The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List

The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List
Scott Pakin <[email protected]>∗
29 September 2003
Abstract
This document lists 2826 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them. Some
of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX 2ε system; others require fonts and packages
that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed. All of the fonts
and packages used to prepare this document—as well as this document itself—are freely available from the
Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org).
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Document Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Frequently Requested Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Body-text symbols
Table 1:
LATEX 2ε Escapable “Special” Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 2:
LATEX 2ε Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode
Table 3:
Predefined LATEX 2ε Text-mode Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 4:
Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) . . . . . . . . . .
Table 5:
Letters Used to Typeset African Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 6:
Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 7: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 8: wasysym Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 9: tipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 10: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 11: phonetic Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 12: Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 13: tipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 14: wsuipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 15: phonetic Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 16: wsuipa Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 17: textcomp Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 18: textcomp Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 19: marvosym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 20: wasysym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 21: eurosym Euro Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 22: textcomp Legal Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 23: textcomp Old-style Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 24: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 25: Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 26: AMS Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode .
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∗ The original version of this document was written by David Carlisle, with several additional tables provided by Alexander
Holt. See Section 7.6 on page 69 for more information about who did what.
1
3 Mathematical symbols
Table 27: Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 28: AMS Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 29: stmaryrd Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 30: wasysym Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 31: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators . . . . . . . .
Table 32: mathabx Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 33: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . . . .
Table 34: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators . . . . .
Table 35: Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . .
Table 36: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . .
Table 37: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators . . . .
Table 38: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators . . . .
Table 39: mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators . . . .
Table 40: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators
Table 41: esint Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . .
Table 42: Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 43: AMS Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 44: AMS Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . .
Table 45: stmaryrd Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 46: wasysym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 47: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations . . . . . . . .
Table 48: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations . . .
Table 49: mathabx Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 50: mathabx Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . .
Table 51: trsym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 52: trfsigns Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 53: Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . .
Table 54: AMS Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . .
Table 55: stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations . . . .
Table 56: wasysym Subset and Superset Relations . . . .
Table 57: txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations
Table 58: mathabx Subset and Superset Relations . . . .
Table 59: Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 60: AMS Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 61: wasysym Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 62: txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 63: mathabx Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 64: AMS Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 65: stmaryrd Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 66: mathabx Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 67: Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 68: Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 69: textcomp Text-mode Arrows . . . . . . . . . .
Table 70: AMS Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 71: AMS Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 72: AMS Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 73: stmaryrd Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 74: txfonts/pxfonts Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 75: mathabx Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 76: mathabx Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 77: mathabx Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 78: chemarrow Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 79: ulsy Contradiction Symbols . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 80: Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 81: stmaryrd Extension Characters . . . . . . . . .
Table 82: txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters . . . . .
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Table
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mathabx Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
upgreek Upright Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Hebrew Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mathabx Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
trfsigns Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mathabx Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
nath Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Large, Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Variable-sized stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
textcomp Text-mode Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
yhmath Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
trfsigns Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
overrightarrow Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
yhmath Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
chemarr Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
chemarrow Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mathabx Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
esvect Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
undertilde Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AMS Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mathdots Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
yhmath Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous LATEX 2ε Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous AMS Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous wasysym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous mathabx Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols . . . . . . . . .
mathcomp Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gensymb Symbols Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode
mathabx Mayan Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
marvosym Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Math Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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28
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
33
33
33
34
34
34
34
35
35
35
35
36
36
36
37
37
37
37
38
38
38
38
38
38
39
39
39
39
39
39
40
4 Science and technology symbols
Table 136: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols . . . . . . . .
Table 137: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 138: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 139: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols
Table 140: wasysym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 141: marvosym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 142: mathabx Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 143: wasysym Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 144: marvosym Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 145: mathabx Astrological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 146: wasysym APL Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 147: wasysym APL Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 148: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols . . . . . . . . .
Table 149: ascii Control Characters (IBM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 150: marvosym Communication Symbols . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 151: marvosym Engineering Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 152: wasysym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 153: marvosym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 154: marvosym Safety-related Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . .
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41
41
41
41
41
41
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
43
43
43
43
43
43
44
5 Dingbats
Table 155:
Table 156:
Table 157:
Table 158:
Table 159:
Table 160:
Table 161:
Table 162:
Table 163:
Table 164:
Table 165:
Table 166:
Table 167:
Table 168:
Table 169:
Table 170:
Table 171:
Table 172:
Table 173:
Table 174:
Table 175:
Table 176:
Table 177:
Table 178:
Table 179:
Table 180:
Table 181:
Table 182:
Table 183:
Table 184:
Table 185:
Table 186:
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45
45
45
45
45
45
45
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
47
47
47
47
47
48
48
48
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
50
50
50
bbding Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pifont Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
marvosym Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bbding Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pifont Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dingbat Pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bbding Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . .
pifont Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . .
dingbat Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bbding Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pifont Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bbding Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . .
pifont Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . .
bbding Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . .
pifont Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . .
wasysym Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . .
pifont Circled Numbers . . . . . . . . . . .
wasysym Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes
pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes .
wasysym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . .
ifsym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . .
bbding Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . .
pifont Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . .
universa Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . .
manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols . . . . .
skull Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Non-Mathematical mathabx Symbols . . .
marvosym Information Symbols . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats . . . . . .
Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats . . . . . . .
4
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6 Other symbols
Table 187: textcomp Genealogical Symbols
Table 188: wasysym General Symbols . . . .
Table 189: wasysym Musical Notes . . . . .
Table 190: wasysym Circles . . . . . . . . .
Table 191: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols .
Table 192: marvosym Navigation Symbols .
Table 193: marvosym Laundry Symbols . .
Table 194: Other marvosym Symbols . . . .
Table 195: Miscellaneous universa Symbols .
Table 196: ifsym Weather Symbols . . . . .
Table 197: ifsym Alpine Symbols . . . . . .
Table 198: ifsym Clocks . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 199: Other ifsym Symbols . . . . . .
Table 200: skak Chess Informator Symbols
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51
51
51
51
51
51
52
52
52
52
53
53
53
53
54
7 Additional Information
7.1 Symbol Name Clashes . . . . . . .
7.2 Where can I find the symbol for . . .
7.3 Math-mode spacing . . . . . . . . .
7.4 Bold mathematical symbols . . . .
7.5 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference
7.6 About this document . . . . . . . .
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55
55
55
64
65
66
69
. .
?.
. .
. .
. .
. .
References
69
Index
71
5
1
Introduction
Welcome to the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List! This document strives to be your primary source of LATEX
symbol information: font samples, LATEX commands, packages, usage details, caveats—everything needed to
put thousands of different symbols at your disposal. All of the fonts covered herein meet the following criteria:
1. They are freely available from the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org).
2. All of their symbols have LATEX 2ε bindings. That is, a user should be able to access a symbol by name,
not just by \charnumber .
These are not particularly limiting criteria; the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List contains samples of 2826
symbols—quite a large number. Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX 2ε system;
others require fonts and packages that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to
be installed. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=instpackages+wherefiles for help
with installing new fonts and packages.
1.1
Document Usage
Each section of this document contains a number of font tables. Each table shows a set of symbols, with the
corresponding LATEX command to the right of each symbol. A table’s caption indicates what package needs to
be loaded in order to access that table’s symbols. For example, the symbols in Table 23, “textcomp Old-Style
Numerals”, are made available by putting “\usepackage{textcomp}” in your document’s preamble. “AMS”
means to use the AMS packages, viz. amssymb and/or amsmath. Notes below a table provide additional
information about some or all the symbols in that table.
One note that appears a few times in this document, particularly in Section 2, indicates that certain
symbols do not exist in the OT1 font encoding (Donald Knuth’s original, 7-bit font encoding, which is the
default font encoding for LATEX) and that you should use fontenc to select a different encoding, such as T1
(a common 8-bit font encoding). That means that you should put “\usepackage[encoding]{fontenc}” in
your document’s preamble, where encoding is, e.g., T1 or LY1. To limit the change in font encoding to the
current group, use “\fontencoding{encoding}\selectfont”.
Section 7 contains some additional information about the symbols in this document. It shows which symbol
names are not unique across packages, gives examples of how to create new symbols out of existing symbols,
explains how symbols are spaced in math mode, presents a LATEX ASCII and Latin 1 tables, and provides
some information about this document itself. The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List ends with an index of
all the symbols in the document and various additional useful terms.
1.2
Frequently Requested Symbols
There are a number of symbols that are requested over and over again on comp.text.tex. If you’re looking
for such a symbol the following list will help you find it quickly.
and .........................
24
..............................
38
, as in “Spaces are significant.”
........
7
ı́, ı̀, ı̄, ı̂, etc. (versus í, ì, ī, and î)
........
11
..
...............................
13
..............................
14
°, as in “180°” or “15℃”
¢
e
©, ®, and ™
......................
14
‰
..............................
15
..............................
20
∴
...............................
21
and .........................
.
..............
39
........................
40
......................
40
...............................
58
L, F, etc.
N, Z, R, etc.
R
−
22
á̄, è̂, etc. (i.e., several accents per character)
60
<, >, and | (instead of ¡, ¿, and —)
......
66
.....................
67
ˆ and ˜ (or ∼)
6
2
Body-text symbols
This section lists symbols that are intended for use in running text, such as punctuation marks, accents,
ligatures, and currency symbols.
Table 1: LATEX 2ε Escapable “Special” Characters
$
%
\$
∗
\_ ∗
\%
}
&
\}
\&
#
{
\#
\{
The underscore package redefines “_” to produce an underscore in text mode (i.e., it
makes it unnecessary to escape the underscore character).
Table 2: LATEX 2ε Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode
$
¶
§
\$
\P
\S
c
○
©
†
‡
...
£
\_
\copyright
\dag
\ddag
\dots
\pounds
{
}
\{
\}
Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that LATEX 2ε
provides by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makes
available.
Table 3: Predefined LATEX 2ε Text-mode Commands
c
○
ˆ
˜
∗
\
|
{
}
•
©
†
‡
$
...
—
–
¡
>
\textasciicircum
\textasciitilde
\textasteriskcentered
\textbackslash
\textbar
\textbraceleft
\textbraceright
\textbullet
\textcopyright
\textdagger
\textdaggerdbl
\textdollar
\textellipsis
\textemdash
\textendash
\textexclamdown
\textgreater
a
o
r
○
TM
<
ª
º
¶
·
¿
“
”
‘
’
®
§
£
™
\textless
\textordfeminine
\textordmasculine
\textparagraph
\textperiodcentered
\textquestiondown
\textquotedblleft
\textquotedblright
\textquoteleft
\textquoteright
\textregistered
\textsection
\textsterling
\texttrademark
\textunderscore
\textvisiblespace
Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that LATEX 2ε
provides by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makes
available.
7
Table 4: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters)
å
Å
Æ
æ
∗
Ð

§
·

Ð
ð
Ð
đ
\aa
\AA
\AE
\ae
\DH∗
\dh∗
\DJ∗
\dj∗
L
l
Ŋ
ŋ
ø
Ø
Œ
œ
\L
\l
\NG∗
\ng∗
ß
SS
Þ
þ
\o
\O
\OE
\oe
\ss
\SS
\TH∗
\th∗
Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an
alternate font encoding, such as T1.
\B{D}
\B{d}
\B{H}
\B{h}
\B{t}
\B{T}
\m{b}
\m{B}
\m{C}
°

ð
Ð
¡

£
Table 5: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages
¤

¦
À
à

\m{c}
\m{D}
\M{d}
\M{D}
\m{d}
\m{E}
\m{e}
\M{E}
\M{e}
¨

±
¬

\m{f}
\m{F}
\m{G}
\m{g}
\m{I}
\m{i}
\m{J}
\m{j}
\m{K}
»

¯
¶
\m{k}
\m{N}
\m{n}
\m{o}
\m{O}
\m{P}
\m{p}
\m{s}
\m{S}
\M{t}
\M{T}
\m{t}
\m{T}
\m{u}∗
\m{U}∗
\m{Y}
\m{y}
\m{z}

Â
â
Å
å
\m{Z}
\T{E}
\T{e}
\T{O}
\T{o}
These characters all need the T4 font encoding, which is provided by the fc package.
∗
\m{v} and \m{V} are synonyms for \m{u} and \m{U}.
Table 6: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1
«
»
\guillemotleft
\guillemotright
‹
›
„
‚
\guilsinglleft
\guilsinglright
\quotedblbase
\quotesinglbase
"
\textquotedbl
To get these symbols, use the fontenc package to select an alternate font encoding,
such as T1.
Table 7: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks
❛
❜
\ding{123}
\ding{124}
❝
❞
❡
❢
\ding{125}
\ding{126}
\ding{161}
\ding{162}
Table 8: wasysym Phonetic Symbols
D
Þ
\DH
\Thorn
\dh
\inve
þ
\openo
\thorn
Table 9: tipa Phonetic Symbols
8
❣
\ding{163}
È
b
c
d
é
g
Ü
1
ª
8
Ý
0
ì
B
ò
X
Å
Ñ
Æ
Þ
^
¡
g
è
Û
¬
2
C
¢
¢ý
²
J
®
´
´C
¸
ý
dý
S
}
=
/
{

Ã
dz
E
S
R
¥
G

\textbabygamma
\textbarb
\textbarc
\textbard
\textbardotlessj
\textbarg
\textbarglotstop
\textbari
\textbarl
\textbaro
\textbarrevglotstop
\textbaru
\textbeltl
\textbeta
\textbullseye
\textceltpal
\textchi
\textcloseepsilon
\textcloseomega
\textcloserevepsilon
\textcommatailz
\textcorner
\textcrb
\textcrd
\textcrg
\textcrh
\textcrinvglotstop
\textcrlambda
\textcrtwo
\textctc
\textctd
\textctdctzlig
\textctesh
\textctj
\textctn
\textctt
\textcttctclig
\textctyogh
\textctz
\textdctzlig
\textdoublebaresh
\textdoublebarpipe
\textdoublebarslash
\textdoublepipe
\textdoublevertline
\textdownstep
\textdyoghlig
\textdzlig
\textepsilon
\textesh
\textfishhookr
\textg
\textgamma
\textglobfall
P
;
»
#
á
ê
Á
â
ä
H
Ê
Î
Ò
Ó
£
É
Ö
ÿ
Û
K
Ì
«
:
³
¦
¶
Ô
½
M
ñ
ë
Ð
Í

°
_
O
%
F
|
"
¼
§
7
\
9
3
Q
¹
Ç
Ä
~
¾
ã
\textglotstop
\texthalflength
\texthardsign
\texthooktop
\texthtb
\texthtbardotlessj
\texthtc
\texthtd
\texthtg
\texthth
\texththeng
\texthtk
\texthtp
\texthtq
\texthtrtaild
\texthtscg
\texthtt
\texthvlig
\textinvglotstop
\textinvscr
\textiota
\textlambda
\textlengthmark
\textlhookt
\textlhtlongi
\textlhtlongy
\textlonglegr
\textlptr
\textltailm
\textltailn
\textltilde
\textlyoghlig
\textObardotlessj
\textOlyoghlig
\textomega
\textopencorner
\textopeno
\textpalhook
\textphi
\textpipe
\textprimstress
\textraiseglotstop
\textraisevibyi
\textramshorns
\textrevapostrophe
\textreve
\textrevepsilon
\textrevglotstop
\textrevyogh
\textrhookrevepsilon
\textrhookschwa
\textrhoticity
\textrptr
\textrtaild
ï
ó
ù
ú
ü
$
À
à
¤
å
Ë
@
I
¨
Ï
ð
×
±
ö
A
g
V
Ú
Y

º
Â
tC
Ù
T
þ
¿
µ
5
¯
4
©
Õ
W
î
ô
õ
6
Ø
2
û
L
U

§
·
ß
Z
\textrtailn
\textrtailr
\textrtails
\textrtailt
\textrtailz
\textrthook
\textsca
\textscb
\textsce
\textscg
\textsch
\textschwa
\textsci
\textscj
\textscl
\textscn
\textscoelig
\textscomega
\textscr
\textscripta
\textscriptg
\textscriptv
\textscu
\textscy
\textsecstress
\textsoftsign
\textstretchc
\texttctclig
\textteshlig
\texttheta
\textthorn
\texttoneletterstem
\texttslig
\textturna
\textturncelig
\textturnh
\textturnk
\textturnlonglegr
\textturnm
\textturnmrleg
\textturnr
\textturnrrtail
\textturnscripta
\textturnt
\textturnv
\textturnw
\textturny
\textupsilon
\textupstep
\textvertline
\textvibyi
\textvibyy
\textwynn
\textyogh
(continued on next page)
9
(continued from previous page)

í
\textglobrise
\textrtaill
tipa deﬁnes shortcut characters for many of the above. It also deﬁnes a command
\tone for denoting tone letters (pitches). See the tipa documentation for more
information.
Table 10: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols
!
'
.
<
A
+
X
T
;
R
?
#
3
N
a
^
(
e
\babygamma
\barb
\bard
\bari
\barl
\baro
\barp
\barsci
\barscu
\baru
\clickb
\clickc
\clickt
\closedniomega
\closedrevepsilon
\crossb
\crossd
\crossh
\crossnilambda
\curlyc
\curlyesh
\curlyyogh
\curlyz
\dlbari
\dz
\ejective
8
M
D
b
$
%
"
,
d
&
I
5
G
K
Z
\
\eng
\er
\esh
\eth
\flapr
\glotstop
\hookb
\hookd
\hookg
\hookh
\hookheng
\hookrevepsilon
\hv
\inva
\invf
\invglotstop
\invh
\invlegr
\invm
\invr
\invscr
\invscripta
\invv
\invw
\invy
\ipagamma
4
/
6
E
1
[
)
2
>
C
O
S
V
7
@
=
f
c
*
:
J
Y
W
]
U
H
0
9
F
L
P
_
Q
B
`
\labdentalnas
\latfric
\legm
\legr
\lz
\nialpha
\nibeta
\nichi
\niepsilon
\nigamma
\niiota
\nilambda
\niomega
\niphi
\nisigma
\nitheta
\niupsilon
\nj
\oo
\openo
\reve
\reveject
\revepsilon
\revglotstop
\scd
\scg
\schwa
\sci
\scn
\scr
\scripta
\scriptg
\scriptv
\scu
\scy
\slashb
\slashc
\slashd
\slashu
\taild
\tailinvr
\taill
\tailn
\tailr
\tails
\tailt
\tailz
\tesh
\thorn
\tildel
\yogh
Table 11: phonetic Phonetic Symbols
j
M
n
N
"
s
d
F
\barj
\barlambda
\emgma
\engma
\enya
\epsi
\esh
\eth
\fj
f
?
B
b
D
T
k
K
D
\flap
\glottal
\hausaB
\hausab
\hausad
\hausaD
\hausak
\hausaK
\hookd
ī
c
h̄
U
m
r
\ibar
\openo
\planck
\pwedge
\revD
\riota
\rotm
\rotOmega
\rotr
10
A
w
y
e
p
u
u
a
G
\rotvara
\rotw
\roty
\schwa
\thorn
\ubar
\udesc
\vara
\varg
i
C
v
˚
h
x
\vari
\varomega
\varopeno
\vod
\voicedh
\yogh
Table 12: Text-mode Accents
Ää
Áá
Ȧȧ
Āā
Ââ
\"{A}\"{a}
\’{A}\’{a}
\.{A}\.{a}
\={A}\={a}
\^{A}\^{a}
a
A
Àà
Aa
¯¯
A̧a̧
A
. a.
a
A
A̋a̋
Ąą
Åå
a
A
¼a
A¼
\‘{A}\‘{a}
\b{A}\b{a}
\c{A}\c{a}
\d{A}\d{a}
\G{A}\G{a}‡
\newtie{A}\newtie{a}∗
A○
a
○
\H{A}\H{a}
\k{A}\k{a}†
\r{A}\r{a}
\t{A}\t{a}
\U{A}\U{a}‡
Ăă
Ǎǎ
Ãã
\u{A}\u{a}
\v{A}\v{a}
\~{A}\~{a}
\textcircled{A}\textcircled{a}
∗
Requires the textcomp package.
†
Not available in the OT1 font encoding. Use the fontenc package to select an
alternate font encoding, such as T1.
‡
Requires the T4 font encoding, provided by the fc package.
Also note the existence of \i and \j, which produce dotless versions of “i” and “j”
(viz., “ı” and “j”). These are useful when the accent is supposed to replace the
dot. For example, “na\"{\i}ve” produces a correct “naı̈ve”, while “na\"{i}ve”
would yield the rather odd-looking “naïve”. (“na\"{i}ve” does work in encodings
other than OT1, however.)
Table 13: tipa Text-mode Accents
A
a
A
a
A
a
A<
a
<
Aa

A
a
a
A

A
a
Aa
A
a
Aa

A
a

Aa
a
A
a
A

Aa
A
a
A
a

Aa
A
a
\textacutemacron{A}\textacutemacron{a}
\textacutewedge{A}\textacutewedge{a}
\textadvancing{A}\textadvancing{a}
\textbottomtiebar{A}\textbottomtiebar{a}
\textbrevemacron{A}\textbrevemacron{a}
\textcircumacute{A}\textcircumacute{a}
\textcircumdot{A}\textcircumdot{a}
\textdotacute{A}\textdotacute{a}
\textdotbreve{A}\textdotbreve{a}
\textdotbreve{A}\textdotbreve{a}
\textdoublegrave{A}\textdoublegrave{a}
\textdoublevbaraccent{A}\textdoublevbaraccent{a}
\textgravecircum{A}\textgravecircum{a}
\textgravedot{A}\textgravedot{a}
\textgravemacron{A}\textgravemacron{a}
\textgravemid{A}\textgravemid{a}
\textinvsubbridge{A}\textinvsubbridge{a}
\textlowering{A}\textlowering{a}
\textmidacute{A}\textmidacute{a}
\textovercross{A}\textovercross{a}
(continued on next page)
11
(continued from previous page)
Aa
A
a
A
a
A
a
A
a
Aa
\textoverw{A}\textoverw{a}
\textpolhook{A}\textpolhook{a}
\textraising{A}\textraising{a}
\textretracting{A}\textretracting{a}
\textringmacron{A}\textringmacron{a}
\textroundcap{A}\textroundcap{a}
A
a
Aa
Aa
Aa
A
a
\textseagull{A}\textseagull{a}
\textsubacute{A}\textsubacute{a}
Aa
Aa
Aa
A
a
A
a
A
a
Aa
A
a
Aa
Aa
A
a
Aa
A
a
&&
Aa
"
" a
A
>>
Aa
\textsubcircum{A}\textsubcircum{a}
\textsubdot{A}\textsubdot{a}
\textsubgrave{A}\textsubgrave{a}
\textsublhalfring{A}\textsublhalfring{a}
\textsubplus{A}\textsubplus{a}
\textsubrhalfring{A}\textsubrhalfring{a}
\textsubring{A}\textsubring{a}

A
a
\textsubarch{A}\textsubarch{a}
\textsubbar{A}\textsubbar{a}
\textsubbridge{A}\textsubbridge{a}
\textsubsquare{A}\textsubsquare{a}
\textsubtilde{A}\textsubtilde{a}
\textsubumlaut{A}\textsubumlaut{a}
\textsubw{A}\textsubw{a}
\textsubwedge{A}\textsubwedge{a}
\textsuperimposetilde{A}\textsuperimposetilde{a}
\textsyllabic{A}\textsyllabic{a}
\texttildedot{A}\texttildedot{a}
\texttoptiebar{A}\texttoptiebar{a}
\textvbaraccent{A}\textvbaraccent{a}
tipa deﬁnes shortcut sequences for many of the above. See the tipa documentation
for more information.
Table 14: wsuipa Text-mode Accents
A
ga
g
A
a

