworld. His brothers were Jupiter and Neptune. People referred to Pluto as the rich one because he owned all the wealth in the ground. People were afraid to say his real name because they were afraid it might attract his attention. Black sheep were offered to him as sacrifices. Pluto was known as a pitiless god because if a mortal entered his Underworld they could never hope to return. Pluto's Greek name is Hades (http://www.pantheon.org/articles/p/pluto.html). It is stated there that Pluto is the god of underworld which brings the meaning that he is the god of the death, who has the authority to take someone‘s life off. In this poem, Poe used the term of Night’s Plutonian shore to emphasize PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 27 the true feeling of him that is afraid of another death of his beloved people. The phrase ―Night‘s Plutonian shore‖ emphasize the nothingness, sadness, and emptiness that Poe felt at that time. Night in that phrase confirms the state of being dark and night also symbolizes death. The Greek believes that night and dark are the time when all things can happen including the evil things (1971: 228). This phrase is categorized as the visual symbol because when this phrase stated, it clearly creates the sharp imagination of how dark and empty the situation was for the author. 4. Bust of Pallas In the poem, the ―bust of Pallas‖ repeated for three times in line 41 and implicitly in line 53 and line 55. ―Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door‖ (line 41) ―Bird or beast upon sculptured bust above his chamber door,‖ (line 53) ―But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only,‖ (line 55) Referring back to the Greek myth, Pallas (usually known as Pallas Athena) was one of the god‘s of the Greek. Pallas Athena, goddess of Wisdom and Armed Resistance, was a purely Greek divinity; that is to say, no other nation possessed a corresponding conception. She was supposed, as already related, to have issued from the head of Zeus himself, clad in armour from head to foot (http://www.talesbeyondbelief.com/myth-stories/pallas-athena.htm). From this statement, the writer can say that Pallas was the wisdom one. In this poem, the poet used Pallas because it symbolizes the wisdom that he PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 28 thought the Raven had. He believed what the bird said were from god that there would be no grief after the lost of Lenore. Still, it could not help him to forget his pain that night. The wisdom he got still could not resist the pain that grew stronger in his heart. That was proven in stanza 9 line 50 Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly, Though its answer little meaning—little relevancy bore; For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door— Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door, With such name as ―Nevermore‖ (Poe: stanza 9) Here, ―though its answer little meaning – little relevancy bore;‖ this shows that no matter how many wisdom he got, he still could not forget the pain as he lost the one he loved very much. The pain and grief he had could not make him want to accept the presence of that bird. 5. Nepenthe In the poem, this Nepenthe thing was mentioned twice by the poet. Nepenthe is a kind of plant that is used as a drug by the ancients to induce forgetfulness of pain or sorrow (Merriam-Webster.com). Clearly stated by the poet himself in line 82-83 ― Respite – respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore! Then, me thought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by Seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor. ―Wretch,‖ I cried, ―thy God hath lent thee—by these angels he hath sent thee Respite—respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore; Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!‖ Quoth the Raven ―Nevermore.‖ PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 29 Quaff, oh quaff this kind of nepenthe, and forget this lost Lenore!‖ (Poe: stanza 14) This means showed how the writer of the poem really felt in sorrow after losing Lenore, the one he loved very much, and then he tried to forget all those terrible things he had. This nepenthe plant has the same function as the balm in Gilead mentioned in another line. The poet used this kind of plant to symbolize the strong will of him to get healed from his broken heart of the lost Lenore. Again, this ―nepenthe‖ drugs existed in the Greek mythology. There is also another meaning of this flower. From the Botanical Society of America said that Nepenthe is a kind of plant that traps the prey. Once the prey is inside the cup, it will never get out from it. Nepenthes, a native of Southeast Asia and Australia, forms pitchers (cups) that hang from trees. Its pitcher is similar to that of the North American pitcher plant in that it relies on a pool of water to trap its prey. It has a most unusual leaf that first looks like a normal leaf, then develops a tendril at its tip, and finally the tip of the tendril develops an amazing pitcher. It gains support by twining the tendril around another plant. The trap, like our own pitcher plant, lures its prey into the pitfall trap by a combination of decaying odors and sometimes a red coloration. As the pitcher develops, it swells and droops due to its weight (http://botany.org/Carnivorous_Plants/Nepenthes.php). From the quotation above, the writer can also conclude that the pain and grief have the same quality with Nepenthe; things to what he was trapped in. Poe wanted to show his feeling that was being trapped to the pain and grief because of the death of Lenore. He could not forget the pain and feel so hard to move on from the sadness that he felt at that time. