Medical
Language
An anatomical illustration of the skeleton by Andreas
Vesalius. (Dover Publications, Inc.)
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Orthopedics / Orthopaedics
Word Part
Word Part Definition
Suffix
-ics
Knowledge, practice
Combining form
Orth/o-
Straight
Combining form
Ped/o-
child
Orthopedics: the knowledge and practice of producing
straightness in a child or an adult
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy and Physiology
The Skeletal System
• Bony framework on which the body is
built
• Composed of 206 bones, cartilage, and
ligaments
• Provides structural support for the body,
works with the muscles in the process of
movement, and protects the body's vital
organs
• Also known as the skeletomuscular
system and the musculoskeletal system
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Skeletal System
Axial
• axi/o- axis
• -al pertaining to
• Consists of the bones of the head, chest, and back
Appendicular
• appendicul/o- limb; small attached part
• -ar pertaining to
• Consists of the bones of the shoulders, arms, hips, and
legs
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Anatomy of the Skeletal System
The cranium is composed of
8 bones
• Frontal ƒ front/o - front
• Parietal –
ƒ pariet/o- wall of a
cavity
• Occipital –
ƒ occipit/o- occiput (back
of the head)
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
• Sphenoid –
ƒ sphen/o- wedge shape
ƒ -oid - resembling
• Ethmoid –
ƒ ethm/o- sieve
• Temporal –
ƒ tempor/o- temple
(side of the head)
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Anatomy of the Skeletal System
There are 14 bones in the face ( p. 400)
• Nasal
ƒ Nas/o- nose
• Turbinate
ƒ Turbin/o- scroll-like structure (Latin: spins like a top)
• Lacrimal - lacrim/o- tears
• Palatine – palat/o- palate
• Maxilla – upper jaw
• Mandible - lower jaw
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the Skeletal System
Bones of the Chest
• The chest contains the thorax, a bony cage known as
the rib cage
ƒ Thorax – Greek for breastplate
ƒ The bones of the thorax include the sternum and 24
ribs (12 pairs)
• Within the thorax is the thoracic cavity, containing the
heart, lungs, and other structures
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the Skeletal System
Bones of the Chest
The sternum - breast bone
• The manubrium – Latin
for Handle
• The xiphoid process is
the small tip at its
inferior end
• Xiph/o- sword
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the Skeletal System
The spinal column is divided into
5 different regions.
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• Cervical vertebrae
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Lumbar vertebrae
• Sacrum
• Coccyx
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the Skeletal System
• Spinous
ƒ Spin/o- spine; backbone
ƒ -ous pertaining to
• Transverse
ƒ Trans- across; through
ƒ -verse to travel; to turn
• Intervertebral
ƒ Inter- between
ƒ Vertebr/o- vertebra
ƒ -al pertaining to
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the Skeletal System
Bones of the Shoulders
• Scapula(ae)
ƒ Scapul/o shoulder blade (Latin)
ƒ -ar pertaining to
• Acromion
ƒ Greek – tip of the shoulder
• Glenoid
ƒ Glen/o
ƒ -oid
socket of a joint
resembling
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the Skeletal System
Bones of the Arms
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
Bones of the Hands
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges
pp. 406-407
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Sound Alike Words (p407)
• Humerus
ƒ Noun – bone of the upper arm
• Humorous
ƒ Adjective – descriptive English word meaning ‘funny’
• Humeral
ƒ Adjective – describes the bone of the upper arm
• Humoral
ƒ Adjective – descriptive word for immunity to infection
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Sound Alike Words
• Ilium (noun)
ƒ The superiorflaring part of the hip bone of the
pelvis
Ileum (noun)
ƒ The thrid part of the small intestine
Ileus (noun)
ƒ Abnormal absence of contractions in the small
intestine
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the Skeletal System
Bones of the Leg
(from the Latin)
• Femur –thigh bone
• Tibia –shin bone
• Fibula- Clasp; buckle
• Patella – small plate
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the Skeletal System
Ankles
• Tarsal
ƒ Tars/o- ankle
• Calcaneus
ƒ Heal bone (Latin)
Feet
• Metatarsal
ƒ Meta – after; subsequent to
ƒ Tars/o- ankle
ƒ Al- pertaining to
• Hallux
ƒ Great toe (Latin)
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Related Terms
•
•
•
•
Osseous
ƒ Osse/o – bone
ƒ -ous – pertaining to
Periosteal
ƒ Peri-around
ƒ oste./o – bone
ƒ -al – pertaining to
Epiphyseal
ƒ Epiphys/o – growth area on the end
of a bone
ƒ -ial – pertaining to
Diaphysial
ƒ Diaphys/o- shaft of a bone
ƒ -ial – pertaining to
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Building Medical Words
• P. 423
• Group 1
ƒ 2- 5
• Group 2
ƒ 6-10
• Group 3
ƒ 11-14
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Symptoms, Signs, and Diseases
Group Activity:
p. 424
Define the meanings:
• Avascular necrosis
• Osteoma
• Chondroma
• Chondromalacia patellae
• Fracture
• Crepitus
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Fractures – p. 425-427
• Define
ƒ Closed
ƒ Open
ƒ Non-displaced
ƒ Displaced
ƒ Comminuted
ƒ Compression
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Depressed
Greenstick
Oblique
Spiral
Transverse
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Symptoms, Signs, and Diseases
Diseases of the Bones and Cartilage
• Osteomalacia
ƒ Malac/o – softening
ƒ -ia condition, state, thing
p. 428
• Osteomyelitis
ƒ Myel/o- bone marrow; spinal cord; myelin
ƒ -itis inflammation of
• Osteoporosis
ƒ Por/o- small openings; pores
ƒ -osis condition; abnormal condition process
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 8-22
Normal bone versus osteoporotic bone.