\dental{A}\dental{a}
\underarch{A}\underarch{a}
12
Table 15: phonetic Text-mode Accents
Aa
\hill{A}\hill{a}
A
a
\rc{A}\rc{a}
Aa
˚
{˚
A
a{
\od{A}\od{a}
\ohill{A}\ohill{a}
Aa
A
a
.. ..
\syl{A}\syl{a}
{ {
Aa
˜˜
\ut{A}\ut{a}
\td{A}\td{a}
The phonetic package provides a few additional macros for linguistic accents.
\acbar and \acarc compose characters with multiple accents; for example,
\acbar{\’}{a} produces “á̄” and \acarc{\"}{e} produces “ë̄”. \labvel joins
two characters with an arc: \labvel{mn} → “mn”.
\upbar is intended to go
between characters as in “x\upbar{}y’’ → “x y”. Lastly, \uplett behaves like
\textsuperscript but uses a smaller font. Contrast “p\uplett{h}’’ → “ph ”
with “p\textsuperscript{h}’’ → “ph ”.
Table 16: wsuipa Diacritics
s
\ain
v
\leftp
x
\overring
h
\stress
}
\underwedge
k
\corner
\downp
\downt
\halflength
n
\leftt
\length
\midtilde
\open
~
\polishhook
\rightp
\rightt
\secstress
j
\syllabic
\underdots
\underring
\undertilde
t
\upp
\upt
u
m
p
q
{
z
w
o
i
r
y
|
l
The wsuipa package defines all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.
However, it does provide \diatop and \diaunder commands, which are used to
compose diacritics with other characters. For example, \diatop[\overring|a]
produces “x
a ”, and \diaunder[\underdots|a] produces “ra”. See the wsuipa documentation for more information.
Table 17: textcomp Diacritics
˝
´
˘
\textacutedbl
\textasciiacute
\textasciibreve
ˇ
¨
`
\textasciicaron
\textasciidieresis
\textasciigrave
¯
̏
\textasciimacron
\textgravedbl
The textcomp package defines all of the above as ordinary characters, not as accents.
Table 18: textcomp Currency Symbols
฿
¢
¢
₡
¤
\textbaht
\textcent
\textcentoldstyle
\textcolonmonetary
\textcurrency
$
$
₫
€
ƒ
\textdollar
\textdollaroldstyle
\textdong
\texteuro
\textflorin
13
₤
₦
£
\textguarani
\textlira
\textnaira
\textpeso
\textsterling
₩
¥
\textwon
\textyen
Table 19: marvosym Currency Symbols
¢
\Denarius
\Ecommerce
e
d
\EUR
\EURcr
D
c
\EURdig
\EURhv
e
¦
\EURtm
\EyesDollar
£
¡
\Pfund
\Shilling
The different euro signs are meant to be compatible with different fonts—Courier
(\EURcr), Helvetica (\EURhv), Times (\EURtm), and the marvosym digits listed in
Table 134 (\EURdig).
Table 20: wasysym Currency Symbols
¢
\cent
¤
\currency
Table 21: eurosym Euro Signs
AC
\geneuro
BC
\geneuronarrow
CC
e
\geneurowide
\officialeuro
\euro is automatically mapped to one of the above—by default, \officialeuro—
based on a eurosym package option. See the eurosym documentation for more
information. The \geneuro. . . characters are generated from the current body
font’s “C” character and therefore may not appear exactly as shown.
Table 22: textcomp Legal Symbols
℗
\textcircledP
\textcopyleft
c
○
r
○
©
®
\textcopyright
\textregistered
℠
™
TM
\textservicemark
\texttrademark
Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that LATEX 2ε
provides by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makes
available.
See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=tradesyms for solur
tions to common problems that occur when using these symbols (e.g., getting a “○”
when you expected to get a “®”).
Table 23: textcomp Old-style Numerals
0
1
2
3
\textzerooldstyle
\textoneoldstyle
\texttwooldstyle
\textthreeoldstyle
4
5
6
7
\textfouroldstyle
\textfiveoldstyle
\textsixoldstyle
\textsevenoldstyle
8
9
\texteightoldstyle
\textnineoldstyle
Rather than use the bulky \textoneoldstyle, \texttwooldstyle, etc. commands
shown above, consider using \oldstylenums{. . .} to typeset an old-style number.
14
Table 24: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols
∗
‖
○
␢
¦
•
†
‡
0
2
4
℮
‽
9
♪
№
◦
\textasteriskcentered
\textbardbl
\textbigcircle
\textblank
\textbrokenbar
\textbullet
\textdagger
\textdaggerdbl
\textdblhyphen
\textdblhyphenchar
\textdiscount
\textestimated
\textinterrobang
\textinterrobangdown
\textmusicalnote
\textnumero
\textopenbullet
a
o
ª
º
¶
·
‱
‰
¶
'
‚
„
5
※
§
—
<
>
\textordfeminine
\textordmasculine
\textparagraph
\textperiodcentered
\textpertenthousand
\textperthousand
\textpilcrow
\textquotesingle
\textquotestraightbase
\textquotestraightdblbase
\textrecipe
\textreferencemark
\textsection
\textthreequartersemdash
\texttildelow
\texttwelveudash
Where two symbols are present, the left one is the “faked” symbol that LATEX 2ε
provides by default, and the right one is the “true” symbol that textcomp makes
available.
Table 25: Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols
\permil
Table 26: AMS Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode
\checkmark
\circledR
15
\maltese
3
Mathematical symbols
Most, but not all, of the symbols in this section are math-mode only. That is, they yield a “Missing $
inserted” error message if not used within $. . .$, \[. . .\], or another math-mode environment. Operators
marked as “variable-sized” are taller in displayed formulas, shorter in in-text formulas, and possibly shorter
still when used in various levels of superscripts or subscripts.
Alphanumeric symbols (e.g., “L ” and “”) are usually produced using one of the math alphabets in
Table 135 rather than with an explicit symbol command. Look there first if you need a symbol for a transform,
number set, or some other alphanumeric.
Although there have been many requests on comp.text.tex for a contradiction symbol, the ensuing
discussion invariably reveals innumerable ways to represent contradiction in a proof, including “” (\blitza),
“⇒⇐” (\Rightarrow\Leftarrow), “⊥” (\bot), “” (\nleftrightarrow), and “※” (\textreferencemark).
Because of the lack of notational consensus, it is probably better to spell out “Contradiction!” than to use a
symbol for this purpose. Similarly, discussions on comp.text.tex have revealed that there are a variety of
ways to indicate the mathematical notion of “is defined as”. Common candidates include “” (\triangleq),
def
“≡” (\equiv), “” (\coloneqq), and “ =” (\stackrel{\text{\tiny def}}{=}). See also the example of
\equalsfill on page 61.
Table 27: Binary Operators
∗
•
∩
·
◦
∗
\amalg
\ast
\bigcirc
\bigtriangledown
\bigtriangleup
\bullet
\cap
\cdot
\circ
∪
†
‡
÷
∓
\cup
\dagger
\ddagger
\diamond
\div
\lhd∗
\mp
\odot
\ominus
⊕
⊗
±
\
\oplus
\oslash
\otimes
\pm
\rhd∗
\setminus
\sqcap
\sqcup
\star
×
∨
∧
\times
\triangleleft
\triangleright
\unlhd∗
\unrhd∗
\uplus
\vee
\wedge
\wr
Not predefined in LATEX 2ε . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,
txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
Table 28: AMS Binary Operators
\barwedge
\boxdot
\boxminus
\boxplus
\boxtimes
\Cap
\centerdot
\circledast
\circledcirc
\circleddash
\Cup
\curlyvee
\curlywedge
\divideontimes
\dotplus
\doublebarwedge
16
\intercal
\leftthreetimes
\ltimes
\rightthreetimes
\rtimes
\smallsetminus
\veebar
Table 29: stmaryrd Binary Operators
"
%
(
+
.
1
\baro
\bbslash
\binampersand
\bindnasrepma
\boxast
\boxbar
\boxbox
\boxbslash
\boxcircle
\boxdot
\boxempty
\boxslash
\curlyveedownarrow
\curlyveeuparrow
\curlywedgedownarrow
\curlywedgeuparrow
\fatbslash
\fatsemi
\fatslash
#
&
)
,
/
2
\interleave
\leftslice
\merge
\minuso
\moo
\nplus
\obar
\oblong
\obslash
\ogreaterthan
\olessthan
\ovee
\owedge
\rightslice
\sslash
\talloblong
\varbigcirc
\varcurlyvee
\varcurlywedge
!
$
'
*
0
\varoast
\varobar
\varobslash
\varocircle
\varodot
\varogreaterthan
\varolessthan
\varominus
\varoplus
\varoslash
\varotimes
\varovee
\varowedge
\vartimes
\Ydown
\Yleft
\Yright
\Yup
Table 30: wasysym Binary Operators
\lhd
\LHD
\ocircle
\rhd
\RHD
\unlhd
\unrhd
Table 31: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators
\circledbar
\circledbslash
\circledvee
\circledwedge
\invamp
\medbullet
17
\medcirc
\sqcapplus
\sqcupplus
Table 32: mathabx Binary Operators
X
X
Y
O
\ast
\Asterisk
\barwedge
\bigstar
\bigvarstar
\blackdiamond
\cap
\circplus
\coasterisk
\coAsterisk
\convolution
\cup
\curlyvee
N
Z
\
]
\curlywedge
\divdot
\divideontimes
\dotdiv
\dotplus
\dottimes
\doublebarwedge
\doublecap
\doublecup
\ltimes
\pluscirc
\rtimes
\sqbullet
[
\
^
_
]
Z
_
Y
[
^
\sqcap
\sqcup
\sqdoublecap
\sqdoublecup
\square
\squplus
\udot
\uplus
\varstar
\vee
\veebar
\veedoublebar
\wedge
Many of the above glyphs go by multiple names. \centerdot is equivalent to
\sqbullet, and \ast is equivalent to *. \asterisk produces the same glyph as
\ast, but as an ordinary symbol, not a binary operator. Similarly, \bigast produces a large-operator version of the \Asterisk binary operator, and \bigcoast
produces a large-operator version of the \coAsterisk binary operator.
Table 33: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators

f
n
k
e
g
c
d
h
a
`
T\
S[
JK
LM
\odplus
Table 34: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators
\blacktriangledown
\blacktriangleleft
\blacktriangleright
\blacktriangleup
\boxasterisk
\boxbackslash
\boxbot
\boxcirc
\boxcoasterisk
\boxdiv
\boxdot
\boxleft
\boxminus
\boxplus
i
m
b
j
o
l
f
n
k
e
g
c
d
h
\boxright
\boxslash
\boxtimes
\boxtop
\boxtriangleup
\boxvoid
\oasterisk
\obackslash
\obot
\ocirc
\ocoasterisk
\odiv
\odot
\oleft
a
`
i
m
b
j
o
l

\ominus
\oplus
\oright
\oslash
\otimes
\otop
\otriangleup
\ovoid
\smalltriangledown
\smalltriangleleft
\smalltriangleright
\smalltriangleup
Table 35: Variable-sized Math Operators
\bigcap
\bigcup
\bigodot
\bigoplus
NO
FG
U]
W_
\bigotimes
\bigsqcup
\biguplus
\bigvee
18
V^
`a
R Z
H I
\bigwedge
\coprod
\int
\oint
QY
PX
\prod
\sum
Table 36: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators
\iiint
\idotsint
\iiiint
\iint
34
78
;<
Table 37: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math
5 6
\bigbox
\biginterleave
\bigcurlyvee
\bignplus
= >
\bigcurlywedge
\bigparallel
Operators
\bigsqcap
9:
\bigtriangledown
?@
\bigtriangleup
Table 38: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators
\oiint
\varoint
\iiint
\iint
\varint
¬
¦
«
Öö
Þþ
Ûû
Õõ
×÷
Óó
Ôô
Øø
Ññ
Ðð
Ùù
Table 39: mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators
\bigcurlyvee
\bigsqcap
\bigcurlywedge
\bigboxasterisk
\bigboxbackslash
\bigboxbot
\bigboxcirc
\bigboxcoasterisk
\bigboxdiv
\bigboxdot
\bigboxleft
\bigboxminus
\bigboxplus
\bigboxright
Ýý
Òò
Úú
ßÿ
Üü
¢
Ææ
Îî
Ëë
Åå
Çç
Ãã
Èè
Áá
\bigboxslash
\bigboxtimes
\bigboxtop
\bigboxtriangleup
\bigboxvoid
\bigcomplementop
\bigoasterisk
\bigobackslash
\bigobot
\bigocirc
\bigocoasterisk
\bigodiv
\bigoleft
\bigominus
19
Éé
Íí
Êê
Ïï
Ìì
¨
¡
µ½
´¼
³ »
·¿
¶ ¾
\bigoright
\bigoslash
\bigotop
\bigotriangleup
\bigovoid
\bigplus
\bigsquplus
\bigtimes
\iiint
\iint
\int
\oiint
\oint
Table 40: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators
\ointclockwise
\bigsqcapplus
\ointctrclockwise
\bigsqcupplus
\sqiiint
\fint
\sqiint
\idotsint
\iiiint
\sqint
\iiint
\varoiiintclockwise
"
!
\iint
\varoiiintctrclockwise
$
&
#
%
\oiiintclockwise
\varoiintclockwise
(
*
'
)
\oiiintctrclockwise
\varoiintctrclockwise
.
,
+
\varointclockwise
\oiiint
0
2
/
1
\oiintclockwise
\varointctrclockwise
4
3
5 6
\oiintctrclockwise
\varprod
\oiint
% &
# $
!
"
Table 41: esint Variable-sized Math Operators
\dotsint
\fint
\iiiint
\iiint
\iint
\landdownint
\landupint
\oiint
20
\ointclockwise
\ointctrclockwise
\sqiint
\sqint
\varoiint
\varointclockwise
\varointctrclockwise
Table 42: Binary Relations
≈
&
∗
≡
|
|=
'
\approx
\asymp
\bowtie
\cong
\dashv
\doteq
⊥
≺
"
∝
∼
(
\equiv
\frown
\Join∗
\mid
\models
\parallel
!
#
%
\perp
\prec
\preceq
\propto
\sim
\simeq
\smile
\succ
\succeq
\vdash
Not predeﬁned in LATEX 2ε . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,
mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
Table 43: AMS Binary Relations
"
%
∵
(
*
0
2
4
6
\approxeq
\backepsilon
\backsim
\backsimeq
\because
\between
\Bumpeq
\bumpeq
\circeq
\curlyeqprec
\curlyeqsucc
\doteqdot
\eqcirc
\fallingdotseq
\multimap
\pitchfork
\precapprox
\preccurlyeq
\precsim
\risingdotseq
\shortmid
\shortparallel
\smallfrown
\smallsmile
#
&
)
+
.
5
7
!
$
∴
≈
∼
∝
/
1
3
\succapprox
\succcurlyeq
\succsim
\therefore
\thickapprox
\thicksim
\varpropto
\Vdash
\vDash
\Vvdash
Table 44: AMS Negated Binary Relations
∦
⊀
\ncong
\nmid
\nparallel
\nprec
\npreceq
\nshortmid
\nshortparallel
\nsim
\nsucc
\nsucceq
\nvDash
\nvdash
\nVDash
\precnapprox
\precnsim
\succnapprox
\succnsim
Table 45: stmaryrd Binary Relations
A
B
\inplus
\niplus
Table 46: wasysym Binary Relations
\invneg
\Join
\leadsto
\logof
21
\wasypropto
Table 47: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations
#
*
/
2
5
8
\circledgtr
\circledless
\colonapprox
\Colonapprox
\coloneq
\Coloneq
\Coloneqq
\coloneqq
\Colonsim
\colonsim
\Eqcolon
\eqcolon
\eqqcolon
\Eqqcolon
\eqsim
#
!
$
&
(
+
.
0
3
6
9
:
\lJoin
\lrtimes
\multimap
\multimapboth
\multimapbothvert
\multimapdot
\multimapdotboth
\multimapdotbothA
\multimapdotbothAvert
\multimapdotbothB
\multimapdotbothBvert
\multimapdotbothvert
\multimapdotinv
\multimapinv
\openJoin
"
%
'
)
,
∥
4
7
\opentimes
\Perp
\preceqq
\precneqq
\rJoin
\strictfi
\strictif
\strictiff
\succeqq
\succneqq
\varparallel
\varparallelinv
\VvDash
Table 48: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations
;
>
A
D
G
J
L
N
\napproxeq
\nasymp
\nbacksim
\nbacksimeq
\nbumpeq
\nBumpeq
\nequiv
\nprecapprox
<
?
B
E
H
K
M
O
\npreccurlyeq
\npreceqq
\nprecsim
\nsimeq
\nsuccapprox
\nsucccurlyeq
\nsucceqq
\nsuccsim
=
@
C
F
I
!
\nthickapprox
\ntwoheadleftarrow
\ntwoheadrightarrow
\nvarparallel
\nvarparallelinv
\nVdash
Table 49: mathabx Binary Relations
¶
·
)
)
-
\between
\botdoteq
\Bumpedeq
\bumpedeq
\circeq
\coloneq
\corresponds
\curlyeqprec
\curlyeqsucc
\DashV
\Dashv
\dashVv
Ï
Î
Æ
¤
Ì
À
\divides
\dotseq
\eqbumped
\eqcirc
\eqcolon
\fallingdotseq
\ggcurly
\llcurly
\precapprox
\preccurlyeq
\precdot
\precsim
22
Ç
¥
Í
Á
6
(
,
(
,
\risingdotseq
\succapprox
\succcurlyeq
\succdot
\succsim
\therefore
\topdoteq
\vDash
\Vdash
\VDash
\Vvdash
Table 50: mathabx Negated Binary Relations
¸
¹
+
/
'
+
/
M
¢
È
¦
ª
Â
£
É
§
«
Ã
\napprox
\ncong
\ncurlyeqprec
\ncurlyeqsucc
\nDashv
\ndashV
\ndashv
\nDashV
\ndashVv
\neq
\notasymp
\notdivides
\notequiv
\notperp
\nprec
\nprecapprox
\npreccurlyeq
\npreceq
\nprecsim
\nsim
\nsimeq
\nsucc
\nsuccapprox
\nsucccurlyeq
\nsucceq
\nsuccsim
*
*
.
&
.
Ê
¬
Ä
Ë

Å
\nvDash
\nVDash
\nVdash
\nvdash
\nVvash
\precnapprox
\precneq
\precnsim
\succnapprox
\succneq
\succnsim
The \changenotsign command toggles the behavior of \not to produce either a
vertical or a diagonal slash through a binary operator. Thus, “$a \not= b$” can
be made to produce either “a = b” or “a = b”.
Table 51: trsym Binary Relations
\InversTransformHoriz
\InversTransformVert
\TransformHoriz
\TransformVert
Table 52: trfsigns Binary Relations
c
\dfourier
c
\fourier
c s \laplace
c .... s \ztransf
.
...
....
s
s ....
c
c
c
c
\Dfourier
\Fourier
\Laplace
\Ztransf
Table 53: Subset and Superset Relations
8
+
9
∗
\sqsubset∗
\sqsubseteq
\sqsupset∗
)
⊂
⊆
\sqsupseteq
\subset
\subseteq
⊃
⊇
\supset
\supseteq
Not predeﬁned in LATEX 2ε . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,
mathabx, txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
Table 54: AMS Subset and Superset Relations
"
$
'
8
9
=
\nsubseteq
\nsupseteq
\nsupseteqq
\sqsubset
\sqsupset
\Subset
:
%
(
;
<
,
\subseteqq
\subsetneq
\subsetneqq
\Supset
\supseteqq
\supsetneq
23
#
&
)
*
+
\supsetneqq
\varsubsetneq
\varsubsetneqq
\varsupsetneq
\varsupsetneqq
Table 55: stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations
C
E
D
F
\subsetplus
\subsetpluseq
\supsetplus
\supsetpluseq
Table 56: wasysym Subset and Superset Relations
8
9
\sqsubset
\sqsupset
Table 57: txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations
P
S
U

Q
T
-
\nsqsubset
\nsqsubseteq
\nsqsupset
R
\nsqsupseteq
\nSubset
\nsubseteqq
\nSupset
Table 58: mathabx Subset and Superset Relations
\nsqsubset
\nsqSubset
\nsqsubseteq
\nsqsubseteqq
\nsqsupset
\nsqSupset
\nsqsupseteq
\nsqsupseteqq
\nsubset
\nSubset
\nsubseteq
\nsubseteqq

\nsupset
\nSupset
\nsupseteq
\nsupseteqq
\sqsubset
\sqSubset
\sqsubseteq
\sqsubseteqq
\sqsubsetneq
\sqsubsetneqq
\sqSupset
\sqsupset

\sqsupseteq
\sqsupseteqq
\sqsupsetneq
\sqsupsetneqq
\subset
\Subset
\subseteq
\subseteqq
\subsetneq
\subsetneqq
\supset
\Supset

\supseteq
\supseteqq
\supsetneq
\supsetneqq
\varsqsubsetneq
\varsqsubsetneqq
\varsqsupsetneq
\varsqsupsetneqq
\varsubsetneq
\varsubsetneqq
\varsupsetneq
\varsupsetneqq
Table 59: Inequalities
≥
\geq
0
\gg
≤
\leq
2
\ll
V
\neq
Table 60: AMS Inequalities
>
@
A
B
≫
4
6
9
;
I
>
K
M
\eqslantgtr
\eqslantless
\geqq
\geqslant
\ggg
\gnapprox
\gneq
\gneqq
\gnsim
\gtrapprox
\gtrdot
\gtreqless
\gtreqqless
≷
0
C
E
F
7
G
H
≶
≪
A
\gtrless
\gtrsim
\gvertneqq
\leqq
\leqslant
\lessapprox
\lessdot
\lesseqgtr
\lesseqqgtr
\lessgtr
\lesssim
\lll
\lnapprox
24
.
/
1
2
3
5
8
≯
<
=
?
≮
\lneq
\lneqq
\lnsim
\lvertneqq
\ngeq
\ngeqq
\ngeqslant
\ngtr
\nleq
\nleqq
\nleqslant
\nless
Table 61: wasysym Inequalities
\apprge
\apprle
Table 62: txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities
W
Z
]
·
¶
¥
¯
"
Ï
Ë

³
Å
Ç
Í
\ngg
\ngtrapprox
\ngtrless
½
¿
»
Á
µ
¤
®
Æ
Ì
¼
¾
º
\eqslantgtr
\eqslantless
\geq
\geqq
\gg
\ggg
\gnapprox
\gneq
\gneqq
\gnsim
\gtrapprox
\gtrdot
X
[
^
\ngtrsim
\nlessapprox
\nlessgtr
Y
\
\nlesssim
\nll
Table 63: mathabx Inequalities
\gtreqless
\gtreqqless
\gtrless
\gtrsim
\gvertneqq
\leq
\leqq
\lessapprox
\lessdot
\lesseqgtr
\lesseqqgtr
\lessgtr
À
!
Î
Ê
¬
²
Ä
´
¹
¸
§
±
\lesssim
\ll
\lll
\lnapprox
\lneq
\lneqq
\lnsim
\lvertneqq
\neqslantgtr
\neqslantless
\ngeq
\ngeqq
£
É
Ã
¦
°
¢
È
Â
«
ª
©
¨
\ngtr
\ngtrapprox
\ngtrsim
\nleq
\nleqq
\nless
\nlessapprox
\nlesssim
\nvargeq
\nvarleq
\vargeq
\varleq
mathabx deﬁnes \leqslant and \le as synonyms for \leq, \geqslant and \ge as
synonyms for \geq, \nleqslant as a synonym for \nleq, and \ngeqslant as a
synonym for \ngeq.
Table 64: AMS Triangle Relations
N
O
D
\blacktriangleleft
\blacktriangleright
\ntriangleleft
B
C
E
\ntrianglelefteq
\ntriangleright
\ntrianglerighteq
\trianglelefteq
\triangleq
\trianglerighteq
\vartriangleleft
\vartriangleright
Table 65: stmaryrd Triangle Relations
G
I

\ntriangleleft
\ntrianglelefteq
\ntriangleright
\trianglelefteqslant
\ntrianglelefteqslant

H
J
\trianglerighteqslant
\ntrianglerighteqslant
Table 66: mathabx Triangle Relations

\ntrianglerighteq
\triangleleft
\trianglelefteq
25
\triangleright
\trianglerighteq
\vartriangleleft