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 30 So, from the poem, the writer of this research can simply conclude the meaning of the poem. The literal meaning of the poem is only to tell the readers or the listeners about how he felt when the dear Lenore left him. The poet expressed his feeling into a poem and chose the certain symbols to emphasize his own feeling toward the death of Lenore. The deeper meaning of the poem is the poet felt depressed, hopeless, and the darkness that surrounded him when he lost his beloved. There is no explanation whether this poem was dedicated to the young lady named Lenore or not because there is no evidence that strengthen this argument, but the writer of this research sure that this poem was dedicated to someone the poet really loved at that time. B. The Theme of The Poem The Symbols Suggest A theme is a ‗central idea‘ or ‗central purpose‘ we can find in our daily life which is the same with the theme in the literary work. A theme generalizes life and theme of a literary work is its own meaning. In this poem, the symbols found contribute a specific central idea or theme. From the symbols, it is clear that in this poem, the writer felt the pain and grief; deep depression after losing someone he loved. The theme of the poem the symbols suggest is the death of someone we love may disturb our own sanity no matter how hard we try to be strong. Disturb our own sanity here means that sometimes in losing someone we love, the pain and grief leave us in deep depression. Here, in this poem, the poet shows that PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 31 feeling through the choice of symbols he used. The chronology of concluding theme of the poem can be seen in the chart below: Symbols Lenore Meaning of the symbols Theme of the work that the symbols suggest The woman that the poet loved so much The one that the poet loved Referring to ―Virginia‖ the poet‘s wife who was dead because of the tubercolosis Night‘s Plutonian Shore The darkness and emptiness that the poet felt at that time because he lost his beloved Raven 1. True sorrow or death 2. The messenger of light The poet saw this bird as the symbol of death rather than a messenger of light because he thought that he could talk to the bird to forget about his sorrow but all that he heard was ―Nevermore‖ which then frustrated him. Bust of Pallas The wisdom. Because Pallas is the god of wisdom (In Greek mythology) The poet felt that emptiness and deep sorrow because he lost his beloved The depression after losing someone he loved makes him insane (talk to the bird). He tried to be strong (The Raven also symbolizes the messenger of light) but he failed (then he fell into the deep sorrow again). The poet tried to be strong again, he thought that the Raven had the wisdom of Pallas PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI Nepenthe 32 The strong will of the poet to forget his sorrow and grief. This nepenthe thing is actually a plant that is used by the ancient as a drug to induce forgetfulness of pain or sorrow. The poet tried to find another reason to be strong and forget the pain but again he failed and he felt the sorrow even more. The theme of the poem: The death of someone we love may disturb our own sanity no matter how hard we try to be strong. Poe used those symbols because he found out that those symbols stood for all the things related to his feeling and what he experienced in the past. Here, he had lost his beloved for the umpteenth time. It left him in such a trauma and the terrifying sight of death. This trauma leads him to his pessimism in seeing life. First of all, he called a lovely maiden with the name of ―Lenore.‖ This is very reasonable because he had lost all of the women he loved in his past for the same reason. That was why he used the name ―Lenore‖ to refer to the person he loved. After that, he also used the bird as the title and also as the main symbol of the poem. He used the Raven as the bird to show his honest feeling about the PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 33 death of his beloved. The writer finds that the bird itself has two personalities; it can be the messenger of light and the symbols of darkness. This is also reasonable because Poe wants to show his feeling which as dark as the bird‘s feather. His heart filled with darkness when the lovely maiden named Lenore was dead. This ―darkness‖ was also symbolized by the phrase ―Night‘s Plutonian‘s Shore.