The bone on the left shows normal mineralization and density. The bone on the right shows
demineralization, large holes, and loss of density. This bone would be extremely prone to
fracture. (ESRF-CREATIS/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Symptoms, Signs, and Diseases
Diseases of the Vertebrae
• Ankylosing
ƒ Ankyl/o- fused together
• Kyphosis
ƒ Kyph/o- bent; humpbacked
• Lordosis
ƒ Lord/o- swayback
• Scoliosis
ƒ Scoli/o– curved, crooked
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
p. 429
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Symptoms, Signs, and Diseases
Diseases of the Joints and
Ligaments
• Arthralgia
ƒ Arthr/o- joint
ƒ Alg/o- pain
ƒ -pathy – disease,
suffering
p. 431
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
• Dislocation
ƒ Dis- away from
ƒ Locat/o- a place
• Gout
ƒ Drop (Latin)
• Hemarthrosis
ƒ Hem/o- blood
ƒ Arthr/o- joint
ƒ -osis condition;
process
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Symptoms, Signs, and Diseases
Diseases of the Joints and Ligaments
• Osteoarthritis
• Crepitus
ƒ A rattle – (Latin)
• Rheumatoid
ƒ Rheumat/o- watery discharge
ƒ -oid resembling
pp. 431-433
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diagnostic Procedures
Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Procedures
• Arthrography - uses a radiopaque contrast dye that is
injected into a joint to coat and outline the bone ends
and joint capsules
• Bone density test - measures the bone mineral density to
determine if demineralization from osteoporosis has
occurred
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diagnostic Procedures
Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Procedures
• Bone scintigraphy –
ƒ Scint/i- point of light
-graphy process of recording
ƒ phosphate compounds are tagged with a radioactive tracer and
injected intravenously to scan part or all of the body for areas of
increased uptake
• X-ray - diagnoses bony abnormalities of any part of the
body
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Procedures
• Cast –
ƒ plaster or fiberglass is applied around a fractured bone and
adjacent areas to immobilize the fracture in a fixed position to
facilitate healing
• Closed reduction –
ƒ manual manipulation of a displaced fracture allowing bone ends
to return into its normal alignment without surgery
• Cortisone injection –
ƒ the drug cortisone is given by intra-articular injection into 1
particular joint with degenerative joint disease
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Medical Procedures
•
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) –
ƒ sound waves are used to break up bony spurs and treat painful skeletal
problems of the foot
•
•
Goniometry –
ƒ Goni/o- angle
-meter instrument used to measure
ƒ procedure in which a protractor-like device is used to measure
the angle and degrees of range of movement of a joint
Orthosis –
ƒ Orth/o- straight -osis condition; abnormal condition; process
ƒ orthopedic device that is used to immobilize or correct an
orthopedic problem
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Surgical Procedures
• Amputation –
ƒ procedure to remove all or part of an extremity because of
trauma or circulatory disease
• Arthrocentesis –
ƒ procedure to remove an accumulation of fluid in a joint by using
a needle or trocar inserted into the joint space
• Arthrodesis –
ƒ procedure to fuse the bones in a degenerated, unstable joint
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Surgical Procedures
• Arthroscopy –
ƒ procedure that uses an arthroscope inserted into the joint to
visualize the inside of the joint and its structures
• Bone graft –
ƒ procedure that uses whole bone or bone chips to repair fractures
with extensive bone loss or defects due to bone cancer
• Cartilage transplant –
ƒ procedure that is an alternative to a total knee replacement (in
younger < 40 age patients)
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Surgical Procedures
• Joint replacement surgery –
ƒ procedure to replace a joint that has been
destroyed by inflammation
• Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) –
ƒ procedure to treat a complicated fracture using
screws, nails, or plates to hold fracture fragments
in alignment
• External fixation –
ƒ procedure used to treat complicated fractures by
inserting metal pins on either side of the fracture
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Abbreviations
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
It’s Greek to Me!
English
Bone
Bent, crooked
Cartilage
Fibula
Finger / toe
Joint
vertebra
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
Greek
Oste/oAnkyl/oChondr/oPerone/oDactyl/oArthr/oSpondyl/o-
Latin
Osse/oScoli/oCartilag/oFibul/oPhalang/oArticul/oVertebr/oCopyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Classroom Activity
• Orthopedic Medical Dictation
• Perplexing Pairs
ƒ Orth/ovs
ƒ Myel/ovs
ƒ Perine/ovs
ƒ Cephal/o- vs
Medical Language, 1e
Susan Turley
arthr/omy/operitone/oencephal/o-
Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.