\vartriangleright
Table 67: Arrows
⇓
↓
←
→
←
⇐
⇔
↔
←−
⇐=
←→
⇐⇒
8−→
=⇒
−→
8→
?
\Downarrow
\downarrow
\hookleftarrow
\hookrightarrow
\leadsto∗
\leftarrow
\Leftarrow
\Leftrightarrow
\leftrightarrow
5
⇒
→
7
9
↑
⇑
=
@
\longleftarrow
\Longleftarrow
\longleftrightarrow
\Longleftrightarrow
\longmapsto
\Longrightarrow
\longrightarrow
\mapsto
\nearrow†
\nwarrow
\Rightarrow
\rightarrow
\searrow
\swarrow
\uparrow
\Uparrow
\updownarrow
\Updownarrow
∗
Not predeﬁned in LATEX 2ε . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,
txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
†
See the note beneath Table 112 for information about how to put a diagonal arrow
*0
”) .
∇
·B
across a mathematical expression (as in “
Table 68: Harpoons
\leftharpoondown
\leftharpoonup
\rightharpoondown
\rightharpoonup
\rightleftharpoons
Table 69: textcomp Text-mode Arrows
↓
←
\textdownarrow
\textleftarrow
→
↑
\textrightarrow
\textuparrow
Table 70: AMS Arrows
P
S
F
G
_
`
^
a
⇔
T
V
X
Z
\
_
b
\circlearrowleft
\circlearrowright
\curvearrowleft
\curvearrowright
\dashleftarrow
\dashrightarrow
\downdownarrows
\leftarrowtail
\leftleftarrows
\leftrightarrows
\leftrightsquigarrow
\Lleftarrow
\looparrowleft
\looparrowright
\Lsh
\rightarrowtail
R
⇒
W
Y
[
]
`
\rightleftarrows
\rightrightarrows
\rightsquigarrow
\Rsh
\twoheadleftarrow
\twoheadrightarrow
\upuparrows
Table 71: AMS Negated Arrows
H
K
\nLeftarrow
\nleftarrow
I
\nLeftrightarrow
\nleftrightarrow
J
L
\nRightarrow
\nrightarrow
Table 72: AMS Harpoons
c
f
\downharpoonleft
\downharpoonright
d
g
\leftrightharpoons
\rightleftharpoons
26
e
h
\upharpoonleft
\upharpoonright
Table 73: stmaryrd Arrows
K
N
Q
S
⇐=L
←−O
a=⇒
\leftarrowtriangle
\leftrightarroweq
\leftrightarrowtriangle
\lightning
\Longmapsfrom
\longmapsfrom
\Longmapsto
⇐L
←O
a
⇒
T
V
X
Y
M
P
R
U
W
\Mapsfrom
\mapsfrom
\Mapsto
\nnearrow
\nnwarrow
\rightarrowtriangle
\shortdownarrow
\shortleftarrow
\shortrightarrow
\shortuparrow
\ssearrow
\sswarrow
Table 74: txfonts/pxfonts Arrows
b
e
h
k
n
q
t
v
y
ö
÷
ó
õ
ô
ð
ò
ñ
ê
Ó
ÿ
×
ë
\boxdotLeft
\boxdotleft
\boxdotright
\boxdotRight
\boxLeft
\boxleft
\boxright
\boxRight
\circleddotleft
c
f
i
l
o
r
u
w
z
\circleddotright
\circleleft
\circleright
\dashleftrightarrow
\DiamonddotLeft
\Diamonddotleft
\Diamonddotright
\DiamonddotRight
\DiamondLeft
d
g
j
m
p
s
i
x
{
Table 75: mathabx Arrows
\circlearrowleft
\circlearrowright
\curvearrowbotleft
\curvearrowbotleftright
\curvearrowbotright
\curvearrowleft
\curvearrowleftright
\curvearrowright
\dlsh
\downdownarrows
\downtouparrow
\downuparrows
\drsh
ö
Ú
Ð
Ø
Ð
Ô
ú
ø
ü
î
ï
ì
í
è
Õ
\leftarrow
\leftleftarrows
\leftrightarrow
\leftrightarrows
\leftrightsquigarrow
\leftsquigarrow
\lefttorightarrow
\looparrowdownleft
\looparrowdownright
\looparrowleft
\looparrowright
\Lsh
\nearrow
\Diamondleft
\Diamondright
\DiamondRight
\leftsquigarrow
\Nearrow
\Nwarrow
\Rrightarrow
\Searrow
\Swarrow
Ô
æ
Ñ
Õ
Ñ
ù
ý
é
×
Ö
Ö
þ
Ò
\nwarrow
\restriction
\rightarrow
\rightleftarrows
\rightrightarrows
\rightsquigarrow
\righttoleftarrow
\Rsh
\searrow
\swarrow
\updownarrows
\uptodownarrow
\upuparrows
Table 76: mathabx Negated Arrows
\nLeftarrow
\nleftarrow
Ü
ø
\nleftrightarrow
\nLeftrightarrow
27
Û
÷
\nrightarrow
\nRightarrow
Þ
ß
Û
å
ç
ë
Ü
â
Table 77: mathabx Harpoons
\barleftharpoon
\barrightharpoon
\downdownharpoons
\downharpoonleft
\downharpoonright
\downupharpoons
\leftbarharpoon
\leftharpoondown
à
Ø
à
è
Ý
ã
á
á
é
Ù
ê
ä
æ
Ú
\leftharpoonup
\leftleftharpoons
\leftrightharpoon
\leftrightharpoons
\rightbarharpoon
\rightharpoondown
\rightharpoonup
\rightleftharpoon
\rightleftharpoons
\rightrightharpoons
\updownharpoons
\upharpoonleft
\upharpoonright
\upupharpoons
Table 78: chemarrow Arrows
A
\blitza
\chemarrow
Table 79: ulsy Contradiction Symbols
\blitzb
\blitzc
\blitzd
\blitze
Table 80: Extension Characters
−
=
\relbar
\Relbar
Table 81: stmaryrd Extension Characters
[
Z
\Arrownot
\arrownot
O
L
\Mapsfromchar
\mapsfromchar
a
\Mapstochar

|
Table 82: txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters
\Mappedfromchar
\mappedfromchar
}

\Mmappedfromchar
\mmappedfromchar
~

\Mmapstochar
\mmapstochar
Table 83: mathabx Extension Characters
ß
û
\mapsfromchar
\Mapsfromchar
28
ú
Þ
\mapstochar
\Mapstochar
Table 84: Log-like Symbols
\arccos
\arcsin
\arctan
\arg
\cos
\cosh
\cot
\coth
\csc
\deg
\det
\dim
\exp
\gcd
\hom
\inf
\ker
\lg
\lim
\liminf
\limsup
\ln
\log
\max
\min
\Pr
\sec
\sin
\sinh
\sup
\tan
\tanh
Calling the above “symbols” may be a bit misleading.1 Each log-like symbol merely
produces the eponymous textual equivalent, but with proper surrounding spacing. See Section 7.3 for more information about log-like symbols. As \bmod and
\pmod are arguably not symbols we refer the reader to the Short Math Guide for
LATEX [Dow00] for samples.
Table 85: AMS Log-like Symbols
inj lim
\injlim
proj lim
\projlim
lim
−→
lim
\varinjlim
lim
\varlimsup
\varliminf
lim
←−
\varprojlim
Load the amsmath package to get these symbols. See Section 7.3 for some additional
comments regarding log-like symbols. As \mod and \pod are arguably not symbols
we refer the reader to the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for samples.
Table 86: Greek Letters
α
β
γ
δ
ε
ζ
η
\alpha
\beta
\gamma
\delta
\epsilon
\varepsilon
\zeta
\eta
θ
ϑ
ι
κ
λ
µ
ν
ξ
\theta
\vartheta
\iota
\kappa
\lambda
\mu
\nu
\xi
o
π
ρ
σ
ς
o
\pi
\varpi
\rho
\varrho
\sigma
\varsigma
τ
υ
φ
ϕ
χ
ψ
ω
\tau
\upsilon
\phi
\varphi
\chi
\psi
\omega
Γ
∆
Θ
\Gamma
\Delta
\Theta
Λ
Ξ
Π
\Lambda
\Xi
\Pi
Σ
Υ
Φ
\Sigma
\Upsilon
\Phi
Ψ
Ω
\Psi
\Omega
The remaining Greek majuscules can be produced with ordinary Latin letters. The
symbol “M”, for instance, is used for both an uppercase “m” and an uppercase “µ”.
See Section 7.4 for examples of how to produce bold Greek letters.
Table 87: AMS Greek Letters
M
1 Michael
\digamma
κ
\varkappa
J. Downes prefers the more general term, “atomic math objects”.
29
Table 88: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters
α
β
γ
δ
ε
ζ
η
\alphaup
\betaup
\gammaup
\deltaup
\epsilonup
\varepsilonup
\zetaup
\etaup
θ
ϑ
ι
κ
λ
µ
ν
ξ
\thetaup
\varthetaup
\iotaup
\kappaup
\lambdaup
\muup
\nuup
\xiup
π
ρ
σ
ς
τ
υ
\piup
\varpiup
\rhoup
\varrhoup
\sigmaup
\varsigmaup
\tauup
\upsilonup
φ
ϕ
χ
ψ
ω
\phiup
\varphiup
\chiup
\psiup
\omegaup
Table 89: upgreek Upright Greek Letters
α
β
γ
δ
ε
ε
ζ
η
\upalpha
\upbeta
\upgamma
\updelta
\upepsilon
\upvarepsilon
\upzeta
\upeta
θ
ϑ
ι
κ
λ
µ
ν
ξ
\uptheta
\upvartheta
\upiota
\upkappa
\uplambda
\upmu
\upnu
\upxi
π
ϖ
ρ
ρ
σ
σ
τ
υ
\uppi
\upvarpi
\uprho
\upvarrho
\upsigma
\upvarsigma
\uptau
\upupsilon
φ
ϕ
χ
ψ
ω
\upphi
\upvarphi
\upchi
\uppsi
\upomega
Γ
∆
Θ
\Upgamma
\Updelta
\Uptheta
Λ
Ξ
Π
\Uplambda
\Upxi
\Uppi
Σ
Υ
Φ
\Upsigma
\Upupsilon
\Upphi
Ψ
Ω
\Uppsi
\Upomega
upgreek utilizes upright Greek characters from either the PostScript Symbol font
(depicted above) or Euler Roman. As a result, the glyphs may appear slightly
diﬀerent from the above. Contrast, for example, “Γ∆Θαβγ” (Symbol) with
“Γ∆Θαβγ” (Euler).
Table 90: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters
\varg
\varv
!
\varw
\vary
Pass the varg option to txfonts/pxfonts to replace g, v, w, and y with , , , and !
in every mathematical expression in your document.
Table 91: AMS Hebrew Letters
O
\beth
‫ג‬
\gimel
Q
\daleth
\aleph appears in Table 125 on page 38.
Table 92: Letter-like Symbols
⊥
)
∃
\bot
\ell
\exists
∀
R
G
\forall
\hbar
\Im
ı
∈
j
\imath
\in
\jmath
30
C
∂
H
\ni
\partial
\Re
D
℘
\top
\wp
Table 93: AMS Letter-like Symbols
k
k
j
S
U
\Bbbk
\circledR
\circledS
R
T
V
\complement
\Finv
\Game
\hbar
\hslash
\nexists
Table 94: txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols
¢
£
\mathcent

\mathsterling
\notin

\notni
T
U
\varnotin
\varnotowner
Table 95: mathabx Letter-like Symbols
V
A
D
F
G
\barin
\complement
\exists
\Finv
\Game
P
E
M
R
S
\in
\nexists
\notbot
\notin
\notowner
L
Q
W
B
C
\nottop
\owns
\ownsbar
\partial
\partialslash
Table 96: trfsigns Letter-like Symbols
e
j
\e
\im
Table 97: AMS Delimiters
l
n
m
o
\ulcorner
\llcorner
\urcorner
\lrcorner
Table 98: stmaryrd Delimiters

\
`

]
a
\Lbag
\llceil
\llparenthesis
\Rbag
\rrceil
\rrparenthesis

^
\lbag
\llfloor
Table 99: mathabx Delimiters
v
\lcorners
w
\rcorners
x
\ulcorner
\llcorner
y
\urcorner
\lrcorner
z
{
Table 100: nath Delimiters
\niv
\vin
31

_
\rbag
\rrfloor
↓
I
K
(
/
?
?
y
D
\downarrow
⇓
l
\langle
j
\lceil
J
\lfloor
L
.
(
)
/
\
Table 101: Variable-sized Delimiters
w
w

E
\Downarrow
[
m
\rangle
|
k
\rceil
↑
\rfloor
=
/
)
{
h
x
?
?
x
?
y
n
[
]
|∗
'
\uparrow
⇑
\updownarrow
@
\{
}
i
]
~
w
w
~
w

o
\|
\Uparrow
\Updownarrow
\}
\backslash
When used with \left and \right, these symbols expand to the height of the
enclosed math expression. Note that \vert is a synonym for |, and \Vert is a
synonym for \|.
∗
8
;
?
?
8
>
>
>
>
;
?
?
?
?
?
ε-TEX provides a \middle analogue to \left and \right that can be used to
make an internal “|” (often used to indicate “evaluated at”) expand to the height
of the surrounding \left and \right symbols. A similar eﬀect can be achieved in
conventional LATEX using the braket package.
Table 102: Large, Variable-sized Delimiters
\lmoustache
\arrowvert
9
>
>
>
>
:
w
w
w
w w
w
w
9
:
8
>
>
>
>
:
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> >
>
>
>
8
:
\rmoustache
\Arrowvert
\lgroup
9
;
9
>
>
>
>
;
\rgroup
\bracevert
These symbols must be used with \left and \right. The mathabx package, however, redeﬁnes \lgroup and \rgroup so that those symbols can work without \left
and \right.
Table 103: Variable-sized stmaryrd Delimiters
7
8

\llbracket

\rrbracket
Table 104: mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters
v
7
~
1
7
7
7
7
\lbbbrack
w
\lfilet
?
\thickvert
~
32
9
\rbbbrack
?
?
?
?
\rfilet
\vvvert
Table 105: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double)
[[
II
KK
||
∗
DD
\lAngle
\lBrack
]]
\lCeil
JJ
\lFloor
LL
\lVert∗
||
hh
ll
jj
EE
\rAngle
ii
\rBrack
mm
\rCeil
kk
\rFloor
\rVert∗
nath redefines all of the above to include implicit \left and \right commands.
Hence, separate \lVert and \rVert commands are needed to disambiguate whether
“|” is a left or right delimiter.
All of the symbols in Table 105 can also be expressed using the \double macro.
See the nath documentation for examples and additional information.
Table 106: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple)
[[[
|||
∗
DDD
\triple<
\triple[
]]]
\ltriple|∗
|||
hhh
EEE
\triple>
iii
\triple]
\rtriple|∗
Similar to \lVert and \rVert in Table 105, \ltriple and \rtriple must be used
instead of \triple to disambiguate whether “|” is a left or right delimiter.
Note that \triple—and the corresponding \double—is actually a macro that
takes a delimiter as an argument.
Table 107: textcomp Text-mode Delimiters
〈
〚
⁅
〉
〛
⁆
\textlangle
\textlbrackdbl
\textlquill
33
\textrangle
\textrbrackdbl
\textrquill
Table 108: Math-mode Accents
á
ā
ă
\acute{a}
\bar{a}
\breve{a}
ǎ
ä
ȧ
à
â
å
\check{a}
\ddot{a}
\dot{a}
\grave{a}
\hat{a}
\mathring{a}
ã
a
\tilde{a}
\vec{a}
Also note the existence of \imath and \jmath, which produce dotless versions of
“i ” and “j ”. (See Table 125 on page 38.) These are useful when the accent is
supposed to replace the dot. For example, “\hat{\imath}” produces a correct
“ ı̂ ”, while “\hat{i}” would yield the rather odd-looking “ î ”.
Table 109: AMS Math-mode Accents
...
....
a \dddot{a}
a \ddddot{a}
These accents are also provided by the mathabx package.
Table 110: yhmath Math-mode Accents
å
\ring{a}
This symbol is largely obsolete, as standard LATEX 2ε has supported \mathring
since June, 1998 [LAT98].
Table 111: trfsigns Math-mode Accents
a
\dft{a}
a
\DFT{a}
The above are a sort of “reverse accent” in that the argument text serves as a
subscript to the transform line.
34
Table 112: Extensible Accents
Ý
abc
z}|{
abc
√
Ó
\widetilde{abc}∗
abc
←−
abc
\overleftarrow{abc}†
\overrightarrow{abc}†
\overline{abc}
abc
\underline{abc}
abc
|{z}
\overbrace{abc}
abc
\widehat{abc}∗
abc
−→
abc
\sqrt{abc}‡
\underbrace{abc}
As demonstrated in a 1997 TUGboat article about typesetting long-division problems [Gib97], an extensible long-division sign (“ )abc ”) can be faked by putting a
“\big)” in a tabular environment with an \hline or \cline in the preceding row.
The article also presents a piece of code that automatically solves and typesets—by
putting an \overline atop “\big)” and the desired text—long-division problems.
See also the polynom package, which automatically solves and typesets polynomialdivision problems in a similar manner.
∗
Made more extensible by the yhmath package.
†
If you’re looking for an extensible diagonal line or arrow to be used for canceling or
5
:
or “
−x”
3+
2 ”) then consider
reducing mathematical subexpressions (e.g., “
x+
using the cancel package.
‡
With an optional argument,
\sqrt typesets nth roots.
For√ example,
√
3
n
“\sqrt[3]{abc}” produces “ abc ” and “\sqrt[n]{abc}” produces “ abc ”.
Table 113: overrightarrow Extensible Accents
=⇒
abc \Overrightarrow{abc}
ö
ö̊
abc
abc
Table 114: yhmath Extensible Accents
\wideparen{abc}
é
abc
\widetriangle{abc}
\widering{abc}
Table 115: AMS Extensible Accents
←
→
abc
abc
←−
\overleftrightarrow{abc}
\underleftarrow{abc}
abc
←
→
abc
−→
\underleftrightarrow{abc}
\underrightarrow{abc}
The following are a sort of “reverse accent” in that the argument text serves as
a superscript to the arrow. In addition, the optional first argument (not shown)
serves as a subscript to the arrow. See the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00]
for further examples.
abc
←−−
\xleftarrow{abc}
abc
−−→
35
\xrightarrow{abc}
Table 116: chemarr Extensible Accents
abc
−−
−
−
\xrightleftharpoons{abc}
\xrightleftharpoons is a sort of “reverse accent” in that the argument text serves
as a superscript to the arrows. In addition, the optional first argument (not shown)
serves as a subscript to the arrows.
Table 117: chemarrow Extensible Accents
abc
D GGGGGGG
def
\autoleftarrow{abc}{def}
abc
GGGGGGGA
def
\autorightarrow{abc}{def}
abc
EGGGGGGGC
GGGGGGG
def
\autoleftrightharpoons{abc}{def}
abc
FGGGGGGGB
GGGGGGG
def
\autorightleftharpoons{abc}{def}
These symbols are all “reverse accents” in that the two arguments serve, respectively, as a superscript and a subscript to the arrows.
In addition to the symbols shown above, chemarrow also provides \larrowfill,
\rarrowfill, \leftrightharpoonsfill, and \rightleftharpoonsfill macros.
Each of these takes a length argument and produces an arrow of the specified
length.
hkkikkj
abc
hkkk j
abc
Table 118: mathabx Extensible Accents
\overbrace{abc}

abc
\widebar{abc}
\overgroup{abc}
|
abc
\widecheck{abc}
looabc
moon
\underbrace{abc}

abc
\wideparen{abc}
abc
lo
oo n
\undergroup{abc}
abc
\widering{abc}

abc
\widearrow{abc}
ö̊
The braces shown for \overbrace and \underbrace appear in their minimum size.
They can expand arbitrarily wide, however.
36
Table 119: esvect Extensible Accents
#”
abc \vv{abc} with package option a
#„
abc \vv{abc} with package option b
#«
abc \vv{abc} with package option c
#»
abc \vv{abc} with package option d
#–
abc \vv{abc} with package option e
#—
abc \vv{abc} with package option f
#
abc \vv{abc} with package option g
#‰
abc \vv{abc} with package option h
esvect also defines a \vv* macro which is used to typeset arrows over vector variables with subscripts. See the esvect documentation for more information.
Table 120: undertilde Extensible Accents
Ý
abc
\utilde{abc}
Because \utilde is based on \widetilde it is also made more extensible by the
yhmath package.
Table 121: Dots
·
\cdotp
···
\cdots
:
..
.
\colon∗
.
\ldotp
\ddots†
...
\ldots
..
.
\vdots†
∗
While “:” is valid in math mode, \colon uses different surrounding spacing. See
Section 7.3 and the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for more information on
math-mode spacing.
†
The mathdots package redefines \ddots and \vdots to make them scale properly
with font size. (They normally scale horizontally but not vertically.) \fixedddots
and \fixedvdots provide the original, fixed-height functionality of LATEX 2ε ’s
\ddots and \vdots macros.
Table 122: AMS Dots
···
...
\dotsb
\dotsc
···
···
\dotsi
\dotsm
...
\dotso
The AMS dot symbols are named according to their intended usage: \dotsb between pairs of binary operators/relations, \dotsc between pairs of commas, \dotsi
between pairs of integrals, \dotsm between pairs of multiplication signs, and \dotso
between other symbol pairs.
37
Table 123: mathdots Dots
.
..
\iddots
Table 124: yhmath Dots
..
.
\adots
Table 125: Miscellaneous LATEX 2ε Symbols
ℵ
\aleph
\angle
\backslash
\Box∗,†
\clubsuit
\
p
♣
\Diamond∗
\diamondsuit
\emptyset‡
\flat
\heartsuit

♦
∅
0
♥
∞
W
∇
1
¬
P
♠
√
\infty
\mho∗
\nabla
\natural
\neg
\prime
\sharp
\spadesuit
\surd
\triangle
∗
Not predeﬁned in LATEX 2ε . Use one of the packages latexsym, amsfonts, amssymb,
txfonts, pxfonts, or wasysym.
†
To use \Box—or any other symbol—as an end-of-proof (Q.E.D.) marker, consider
using the ntheorem package, which properly juxtaposes a symbol with the end of
the proof text.
‡
Many people prefer the look of AMS’s \varnothing (Table 126) to that of LATEX’s
\emptyset.
Table 126: Miscellaneous AMS Symbols
∠
s
u
v
x
z
\angle
\backprime
\bigstar
\blacklozenge
\blacksquare
\blacktriangle
r
X
Y
ð
♦
{
\blacktriangledown
\diagdown
\diagup
\eth
\lozenge
\measuredangle
W
t
p
w
∅
|
\mho
\sphericalangle
\square
\triangledown
\varnothing
\vartriangle
Table 127: Miscellaneous wasysym Symbols
∗
\Box
\Diamond
W
\mho∗
\varangle
∴
\wasytherefore
wasysym also deﬁnes an \agemO symbol, which is the same glyph as \mho but is
intended for use in text mode.
Table 128: Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Symbols