‖ As been described before, this phrase also symbolizes the never ending sorrow because the death of Lenore. Poe was not stopped there to show his gloomy and hopeless feeling. He takes Pluto and Pallas from the Greek gods. He chose this with a reason because Pluto is the god of underworld where the people go after life and also Pallas is the god of wisdom. The use of these gods are the most reasonable to show his courage to face the fact that his beloved has dead (Pallas) and the grief because of it (Apollo). Since the death of his beloved left him in deep depression, Poe tried to find an escape from his grief. He used Nepenthe as one of the symbols in the poem. Nepenthe, which has been explained before, is a plant which used by ancient people as a drug to induce forgetfulness of pain or sorrow. This clearly show his will to forget the pain he felt because the death of the one he loved. The Nepenthe plant was first known in Greek mythology as the drug for healing pain. The theme of the poem revealed through the symbols Poe used in his work. These symbols symbolize the same idea of death which is dark and hopeless. He personally has special closeness with death because of the umpteenth PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 34 time of loss which imprinted on his mind and leads to a deep trauma. The trauma indirectly drives his unconscious mind to choose particular things to be used to symbolize death and the pain of loss and also the escapism from the grief he felt. As C.D. Merriman said about Poe that ….a tormented and sometimes neurotic obsession with death and violence and overall appreciation for the beautiful yet tragic mysteries of life (http://www.online-literature.com/poe/). This means that Poe has an obsession toward death that urged him to write his work in very pessimistic nuance. This theme of death also can be seen from the title of the work, ―The Raven.‖ From the title, Poe already gave the reader a clue about the theme of the poem. Raven is a big black bird of the crow family with shiny black feather and unpleasant cry. This symbol shows the darkness of the feeling of Poe. Since the ―Raven‖ is the main symbol of the poem, this symbol also indirectly reveals the theme of the work. The raven is known as a bird that symbolizes death because of his black feather and its habit in eating their own family. In conclusion, the writer can say that the theme of the poem is the death of someone we love may disturb our own sanity no matter how hard we try to be strong because Poe has implicitly stated the theme by the choice of symbols he used in the poem. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 35 C. The Relation of Symbol and Theme of the work with the Poet’s Personal Experience. It is important for us to know that biographical approach is very useful in order to understand the author‘s work. Leon Edel in Bleich stated that …must try to know himself before he seeks to know the life of another; and this leads us to a very pretty impasse. Since there seems to be considerable evident that he is seeking to know the life of another in order better to understand himself (Bleich, 1978: 262). This means that some scholarly documentation such as testimonials and personal letters are the facts about the author and sometimes give new information. Through those documents, we can easily trace the life history or life experienced of someone. In this case, the writer finds that the work of Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven, contains something about his own past. From the explanation about the symbol and the theme, the writer of this research found that both of them brought a same idea about death; the death of Poe‘s beloved people. In this section, the writer tries to see the death in the poem, death in Poe‘s life and the relation between both of them which shows that ‗The Raven‘ actually reflects Poe‘s life. As been stated in the biographical background of Edgar Allan Poe, the writer knows that the poet had no perfect family life. The first death he found in his life was the death of his biological mother. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 36 Edgar‘s mother struggled to feed her children by continuing to take any stage roles she was offered, although she was already ill with tuberculosis and died only months later (Sova, 2007:3). It is stated there that Poe lost his mother and then because of that he, after experiencing the trauma of his mother‘s death, he and his family had to experience trauma again as they were separated and had to live with different families (Sova, 2007: 3), and Mrs. Stanard. She is the mother of his best friends, Rob. It is stated in Porges that Edgar thought he had never seen a woman so beautiful. But his sensitive mind also immediately felt something else in her-something beneath the lovely face and smile. In some strange way, Edgar understood that with Mrs. Jane Smith Stanard, he would find a friendship and a sympathy he had never possessed before. In that moment, the two felt some hidden force pull them together (Porges 1969). This shows how Poe fell in love with Mrs. Stanard. Mrs. Stanard was also a lovely person. She calmed, comforted and also listened to Poe‘s poetry. Few years after that, Mrs. Stanard suffered a severe illness. And Poe, from Rob knew that Mrs. Stanard became mad. Mrs. Stanard got a mental illness. On April 28th 1824, Mrs. Stanard died (Porges, 1969: 25-26). In the new family, he lived with John Allan and his wife, Mrs. Frances Allan who didn‘t bear any children. That was why, Poe was considered as their child (Sova, 2007: 4). Poe made a good relationship with the family especially with Mrs. Allan. In 1827, Poe left the house to join the U.S. Military Academy under the name of Edgar A. Perry. Though he left the house, he still had contact with Mrs. Allan. He wrote her letters. In her age of 44, Mrs. Frances Allan was chronically ill and got tuberculosis then she died. Poe felt very sad about this. He PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 37 felt guilty as he didn‘t prevent that kind of thing and he wasn‘t be with her in her last hours as he had a problem with his bureaucratic administration during in military school (Sova, 2007: 5). Years after that, Poe began his new life with his cousin. They both lived in a house. Poe treated her as her lovely cousin. Poe called her ‗Sis‘ or ‗Sissy‖ (Sova, 2007: 6). Poe then proposed married even though they were on a very different age. He then proposed a 13-year-old girl; Virginia. In her age of 20, Virginia got tuberculosis which caused a hemorrhage. In 1842, she lost weight and became ill. Something terrible happened to her. When she was playing the piano and singing for her husband in 1842, her blood vessel in her throat broke then blood started to come out of her mouth. She finally died in January 1830 (Sova, 2007: 7). The bad condition of Virginia from the tuberculosis and that hemorrhage made Virginia‘s health became very fragile. This condition also put Poe in a very big depression (Sova, 2007: 7). From these explanations, it can be said that Poe experienced many sad moments in his life; the death of his biological mother, Mrs. Stanard, Mrs. Allan and Virginia. This was what he actually wanted to share in his poem ‗The Raven‘. The used of symbols and theme emerged then reflected how Poe experienced his life; death of his beloved people. The trauma of death lead Poe to used particular objects in this poem to evoke the readers‘ or listeners‘ imagination through symbols. He used them as the tools to outpour and reduce his sadness and pain at once, because of his grief in losing the one he loves for the umpteenth time. His trauma not only leads him to an ordinary stress level, his trauma leads to the PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 38 serious depression for Poe. This depression then leads him to become an alcoholic. Ackroyd said that Poe suffered from Bipolar disorder, stated in Poe: A Life Cut Short. There seems to be little room for doubt that Edgar Allan Poe suffered from a classic case of bipolar disorder. Throughout his life he shuttled between the dark and the light, enduring unimaginable pain one day and writing unforgettable literature (Ackroyd, 2008: 32). From this statement, Poe is described as the one, who suffered from bipolar disorder. It is the brain disorder that can cause unusual change or shift of mood and energy. It is also called as manic-depressive (http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml). illness Living with this kind of condition, Poe still wrote a poem. His mania fired his imagination, fueled his busy pen and made him one of America‘s best-known writers. But his depression drove him to drink, despair and abject failure, and he died not so much a broken man as a man who had never been whole (Ackroyd, 2008: 32). This means that Poe, even though he was one of the best-known writers in America, still lived in pain of sorrow. This was what led him to drink alcoholic drink. It is not only clearly showed in the whole poem but also from the very beginning of the poem, Poe already summarize his feeling through the word of ―Raven‖ in the poem. As already stated before, Poe himself has the personal interest about this bird, is because this bird is as black as his feeling because of the death of the people he loved. This is proven by the quotation below: By now Poe has already established the basic symbolic framework of the poem, which-characteristically for him- is both structurally simple and elaborately detailed. ―The Raven‖ divides its characters and imagery into two conflicting worlds light and darkness. Virtually every detail in the poem reflects one world or the other. Lenore, who is repeatedly described PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 39 as ―radiant‖ epitomizes the world of light-along with angels she has now joined. Other images of light include the white bust of Pallas and the lamplight that illumines the speaker‘s chamber, his haven from the outer darkness (http://www.danagioia.net/essays/epoe.htm). Here, Poe has designed The Raven with its structure and details in order to perfectly reveal the life a dn emotion of Poe himself. The Raven, however, ‗represents‘ or reveals the darkness on the bleak December midnight (http://www.danagioia.net/essays/epoe.htm). His shadow, the final image of the poem, demonstrates his power to darken the weak and dying light of the speaker‘s refuge. The ebony bird‘s ironic perch on the bust of Pallas also underscores the inability of reason and learning (further symbolized by the narrator‘s unconsoling books to combat the power of blackness and despair (http://www.danagioia.net/essays/epoe.htm). These worlds of light and darkness which are contrasted each other then need some additional symbolic resonances. These two world mentioned are also representing or revealing ‗life and death-the speaker‘s vain hope to life together again with Lenore, the one he loved very much in afterlife and the nothingness of eternal terrifying vision (http://www.danagioia.net/essays/epoe.htm). From the quotation above, the Raven described as the bird that represents the power of darkness and the terrifying vision of eternal nothingness. So, the raven bird used in the title to show Poe‘s pessimism about the afterlife which became the source of his never ending grief because he lost his loved ones. This pessimism comes from his trauma that he felt in his life. This is also strengthened by all the symbols that Poe used in ―The Raven‖, sounds are used symbolically. All the symbols are the reflection of Poe‘s PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 40 pessimism and fear of death, and also the trauma that he felt in his life, which then influence Poe to write his work based on his personal experience. The Raven is sure to be the greatest Poe‘s reflection of his personal experience because in the Raven, the life of Edgar Allan Poe is summarized very clearly from the very beginning of his lost until the last death of his beloved wife. The writer can simply conclude that ―The Raven‖ is dedicated to Poe‘s wife because in this poem, Poe felt the intense pain because of the death of Lenore. This Poem also the last poem published before the death Poe himself in the October 1849. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI CHAPTER V CONCLUSION So from this research, the writer can conclude that each work of a poet has relation with the poet himself. In this research, the writer proves the truth that the work Edgar Allan Poe wrote is the reflection or the mirror of his personal experience and the way he understood, interpreted and saw his past. The writer finds out that the work that the writer uses in this research is influenced by the personal experience that the poet felt when he was younger. All the memories of his childhood and his loss urged him to write his works in special ways and also urged the poet to use the special symbols to reveal the theme of the poem. The poet goal was to make the readers feel what he felt when he wrote the poem. The poet plays with the symbols to convey the meaning and to bring the reader in depth of his emotion. His works are the fruits of his memories that he recorded in his mind and his mind bear it into poems. This is because when a poet wrote his work, what he wrote are the reflection of his true self inside him and it shows the originality of the poet himself. So many hard times passed in his life and so many lost he experienced, the more he felt traumatic about life and the more he wrote his works in gloomy and sad atmosphere. His works are the mirror of who he is inside, the man within his physical body and his works also show the real quality of Poe during his life. From the research, the writer finds three things. First, a work of literature is sure to have a relation with the author itself. Poet uses the work to reflect an 41 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 42 experience on how he feels or reflect the true quality of himself. Edgar Allan Poe writes his work based on his personal experience. His point of view toward his life shown in his work and reflected through the symbols and the theme he used in the poem. In this research, Poe’s personal experience which turned into traumatic experience was reflected in the poem. The pessimism toward life that he shows in the poem is the traumatic of bad experiences that he felt during his life. Second, the work of literature is the flow of feeling of the poet. In the poem, Poe clearly shows the pain and grief that he felt by choosing the symbols that occur in the poem. Poe uses certain words to be his symbols in the poem to show his traumatic experience that he felt and also to show his fear of death. These symbols are the mirror of his feeling which then shows his theme in the work. Poe plays with the symbols and theme to tell people his traumatic experience and his fear of death. His pessimism in seeing life is because those loss experiences that happened to him. From this research, the writer proves that the poem used in this research is the reflection of the poet. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI BIBLIOGRAPHY Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms Fourth Edition. Canada. 1941. Atsma, Aoron J. “Pallas”. 2000. (Http://www.theoi.com/Titan/TitanPallas.html). May 10, 2014 Avenefica, Avia. “Symbolic Meaning of the Raven in Native American Indian Lore”. Symbolic Meanings Blog for Whats- Your-Sign.com. November 15, 2007. ( http://www.symbolic-meanings.com/2007/11/15/symbolicmeaning-of-the-raven-in-native-american-indian-lore/ ). March 22, 2014. Barnet, Sylvan. Literature for Composition Seventh Edition. New York: Longman. 2005. Barnet, Sylvan. An Introduction to Literature. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers. 1993. Berens, E.M. “The Story of Pallas Athena from Ancient Mythology”. June 2014. (http://www.talesbeyondbelief.com/myth-stories/pallas-athena.htm). August 5, 2014. “Biography of Edgar Allan Poe”. Edgar Allan Poe. The Literature Network. ( http://www.online-literature.com/poe/ ). February 21, 2014. “Bipolar Disorder”. The National Institute of Health. (http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml). July 12 2014. Burkhardt, Frederick. Concise Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. 1964. “Common Raven”. All About Birds. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. ( http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/common_raven/lifehistory ). January 12, 2014. Guth, Hans P. and Gabrielle L., Rico. Discovering Literature: Stories, Poems, Plays. Englewoods cliffs: Blair Press Book. 1997. Holman C. Hugh & Harmon, William. A Handbook to Literature. New York: MacMillan. 1986. Ingram, John H. The Complete Poetical Works and Essays on Poetry of Edgar Allan Poe together with His Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym. London: Frederick Warne and Co. 1997. 43 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 44 Kahler, Karl. “Edgar Allan Poe: Conquer or Die”. Maniac Dawn. January 2, 2014. ( http://manicdawnbook.com/edgar-allan-poe-conquer-or-die/ ). December 10, 2014. Myers, Jack. The Longman Dictionary of Poetic Terms. New York: Longman. 