\Diamondblack
\Diamonddot
\lambdabar

\lambdaslash
\varclubsuit
\vardiamondsuit
38

\varheartsuit
\varspadesuit
Table 129: Miscellaneous mathabx Symbols
0
\degree
\diagdown
\diagup
\diameter
å
ä
I
4
\fourth
\hash
\infty
\leftthreetimes
#
8
$
>
&
9
%
\measuredangle
\pitchfork
\propto
\rightthreetimes
2
?
3
#
\second
\sphericalangle
\third
\varhash
Table 130: Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols
°
÷
⁄
¬
−
\textdegree∗
\textdiv
\textfractionsolidus
\textlnot
\textminus
\textonehalf†
\textonequarter†
\textonesuperior
\textpm
\textsurd
½
¼
¹
±
√
¾
³
×
²
\textthreequarters†
\textthreesuperior
\texttimes
\texttwosuperior
∗
If you prefer a larger degree symbol you might consider defining one as
“\ensuremath{^\circ}” (“◦ ”).
†
nicefrac (part of the units package) can be used to construct vulgar fractions like
“1/2”, “1/4”, “3/4”, and even “c/o”.
Table 131: mathcomp Math Symbols
℃
µ
\tccentigrade
\tcmu
Ω
‱
\tcohm
\tcpertenthousand
‰
\tcperthousand
Table 132: gensymb Symbols Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode
℃
°
µ
Ω
\celsius
\degree
0
1
\micro
\ohm
‰
\perthousand
Table 133: mathabx Mayan Digits
2
3
\maya{0}
\maya{1}
4
5
\maya{2}
\maya{3}
\maya{4}
\maya{5}
Table 134: marvosym Math Symbols
0
1
\MVZero
\MVOne
W
=
2
3
\MVTwo
\MVThree
\Anglesign
\Corresponds
p
÷
4
5
\MVFour
\MVFive
\Squaredot
\Vectorarrow
39
6
7
P
\MVSix
\MVSeven
8
9
\Vectorarrowhigh
\MVEight
\MVNine
Table 135: Math Alphabets
ABCdef123
ABCdef123
ABCdef 123
ABC
ABC
or
ABC
or
ABCdef123
ABC
"#$
ABCdef123
ABCdef123
ABCdef12
ABCdef12
ABCdef12
ABC1
ABC1
ABCdef123
ABCdef123
ABCdef123
ABCˇf123
\mathrm{ABCdef123}
\mathit{ABCdef123}
\mathnormal{ABCdef123}
\mathcal{ABC}
\mathscr{ABC}
\mathcal{ABC}
\mathcal{ABC}
\mathscr{ABC}
\mathpzc{ABCdef123}
\mathbb{ABC}
\varmathbb{ABC}
\mathbb{ABCdef123}
\mathbb{ABCdef123}
\mathbbm{ABCdef12}
\mathbbmss{ABCdef12}
\mathbbmtt{ABCdef12}
\mathds{ABC1}
\mathds{ABC1}
\mathfrak{ABCdef123}
\textfrak{ABCdef123}
\textswab{ABCdef123}
\textgoth{ABCdef123}
Required package
none
none
none
none
mathrsfs
calrsfs
euscript with the mathcal option
euscript with the mathscr option
none; manually defined∗
amsfonts,§ amssymb, txfonts, or pxfonts
txfonts or pxfonts
bbold or mathbbol†
mbboard†
bbm
bbm
bbm
dsfont
dsfont with the sans option
eufrak
yfonts‡
yfonts‡
yfonts‡
∗
Put “\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathpzc}{OT1}{pzc}{m}{it}” in your document’s preamble to make \mathpzc typeset its argument in Zapf Chancery.
†
The mathbbol package defines some additional blackboard bold characters:
parentheses, square brackets, angle brackets, and—if the bbgreekl option
is passed to matbbol—Greek letters.
For instance, “<[()]>” is produced by “\mathbb{\Langle\Lbrack\Lparen\bbalpha\bbbeta\bbgamma\Rparen
\Rbrack\Rangle}”.
mbboard extends the blackboard bold symbol set significantly further.
It
supports not only the Greek alphabet—including “Greek-like” symbols such
as \bbnabla (“”)—but also all punctuation marks, various currency symbols such as \bbdollar (“$”) and \bbeuro (“û”), and the Hebrew alphabet (e.g., “\bbfinalnun\bbyod\bbqof\bbpe” → “ÏÉ×Ô”).
‡
As their \text. . . names imply, the fonts provided by the yfonts package are
actually text fonts. They are included in Table 135 because they are frequently
used in a mathematical context.
§
An older (i.e., prior to 1991) version of the AMS’s fonts rendered C, N, R, S,
and Z as C, N, R, S, and Z. As some people prefer the older glyphs—much to
the AMS’s surprise—and because those glyphs fail to build under modern versions
of METAFONT, Berthold Horn uploaded PostScript fonts for the older blackboardbold glyphs to CTAN, to the fonts/msym10 directory. As of this writing, however,
there are no LATEX 2ε packages for utilizing the now-obsolete glyphs.
40
4
Science and technology symbols
This section lists symbols that are employed in various branches of science and engineering (and, because
we were extremely liberal in our classification, astrology, too).
Table 136: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols
!
&
\AC
\VHF
\photon
\HF
Table 137: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols
\FallingEdge
\LongPulseHigh
'
$
%
\LongPulseLow
\PulseHigh
"
#
\PulseLow
\RaisingEdge
\gluon
\ShortPulseHigh
\ShortPulseLow
In addition, within \textifsym{. . .}, the following codes are valid:
l
L
l
L
m
M
h
H
m
M
d
D
h
H
d
D
<
=
<
<<
>
?
>
>>
This enables one to write “\textifsym{mm<DDD>mm}” to get “mm<DDD>mm” or
“\textifsym{L|H|L|H|L}” to get “L|H|L|H|L”. See also the timing package,
which provides a wide variety of pulse-diagram symbols within an environment
designed specifically for typesetting pulse diagrams.
Finally, \textifsym supports the display of segmented digits, as would appear
on an LCD: “\textifsym{-123.456}” produces “-123.456”. “\textifsym{b}”
outputs a blank with the same width as an “8”.
Table 138: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol
A
\AR
Table 139: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols
℃
\textcelsius
℧
µ
\textmho
\textmu
Ω
\textohm
Table 140: wasysym Astronomical Symbols
!
♁
\ascnode
\astrosun
\descnode
\earth
\fullmoon
♂
%
'
\jupiter
\leftmoon
\mars
\mercury
\neptune
41
#
&
(
\newmoon
\pluto
\rightmoon
\saturn
\uranus
♀
\venus
\vernal
Table 141: marvosym Astronomical Symbols
Â
Ã
Ê
Ä
Å
Æ
\Mercury
\Venus
\Earth
Ç
È
É
\Mars
\Jupiter
\Saturn
À
Á
\Uranus
\Neptune
\Pluto
\Sun
\Moon
Table 142: mathabx Astronomical Symbols
A
B
\Mercury
\Venus
C
D
\Earth
\Mars
M
@
\fullmoon
\Sun
K
J
\leftmoon
\varEarth
E
F
\Jupiter
\Saturn
G
H
\Uranus
\Neptune
N
\newmoon
L
\rightmoon
I
\Pluto
mathabx also defines \girl as an alias for \Venus, \boy as an alias for \Mars, and
\Moon as an alias for \leftmoon.
Table 143: wasysym Astrological Symbols
)
0
\aries
\taurus
\gemini
,
/
*
1
\cancer
\leo
\virgo
3
+
.
2
\libra
\scorpio
\sagittarius
\conjunction
4
\capricornus
\aquarius
\pisces
\opposition
Table 144: marvosym Astrological Symbols
à
á
â
ã
ä
å
\Aries
\Taurus
\Gemini
\Cancer
\Leo
\Virgo
æ
ç
è
\Libra
\Scorpio
\Sagittarius
é
ê
ë
\Capricorn
\Aquarius
\Pisces
Note that \Aries . . . \Pisces can also be specified with \Zodiac{1} . . .
\Zodiac{12}.
Table 145: mathabx Astrological Symbols
P
\Aries
Q
\Taurus
R
\Gemini
Table 146: wasysym APL Symbols
5
7
:
<
=
\APLbox
\APLcomment
\APLdown
\APLdownarrowbox
\APLinput
5
÷
8
−
>
\APLinv
\APLleftarrowbox
\APLlog
\APLminus
\APLrightarrowbox
6
9
;
−
\
−
/
\APLstar
\APLup
\APLuparrowbox
\notbackslash
\notslash
Table 147: wasysym APL Modifiers
◦ \APLcirc{}
∼ \APLnot{}
42
|
\APLvert{}
Table 148: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols
Í
Ï
Ñ
Ò
\ComputerMouse
\Keyboard
\ParallelPort
\Printer
Î
Ð
\SerialInterface
\SerialPort
Table 149: ascii Control Characters (IBM)
♥
♦
♣
♠
\SOH
\STX
\ETX
\EOT
\ENQ
\ACK
•
♂
♀
♪
♫
\BEL
\BS
\HT
\LF
\VT
\FF
‼
¶
§
↑
\CR
\SO
\SI
\DLE
\DCa
\DCb
↓
→
←
└
↔
\DCc
\DCd
\NAK
\SYN
\ETB
\CAN
¦
\EM
\SUB
\ESC
\FS
\GS
\RS
\US
\splitvert
\DEL
SOH, STX, ETX, . . ., US are the names of ASCII characters 1–31. DEL is the name of
ASCII character 127. \splitvert doesn’t correspond to a control character but is
merely the “|” character shown IBM style.
These characters must be entered with the ascii font in effect, for example,
“{\ascii\STX}”. See the ascii package documentation for more information.
Table 150: marvosym Communication Symbols
k
z
\Email
\Emailct
t
u
\fax
\FAX
v
B
\Faxmachine
\Letter
E
H
\Lightning
\Mobilefone
A
T
\Pickup
\Telefon
Table 151: marvosym Engineering Symbols
"
#
›
•
%
–
\Beam
\Bearing
\Circpipe
\Circsteel
\Fixedbearing
\Flatsteel
∗
l
’
&
L
$
™
‘
˜
”
'
Ÿ
\Force
\Hexasteel
\Lefttorque
\Lineload
\Loosebearing
\Lsteel
\Octosteel
\Rectpipe
\Rectsteel
\Righttorque
\RoundedLsteel∗
\RoundedTsteel∗
—
“
œ
š
\RoundedTTsteel
\Squarepipe
\Squaresteel
\Tsteel
\TTsteel
\RoundedLsteel and \RoundedTsteel seem to be swapped, at least in the
2000/05/01 version of marvosym.
Table 152: wasysym Biological Symbols
♀
\female
♂
\male
Table 153: marvosym Biological Symbols
~
„
\Female
\FEMALE
\FemaleFemale
…
}
\FemaleMale
\Hermaphrodite
\HERMAPHRODITE
43
‚
|
ƒ
\MALE
\Male
\MaleMale
{
\Neutral
Table 154: marvosym Safety-related Symbols
h
n
\Biohazard
\BSEfree
C
J
\CEsign
\Estatically
`
a
44
\Explosionsafe
\Laserbeam
j
!
\Radioactivity
\Stopsign
5
Dingbats
Dingbats are symbols such as stars, arrows, and geometric shapes. They are commonly used as bullets in
itemized lists or, more generally, as a means to draw attention to the text that follows.
The pifont dingbat package warrants special mention. Among other capabilities, pifont provides a LATEX
interface to the Zapf Dingbats font (one of the standard 35 PostScript fonts). However, rather than name each
of the dingbats individually, pifont merely provides a single \ding command, which outputs the character that
lies at a given position in the font. The consequence is that the pifont symbols can’t be listed by name in this
document’s index, so be mindful of that fact when searching for a particular symbol.
y
{
Table 155: bbding Arrows
\ArrowBoldDownRight
\ArrowBoldRightCircled
z
w
\ArrowBoldRightShort
\ArrowBoldRightStrobe
x
\ArrowBoldUpRight
Table 156: pifont Arrows
➔
→
↔
↕
➘
➙
➚
➛
➜
\ding{212}
\ding{213}
\ding{214}
\ding{215}
\ding{216}
\ding{217}
\ding{218}
\ding{219}
\ding{220}
➝
➞
➟
➠
➡
➢
➣
➤
➥
\ding{221}
\ding{222}
\ding{223}
\ding{224}
\ding{225}
\ding{226}
\ding{227}
\ding{228}
\ding{229}
➦
➧
➨
➩
➪
➫
➬
➭
➮
\ding{230}
\ding{231}
\ding{232}
\ding{233}
\ding{234}
\ding{235}
\ding{236}
\ding{237}
\ding{238}
➯
➱
➲
➳
➴
➵
➶
➷
➸
\ding{239}
\ding{241}
\ding{242}
\ding{243}
\ding{244}
\ding{245}
\ding{246}
\ding{247}
\ding{248}
➹
➺
➻
➼
➽
➾
\ding{249}
\ding{250}
\ding{251}
\ding{252}
\ding{253}
\ding{254}
Table 157: marvosym Scissors
s
r
\Cutleft
\Cutline
q
R
\Cutright
\Kutline
S
Q
\Leftscissors
\Rightscissors
Table 158: bbding Scissors
\ScissorHollowLeft
\ScissorHollowRight
\ScissorLeft
\ScissorLeftBrokenBottom
\ScissorLeftBrokenTop
\ScissorRight
\ScissorRightBrokenBottom
\ScissorRightBrokenTop
Table 159: pifont Scissors
✁
\ding{33}
✂
✃
\ding{34}
\ding{35}
✄
Table 160: dingbat Pencils
W
\largepencil
P
45
\smallpencil
\ding{36}
Table 161: bbding Pencils and Nibs
\NibLeft
\NibRight
\NibSolidLeft
\NibSolidRight
\PencilLeft
\PencilLeftDown
\PencilLeftUp
\PencilRight
\PencilRightDown
\PencilRightUp
Table 162: pifont Pencils and Nibs
✎
\ding{46}
R
UD
✏
\ding{47}
L
du
✐
\ding{48}
✑
\ding{49}
Table 163: dingbat Hands
\leftpointright
\leftthumbsdown
\leftthumbsup
\rightpointleft
\rightthumbsdown
\rightthumbsup
Table 164: bbding Hands
\HandCuffLeft
\HandCuffLeftUp
\HandCuffRight
\HandCuffRightUp
\HandLeft
\HandLeftUp
N
✒
\ding{50}
\rightpointright
\HandPencilLeft
\HandRight
\HandRightUp
Table 165: pifont Hands
☛
*
4
.
\ding{42}
☞
\ding{43}
✌
✍
\ding{44}
\ding{45}
Table 166: bbding Crosses and Plusses
\Cross
\CrossBoldOutline
\CrossClowerTips
\CrossMaltese
+
,
'
(
\CrossOpenShadow
\CrossOutline
\Plus
\PlusCenterOpen
&
)
\PlusOutline
\PlusThinCenterOpen
Table 167: pifont Crosses and Plusses
✙
✚
!
"
\ding{57}
\ding{58}
✛
✜
\ding{59}
\ding{60}
✝
✞
\ding{61}
\ding{62}
✟
✠
\ding{63}
\ding{64}
Table 168: bbding Xs and Check Marks
\Checkmark
\CheckmarkBold
#
$
\XSolid
\XSolidBold
46
%
\XSolidBrush
Table 169: pifont Xs and Check Marks
✓
✔
\ding{51}
\ding{52}
✕
✖
✗
✘
\ding{53}
\ding{54}
\ding{55}
\ding{56}
Table 170: wasysym Xs and Check Marks
?
\CheckedBox
p
\Square
@
\XBox
Table 171: pifont Circled Numbers
①
②
③
④
⑤
⑥
⑦
⑧
⑨
⑩
\ding{172}
\ding{173}
\ding{174}
\ding{175}
\ding{176}
\ding{177}
\ding{178}
\ding{179}
\ding{180}
\ding{181}
❶
❷
❸
❹
❺
❻
❼
❽
❾
❿
➀
➁
➂
➃
➄
➅
➆
➇
➈
➉
\ding{182}
\ding{183}
\ding{184}
\ding{185}
\ding{186}
\ding{187}
\ding{188}
\ding{189}
\ding{190}
\ding{191}
\ding{192}
\ding{193}
\ding{194}
\ding{195}
\ding{196}
\ding{197}
\ding{198}
\ding{199}
\ding{200}
\ding{201}
➊
➋
➌
➍
➎
➏
➐
➑
➒
➓
\ding{202}
\ding{203}
\ding{204}
\ding{205}
\ding{206}
\ding{207}
\ding{208}
\ding{209}
\ding{210}
\ding{211}
pifont (part of the psnfss package) provides a dingautolist environment which
resembles enumerate but uses circled numbers as bullets.2 See the psnfss documentation for more information.
Table 172: wasysym Stars
A
N
A
B
X
C
D
0
/
Z
S
Y
H
I
F
E
R
2 In
\davidsstar
B
\hexstar
C
\varhexstar
Table 173: bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes
\Asterisk
\AsteriskBold
\AsteriskCenterOpen
\AsteriskRoundedEnds
\AsteriskThin
\AsteriskThinCenterOpen
\DavidStar
\DavidStarSolid
\EightAsterisk
\EightFlowerPetal
\EightFlowerPetalRemoved
\EightStar
\EightStarBold
\EightStarConvex
\EightStarTaper
\FiveFlowerOpen
P
8
;
?
7
9
:
<
=
>
@
1
V
W
5
6
\FiveFlowerPetal
\FiveStar
\FiveStarCenterOpen
\FiveStarConvex
\FiveStarLines
\FiveStarOpen
\FiveStarOpenCircled
\FiveStarOpenDotted
\FiveStarOutline
\FiveStarOutlineHeavy
\FiveStarShadow
\FourAsterisk
\FourClowerOpen
\FourClowerSolid
\FourStar
\FourStarOpen
fact, dingautolist can use any set of consecutive Zapf Dingbats symbols.
47
2
3
O
U
M
Q
L
[
G
K
`
^
_
]
\
J
\JackStar
\JackStarBold
\SixFlowerAlternate
\SixFlowerAltPetal
\SixFlowerOpenCenter
\SixFlowerPetalDotted
\SixFlowerPetalRemoved
\SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetal
\SixStar
\SixteenStarLight
\Snowflake
\SnowflakeChevron
\SnowflakeChevronBold
\Sparkle
\SparkleBold
\TwelweStar
Table 174: pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes
✡
✢
✣
✤
✥
✦
✧
★
✩
\ding{65}
\ding{66}
\ding{67}
\ding{68}
\ding{69}
\ding{70}
\ding{71}
\ding{72}
\ding{73}
✪
✫
✬
✭
✮
✯
✰
✱
✲
\ding{74}
\ding{75}
\ding{76}
\ding{77}
\ding{78}
\ding{79}
\ding{80}
\ding{81}
\ding{82}
✳
✴
✵
✶
✷
✸
✹
✺
✻
\ding{83}
\ding{84}
\ding{85}
\ding{86}
\ding{87}
\ding{88}
\ding{89}
\ding{90}
\ding{91}
✼
✽
✾
✿
❀
❁
❂
❃
❄
\ding{92}
\ding{93}
\ding{94}
\ding{95}
\ding{96}
\ding{97}
\ding{98}
\ding{99}
\ding{100}
❅
❆
❇
❈
❉
❊
❋
\ding{101}
\ding{102}
\ding{103}
\ding{104}
\ding{105}
\ding{106}
\ding{107}
Table 175: wasysym Geometric Shapes
D
%
&
_
/
#
"
$
!
5
6
U
V
P
S
R
\hexagon
E
\octagon
F
\pentagon
G
Table 176: ifsym Geometric Shapes
\BigCircle
\BigCross
\BigDiamondshape
\BigHBar
\BigLowerDiamond
\BigRightDiamond
\BigSquare
\BigTriangleDown
\BigTriangleLeft
\BigTriangleRight
\BigTriangleUp
\BigVBar
\Circle
\Cross
\DiamondShadowA
\DiamondShadowB
\DiamondShadowC
\Diamondshape
\FilledBigCircle
\FilledBigDiamondshape
\FilledBigSquare
\FilledBigTriangleDown
\FilledBigTriangleLeft
T
Q
e
f
u
v
p
s
r
t
q
`
c
b
d
a
o
?
\FilledBigTriangleRight
\FilledBigTriangleUp
\FilledCircle
\FilledDiamondShadowA
\FilledDiamondShadowC
\FilledDiamondshape
\FilledSmallCircle
\FilledSmallDiamondshape
\FilledSmallSquare
\FilledSmallTriangleDown
\FilledSmallTriangleLeft
\FilledSmallTriangleRight
\FilledSmallTriangleUp
\FilledSquare
\FilledSquareShadowA
\FilledSquareShadowC
\FilledTriangleDown
\FilledTriangleLeft
\FilledTriangleRight
\FilledTriangleUp
\HBar
\LowerDiamond
\RightDiamond
\varhexagon
E
F

O
@
C
B
D
A
*
)
0
3
2
4
1
\SmallCircle
\SmallCross
\SmallDiamondshape
\SmallHBar
\SmallLowerDiamond
\SmallRightDiamond
\SmallSquare
\SmallTriangleDown
\SmallTriangleLeft
\SmallTriangleRight
\SmallTriangleUp
\SmallVBar
\SpinDown
\SpinUp
\Square
\SquareShadowA
\SquareShadowB
\SquareShadowC
\TriangleDown
\TriangleLeft
\TriangleRight
\TriangleUp
\VBar
The ifsym documentation points out that one can use \rlap to combine
some of the above into useful, new symbols. For example, \BigCircle and
\FilledSmallCircle combine to give “ ”. Likewise, \Square and \Cross combine to give “ ”. See Section 7.2 for more information about constructing new
symbols out of existing symbols.
0
%u
48
d
a
p
b
e
c
s
r
\CircleShadow
\CircleSolid
\DiamondSolid
\Ellipse
\EllipseShadow
\EllipseSolid
\HalfCircleLeft
\HalfCircleRight
u
v
t
f
k
m
l
h
Table 177: bbding Geometric Shapes
\Rectangle
\RectangleBold
\RectangleThin
\Square
\SquareCastShadowBottomRight
\SquareCastShadowTopLeft
\SquareCastShadowTopRight
\SquareShadowBottomRight
j
i
g
o
n
\SquareShadowTopLeft
\SquareShadowTopRight
\SquareSolid
\TriangleDown
\TriangleUp
Table 178: pifont Geometric Shapes
●
❍
■
❏
❐
❑
\ding{108}
\ding{109}
\ding{110}
\ding{111}
\ding{112}
\ding{113}
❒
▲
▼
\ding{114}
\ding{115}
\ding{116}
◆
◗
❘
\ding{117}
\ding{119}
\ding{120}
❙
❚
\ding{121}
\ding{122}
Table 179: universa Geometric Shapes
\baucircle
\bausquare
\bautriangle
Table 180: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols
\dbend
\lhdbend
\reversedvideodbend
Note that these symbols descend far beneath the baseline. manfnt also deﬁnes nondescending versions, which it calls, correspondingly, \textdbend, \textlhdbend,
and \textreversedvideodbend.
Table 181: skull Symbols
A
\skull
Table 182: Non-Mathematical mathabx Symbols
O
\rip
Table 183: marvosym Information Symbols
®
V
U
K
X
\Bicycle
\Checkedbox
\Clocklogo
\Coffeecup
\Crossedbox
o
x
I
i
y
\Football
\Gentsroom
\Industry
\Info
\Ladiesroom
49
Z
w
b
\Pointinghand
\Wheelchair
\Writinghand
O
CD
Table 184: Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats
\anchor
\carriagereturn
\checkmark
EC
I
S
B
Z
\eye
\filledsquarewithdots
\satellitedish
\Sborder
\squarewithdots
\Zborder
Table 185: Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats
q
\Envelope
\OrnamentDiamondSolid
\Peace
\Phone
\PhoneHandset
\Plane
T
\SunshineOpenCircled
\Tape
Table 186: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats
☎
✆
✇
\ding{37}
\ding{38}
\ding{39}
✈
✉
❖
\ding{40}
\ding{41}
\ding{118}
❤
❥
❦
\ding{164}
\ding{165}
\ding{166}
50
❧
♣
♥
\ding{167}
\ding{168}
\ding{170}
♠
♦
\ding{171}
\ding{169}
6
Other symbols
The following are all the symbols that didn’t ﬁt neatly or unambiguously into any of the previous sections.
(Do weather symbols belong under “Science and technology”? Should dice be considered “mathematics”?)
While some of the tables contain clearly related groups of symbols (e.g., musical notes), others represent motley
assortments of whatever the font designer felt like drawing.
Table 187: textcomp Genealogical Symbols
M
P
\textborn
\textdied
N
Q
O
\textdivorced
\textleaf
\textmarried
Table 188: wasysym General Symbols
H
K
O
S
W
?
\ataribox
\bell
\blacksmiley
\Bowtie
\brokenvert
\checked
I
L
P
T
X
Z
\clock
\diameter
\DOWNarrow
\frownie
\invdiameter
\kreuz
M
Q
U
Y
\LEFTarrow
\lightning
\phone
\pointer
\recorder
\RIGHTarrow
J
☼
R
◊
\smiley
\sun
\UParrow
\wasylozenge
Table 189: wasysym Musical Notes
[
\eighthnote
\
\halfnote
]
\twonotes
^
\fullnote
♩
\quarternote
See also \flat, \sharp, and \natural (Table 125 on page 38).
Table 190: wasysym Circles
`
\CIRCLE
\Circle
\LEFTCIRCLE
`
c
a
a
d
e
\LEFTcircle
\Leftcircle
\RIGHTCIRCLE
\RIGHTcircle
\Rightcircle
\leftturn
b
\rightturn
Table 191: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols
\manboldkidney
\manconcentriccircles
\manconcentricdiamond
\mancone
\mancube
\manerrarrow
\manfilledquartercircle
\manhpennib
\manimpossiblecube
\mankidney
\manlhpenkidney
51
\manpenkidney
\manquadrifolium
\manquartercircle
\manrotatedquadrifolium
\manrotatedquartercircle
\manstar
\mantiltpennib
\mantriangledown
\mantriangleright
\mantriangleup
\manvpennib
Table 192: marvosym Navigation Symbols
·
¸
¹
»
º
¶
\Forward
\ForwardToEnd
\ForwardToIndex
´
µ
½
\MoveDown
\MoveUp
\Rewind
\RewindToIndex
\RewindToStart
\ToBottom
¼
\ToTop
Table 193: marvosym Laundry Symbols
Ø
Ó
Õ
Ë
«
¾
¿
¬