1989. “Nepenthes-the Monkey Cups”. The Botanical Society of America. ( http://botany.org/Carnivorous_Plants/Nepenthes.php ). January 12, 2014. Perrine, Irwin. Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Washington Square Press. 1969. Petras, Kathryn and Ross. Dance First Think Later. New York: Workman Publishing. 2011. Porges, Irwin. Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Washington Square Press. 1963. Rohberger, Marry and Samuel, Woods. Reading&Writing About Literature 5th edition. New York: Mac Millan. 1971. Sova, Dawn B. Critical Companion to Edgar Allan Poe: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. New York: 2001. “The most intelligent birds”. 10 Amazing Facts about Ravens. November 14, 2007. ( http://news.softpedia.com/news/10-Amazing-Facts-About-Ravens70914.shtml ). January 14, 2014. Webster, Merriam. Merriam Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature. Philippines: Merriam Webster Inc. 1995. Wellek, Rene and Warren, Austin. Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt, Drace&Company. 1990. Yelland, H.L. A Handbook of Literary Terms. Sydney: Halstead Press. 1950. PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI APPENDICES 1. The Raven poem From www.poetryfoundation.org Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore— While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. “‟Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door— Only this and nothing more.” Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December; And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow;—vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow—sorrow for the lost Lenore— For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore— Nameless here for evermore. And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me—filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating “‟Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door— Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door;— This it is and nothing more.” Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer, “Sir,” said I, “or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore; But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping, And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door, That I scarce was sure I heard you”—here I opened wide the door;— Darkness there and nothing more. 45 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before; But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token, And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, “Lenore?” This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, “Lenore!”— Merely this and nothing more. Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning, Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before. “Surely,” said I, “surely that is something at my window lattice; Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore— Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore;— ‟Tis the wind and nothing more!” Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter, In there stepped a stately Raven of the saintly days of yore; Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed he; But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door— Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door— Perched, and sat, and nothing more. Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling, By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore, “Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou,” I said, “art sure no craven, Ghastly grim and ancient Raven wandering from the Nightly shore— Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night‟s Plutonian shore!” Quoth the Raven “Nevermore.” Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly, Though its answer little meaning—little relevancy bore; For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door— Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door, 46 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI With such name as “Nevermore.” But the Raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour. Nothing farther then he uttered—not a feather then he fluttered— Till I scarcely more than muttered “Other friends have flown before— On the morrow he will leave me, as my Hopes have flown before.” Then the bird said “Nevermore.” Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken, “Doubtless,” said I, “what it utters is its only stock and store Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore— Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore Of „Never—nevermore‟.” But the Raven still beguiling all my fancy into smiling, Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust and door; Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore— What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore Meant in croaking “Nevermore.” This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom‟s core; This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining On the cushion‟s velvet lining that the lamp-light gloated o‟er, But whose velvet-violet lining with the lamp-light gloating o‟er, She shall press, ah, nevermore! Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by Seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor. “Wretch,” I cried, “thy God hath lent thee—by these angels he hath sent thee 47 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI Respite—respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore; Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!” Quoth the Raven “Nevermore.” “Prophet!” said I, “thing of evil!—prophet still, if bird or devil!— Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore, Desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted— On this home by Horror haunted—tell me truly, I implore— Is there—is there balm in Gilead?—tell me—tell me, I implore!” Quoth the Raven “Nevermore.” “Prophet!” said I, “thing of evil!—prophet still, if bird or devil! By that Heaven that bends above us—by that God we both adore— Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn, It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore— Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore.” Quoth the Raven “Nevermore.” “Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!” I shrieked, upstarting— “Get thee back into the tempest and the Night‟s Plutonian shore! Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken! Leave my loneliness unbroken!—quit the bust above my door! Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door!” Quoth the Raven “Nevermore.” And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door; And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon‟s that is dreaming, And the lamp-light o‟er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor; And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor Shall be lifted—nevermore! 48 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI 49 2. The Nepenthe Plant From http://botany.org/Carnivorous_Plants/Nepenthes.php Nepenthes - the Monkey Cups TRAP TYPE: Pitfall Trap Currently 90 listed species occupying tropical habitats in Australia, Madagascar, Papua New Guinea, the Seychelles, Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. Nepenthes, a native of Southeast Asia and Australia, forms pitchers (cups) that hang from trees. Its pitcher is similar to that of the North American pitcher plant in that it relies on a pool of water to trap its prey. It has a most unusual leaf that first looks like a normal leaf, then develops a tendril at its tip, and finally the tip of the tendril develops an amazing pitcher. It gains support by twining the tendril around another plant. The trap, like our own pitcher plant, lures its prey into the pitfall trap by a combination of decaying odors and sometimes a red coloration. As the pitcher develops, it swells and droops due to its weight. As it matures, it suddenly begins inflates with air. Once inflated it begins to fill with liquid, then opens, revealing the enticing interior. The top of the trap has a lid that initially covers the pitcher until growth is complete. When the leaf is fully grown, the lid opens and the trap is ready. They attract insects with the odor of nectar. Once inside, the insect finds it cannot get a grip on the walls of the pitcher because a flaky wax on the interior surface peels off as it struggles to climb. Eventually, it falls into the water and struggles to escape. The motion caused by the struggle stimulates digestive glands to release a digestive acid. This acid is so strong that a midge will disappear within PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI hours. The largest of these, the Rajah pitcher, is able to digest mice! Like our own pitcher plant, this one too has its live inhabitants, the largest of which is a small crab. Insect larvae feed on the decaying remains of prey. Others live in the upper levels and dip down occasionally to seize one of the larval inhabitants. In one case, the plant provides a chamber in its stem where ants live. The ants venture to the pitchers, grab some of the decaying prey, and sit on the lip of the pitcher to dismember it. As they break apart the body, pieces fall back into the pitcher's awaiting pool, where the now smaller fragments decay more quickly than would a whole insect. 50 PLAGIAT PLAGIATMERUPAKAN MERUPAKANTINDAKAN TINDAKANTIDAK TIDAKTERPUJI TERPUJI Symbols Lenore Meaning of the symbols Theme of the work that the symbols suggest The woman that the poet loved so much The one that the poet loved Referring to “Virginia” the poet’s wife who was dead because of the tubercolosis Night’s Plutonian Shore The darkness and emptiness that the poet felt at that time because he lost his beloved Raven 1. True sorrow or death 2. The messenger of light The poet saw this bird as the symbol of death rather than a messenger of light because he thought that he could talk to the bird to forget about his sorrow but all that he heard was “Nevermore” which then frustrated him. The depression after losing someone he loved makes him insane (talk to the bird). He tried to be strong (The Raven also symbolizes the messenger of light) but he failed (then he fell into the deep sorrow again). Bust of Pallas The wisdom. Because Pallas is the god of wisdom (In Greek mythology) Nepenthe The strong will of the poet to forget his The poet tried to find sorrow and grief. another reason to be strong This nepenthe thing is actually a plant that is used by the ancient as a drug to induce and forget the pain but again he failed and he felt the forgetfulness of pain or sorrow. sorrow even more. The poet tried to be strong again, he thought that the Raven had the wisdom of Pallas The theme of the poem: the death of someone we love may disturb our own sanity no matter how hard we try to be strong.
© Copyright 2025 Paperzz