Ý
\AtForty
\AtNinetyFive
\AtSixty
\Bleech
\CleaningA
\CleaningF
\CleaningFF
\CleaningP
\CleaningPP
\Dontwash
Ü
¯
°
±
Ì
¨
²
×
Ù
\Handwash
\IroningI
\IroningII
\IroningIII
\NoBleech
\NoChemicalCleaning
\NoIroning
\NoTumbler
\ShortFifty
\ShortForty
Ô
Ö
Û
Ú
‰
Š
‹
\ShortNinetyFive
\ShortSixty
\ShortThirty
\SpecialForty
\Tumbler
\WashCotton
\WashSynthetics
\WashWool
Table 194: Other marvosym Symbols
ˆ
ý
¥
‡
ª
∗
\Ankh
\Bat
\Bouquet
\Celtcross
\CircledA
†
F
f
§
Œ
ÿ
m
@
:
\Cross
\FHBOlogo
\FHBOLOGO
\Frowny
\FullFHBO
\Heart
\MartinVogel
\Mundus
\MVAt
\Rightarrow∗
©
þ
Y
\Smiley
\Womanface
\Yinyang
Standard LATEX 2ε defines \Rightarrow to display “⇒”, while marvosym redefines
it to display “:” (or “:” in math mode). This conflict can be problematic for math
symbols defined in terms of \Rightarrow, such as \Longleftrightarrow, which
ends up looking like “⇐ :”.
Table 195: Miscellaneous universa Symbols
\bauforms
52
\bauhead
!
#
"
Table 196: ifsym Weather Symbols
\Cloud
\FilledCloud
\FilledRainCloud
\FilledSunCloud
\FilledWeakRainCloud
\Fog
\Hail
\HalfSun
\Lightning
\NoSun
\Rain
\RainCloud
\Sleet
\Snow
\SnowCloud
\Sun
\SunCloud
\ThinFog
$
\WeakRain
\WeakRainCloud
\FilledSnowCloud
In addition, \Thermo{0}. . .\Thermo{6} produce thermometers that are between
0/6 and 6/6 full of mercury:
Similarly, \wind{sun}{angle}{strength} will draw wind symbols with a given
amount of sun (0–4), a given angle (in degrees), and a given strength in km/h (0–
100). For example, \wind{0}{0}{0} produces “ ”, \wind{2}{0}{0} produces
“ ”, and \wind{4}{0}{100} produces “ ”.
0
0
:
Table 197: ifsym Alpine Symbols

\SummitSign
\StoneMan
\Hut
\FilledHut
\Village
\Interval
\StopWatchEnd

\Summit
\Mountain
\IceMountain
\VarMountain
\VarIceMountain
\SurveySign
\Joch
\Flag
\VarFlag
\Tent
Table 198: ifsym Clocks
\StopWatchStart
\Taschenuhr

\HalfFilledHut
\VarSummit

\VarClock
\Wecker
\VarTaschenuhr
ifsym also exports a \showclock macro. \showclock{hours}{minutes} outputs
a clock displaying the corresponding time. For instance, “\showclock{5}{40}”
produces “ ”. hours must be an integer from 0 to 11, and minutes must be an
integer multiple of 5 from 0 to 55.
D
Table 199: Other ifsym Symbols
:
::
\FilledSectioningDiamond
\Fire
\Irritant
\StrokeOne
\StrokeTwo
:::
::::
\Letter
\PaperLandscape
\PaperPortrait
\StrokeThree
\StrokeFour
(
;
\Radiation
\SectioningDiamond
\Telephone
\StrokeFive
In addition, \Cube{1}. . .\Cube{6} produce dice with the corresponding number of
spots: 53
Table 200: skak Chess Informator Symbols
g
i
b
a
e
I
RR
n
V
t
G
\bbetter
\bdecisive
\betteris
\bishoppair
\bupperhand
\centre
\comment
\compensation
\counterplay
\devadvantage
\diagonal
d
L
j
P
H
O
x
y
m
S
U
\doublepawns
\ending
\equal
\etc
\file
\kside
\markera
\markerb
\mate
\morepawns
\moreroom
N
F
o
r
M
s
l
q
T
k
u
\novelty
\onlymove
\opposbishops
\passedpawn
\qside
\samebishops
\see
\seppawns
\timelimit
\unclear
\unitedpawns
R
f
h
J
w
A
E
C
v
c
D
\various
\wbetter
\wdecisive
\weakpt
\with
\withattack
\withidea
\withinit
\without
\wupperhand
\zugzwang
The above symbols are merely the named informator symbol. skak can typeset many more chess-related symbols, including those for all of the pieces
(
/
), but only in the context of moves and boards, not
as individual, named LATEX symbols.
KQRBNP kqrbnp
54
7
Additional Information
Unlike the previous sections of this document, Section 7 does not contain new symbol tables. Rather, it provides
additional help in using the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List. First, it draws attention to symbol names used
by multiple packages. Next, it provides some guidelines for finding symbols and gives some examples regarding
how to construct missing symbols out of existing ones. Then, it comments on the spacing surrounding symbols
in math mode. After that, it presents an ASCII and Latin 1 quick-reference guide, showing how to enter all of
the standard ASCII/Latin 1 symbols in LATEX. And finally, it lists some statistics about this document itself.
7.1
Symbol Name Clashes
Unfortunately, a number of symbol names are not unique; they appear in more than one package. Depending
on how the symbols are defined in each package, LATEX will either output an error message or replace an
earlier-defined symbol with a later-defined symbol. Table 201 presents a selection of name clashes that appear
in this document.
Using multiple symbols with the same name in the same document—or even merely loading conflicting
symbol packages—can be tricky, but, as evidenced by the existence of Table 201, not impossible. The general
procedure is to load the first package, rename the conflicting symbols, and then load the second package. Examine the LATEX source for this document (symbols.tex)—especially the \savesymbol and \restoresymbol
macros and their subsequent usage—to see one possible way to handle symbol conflicts.
txfonts and pxfonts redefine a huge number of symbols—essentially, all of the symbols defined by latexsym,
textcomp, the various AMS symbol sets, and LATEX 2ε itself. Similarly, mathabx redefines a vast number of
math symbols in an attempt to improve their look. The txfonts, pxfonts, and mathabx conflicts are not listed
in Table 201 because they are designed to be compatible with the symbols they replace. Table 202 on page 57
illustrates what “compatible” means in this context.
To use the new txfonts/pxfonts symbols without altering the document’s main font, merely reset the default
font families back to their original values after loading one of those packages:
\renewcommand\rmdefault{cmr}
\renewcommand\sfdefault{cmss}
\renewcommand\ttdefault{cmtt}
7.2
Where can I find the symbol for . . . ?
If you can’t find some symbol you’re looking for in this document, there are a few possible explanations:
• The symbol isn’t intuitively named. As a few examples, the command to draw dice is “\Cube”; a plus
sign with a circle around it (“exclusive or” to computer engineers) is “\oplus”; and lightning bolts in
fonts designed by German speakers may have “blitz” in their names. The moral of the story is to be
creative with synonyms when searching the index.
• The symbol is defined by some package that I overlooked (or deemed unimportant). If there’s some
symbol package that you think should be included in the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List, please send
me e-mail at the address listed on the title page.
• The symbol isn’t defined in any package whatsoever.
Even in the last case, all is not lost. Sometimes, a symbol exists in a font, but there is no LATEX
binding for it. For example, the PostScript Symbol font contains a “↵” symbol, which may be useful for
representing a carriage return, but there is no package for accessing that symbol (as far as I know). To
produce an unnamed symbol, you need to switch to the font explicitly with LATEX 2ε ’s low-level font commands [LAT00] and use TEX’s primitive \char command [Knu86a] to request a specific character number in
the font.3 In fact, \char is not strictly necesssary; the character can often be entered symbolically. For example, the symbol for a Tate-Shafarevich group (“ ”) is actually an uppercase sha in the Cyrillic alphabet.
(Cyrillic is supported by the OT2 font encoding, for instance). While a sha can be defined numerically as
“{\fontencoding{OT2}\selectfont\char88}” it may be more intuitive to use the OT2 font encoding’s “SH”
ligature: “{\fontencoding{OT2}\selectfont SH}”.
X
3 pifont defines a convenient \Pisymbol command for accessing symbols in PostScript fonts by number.
“\Pisymbol{psy}{191}” produces “↵”.
55
For example,
56
\baro
\bigtriangledown
\bigtriangleup
\checkmark
\Circle
\Cross
\ggg
\Letter
\lightning
\Lightning
\lll
\Rightarrow
\Square
\Sun
\TriangleDown
\TriangleUp
Symbol
⇒
LATEX 2ε
≪
≫
AMS
S
9
?
stmaryrd
p
M
wasysym
@
Î
ñ
Ï
mathabx
À
:
E
B
†
marvosym
Table 201: Symbol Name Clashes
o
n
f
*
bbding
0
3
1
5
ifsym
D
dingbat
<
wsuipa
Table 202: Example of a Benign Name Clash
Symbol
Default
(Computer Modern)
txfonts
(Times Roman)
R
R
R
\textrecipe
Reflecting and rotating existing symbols
A common request on comp.text.tex is for a reversed or rotated version of an existing symbol. As a last
resort, these effects can be achieved with the graphicx (or graphics) package’s \reflectbox and \rotatebox
macros.
For example, \rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{$\iota$} produces the definite-description operator (“ ”). The disadvantage of the graphicx/graphics approach is that not every TEX backend handles graphical transformations.4 Far better is to find a suitable font that contains the desired symbol in the correct
orientation. For instance, if the phonetic package is available, then \textit{\riota} will yield a backendindependent “ ”. Similarly, tipa’s \textrevepsilon (“3”) or wsuipa’s \revepsilon (“”) may be used to
express the mathematical notion of “such that” in a cleaner manner than with \reflectbox or \rotatebox.
ι
Joining and overlapping existing symbols
Symbols that do not exist in any font can sometimes be fabricated out of existing symbols. The LATEX 2ε source
file fontdef.dtx contains a number of such definitions. For example, \models (see Table 42 on page 21) is
defined in that file with:
\def\models{\mathrel|\joinrel=}
where \mathrel and \joinrel are used to control the horizontal spacing. \def is the TEX primitive upon
which LATEX’s \newcommand is based. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more information on all three of those
commands.
With some simple pattern-matching, one can easily define a backward \models sign (“=|”):
\def\ismodeledby{=\joinrel\mathrel|}
In general, arrows/harpoons, horizontal lines (“=”, “-”, “\relbar”, and “\Relbar”), and the various mathextension characters can be combined creatively with miscellaneous other characters to produce a variety of
new symbols. Of course, new symbols can be composed from any set of existing characters. For instance, LATEX
defines \hbar (“R”) as a “¯” character (\mathchar’26) followed by a backspace of 9 math units (\mkern-9mu),
followed by the letter “h”:
\def\hbar{{\mathchar’26\mkern-9muh}}
We can just as easily define other barred letters:
\def\bbar{{\mathchar’26\mkern-9mu b}}
\def\dbar{{\mathchar’26\mkern-12mu d}}
(The space after the “mu” is optional but is added for clarity.) \bbar and \dbar define “b̄” and “¯
d”, respectively.
Note that \dbar requires a greater backward math kern than \bbar; a −9 mu kern would have produced the
less-attractive “d̄” glyph.
There is a TEX primitive called \mathaccent which centers one mathematical symbol atop another. For
·
example, one can define \dotcup (“∪”)—the
composition of a \cup and a \cdot—as follows:
\newcommand{\dotcup}{\ensuremath{\mathaccent\cdot\cup}}
4 As
an example, Xdvi ignores both \reflectbox and \rotatebox.
57
The catch is that \mathaccent requires the accent to be a “math character”. That is, it must be a character
in a math font as opposed to a symbol defined in terms of other symbols. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more
information.
The slashed package, although originally designed for producing Feynman slashed-character notation, in
fact facilitates the production of arbitrary overlapped symbols. The default behavior is to overwrite a given
/
character with “/”. For example, \slashed{D} produces “D”.
However, the \declareslashed command
provides the flexibility to specify the mathematical context of the composite character (operator, relation,
punctuation, etc., as will be discussed in Section 7.3), the overlapping symbol, horizontal and vertical adjustments in symbol-relative units, and the character to be overlapped. Consider, for example, the symbol for
reduced quadrupole moment (“I”).
This can be declared as follows:
\newcommand{\rqm}{{%
\declareslashed{}{\text{-}}{0.04}{0}{I}\slashed{I}}}
\declareslashed{·}{·}{·}{·}{I} affects the meaning of all subsequent \slashed{I} commands in the same
scope. The preceding definition of \rqm therefore uses an extra set of curly braces to limit that scope to
a single \slashed{I}. In addition, \rqm uses amstext’s \text macro (described on the next page) to make
\declareslashed use a text-mode hyphen (“-”) instead of a math-mode minus sign (“−”) and to ensure that
the hyphen scales properly in size in subscripts and superscripts. See slashed’s documentation (located in
slashed.sty itself) for a detailed usage description of the \slashed and \declareslashed commands.
Making new symbols work in superscripts and subscripts
To make composite symbols work properly within subscripts and superscripts, you may need to use TEX’s
\mathchoice primitive. \mathchoice evaluates one of four expressions, based on whether the current math
style is display, text, script, or scriptscript. (See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for a more complete description.) For example, the following LATEX code—posted to comp.text.tex by Torsten Bronger—composes
a sub/superscriptable “⊥
D” symbol out of \top and \bot (“D” and “⊥”):
\def\topbotatom#1{\hbox{\hbox to 0pt{$#1\bot$\hss}$#1\top$}}
\newcommand*{\topbot}{\mathrel{\mathchoice{\topbotatom\displaystyle}
{\topbotatom\textstyle}
{\topbotatom\scriptstyle}
{\topbotatom\scriptscriptstyle}}}
The following is another example that uses \mathchoice to construct symbols in different math modes.
The code defines a principal value integral symbol, which is an integral sign with a line through it.
\def\Xint#1{\mathchoice
{\XXint\displaystyle\textstyle{#1}}%
{\XXint\textstyle\scriptstyle{#1}}%
{\XXint\scriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}%
{\XXint\scriptscriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}%
\!\int}
\def\XXint#1#2#3{{\setbox0=\hbox{$#1{#2#3}{\int}$}
\vcenter{\hbox{$#2#3$}}\kern-.5\wd0}}
\def\ddashint{\Xint=}
\def\dashint{\Xint-}
(The preceding code was taken verbatim from the UK TERX Users’ Group FAQ at http://www.tex.ac.uk/
faq.) R\dashint produces a single-dashed integral sign (“−”), while \ddashint produces a double-dashed
R
one (“=”). The \Xint macro Rdefined above can also be usedR to generate a wealthR of new integrals: “”
(\Xint\circlearrowright), “” (\Xint\circlearrowleft), “⊂” (\Xint\subset), “∞” (\Xint\infty), and
so forth.
LATEX 2ε provides a simple wrapper for \mathchoice that sometimes helps produce terser symbol definitions. The macro is called \mathpalette and it takes two arguments. \mathpalette invokes the first
argument, passing it one of “\displaystyle”, “\textstyle”, “\scriptstyle”, or “\scriptscriptstyle”,
followed by the second argument. \mathpalette is useful when a symbol macro must know which math
style is currently in use (e.g., to set it explicitly within an \mbox). Donald Arseneau posted the following
\mathpalette-based definition of a probabilistic-independence symbol (“⊥
⊥”) to comp.text.tex:
58
\newcommand\independent{\protect\mathpalette{\protect\independenT}{\perp}}
\def\independenT#1#2{\mathrel{\rlap{$#1#2$}\mkern2mu{#1#2}}}
The \independent macro uses \mathpalette to pass the \independenT helper macro both the current math
style and the \perp symbol. \independenT typesets \perp in the current math style, moves two math units to
the right, and finally typesets a second—overlapping—copy of \perp, again in the current math style. \rlap,
which enables text overlap, is described later on this page.
√
Some people like their square-root signs with a trailing “hook” (i.e., “
”) as this helps visually distinguish
√
√
expressions like “ 3x ” from those like “ 3x”. Dan Luecking posted a \mathpalette-based definition of a
hooked square-root symbol to comp.text.tex:
\def\hksqrt{\mathpalette\DHLhksqrt}
\def\DHLhksqrt#1#2{\setbox0=\hbox{$#1\sqrt{#2\,}$}\dimen0=\ht0
\advance\dimen0-0.2\ht0
\setbox2=\hbox{\vrule height\ht0 depth -\dimen0}%
{\box0\lower0.4pt\box2}}
Notice how \DHLhksqrt uses \mathpalette to recover the outer math style (argument #1) from within an
\hbox. The rest of the code is simply using TEX primitives to position a hook of height 0.2 times the \sqrt
height at the right of the \sqrt. See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for more understanding of TEX “boxes” and
“dimens”.
Sometimes, however, amstext’s \text macro is all that is necessary to make composite symbols appear
correctly in subscripts and superscripts, as in the following definitions of \neswarrow (“?
9”) and \nwsearrow
(“5
7”):5
\newcommand{\neswarrow}{\mathrel{\text{$\nearrow$\llap{$\swarrow$}}}}
\newcommand{\nwsearrow}{\mathrel{\text{$\nwarrow$\llap{$\searrow$}}}}
\text resembles LATEX’s \mbox command but shrinks its argument appropriately when used within a subscript
or superscript. \llap (“left overlap”) and its counterpart, \rlap (“right overlap”), appear frequently when
creating composite characters. \llap outputs its argument to the left of the current position, overlapping
whatever text is already there. Similarly, \rlap overlaps whatever text would normally appear to the right
of its argument. For example, “A\llap{B}” and “\rlap{A}B” each produce “A
B”. However, the result of the
former is the width of “A”, and the result of the latter is the width of “B”—\llap{. . . } and \rlap{. . . } take
up zero space.
In a June 2002 post to comp.text.tex, Donald Arseneau presented a general macro for aligning an arbitrary
number of symbols on their horizontal centers and vertical baselines:
\makeatletter
\def\moverlay{\mathpalette\mov@rlay}
\def\mov@rlay#1#2{\leavevmode\vtop{%
\baselineskip\z@skip \lineskiplimit-\maxdimen
\ialign{\hfil$#1##$\hfil\cr#2\crcr}}}
\makeatother
\moverlay takes a list of symbols separated by \cr (TEX’s equivalent of LATEX’s \\). For example, the \topbot
command defined on the previous page could have been expressed as “\moverlay{\top\cr\bot}” and the
\neswarrow command defined above could have been expressed as “\moverlay{\nearrow\cr\swarrow}”.
The basic concept behind \moverlay’s implementation is that \moverlay typesets the given symbols in a
table that utilizes a zero \baselineskip. This causes every row to be typeset at the same vertical position.
See The TEXbook [Knu86a] for explanations of the TEX primitives used by \moverlay.
Modifying LATEX-generated symbols
Oftentimes, symbols composed in the LATEX 2ε source code can be modified with minimal effort to produce
useful variations. For example, fontdef.dtx composes the \ddots symbol (see Table 121 on page 37) out of
three periods, raised 7 pt., 4 pt., and 1 pt., respectively:
5 Note
that if your goal is to typeset commutative diagrams, then you should probably be using XY-pic.
59
\def\ddots{\mathinner{\mkern1mu\raise7\p@
\vbox{\kern7\p@\hbox{.}}\mkern2mu
\raise4\p@\hbox{.}\mkern2mu\raise\p@\hbox{.}\mkern1mu}}
\p@ is a LATEX 2ε shortcut for “pt” or “1.0pt”.
The remaining commands are defined in The
TEXbook [Knu86a]. To draw a version of \ddots with the dots going along the opposite diagonal, we merely
have to reorder the \raise7\p@, \raise4\p@, and \raise\p@:
\makeatletter
\def\revddots{\mathinner{\mkern1mu\raise\p@
\vbox{\kern7\p@\hbox{.}}\mkern2mu
\raise4\p@\hbox{.}\mkern2mu\raise7\p@\hbox{.}\mkern1mu}}
\makeatother
The \makeatletter and \makeatother commands are needed to coerce LATEX into accepting “@” as part of
a macro name. \revddots is essentially identical to the mathdots package’s \iddots command or the yhmath
package’s \adots command.
Producing complex accents
Accents are a special case of combining existing symbols to make new symbols. While various tables in this
document show how to add an accent to an existing symbol, some applications, such as transliterations from
non-Latin alphabets, require multiple accents per character. For instance, the creator of pdfTEX writes his
name as “Hàn Thé̂ Thành”. The wsuipa package defines \diatop and \diaunder macros for putting one or
more diacritics or accents above or below a given character. For example, \diaunder[{\diatop[\’|\=]}|
\textsubdot{r}] produces “´r̄”. See the wsuipa documentation for more information.
The accents package facilitates
the fabrication of accents in math mode. Its \accentset command en
ables any character to be used as an accent. For instance, \accentset{\star}{f} produces “f ” and
e
\accentset{e}{X} produces “X”. \underaccent does the same thing, but places the accent beneath the
character. This enables constructs like \underaccent{\tilde}{V}, which produces “V ”. accents provides
˜
other accent-related features as well; see the documentation for more information.
A more complex example of composing accents is the following definition of extensible \overbracket,
\underbracket, \overparenthesis, and \underparenthesis symbols, taken from a comp.text.tex post by
Donald Arseneau:
\makeatletter
\def\overbracket#1{\mathop{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@}
\downbracketfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip}
$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr}}}\limits}
\def\underbracket#1{\mathop{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr
$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip}
\upbracketfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@}}}}\limits}
\def\overparenthesis#1{\mathop{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@}
\downparenthfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip}
$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr}}}\limits}
\def\underparenthesis#1{\mathop{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr
$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@\nointerlineskip}
\upparenthfill\crcr\noalign{\kern3\p@}}}}\limits}
\def\downparenthfill{$\m@th\braceld\leaders\vrule\hfill\bracerd$}
\def\upparenthfill{$\m@th\bracelu\leaders\vrule\hfill\braceru$}
\def\upbracketfill{$\m@th\makesm@sh{\llap{\vrule\@height3\p@\@width.7\p@}}%
\leaders\vrule\@height.7\p@\hfill
\makesm@sh{\rlap{\vrule\@height3\p@\@width.7\p@}}$}
\def\downbracketfill{$\m@th
\makesm@sh{\llap{\vrule\@height.7\p@\@depth2.3\p@\@width.7\p@}}%
\leaders\vrule\@height.7\p@\hfill
\makesm@sh{\rlap{\vrule\@height.7\p@\@depth2.3\p@\@width.7\p@}}$}
\makeatother
60
Table 203 showcases these accents. The TEXbook [Knu86a] or another book on TEX primitives is indispensible
for understanding how the preceding code works. The basic idea is that \downparenthfill, \upparenthfill,
\downbracketfill, and \upbracketfill do all of the work; they output a left symbol (e.g., \braceld [“z”]
for \downparenthfill), a horizontal rule that stretches as wide as possible, and a right symbol (e.g., \bracerd
[“{”] for \downparenthfill). \overbracket, \underbracket, \overparenthesis, and \underparenthesis
merely create a table whose width is determined by the given text, thereby constraining the width of the
horizontal rules.
Table 203: Manually Composed Extensible Accents
z {
abc
\overbracket{abc}
abc
\overparenthesis{abc}
abc
\underbracket{abc}
abc
| }
\underparenthesis{abc}
A similar, but simpler example, stems from another comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau. The
following code defines an equals sign that extends as far to the right as possible (just like LATEX’s \hrulefill
command):
\makeatletter
\def\equalsfill{$\m@th\mathord=\mkern-7mu
\cleaders\hbox{$\!\mathord=\!$}\hfill
\mkern-7mu\mathord=$}
\makeatother
TEX’s \cleaders and \hfill primitives are the key to understanding \equalsfill’s extensibility. Essentially, \equalsfill repeats a box containing “=” plus some negative space until it fills the maximum available
horizontal space. \equalsfill is intended to be used with LATEX’s \stackrel command, which stacks one
mathematical expression (slightly reduced in size) atop another. Hence, “\stackrel{a}{\rightarrow}” proa
definition
duces “→” and “X \stackrel{\text{definition}}{\hbox{\equalsfill}} Y” produces “X ======= Y ”.
If all that needs to extend are horizontal and vertical lines—as opposed to repeated symbols such as the
“=” in the previous example—LATEX’s array or tabular environments may suffice. Consider the following
code (also presented in a comp.text.tex post by Donald Arseneau) for typesetting annuities:
\DeclareRobustCommand{\annu}[1]{_{%
\def\arraystretch{0}%
\setlength\arraycolsep{1pt}%
adjust these
\setlength\arrayrulewidth{.2pt}% two settings
\begin{array}[b]{@{}c|}\hline
\\[\arraycolsep]%
\scriptstyle #1%
\end{array}%
}}
One can then use, e.g., “$A\annu{x:n}$” to produce “Ax:n ”.
Creating new symbols from scratch
Sometimes is it simply not possible to define a new symbol in terms of existing symbols. Fortunately, most, if
not all, TEX distributions are shipped with a tool called METAFONT which is designed specifically for creating
fonts to be used with TEX. The METAFONTbook [Knu86b] is the authoritative text on METAFONT. If you
plan to design your own symbols with METAFONT, The METAFONTbook is essential reading. Nevertheless, the
following is an extremely brief tutorial on how to create a new LATEX symbol using METAFONT. Its primary
purpose is to cover the LATEX-specific operations not mentioned in The METAFONTbook and to demonstrate
that symbol-font creation is not necessarily a difficult task.
Suppose we need a symbol to represent a light bulb (“A”).6 The first step is to draw this in METAFONT.
It is common to separate the font into two files: a size-dependent file, which specifies the design size and
6 I’m
not a very good artist; you’ll have to pretend that “A” looks like a light bulb.
61
various font-specific parameters that are a function of the design size; and a size-independent file, which draws
characters in the given size. Figure 1 shows the METAFONT code for lightbulb10.mf. lightbulb10.mf
specifies various parameters that produce a 10 pt. light bulb then loads lightbulb.mf. Ideally, one should
produce lightbulbsize.mf files for a variety of sizes. This is called “optical scaling”. It enables, for
example, the lines that make up the light bulb to retain the same thickness at different font sizes, which looks
much nicer than the alternative—and default—“mechanical scaling”. When a lightbulbsize.mf file does
not exist for a given size size, the computer mechanically produces a wider, taller, thicker symbol:
A
A
vs.
10 pt.
20 pt.
vs.
A
vs.
30 pt.
A
vs.
40 pt.
A
50 pt.
vs.
A A
vs.
60 pt.
font identifier := "LightBulb10";
font size 10pt#;
em# := 10pt#;
cap# := 7pt#;
sb# := 1/4pt#;
o# := 1/16pt#;
70 pt.
% Name the font.
% Specify the design size.
% “M” width is 10 points.
% Capital letter height is 7 points above the baseline.
% Leave this much space on the side of each character.
% Amount that curves overshoot borders.
input lightbulb
% Load the file that draws the actual glyph.
Figure 1: Sample METAFONT size-specific file (lightbulb10.mf)
lightbulb.mf, shown in Figure 2, draws a light bulb using the parameters defined in lightbulb10.mf.
Note that the the filenames “lightbulb10.mf” and “lightbulb.mf” do not follow the Berry font-naming
scheme [Ber01]; the Berry font-naming scheme is largely irrelevant for symbol fonts, which generally lack bold,
italic, small-caps, slanted, and other such variants.
The code in Figures 1 and 2 is heavily commented and should demonstrate some of the basic concepts
behind METAFONT usage: declaring variables, defining points, drawing lines and curves, and preparing to
debug or fine-tune the output. Again, The METAFONTbook [Knu86b] is the definitive reference on METAFONT programming.
METAFONT can produce “proofs” of fonts—large, labeled versions that showcase the logical structure of
each character. In fact, proof mode is METAFONT’s default mode. To produce a proof of lightbulb10.mf,
issue the following commands at the operating-system prompt:
⇐
⇐
prompt > mf lightbulb10.mf
prompt > gftodvi lightbulb10.2602gf
Produces lightbulb10.2602gf
Produces lightbulb10.dvi
You can then view lightbulb10.dvi with any DVI viewer. The result is shown in Figure 3. Observe how the
grid defined with makegrid at the bottom of Figure 2 draws vertical lines at positions 0, sb, w/2, and w − sb
and horizontal lines at positions 0, −1pt, y2 , and h. Similarly, observe how the penlabels command labels all
of the important coordinates: z1 , z2 , . . . , z8 and z67 , which lightbulb.mf defines to lie between z6 and z7 .
Most, if not all, TEX distributions include a Plain TEX file called testfont.tex which is useful for testing
new fonts in a variety of ways. One useful routine produces a table of all of the characters in the font:
prompt > tex testfont
This is TeX, Version 3.14159 (Web2C 7.3.1)
(/usr/share/texmf/tex/plain/base/testfont.tex
Name of the font to test = lightbulb10
Now type a test command (\help for help):)
*\table
*\bye
[1]
Output written on testfont.dvi (1 page, 1516 bytes).
62
mode setup;
% Target a given printer.
define pixels(em, cap, sb);
define corrected pixels(o);
% Convert to device-specific units.
% Same, but add a device-specific fudge factor.
%% Define a light bulb at the character position for “A”
%% with width 1/2em#, height cap#, and depth 1pt#.
beginchar("A", 1/2em#, cap#, 1pt#); "A light bulb";
pickup pencircle scaled 1/2pt;
%% Define the points we need.
top z1 = (w/2, h + o);
rt z2 = (w + sb + o − x4 , y4 );
bot z3 = (z1 − (0, w − sb − o));
lft z4 = (sb − o, 1/2[y1 , y3 ]);
path bulb;
bulb = z1 . . z2 . . z3 . . z4 . . cycle;
% Use a pen with a small, circular tip.
% z1 is at the top of a circle.
% z2 is at the same height as z4 but the opposite side.
% z3 is at the bottom of the circle.
% z4 is on the left of the circle.
% Define a path for the bulb itself.
% The bulb is a closed path.
% z5 lies on the bulb, a little to the right of z3 .
z5 = point 2 − 1/3 of bulb;
z6 = (x5 , 0);
% z6 is at the bottom, directly under z5 .
z7 = (x8 , 0);
% z7 is at the bottom, directly under z8 .
z8 = point 2 + 1/3 of bulb;
% z8 lies on the bulb, a little to the left of z3 .
bot z67 = ( 1/2[x6 , x7 ], pen bot − o − 1/8pt); % z67 lies halfway between z6 and z7 but a jot lower.
%% Draw the bulb and the base.
draw bulb;
draw z5 - - z6 . . z67 . . z7 - - z8 ;
% Draw the bulb proper.
% Draw the base of the bulb.
%% Display key positions and points to help us debug.
% Label “interesting” x and y coordinates.
makegrid(0, sb, w/2, w − sb)(0, −1pt, y2 , h);
penlabels(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 67, 7, 8);
% Label control points for debugging.
endchar;
end
Figure 2: Sample METAFONT size-independent file (lightbulb.mf)
1
4
2
8
7
3
67
5
6
Figure 3: Proof diagram of lightbulb10.mf
63
Transcript written on testfont.log.
The resulting table, stored in testfont.dvi and illustrated in Figure 4, shows every character in the font.
To understand how to read the table, note that the character code for “A”—the only character defined by
lightbulb10.mf—is 41 in hexadecimal (base 16) and 101 in octal (base 8).
Test of lightbulb10 on March 11, 2003 at 1127
´0
´10x
´11x
˝8
´1
A
´2
˝9
˝A
´3
´4
´5
´6
´7
˝4x
˝B
˝C
˝D
˝E
˝F
Figure 4: Font table produced by testfont.tex
The LightBulb10 font is now usable by TEX. LATEX 2ε , however, needs more information before documents
can use the font. First, we create a font-description file that tells LATEX 2ε how to map fonts in a given font
family and encoding to a particular font in a particular font size. For symbol fonts, this mapping is fairly simple.
Symbol fonts almost always use the “U” (“Unknown”) font encoding and frequently occur in only one variant:
normal weight and non-italicized. The filename for a font-description file important; it must be of the form
“encodingfamily.fd”, where encoding is the lowercase version of the encoding name (typically “u” for
symbol fonts) and family is the name of the font family. For LightBulb10, let’s call this “bulb”. Figure 5 lists
the contents of ubulb.fd. The document “LATEX 2ε Font Selection” [LAT00] describes \DeclareFontFamily
and \DeclareFontShape in detail, but the gist of ubulb.fd is first to declare a U-encoded version of the bulb
font family and then to specify that a LATEX 2ε request for a U-encoded version of bulb with a (m)edium font
series (as opposed to, e.g., bold) and a (n)ormal font shape (as opposed to, e.g., italic) should translate into a
TEX request for lightbulb10.tfm mechanically scaled to the current font size.
\DeclareFontFamily{U}{bulb}{}
\DeclareFontShape{U}{bulb}{m}{n}{<-> lightbulb10}{}
Figure 5: LATEX 2ε font-description file (ubulb.fd)
The final step is to write a LATEX 2ε style file that defines a name for each symbol in the font. Because
we have only one symbol our style file, lightbulb.sty (Figure 6), is rather trivial. Note that instead of
typesetting “A” we could have had \lightbulb typeset “\char65”, “\char"41”, or “\char’101” (respectively,
decimal, hexadecimal, and octal character offsets into the font). For a simple, one-character symbol font
such as LightBulb10 it would be reasonable to merge ubulb.fd into lightbulb.sty instead of maintaining
two separate files. In either case, a document need only include “\usepackage{lightbulb}” to make the
\lightbulb symbol available.
\newcommand{\lightbulb}{{\usefont{U}{bulb}{m}{n}A}}
Figure 6: LATEX 2ε style file (lightbulb.sty)
METAFONT normally produces bitmapped fonts. However, it is also possible, with the help of some
external tools, to produce PostScript Type 1 fonts. These have the advantages of rendering better in Adobe®
Acrobat® (at least in versions prior to 6.0) and of being more memory-efficient when handled by a PostScript
interpreter. See http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=textrace for pointers to tools that can
produce Type 1 fonts from METAFONT.
7.3
Math-mode spacing
Terms such as “binary operators”, “relations”, and “punctuation” in Section 3 primarily regard the surrounding
spacing. (See the Short Math Guide for LATEX [Dow00] for a nice exposition on the subject.) To use a symbol
64
for a different purpose, you can use the TEX commands \mathord, \mathop, \mathbin, \mathrel, \mathopen,
\mathclose, and \mathpunct. For example, if you want to use \downarrow as a variable (an “ordinary”
symbol) instead of a delimiter, you can write “$3 x + \mathord{\downarrow}$” to get the properly spaced
˙ that
“3x + ↓” rather than the awkward-looking “3x+ ↓”. Similarly, to create a dotted-union symbol (“∪”)
spaces like the ordinary set-union symbol (\cup) it must be defined with \mathbin, just as \cup is. Contrast
˙
˙
“$A \dot{\cup} B$” (“A∪B”)
with “$A \mathbin{\dot{\cup}} B$” (“A ∪B”).
See The TEXbook [Knu86a]
for the definitive description of math-mode spacing.
The purpose of the “log-like symbols” in Tables 84 and 85 is to provide the correct amount of spacing
around and within multiletter function names. Table 204 contrasts the output of the log-like symbols with
various, naı̈ve alternatives. In addition to spacing, the log-like symbols also handle subscripts properly. For
example, “\max_{p \in P}” produces “maxp∈P ” in text, but “max” as part of a displayed formula.
p∈P
Table 204: Spacing Around/Within Log-like Symbols
LATEX expression
Output
$r \sin \theta$
$r sin \theta$
$r \mbox{sin} \theta$
r sin θ
rsinθ
rsinθ
(best)
The amsmath package makes it straightforward to define new log-like symbols:
\DeclareMathOperator{\atan}{atan}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\lcm}{lcm}
The difference between \DeclareMathOperator and \DeclareMathOperator* involves the handling of subscripts. With \DeclareMathOperator*, subscripts are written beneath log-like symbols in display style and
to the right in text style. This is useful for limit operators (e.g., \lim) and functions that tend to map over
a set (e.g., \min). In contrast, \DeclareMathOperator tells TEX that subscripts should always be displayed
to the right of the operator, as is common for functions that take a single parameter (e.g., \log and \cos).
Table 205 contrasts symbols declared with \DeclareMathOperator and \DeclareMathOperator* in both text
style ($. . .$) and display style (\[. . .\]).7
Table 205: Defining new log-like symbols
Declaration function
$\newlogsym {p \in P}$
\[ \newlogsym {p \in P} \]
\DeclareMathOperator
newlogsymp∈P
newlogsymp∈P
\DeclareMathOperator*
newlogsymp∈P
newlogsym
p∈P
It is common to use a thin space (\,) between the words of a multiword operators, as in
“\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max}”. \liminf, \limsup, and all of the log-like symbols shown
in Table 85 utilize this spacing convention.
7.4
Bold mathematical symbols
LATEX does not normally use bold symbols when typeseting mathematics. However, bold symbols are occasionally needed, for example when naming vectors. Any of the approaches described at http://www.tex.ac.uk/
cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=boldgreek can be used to produce bold mathematical symbols. Table 206
contrasts the output produced by these various techniques. As the table illustrates, these techniques exhibit
variation in their formatting of Latin letters (upright vs. italic), formatting of Greek letters (bold vs. normal),
formatting of operators and relations (bold vs. normal), and spacing.
7 Note that \displaystyle can be used to force display style within $. . .$ and \textstyle can be used to force text style
within \[. . .\].
65
Table 206: Producing bold mathematical symbols
7.5
Package
Code
Output
none
none
none
amsbsy
amsbsy
bm
fixmath
$\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$
$\mathbf{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$
\boldmath$\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D$
$\pmb{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$
$\boldsymbol{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$
$\bm{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$
$\mathbold{\alpha + b = \Gamma \div D}$
α+b=Γ÷D
α+b=Γ÷D
α+b=Γ÷D
α+b=Γ÷D
α+b=Γ÷D
α+b=Γ÷D
α+b=Γ ÷D
(no bold)
(faked bold)
ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference
Table 207 amalgamates data from various other tables in this document into a convenient reference for LATEX 2ε
typesetting of ASCII characters, i.e., the characters available on a typical U.S. computer keyboard. The first
two columns list the character’s ASCII code in decimal and hexadecimal. The third column shows what
the character looks like. The fourth column lists the LATEX 2ε command to typeset the character as a text
character. And the fourth column lists the LATEX 2ε command to typeset the character within a \texttt{. . .}
command (or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in effect).
Table 207: LATEX 2ε ASCII Table
Dec
Hex
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
..
.
57
58
59
60
61
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
2A
2B
2C
2D
2E
2F
30
31
32
..
.
39
3A
3B
3C
3D
Char
Body text
!
"
#
$
%
&
’
(
)
*
+
,
.
/
0
1
2
..
.
9
:
;
<
=
!
\textquotedbl
\#
\$
\%
\&
’
(
)
*
+
,
.
/
0
1
2
..
.
9
:
;
\textless
=
\texttt
Dec
Hex
!
"
\#
\$
\%
\&
’
(
)
*
+
,
.
/
0
1
2
..
.
9
:
;
<
=
62
63
64
65
66
67
..
.
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
..
.
122
123
124
125
126
3E
3F
40
41
42
43
..
.
5A
5B
5C
5D
5E
5F
60
61
62
63
..
.
7A
7B
7C
7D
7E
Char
Body text
\texttt
>
?
@
A
B
C
..
.
Z
[
\
]
ˆ
\textgreater
?
@
A
B
C
..
.
Z
[
\textbackslash
]
\^{}
\_
‘
a
b
c
..
.
z
\{
\textbar
\}
\~{}
>
?
@
A
B
C
..
.
Z
[
\char‘\\
]
\^{}
\char‘\_
‘
a
b
c
..
.
z
\char‘\{
|
\char‘\}
\~{}
‘
a
b
c
..
.
z
{
|
}
˜
The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 207:
• “"” is not available in the OT1 font encoding.
• The characters “<”, “>”, and “|” do work as expected in math mode, although they produce, respectively,
66
“¡”, “¿”, and “—” in text mode.8 Hence, $<$, $>$, and $|$ serve as a terser alternative to \textless,
\textgreater, and \textbar. Note that for typesetting metavariables many people prefer \textlangle
and \textrangle to \textless and \textgreater, i.e., “filename” instead of “<filename>”.
• Although “/” does not require any special treatment, LATEX additionally defines a \slash command
which outputs the same glyph but permits a line break afterwards. That is, “increase/decrease” is
always typeset as a single entity while “increase\slash{}decrease” may be typeset with “increase/”
on one line and “decrease” on the next.
• The various \char commands within \texttt are necessary only in the OT1 font encoding. In other
encodings (e.g., T1), commands such as \{, \}, \_, and \textbackslash all work properly.
• \textasciicircum can be used instead of \^{}, and \textasciitilde can be used instead of \~{}.
Note that \textasciitilde and \~{} produce raised, diacritic tildes. “Text” (i.e., vertically centered)
tildes can be generated with either the math-mode \sim command (shown in Table 42 on page 21),
which produces a somewhat wide “∼”, or the textcomp package’s \texttildelow (shown in Table 24
on page 15), which produces a vertically centered “~” in most fonts but a baseline-oriented “<” in
Computer Modern, txfonts, pxfonts, and various other fonts originating from the TEX world. If your
goal is to typeset tildes in URLs or Unix filenames, your best bet is to use the url package, which has a
number of nice features such as proper line-breaking of such names.
• The IBM version of ASCII characters 1 to 31 can be typeset using the ascii package. See Table 149 on
page 43.
• To replace “‘” and “’” with the more computer-like (and more visibly distinct) “`” and “'” within
a verbatim environment, use the upquote package. Outside of verbatim, you can use \char18 and
\char13 to get the modified quote characters. (The former is actually a grave accent.)
Similar to Table 207, Table 208 on the next page is an amalgamation of data from other tables in this
document. While Table 207 shows how to typeset the 7-bit ASCII character set, Table 208 shows the Latin 1
(Western European) character set, also known as ISO-8859-1.
The following are some additional notes about the contents of Table 208:
• A “(tc)” after a symbol name means that the textcomp package must be loaded to access that symbol.
A “(T1)” means that the symbol requires the T1 font encoding. The fontenc package can change the
font encoding document-wide.
• Many of the \text. . . accents can also be produced using the accent commands shown in Table 12 on
page 11 plus an empty argument. For instance, \={} is essentially the same as \textasciimacron.
• The commands in the “LATEX 2ε ” columns work both in body text and within a \texttt{. . .} command
(or, more generally, when \ttfamily is in effect).
• Microsoft® Windows® normally uses a superset of Latin 1 called “CP1252” (Code Page 1252). CP1252
adds codes in the range 128–159 (hexadecimal 80–9F), including characters such as dashes, daggers, and
quotation marks. If there’s sufficient interest, a future version of the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List
may include a CP1252 table.
While too large to incorporate into this document, a listing of ISO 8879:1986 SGML/XML character entities
and their LATEX equivalents is available from http://www.bitjungle.com/~isoent/. Some of the characters
presented there make use of isoent, a LATEX 2ε package (available from the same URL) that fakes some of the
missing ISO glyphs using the LATEX picture environment.9
8 Donald Knuth didn’t think such symbols were important outside of mathematics, so he omitted them from the OT1 font
encoding.
9 isoent is not featured in this document, because it is not available from CTAN and because the faked symbols are not “true”
characters; they exist in only one size, regardless of the body text’s font size.
67
Table 208: LATEX 2ε Latin 1 Table
Dec
Hex
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
AA
AB
AC
AE
AF
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
BA
BB
BC
BD
BE
BF
C0
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
CA
CB
CC
CD
CE
CF
D0
Char
¡
¢
£
¤
¥
¦
§
¨
©
ª
«
¬
®
¯
°
±
²
³
´
µ
¶
·
¸
¹
º
»
¼
½
¾
¿
À
Á
Â
Ã
Ä
Å
Æ
Ç
È
É
Ê
Ë
Ì
Í
Î
Ï
Ð
LATEX 2ε
!‘
\textcent
\pounds
\textcurrency
\textyen
\textbrokenbar
\S
\textasciidieresis
\textcopyright
\textordfeminine
\guillemotleft
\textlnot
\textregistered
\textasciimacron
\textdegree
\textpm
\texttwosuperior
\textthreesuperior
\textasciiacute
\textmu
\P
\textperiodcentered
\c{}
\textonesuperior
\textordmasculine
\guillemotright
\textonequarter
\textonehalf
\textthreequarters
?‘
\‘{A}
\’{A}
\^{A}
\~{A}
\"{A}
\AA
\AE
\c{C}
\‘{E}
\’{E}
\^{E}
\"{E}
\‘{I}
\’{I}
\^{I}
\"{I}
\DH
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(T1)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(tc)
(T1)
68
Dec
Hex
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
DA
DB
DC
DD
DE
DF
E0
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
E6
E7
E8
E9
EA
EB
EC
ED
EE
EF
F0
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
FA
FB
FC
FD
FE
FF
Char
Ñ
Ò
Ó
Ô
Õ
Ö
×
Ø
Ù
Ú
Û
Ü
Ý
Þ
ß
à
á
â
ã
ä
å
æ
ç
è
é
ê
ë
ı̀
ı́
ı̂
ı̈
ð
ñ
ò
ó
ô
õ
ö
÷
ø
ù
ú
û
ü
ý
þ
ÿ
LATEX 2ε
\~{N}
\‘{O}
\’{O}
\^{O}
\~{O}
\"{O}
\texttimes
\O
\‘{U}
\’{U}
\^{U}
\"{U}
\’{Y}
\TH
\ss
\‘{a}
\’{a}
\^{a}
\~{a}
\"{a}
\aa
\ae
\c{c}
\‘{e}
\’{e}
\^{e}
\"{e}
\‘{ı}
\’{ı}
\^{ı}
\"{ı}
\dh
\~{n}
\‘{o}
\’{o}
\^{o}
\~{o}
\"{o}
\textdiv
\o
\‘{u}
\’{u}
\^{u}
\"{u}
\’{y}
\th
\"{y}
(tc)
(T1)
(T1)
(tc)
(T1)
7.6
About this document
History David Carlisle wrote the first version of this document in October, 1994. It originally contained all
of the native LATEX symbols (Tables 27, 35, 42, 67, 84, 86, 101, 102, 108, 112, 125, and a few tables that have
since been reorganized) and was designed to be nearly identical to the tables in Chapter 3 of Leslie Lamport’s
book [Lam86]. Even the table captions and the order of the symbols within each table matched! The AMS
symbols (Tables 28, 43, 44, 70, 71, 87, 91, 97, and 126) and an initial Math Alphabets table (Table 135) were
added thereafter. Later, Alexander Holt provided the stmaryrd tables (Tables 29, 37, 45, 73, 81, and 98).
In January, 2001, Scott Pakin took responsibility for maintaining the symbol list and has since implemented
a complete overhaul of the document. The result, now called, “The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List”,
includes the following new features:
• the addition of a handful of new math alphabets, dozens of new font tables, and thousands of new
symbols
• the categorization of the symbol tables into body-text symbols, mathematical symbols, science and
technology symbols, dingbats, and other symbols, to provide a more user-friendly document structure
• an index, table of contents, and a frequently-requested symbol list, to help users quickly locate symbols
• symbol tables rewritten to list the symbols in alphabetical order
• appendices to provide additional information relevant to using symbols in LATEX
• tables showing how to typeset all of the characters in the ASCII and Latin 1 font encodings
Furthermore, the internal structure of the document has been completely altered from David’s original version.
Most of the changes are geared towards making the document easier to extend, modify, and reformat.
Build characteristics Table 209 lists some of this document’s build characteristics. Most important is
the list of packages that LATEX couldn’t find, but that symbols.tex otherwise would have been able to take
advantage of. Complete, prebuilt versions of this document are available from CTAN (http://www.ctan.org/
or one of its many mirror sites) in the directory tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive. Table 210
shows the package date (specified in the .sty file with \ProvidesPackage) for each package that was used to
build this document and that specifies a package date. Packages are not listed in any particular order in either
Table 209 or 210.
Table 209: Document Characteristics
Characteristic
Value
Source file:
Build date:
Symbols documented:
Packages included:
symbols.tex
September 29, 2003
2826
textcomp latexsym amssymb stmaryrd euscript wasysym
pifont manfnt bbding undertilde ifsym tipa wsuipa phonetic ulsy ar txfonts mathabx fclfont skak ascii dingbat
skull eurosym esvect yfonts yhmath esint mathdots trsym
universa upgreek overrightarrow chemarr chemarrow nath
trfsigns accents nicefrac bm mathrsfs zapfchan bbold mbboard dsfont bbm
none
Packages omitted:
69
Table 210: Package versions used in the preparation of this document
Name
Date
textcomp
latexsym
amssymb
stmaryrd
euscript
wasysym
pifont
manfnt
bbding
undertilde
ifsym
tipa
wsuipa
txfonts
skak
dingbat
skull
eurosym
yfonts
mathdots
trsym
universa
upgreek
chemarr
accents
nicefrac
bm
2000/08/30
1998/08/17
1996/11/03
1994/03/03
1995/01/06
1999/05/13
2000/01/12
1999/07/01
1999/04/15
2000/08/08
2000/04/18
2001/12/31
1994/07/16
2000/12/15
2003/01/25
2001/04/27
2002/01/23
1998/08/06
2003/01/08
2001/02/28
2000/06/25
98/08/01
2003/02/12
2001/06/22
2000/08/06
1998/08/04
1999/07/05
References
[Ber01]
Karl Berry. Fontname: Filenames for TEX fonts, June 2001. Available from http://www.ctan.org/
tex-archive/info/fontname.
[Dow00] Michael Downes. Short math guide for LATEX, July 19, 2000. Version 1.07. Available from http://
www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html.
[Gib97]
Jeremy Gibbons. Hey—it works! TUGboat, 18(2):75–78, June 1997. Available from http://
www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb18-2/tb55works.pdf.
[Knu86a] Donald E. Knuth. The TEXbook, volume A of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley, Reading,
MA, USA, 1986.
[Knu86b] Donald E. Knuth. The METAFONTbook, volume C of Computers and Typesetting. Addison-Wesley,
Reading, MA, USA, 1986.
[Lam86] Leslie Lamport. LATEX: A document preparation system. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 1986.
[LAT98]
LATEX3 Project Team. A new math accent. LATEX News. Issue 9, June 1998. Available from
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/ltnews09.pdf (also included in many TEX
distributions).
[LAT00]
LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2ε font selection, January 30, 2000. Available from http://
www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/doc/fntguide.ps (also included in many TEX distributions).
70
Index
If you’re having trouble locating a symbol, try looking under “T” for “\text. . .”. Many text-mode commands begin
with that prefix. Also, accents are shown over/under a black box, e.g., “ á ” for “\’”.
Some symbol entries appear to be listed repeatedly. This happens when multiple packages define identical (or nearly
identical) glyphs with the same symbol name.10
Symbols
\" (ä) . . . . . . . .
\# (#) . . . . . . .
\$ ($) . . . . . . . .
\% (%) . . . . . . .
\& (&) . . . . . . .
\’ (á) . . . . . . . .
( (() . . . . . . . . .
) ()) . . . . . . . . .
* (*) . . . . . . . . .
\, . . . . . . . . . . .
\. (ȧ) . . . . . . . .
/ (/) . . . . . . . . .
[ ([) . . . . . . . . .
] (]) . . . . . . . . .
\^ (â) . . . . . . . .
\^{} (ˆ) . . . . . .
\| () . . . . . . . .
\= (ā) . . . . . . . .
\={} (¯) . . . . . .
| (|) . . . . . . . . .
\_ ( ) . . . . . . . .
\{ ({) . . . . . . . .
\} (}) . . . . . . . .
\‘ (à) . . . . . . . .
\~ (ã) . . . . . . . .
\~{} (˜) . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
7,
7,
...
...
...
..
7,
7,
7,
7,
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
7,
32,
32,
..
..
..
11
66
66
66
66
11
32
32
18
65
11
32
32
32
11
67
32
11
67
32
67
67
67
11
11
67
A
a (esvect package option) . . . 37
\AA (Å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\aa (å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
abzüglich . . see \textdiscount
\AC () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\acarc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\acbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
accents 11–13, 34–37, 42, 60–61
any character as . . . . . . 60
extensible . . 35–37, 60–61
multiple per character . 60
accents (package) . . . . 60, 69, 70
\accentset . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\ACK (♠) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\acute (´) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Adobe Acrobat . . . . . . . . . . 64
.
\adots ( . . ) . . . . . . . . . 38, 60
advancing . see \textadvancing
\AE (Æ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\ae (æ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\agemO () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\ain (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\aleph (ℵ) . . . . . . . . . . 30, 38
\alpha (α) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10 This
alphabets
African . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Cyrillic . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Greek . . . . . . . . 29, 30, 40
Hebrew . . . . . . . . . 30, 40
math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
phonetic . . . . . . . . . 8–10
\alphaup (α) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
alpine symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\amalg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
ampersand . . . . . . . . . . see \&
AMS . . . . . . . 6, 15, 16, 19, 21,
23–26, 29–31, 34, 35, 37, 38,
40, 55, 69
amsbsy (package) . . . . . . . . . 66
amsfonts (package) 16, 21, 23, 26,
38, 40
amsmath (package) . . 6, 29, 65
amssymb (package) 6, 16, 21, 23,
26, 38, 40, 69–71
amstext (package) . . . . . 58, 59
O
\anchor ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 50
and . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \wedge
\angle (∠) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\angle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 39
\Anglesign (W) . . . . . . . . . . 39
Ångström unit
math mode
see \mathring
text mode . . . . . . see \AA
angular minutes . . . . see \prime
angular seconds . . . see \second
\Ankh (ˆ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\annu ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
annuities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
APL
modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . 42
symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\APLbox () . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\APLcirc (◦) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\APLcomment () . . . . . . . . . 42
\APLdown () . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\APLdownarrowbox () . . . . 42
\APLinput () . . . . . . . . . . 42
\APLinv (÷
) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\APLleftarrowbox () . . . . 42
\APLlog () . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\APLminus (−) . . . . . . . . . . 42
\APLnot (∼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\APLrightarrowbox (
) . . . . 42
\APLstar () . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\APLup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\APLuparrowbox () . . . . . . 42
occurs frequently between amssymb and mathabx, for example.
71
\APLvert ( | ) . . .
\apprge () . . .
\apprle () . . .
\approx (≈) . . .
\approxeq () .
\Aquarius (ê) .
\aquarius () .
\AR ( ) . . . . . .
ar (package) . . .
\arccos (arccos)
arcminutes . . . .
arcseconds . . . . .
\arcsin (arcsin)
\arctan (arctan)
\arg (arg) . . . . .
\Aries ( ) . . . .
\Aries (à) . . . .
\aries () . . . .
A
P
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. . . . . . 42
. . . . . . 25
. . . . . . 25
. . . . . . 21
. . . . . . 21
. . . . . . 42
. . . . . . 42
. . . . . . 41
. . . 41, 69
. . . . . . 29
see \prime
see \second
. . . . . . . 29
. . . . . . . 29
. . . . . . . 29
. . . . . . . 42
. . . . . . . 42
. . . . . . . 42
y) . 45
\ArrowBoldRightCircled ({) 45
\ArrowBoldRightShort (z) . . 45
\ArrowBoldRightStrobe (w) 45
\ArrowBoldUpRight (x) . . . 45
\ArrowBoldDownRight (
\Arrownot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\arrownot () . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
arrows . . . . . . . . 26–28, 45, 55
diagonal, for reducing subexpressions . . . . . . . . . . 35
double-headed, diagonal 59
extensible . . . . . . . 35–37
negated . . . . . . . . . 26, 27
\Arrowvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . 32
\arrowvert ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 32
Arseneau, Donald . . . . . 58–61
ASCII . . . . . 6, 8, 43, 66–67, 69
table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
ascii (package) . . . . . . 43, 67, 69
\ascnode () . . . . . . . . . . . 41
aspect ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\ast () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\ast (∗) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\Asterisk ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 18
ww
??
N
\Asterisk ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 47
\asterisk () . . . . . . . . . . . 18
A
\AsteriskBold ( ) . . . . . . . 47
B
X
\AsteriskCenterOpen ( ) . . 47
\AsteriskRoundedEnds ( ) . 47
asterisks . . . . . . . . . . 18, 47, 48
C
\AsteriskThin ( ) . . . . . . . 47
D
\AsteriskThinCenterOpen ( )
. . . . . . . . . 47
astrological symbols .
astronomical symbols
\astrosun () . . . .
\asymp () . . . . . . .
\atan (atan) . . . . . .
\ataribox () . . . . .
\AtForty (Ø) . . . .
\AtNinetyFive (Ó)
atomic math objects
\AtSixty (Õ) . . . .
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...
41,
...
...
...
...
...
...
29,
...
42
42
41
21
65
51
52
52
65
52
\autoleftarrow (D GGGGG ) . . . 36
\autoleftrightharpoons
GGGGG )
(EGGGGGC
. . . . . . . . . . . 36
\autorightarrow (GGGGGA )
. . 36
\autorightleftharpoons
(FGGGGGB
GGGGG )
. . . . . . . . . . . 36
B
\B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
b (esvect package option) . . . 37
\b (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
¯
\babygamma (!) . . . . . . . . . . 10
\backepsilon () . . . . . . . . 21
\backprime (s) . . . . . . . . . . 38
\backsim (") . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\backsimeq (%) . . . . . . . . . . 21
\backslash (\) . . . . . . . 32, 38
banana brackets . . . . . . . . . . .
. see \llparenthesis and
\rrparenthesis
\bar (¯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\barb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\bard () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\bari (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\barin (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\barj (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\barl (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\barlambda () . . . . . . . . . . 10
\barleftharpoon ( ) . . . . . 28
\baro ( vs. <) . . . . . . . . . . 56
\baro () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\baro (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\barp (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
barred letters . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\barrightharpoon ( ) . . . . 28
\barsci (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\barscu (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\baru (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\barwedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\barwedge () . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\Bat (ý) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\baucircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 49
Þ
ß
X
\bauforms () . . . . . . . . .
\bauhead () . . . . . . . . . .
\bausquare ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\bautriangle () . . . . . . . .
52
52
49
49
\bbalpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\bbar (b̄) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\bbbeta () . . . .
\Bbbk (k) . . . . .
bbding (package)
56, 69, 70
\bbdollar ($) . .
. . . . . . . . . 40
. . . . . . . . . 31
. 45–47, 49, 50,
. . . . . . . . . 40
\bbetter (g) . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\bbeuro (û) . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\bbfinalnun (Ï) . . . . . . . . . 40
\bbgamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
bbgreekl (mathbbol package option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
bbm (package) . . . . . . . . 40, 69
\bbnabla () . . . . . . . . . . . 40
bbold (package) . . . . . . . 40, 69
\bbpe (Ô) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\bbqof (×) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\bbslash () . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\bbyod (É) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\bdecisive (i)
\Beam (") . . . . .
\Bearing (#) . .
\because (∵) . .
\BEL (•) . . . . . .
\bell () . . . . .
Berry, Karl . . . .
\beta (β) . . . . .
\betaup (β) . . . .
\beth (O) . . . . .
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\betteris (b) . . . . . . .
\between ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\between (() . . . . . . . . .
\Bicycle (®) . . . . . . . .
\bigast () . . . . . . . . .
\bigbox ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\bigboxasterisk ( ) . .
\bigboxbackslash ( ) .
\bigboxbot ( ) . . . . . .
\bigboxcirc ( ) . . . . .
\bigboxcoasterisk ( )
\bigboxdiv ( ) . . . . . .
\bigboxdot ( ) . . . . . .
\bigboxleft ( ) . . . . .
\bigboxminus ( ) . . . .
\bigboxplus ( ) . . . . .
\bigboxright ( ) . . . .
\bigboxslash ( ) . . . .
\bigboxtimes ( ) . . . .
\bigboxtop ( ) . . . . . .
\bigboxtriangleup ( )
\bigboxvoid ( ) . . . . .
\bigcap ( ) . . . . . . . . .
\bigcirc (
) . . . . . . . .
T
Ö
Þ
Û
Õ
×
Ó
Ô
Ø
Ñ
Ð
Ù
Ý
Ò
Ú
ß
Ü
%
\BigCrossS()
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54
43
43
21
43
51
70
29
30
30
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54
22
21
49
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
18
16
\BigCircle ( ) . . . . . . . . . 48
\bigcoast ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\bigcomplementop ( ) . . . . . 19

....
\bigcup ( ) . . . . . .
\bigcurlyvee ( ) . .
\bigcurlyvee ( ) . .
\bigcurlywedge ( )
\bigcurlywedge ( )

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48
18
19
19
19
19
&
\BigDiamondshape ( ) . . . . 48
\BigHBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\biginterleave ( ) . . . . . . 19
\BigLowerDiamond ( ) . . . . 48
\bignplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 19
\bigoasterisk ( ) . . . . . . . 19
\bigobackslash ( ) . . . . . . 19
\bigobot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 19
\bigocirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 19
\bigocoasterisk ( ) . . . . . 19
\bigodiv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 19
\bigodot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\bigoleft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 19
\bigominus ( ) . . . . . . . . . 19
\bigoplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\bigoright ( ) . . . . . . . . . 19
\bigoslash ( ) . . . . . . . . . 19
\bigotimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . 18
\bigotop ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 19
\bigotriangleup ( ) . . . . . 19
\bigovoid ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 19
\bigparallel ( ) . . . . . . . . 19
\bigplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 19
\BigRightDiamond ( ) . . . . 48
\bigsqcap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 19
\bigsqcap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 19
\bigsqcapplus ( ) . . . . . . . 20
\bigsqcup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\bigsqcupplus ( ) . . . . . . . 20
\BigSquare ( ) . . . . . . . . . 48
\bigsquplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . 19
\bigstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\bigstar (u) . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\bigtimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 19
\BigTriangleDown (
) . . . . 48
\bigtriangledown ( ) . . . . 19
\bigtriangledown ( vs. ) 56
\bigtriangledown () . . . . 16
\BigTriangleLeft ( ) . . . . 48
\BigTriangleRight ( ) . . . 48
\BigTriangleUp ( ) . . . . . . 48
\bigtriangleup ( ) . .. . . . 19
\bigtriangleup ( vs. ) . 56
\bigtriangleup () . . . . . . 16
\biguplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\bigvarstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . 18
\BigVBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\bigvee ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\bigwedge ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\binampersand () . . . . . . . 17
binary operators . . . . . . 16–18
binary relations . . . . . . . 21–25
negated . . . . . . . . . 21–23
\bindnasrepma () . . . . . . . 17
\Biohazard (h) . . . . . . . . . 44
biological symbols . . . . . . . . 43
bishop . . . . . . see chess symbols
\bishoppair (a) . . . . . . . . 54
blackboard bold
see alphabets,
math
\blackdiamond ( ) . . . . . . . 18
_
Æ
Î
Ë
Å
Ç
Ã
J
È
Á
L
É
Í
N
Ê
Ï
Ì

/
F

#
!
U
W
V
"
$
\blacklozenge (v) . . . . . . . 38
\blacksmiley () . . . . . . . . 51
\blacksquare (x) . . . . . . . . 38
\blacktriangle (z) . . . . . . 38
\blacktriangledown () . . . 18
\blacktriangledown (r) . . . 38
\blacktriangleleft () . . . 18
\blacktriangleleft (N) . . . 25
\blacktriangleright () . . 18
\blacktriangleright (O) . . 25
\blacktriangleup () . . . . . 18
blank . . . . . . . see \textblank
\Bleech (Ë) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\blitza ( ) . . . . . . . . . 16, 28
\blitzb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\blitzc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\blitzd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
\blitze ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
bm (package) . . . . . . . 66, 69, 70
\bm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
\bmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
body-text symbols . . . . . . 7–15
bold symbols . . . . . . . . . 65–66
\boldmath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
\boldsymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
born . . . . . . . . . see \textborn
\bot (⊥) . . . . . . . . . . 16, 30, 58
\botdoteq () . . . . . . . . . . 22
\Bouquet (¥) . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\Bowtie () . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\bowtie () . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\Box (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\Box () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\boxast () . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\boxasterisk (f) . . . . . . . . 18
\boxbackslash (n) . . . . . . . 18
\boxbar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\boxbot (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\boxbox () . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\boxbslash () . . . . . . . . . . 17
\boxcirc (e) . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\boxcircle () . . . . . . . . . . 17
\boxcoasterisk (g) . . . . . . 18
\boxdiv (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\boxdot (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\boxdot () . . . . . . . . . 16, 17
\boxdotLeft (b) . . . . . . . . 27
\boxdotleft (e) . . . . . . . . 27
\boxdotRight (k) . . . . . . . 27
\boxdotright (h) . . . . . . . 27
\boxempty () . . . . . . . . . . 17
\boxLeft (n) . . . . . . . . . . 27
\boxleft (h) . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\boxleft (q) . . . . . . . . . . 27
\boxminus (a) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\boxminus () . . . . . . . . . . 16
\boxplus (`) . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\boxplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\boxRight (v) . . . . . . . . . 27
\boxright (i) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\boxright (t) . . . . . . . . . 27
\boxslash (m) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\boxslash () . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\boxtimes (b) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\boxtimes () . . . . . . . . . . 16
\boxtop (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\boxtriangleup (o) . . . . . . 18
\boxvoid (l) . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\boy (D ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\braceld (z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
\bracerd ({) >. . . . . . . . . . . . 61
>
\bracevert (>
>) . . . . . . . . . 32
brackets . . . . . . . see delimiters
braket (package) . . . . . . . . . 32
\breve (˘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\brokenvert () . . . . . . . . . . 51
Bronger, Torsten . . . . . . . . . 58
\BS () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\BSEfree (n) . . . . . . . . . . . 44
\bullet (•) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
bullseye . . . see \textbullseye
\Bumpedeq () . . . . . . . . . . 22
\bumpedeq () . . . . . . . . . . 22
\Bumpeq (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\bumpeq (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\bupperhand (e) . . . . . . . . . 54
C
c (esvect package option) . . . 37
\c (a̧) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 68
calrsfs (package) . . . . . . . . . 40
\CAN (↑) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
cancel (package) . . . . . . . . . 35
\Cancer (ã) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\cancer () . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\Cap () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\cap (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\cap (∩) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\Capricorn (é) . . . . . . . . . . 42
\capricornus () . . . . . . . . 42
card suits . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 50
cardinality . . . . . . . see \aleph
care of (c/o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
caret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \^
Carlisle, David . . . . . . . . 1, 69
carriage return . 43, 50, 55, see
also \hookleftarrow
\carriagereturn ( ) . . . . . 50
castle . . . . . . see chess symbols
catamorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. see \llparenthesis and
\rrparenthesis
\cdot (·) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 57
\cdotp (·) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\cdots (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Cedi . see \textcolonmonetary
cedilla . . . . . . . . . . see accents
\celsius (℃) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\Celtcross (‡) . . . . . . . . . . 52
\cent (¢) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\centerdot () . . . . . . . . . . 18
\centerdot () . . . . . . . . . . 16
\centre (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
cents . . . . . . . . . see \textcent
\CEsign (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
C
73
\changenotsign . . . . . . . . . 23
\char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 55
\check (ˇ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
check marks . . . . 46, 47, 49, 50
\checked () . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\CheckedBox (
) . . . . . . . . . 47
\Checkedbox (V) . . . . . . . . . 49
\Checkmark ( ) . . . . . . . . . 46
\checkmark () . . . . . . . . . 15
\checkmark ( ) . . . . . . . . . 50
\CheckmarkBold ( ) . . . . . . 46
chemarr (package) . . . 36, 69, 70
chemarrow (package) . 28, 36, 69
\chemarrow (A ) . . . . . . . . . 28
chess symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\chi (χ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\chiup (χ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\circ (◦) . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 39
\circeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\circeq (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\CIRCLE () . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\Circle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\Circle ( vs. ) . . . . . . . 56
\Circle () . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\circlearrowleft (ö) . . . . 27
\circlearrowleft (P) . . . . 26
\circlearrowright (÷) . . . . 27
\circlearrowright (S) . . . . 26
circled numbers . . . . . . . . . . 47
\CircledA (ª) . . . . . . . . . . 52
\circledast () . . . . . . . . . 16
\circledbar () . . . . . . . . . 17
\circledbslash () . . . . . . 17
\circledcirc () . . . . . . . . 16
\circleddash () . . . . . . . . 16
\circleddot . . . . . . see \odot
\circleddotleft (y) . . . . 27
\circleddotright (c) . . . . 27
\circledgtr () . . . . . . . . . 22
\circledless () . . . . . . . . 22
\circledminus . . . see \ominus
\circledotleft . . . . . . . . see
\circleddotleft
\circledotright . . . . . . . see
\circleddotright
\circledplus . . . . . see \oplus
\circledR () . . . . . . . 15, 31
\circledS (k) . . . . . . . . . . 31
\circledslash . . . see \oslash
\circledtimes . . . see \otimes
\circledvee () . . . . . . . . . 17
\circledwedge () . . . . . . . 17
\circleleft (f) . . . . . . . . 27
\circleright (i) . . . . . . . 27
circles . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 49, 51
\CircleShadow ( ) . . . . . . . 49
\CircleSolid ( ) . . . . . . . . 49
\Circpipe (›) . . . . . . . . . . 43
\circplus () . . . . . . . . . . 18
\Circsteel (•) . . . . . . . . . 43
circumflex . . . . . . . see accents
!
D
5
"
5
d
a
;
R
?
C
`
k
\CR (♪) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\Cross ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\Cross († vs. * vs. ) . . . . . 56
\Cross (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\Cross (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
\crossb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\CrossBoldOutline (-) . . . . 46
\CrossClowerTips (4) . . . . 46
\crossd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\Crossedbox (X) . . . . . . . . . 49
crosses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 52
\crossh ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\CrossMaltese (.) . . . . . . . 46
\crossnilambda ( ) . . . . . . 10
\CrossOpenShadow (+) . . . . . 46
\CrossOutline (,) . . . . . . . 46
crucifixes . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 52
\csc (csc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
CTAN
see Comprehensive TEX
Archive Network
\Cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 55
cube root . . . . . . . . see \sqrt
\Cup () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\cup (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\cup (∪) . . . . . . . . . . 16, 57, 65
\curlyc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\curlyeqprec (¶) . . . . . . . . 22
\curlyeqprec (2) . . . . . . . . 21
\curlyeqsucc (·) . . . . . . . . 22
\curlyeqsucc (4) . . . . . . . . 21
\curlyesh ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\curlyvee (O) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\curlyvee () . . . . . . . . . . 16
\curlyveedownarrow () . . . 17
\curlyveeuparrow () . . . . . 17
\curlywedge (N) . . . . . . . . . 18
\curlywedge () . . . . . . . . . 16
\curlywedgedownarrow () . 17
\curlywedgeuparrow () . . . 17
\curlyyogh ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 10
\curlyz ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\currency (¤) . . . . . . . . . . . 14
currency symbols . . . . 13, 14, 40
\curvearrowbotleft (ó) . . 27
\curvearrowbotleftright (õ)
. . . . . . . . . 27
\curvearrowbotright (ô) . . 27
\curvearrowleft (ð) . . . . . 27
\curvearrowleft (F) . . . . . 26
\curvearrowleftright (ò) . 27
\curvearrowright (ñ) . . . . 27
\curvearrowright (G) . . . . 26
\Cutleft (s) . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\Cutline (r) . . . . . . . . . . . 45
cutoff subtraction . see \dotdiv
\Cutright (q) . . . . . . . . . . 45
#
3
N
^
a
D
d (esvect package option) . . . 37
\d (a.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\dag (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
74
\dagger (†) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\daleth (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
dangerous bend symbols . . . 49
\dasharrow . . . . . . . . . . . . see
\dashrightarrow
\dashint (− ) . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\dashleftarrow (_) . . . . . . 26
\dashleftrightarrow (l) . . 27
\dashrightarrow (`) . . . . . 26
\DashV ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\Dashv ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\dashv () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\dashVv (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\davidsstar ( ) . . . . . . . . . 47
\DavidStar (0) . . . . . . . . . 47
\DavidStarSolid (/) . . . . . 47
\dbar (¯
d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\dbend () . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\DCa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\DCb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\DCc (‼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\DCd (¶) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\ddag (‡) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
\ddagger (‡) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\ddashint (= ) . . . . . . . . . . . 58
....
\ddddot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
...
\dddot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\ddot (¨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
.
\ddots ( . . ) . . . . . . . 37, 59, 60
\DeclareFontFamily . . . . . . 64
\DeclareFontShape . . . . . . . 64
\DeclareMathOperator . . . . 65
\DeclareMathOperator* . . . 65
\declareslashed . . . . . . . . 58
definite-description operator ( )
. . . . . . . . . 57
definition symbols . . . . . 16, 61
\deg (deg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\degree (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\degree (°) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
degrees . . . . . see \textdegree
\DEL () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\Deleatur . . . . . see \Denarius
delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . 31–33
text-mode . . . . . . . . . . 33
variable-sized . . . . . 32, 33
\Delta (∆) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\delta (δ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\deltaup (δ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\Denarius (¢) . . . . . . . . . . 14
\dental (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
derivitive, partial . see \partial
\descnode (!) . . . . . . . . . . 41
\det (det) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\devadvantage (t) . . . . . . . 54
R
R
ι
\CleaningA («) . . . . . . . . . . 52
\CleaningF (¾) . . . . . . . . . . 52
\CleaningFF (¿) . . . . . . . . . 52
\CleaningP (¬) . . . . . . . . . . 52
\CleaningPP () . . . . . . . . . 52
\clickb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\clickc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\clickt ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\clock () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
clock symbols . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\Clocklogo (U) . . . . . . . . . . 49
\closedniomega ( ) . . . . . . 10
\closedrevepsilon ( ) . . . . 10
\Cloud ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
clovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 48
clubs (suit) . . . . . . . . . . 38, 50
\clubsuit (♣) . . . . . . . . . . 38
\coAsterisk () . . . . . . . . . 18
\coasterisk () . . . . . . . . . 18
\Coffeecup (K) . . . . . . . . . 49
\colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\colon ( : ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\Colonapprox () . . . . . . . 22
\colonapprox () . . . . . . . . 22
\Coloneq (#) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\coloneq () . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\coloneq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\Coloneqq () . . . . . . . . . . 22
\coloneqq () . . . . . . . 16, 22
\Colonsim (*) . . . . . . . . . . 22
\colonsim (-) . . . . . . . . . . 22
\comment (RR) . . . . . . . . . . 54
communication symbols . . . . 43
comp.text.tex (newsgroup) . 6,
16, 57–61
\compensation (n) . . . . . . . 54
\complement (A) . . . . . . . . . 31
\complement (j) . . . . . . . . . 31
complex numbers ( ) . . . . see
alphabets, math
Comprehensive TEX Archive Network . . . . . . 1, 6, 40, 67,
69
computer hardware symbols . 43
\ComputerMouse (Í) . . . . . . . 43
\cong () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\conjunction () . . . . . . . . 42
contradiction symbols . . 16, 28
control characters . . . . . . . . 43
\convolution (
) . . . . . . . . 18
\coprod ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\copyright (©) . . . . . . . . . . 7
\corner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\Corresponds (=) . . . . . . . . 39
\corresponds () . . . . . . . . 22
\cos (cos) . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 65
\cosh (cosh) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\cot (cot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\coth (coth) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\counterplay (V) . . . . . . . . 54
Courier (PostScript font) . . . 14
CP1252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
g
\Dfourier (
\dfourier ( c
\DFT (
....
....
c) . . . . . . . . 23
)
. . . . . . . . 23
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\dft (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\DH (Ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\DH (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\dh (ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\dh (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
diacritics . . . . . . . . see accents
diæresis . . . . . . . . see accents
\diagdown ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\diagdown (X) . . . . . . . . . . 38
\diagonal ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 54
\diagup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\diagup (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\diameter (I) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\diameter (#) . . . . . . . . . . 51
\Diamond () . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\Diamond ($) . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\diamond () . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\Diamondblack () . . . . . . . 38
\Diamonddot () . . . . . . . . . 38
\DiamonddotLeft (o) . . . . 27
\Diamonddotleft (r) . . . . 27
\DiamonddotRight (w) . . . . 27
\Diamonddotright (u) . . . . 27
\DiamondLeft (z) . . . . . . . 27
\Diamondleft (d) . . . . . . . 27
\DiamondRight (j) . . . . . . 27
\Diamondright (g) . . . . . . 27
diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 49
diamonds (suit) . . . . . . . 38, 50
\DiamondShadowA ( ) . . . . . 48
\DiamondShadowB ( ) . . . . . 48
\DiamondShadowC ( ) . . . . . 48
\Diamondshape ( ) . . . . . . . 48
\DiamondSolid ( ) . . . . . . . 49
\diamondsuit (♦) . . . . . . . . 38
\diatop . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 60
\diaunder . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 60
dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 55
dictionary symbols . see phonetic
symbols
died . . . . . . . . . see \textdied
differential, inexact . see \dbar
\digamma (M) . . . . . . . . . . . 29
digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
circled . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Mayan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
old-style . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
segmented . . . . . . . . . . 41
\dim (dim) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\ding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 45–50
dingautolist . . . . . . . . . . . 47
dingbat (package) 45, 46, 50, 56,
69, 70
dingbat symbols . . . . . . 45–50
discount . . . see \textdiscount
\displaystyle . . . . . 58, 60, 65
ditto marks . see \textquotedbl
\div (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\divdot ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\divideontimes ( ) . . . . . . 18
\divideontimes () . . . . . . 16
\divides () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
ä
å
G
6
p
division . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 35
division times . . . . . . . . . . see
\divideontimes
divorced . . . see \textdivorced
\DJ (Ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\dj (đ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\dlbari (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\DLE () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\dlsh ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
does not divide . . . . see \nmid
does not exist . . . see \nexists
dollar . . . . . . see \textdollar
dollar sign . . . . . . . . . . . see \$
\Dontwash (Ý) . . . . . . . . . . 52
\dot ( ˙ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
dot symbols . . . . . . . . . 37, 38
·
\dotcup (∪)
. . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\dotdiv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\Doteq . . . . . . . see \doteqdot
\doteq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\doteqdot (6) . . . . . . . . . . 21
dotless i (ı)
math mode . . . . . . 34, 38
text mode . . . . . . . . . . 11
dotless j (j)
math mode . . . . . . 34, 38
text mode . . . . . . . . . . 11
\dotplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\dotplus () . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\dots (. . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
dots (ellipses) . 7, 37, 38, 59–60
\dotsb (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\dotsc (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\dotseq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\dotsi (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\dotsint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 20
\dotsm (· · · ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\dotso (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
˙ . . . . . . . . . 65
dotted union (∪)
\dottimes ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\double . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\doublebarwedge ( ) . . . . . 18
\doublebarwedge () . . . . . . 16
\doublecap . . . . . . . . see \Cap
\doublecap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\doublecup . . . . . . . . see \Cup
\doublecup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\doublepawns ( ) . . . . . . . . 54
\DOWNarrow (%) . . . . . . . . . . 51
\Downarrow (⇓) . . . . . . . 26, 32
\downarrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\downarrow (↓) . . . . . . . 26, 32
\downbracketfill . . . . . . . . 61
\downdownarrows ( ) . . . . . 27
\downdownarrows (^) . . . . . 26
\downdownharpoons ( ) . . . . 28
Downes, Michael J. . . . . 29, 70
\downharpoonleft (å) . . . . . 28
\downharpoonleft (c) . . . . . 26
\downharpoonright (ç) . . . . 28
\downharpoonright (f) . . . . 26
\downp (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
ê
Z
\
]
d
Ó
75
Û
\downparenthfill . .
\downt (m) . . . . . . . .
\downtouparrow ( )
\downuparrows ( ) .
\downupharpoons (ë)
\drsh ( ) . . . . . . . .
dsfont (package) . . .
\dz () . . . . . . . . .
ÿ
×
ë
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
40,
...
61
13
27
27
28
27
69
10
E
e (esvect package option) . . . 37
\e (e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
ε-TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\Earth ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\Earth (Ê) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\earth (♁) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\Ecommerce () . . . . . . . . . 14
\EightAsterisk ( ) . . . . . . 47
\EightFlowerPetal ( ) . . . 47
\EightFlowerPetalRemoved ( )
. . . . . . . . . 47
\eighthnote (') . . . . . . . . . 51
\EightStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . 47
\EightStarBold ( ) . . . . . . 47
\EightStarConvex ( ) . . . . 47
\EightStarTaper ( ) . . . . . 47
\ejective (e) . . . . . . . . . . . 10
electrical symbols . . . . . . . . 41
electromotive force (E) . . . . see
alphabets, math
\ell (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\Ellipse ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 49
ellipses (dots) . 7, 37, 38, 59–60
ellipses (ovals) . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\EllipseShadow ( ) . . . . . . 49
\EllipseSolid ( ) . . . . . . . 49
\EM (↓) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\Email (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\Emailct (z) . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\emgma ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\emptyset (∅) . . . . . . . . . . . 38
end of proof . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\ending ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\eng (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
engineering symbols . . . . 41, 43
\engma ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\ENQ (♣) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
entails . . . . . . . . . . see \models
enter . . . . . . see carriage return
\Envelope ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\enya ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\EOT (♦) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\epsi ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\epsilon () . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\epsilonup () . . . . . . . . . . 30
\eqbumped ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 22
\eqcirc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\eqcirc () . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\Eqcolon (/) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\eqcolon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
C
Z
H
I
F
E
b
e
c
M
L
n
N
"
S
Y
\eqcolon (2) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\Eqqcolon (8) . . . . . . . . . . 22
\eqqcolon (5) . . . . . . . . . . 22
\eqsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\eqslantgtr (·) . . . . . . . . . 25
\eqslantgtr (>) . . . . . . . . . 24
\eqslantless (¶) . . . . . . . . 25
\eqslantless (@) . . . . . . . . 24
\equal (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\equalsfill . . . . . . . . . 16, 61
equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . see
\rightleftharpoons
\equiv (≡) . . . . . . . . . . 16, 21
\er () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\ESC (←) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
escapable characters . . . . . . . 7
\esh (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\esh (s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
esint (package) . . . . . . . . 20, 69
\Estatically (J) . . . . . . . . 44
estimated . see \textestimated
esvect (package) . . . . . . . 37, 69
\eta (η) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\etaup (η) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\ETB () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\etc (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\eth (ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\eth () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\eth (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\ETX (♥) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
eufrak (package) . . . . . . . . . 40
Euler Roman . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\EUR (e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\EURcr (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\EURdig (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\EURhv (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\euro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
euro signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
blackboard bold . . . . . . 40
eurosym (package) . . . 14, 69, 70
\EURtm (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
euscript (package) . . . 40, 69, 70
evaluated at (|) . . . . . . . . . . 32
exclusive or . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\exists (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\exists (∃) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\exp (exp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\Explosionsafe (`) . . . . . . 44
extensible accents
35–37, 60–61
extensible arrows . . . . . . 35–37
extensible tildes . . . . . . . 35, 37
extension characters . . . . . . 28
\eye (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\EyesDollar (¦) . . . . . . . . . 14
E
F
f (esvect package option)
\fallingdotseq () . . .
\fallingdotseq ( ) . . .
\FallingEdge ( ) . . . . .
\fatbslash () . . . . . . .
\fatsemi () . . . . . . . . .
!
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
37
22
21
41
17
17
\fatslash () . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\FAX (u) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\fax (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\Faxmachine (v) . . . . . . . . 43
fc (package) . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11
fclfont (package) . . . . . . . . . 69
feet . . . . . . . . . see \prime and
\textquotesingle
\FEMALE () . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\Female (~) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\female (♀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\FemaleFemale („) . . . . . . . 43
\FemaleMale (…) . . . . . . . . . 43
Feynman slashed character notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\FF (♀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\FHBOLOGO (f) . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\FHBOlogo (F) . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\file (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\FilledBigCircle ( ) . . . . 48
\FilledBigDiamondshape ( ) 48
\FilledBigSquare ( ) . . . . 48
\FilledBigTriangleDown ( ) 48
\FilledBigTriangleLeft ( ) 48
\FilledBigTriangleRight ( )
. . . . . . . . . 48
\FilledBigTriangleUp ( ) . 48
\FilledCircle ( ) . . . . . . . 48
\FilledCloud ( ) . . . . . . . . 53
\FilledDiamondShadowA ( ) 48
\FilledDiamondShadowC ( ) 48
\FilledDiamondshape ( ) . . 48
\FilledHut ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 53
\FilledRainCloud ( ) . . . . 53
\FilledSectioningDiamond ( )
. . . . . . . . . 53
\FilledSmallCircle ( ) . . 48
\FilledSmallDiamondshape ( )
. . . . . . . . . 48
\FilledSmallSquare ( ) . . 48
\FilledSmallTriangleDown ( )
. . . . . . . . . 48
\FilledSmallTriangleLeft ( )
. . . . . . . . . 48
\FilledSmallTriangleRight
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\FilledSmallTriangleUp ( ) 48
\FilledSnowCloud ( ) . . . . 53
\FilledSquare ( ) . . . . . . . 48
\FilledSquareShadowA ( ) . 48
\FilledSquareShadowC ( ) . 48
U
P
V
S
R
T
Q
e
f
!
u
v
p
s
r
t
`
q
$
C
\filledsquarewithdots ( )
\FilledSunCloud ( ) . . . . .
\FilledTriangleDown ( ) . .
\FilledTriangleLeft ( ) . .
\FilledTriangleRight ( ) .
#
76
c
b
d
50
53
48
48
48
a
\FilledTriangleUp ( ) . . . 48
\FilledWeakRainCloud
( ) . 53
\fint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\fint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\Finv (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\Finv (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\Fire ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
fish hook . . . . . . see \strictif
\FiveFlowerOpen ( ) . . . . . 47
\FiveFlowerPetal ( ) . . . . 47
\FiveStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 47
\FiveStarCenterOpen ( ) . . 47
\FiveStarConvex ( ) . . . . . 47
\FiveStarLines ( ) . . . . . . 47
\FiveStarOpen ( ) . . . . . . . 47
\FiveStarOpenCircled ( ) . 47
\FiveStarOpenDotted ( ) . . 47
\FiveStarOutline ( ) . . . . 47
\FiveStarOutlineHeavy ( ) 47
\FiveStarShadow ( ) . . . . . 47
\Fixedbearing (%) . . . . . . . 43
.
\fixedddots ( . . ) . . . . . . . . 37
.
\fixedvdots (..) . . . . . . . . . . 37
fixmath (package) . . . . . . . . 66
\fj (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\Flag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\flap (f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\flapr (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\flat () . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 51
\Flatsteel (–) . . . . . . . . . . 43
florin . . . . . . see \textflorin
flowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 48
\Fog ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
font encodings . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
8-bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
document . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Latin 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
limiting scope of . . . . . . . 6
LY1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
OT1 . . . . . 6, 8, 11, 66, 67
OT2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
T1 . . . . . . . . . 6, 8, 11, 67
T4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11
fontdef.dtx (file) . . . . . 57, 59
fontenc (package) . . 6, 8, 11, 67
\fontencoding . . . . . . . . . . . 6
fonts, PostScript
Courier . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Helvetica . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Symbol . . . . . . . . . 30, 55
Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Type 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Zapf Chancery . . . . . . . 40
Zapf Dingbats . . . . 45, 47
\Football (o) . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\forall (∀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
"
8
R
P
?
7
9
;
:
<
=
>
@
\Force (l) . . . . . . . . .
\Forward (·) . . . . . . . .
\ForwardToEnd (¸) . . .
\ForwardToIndex (¹)
\FourAsterisk ( ) . . .
\FourClowerOpen ( ) .
\FourClowerSolid ( )
1
V
W
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.
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43
52
52
52
47
47
47
c) . . . . . . . . . 23
\Fourier (
\fourier ( c
) . . . . . . . . . 23
Fourier transform (F) . . . . see
alphabets, math
\FourStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 47
\FourStarOpen ( ) . . . . . . . 47
\fourth ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
fraktur . . . see alphabets, math
\frown () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\frownie ()) . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\Frowny (§) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\FS (└) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\FullFHBO () . . . . . . . . . . 52
\fullmoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 42
\fullmoon () . . . . . . . . . . 41
\fullnote (*) . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5
4
6
M
G
\G (
a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
g (esvect package option) . . . 37
\Game ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\Game (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\Gamma (Γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\gamma (γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\gammaup (γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\gcd (gcd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\ge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \geq
\Gemini ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\Gemini (â) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\gemini (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
genealogical symbols . . . . . . 51
\geneuro (A
C) . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\geneuronarrow (B
C) . . . . . . 14
\geneurowide (C
C) . . . . . . . . 14
gensymb (package) . . . . . . . . 39
\Gentsroom (x) . . . . . . . . . . 49
geometric shapes . . . . . . 48, 49
\geq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\geq (≥) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25
\geqq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\geqq (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\geqslant (B) . . . . . . . . . . 24
\gets . . . . . . . see \leftarrow
\gg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\gg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\ggcurly ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\ggg ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\ggg (≫ vs. ) . . . . . . . . . 56
\ggg (≫) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\gggtr . . . . . . . . . . . see \ggg
Gibbons, Jeremy . . . . . . . . . 70
\gimel (‫ )ג‬. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\girl ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
G
R
¥
¯
"
Ï
B
Ï
Ï
\glotstop (b) . . . . .
\glottal (?) . . . . . .
\gluon (,------.) . . . .
\gnapprox ( ) . . . .
\gnapprox (4) . . . .
\gneq ( ) . . . . . . . .
\gneq (6) . . . . . . . .
\gneqq ( ) . . . . . . .
\gneqq (9) . . . . . . .
\gnsim ( ) . . . . . . .
\gnsim (;) . . . . . . .
graphics (package) . .
graphicx (package) . .
\grave (`) . . . . . . .
greater-than signs . .
inequalities
Greek . . . . . . . . . . .
blackboard bold
bold . . . . . . . .
upright . . . . . .
\GS (↔) . . . . . . . . . .
\gtrapprox ( ) . . . .
\gtrapprox (I) . . . .
\gtrdot ( ) . . . . . .
\gtrdot (>) . . . . . .
\gtreqless ( ) . . . .
\gtreqless (K) . . . .
\gtreqqless ( ) . . .
.
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29,
...
29,
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
\gtreqqless (M) . . .
\gtrless ( ) . . . . .
\gtrless (≷) . . . . .
\gtrsim ( ) . . . . . .
\gtrsim () . . . . . .
\guillemotleft («) .
\guillemotright (»)
\guilsinglleft (‹) .
\guilsinglright (›)
\gvertneqq ( ) . . . .
\gvertneqq (0) . . . .
.
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Ë

³
Å
Ç
Í
½
¿
»
Á
µ
.
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10
10
41
25
24
25
24
25
24
25
24
57
57
34
see
30
40
65
30
43
25
24
25
24
25
24
25
.
.
.
.
.
. 24
. 25
. 24
. 25
. 24
8, 68
8, 68
... 8
... 8
. . 25
. . 24
H
\H (a̋) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
h (esvect package option) . . . 37
háček . . . . . . . . . . see accents
\Hail ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\HalfCircleLeft ( ) . . . . . . 49
\HalfCircleRight ( ) . . . . . 49
\HalfFilledHut ( ) . . . . . . 53
\halflength (p) . . . . . . . . . 13
\halfnote (/) . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\HalfSun ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Hamiltonian (H) see alphabets,
math
\HandCuffLeft ( ) . . . . . . . 46
\HandCuffLeftUp ( ) . . . . . 46
\HandCuffRight ( ) . . . . . . 46
\HandCuffRightUp ( ) . . . . 46
\HandLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 46
\HandLeftUp ( ) . . . . . . . . 46
\HandPencilLeft ( ) . . . . . 46
s
r
77
\HandRight ( ) . . . . . . . . . 46
\HandRightUp ( ) . . . . . . . 46
hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
\Handwash (Ü) . . . . . . . . . . 52
harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 28
\hash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
hash mark . . . . . . . . . . . see \#
\hat (ˆ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\hausaB (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\hausab (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\hausaD (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\hausad (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\hausaK (K) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\hausak (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\HBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\hbar (R) . . . . . . . . . 30, 31, 57
\Heart (Œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
hearts (suit) . . . . . . . . . 38, 50
\heartsuit (♥) . . . . . . . . . . 38
Hebrew . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 40
Helvetica (PostScript font) . . 14
\HERMAPHRODITE () . . . . . . 43
\Hermaphrodite (}) . . . . . . 43
\hexagon (0) . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\Hexasteel (’) . . . . . . . . . . 43
\hexstar (1) . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\HF ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Hilbert space (H) see alphabets,
math
\hill (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
{ √
\hksqrt (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Holt, Alexander . . . . . . . . 1, 69
\hom (hom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\hookb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\hookd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\hookd (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\hookg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\hookh ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\hookheng (%) . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\hookleftarrow (←) . . . . . . 26
\hookrevepsilon () . . . . . . 10
\hookrightarrow (→) . . . . . 26
Horn, Berthold . . . . . . . . . . 40
\hslash (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\HT () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Hungarian umlaut . see accents
\Hut ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\hv (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
#
I
\i (ı) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\ibar ( ī ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
IBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 67
\IceMountain ( ) . . . . . . . . 53
.
\iddots ( . . ) . . . . . . . . . 38, 60
\idotsint (
) . . . . . 19, 20
\iff . see \Longleftrightarrow
ifsym (package) . 41, 48, 53, 56,
69, 70
\iiiint (
) . . . . . . . . 19, 20
\iiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 20
µ
\iiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
\iiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . 19, 20
\iiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
\iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 20
\iint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\Im ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\im (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\imath (ı) . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 34
\impliedby see \Longleftarrow
\implies
see \Longrightarrow
and \vdash
\in (P) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\in (∈) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
inches . . . . . . . see \second and
\textquotedbl
independence
probabilistic . . . . . . . . . 58
statistical . . . . . . . . . . . 58
stochastic . . . . . see \bot
\independent (⊥
⊥) . . . . . . . . 59
\Industry (I) . . . . . . . . . . 49
inequalities . . . . . . . . 7, 24, 25
inexact diﬀerential . . see \dbar
\inf (inf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\Info (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
information symbols . . . . . . 49
informator symbols . . . . . . . 54
\infty (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\infty (∞) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\injlim (inj lim) . . . . . . . . . 29
\inplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\int (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
\int ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
integers (Z) see alphabets, math
integrals . . . . . . . . . . 18–20, 58
\intercal () . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\interleave () . . . . . . . . . 17
intersection . . . . . . . . see \cap
\Interval ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 53
\inva ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\invamp () . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\invdiameter (2) . . . . . . . . 51
\inve (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\InversTransformHoriz ( ) 23
´
³

\InversTransformVert
\invf (,) . . . . . . . . . .
\invglotstop (d) . . .
\invh (&) . . . . . . . . .
\invlegr (I) . . . . . . .
\invm (5) . . . . . . . . .
\invneg (4) . . . . . . .
\invr (G) . . . . . . . . .
\invscr (K) . . . . . . .
\invscripta () . . . .
\invv () . . . . . . . . .
\invw (Z) . . . . . . . . .
\invy (\) . . . . . . . . .
\iota (ι) . . . . . . . . . .
\iotaup (ι) . . . . . . . .
\ipagamma ( ) . . . . . .
( )
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
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23
10
10
10
10
10
21
10
10
10
10
10
10
29
30
10
\IroningI (¯) . . . .
\IroningII (°) . . .
\IroningIII (±) . .
\Irritant ( ) . . . .
\ismodeledby (=|) . .
ISO character entities
isoent (package) . . . .
J
\j (j) . . . . . . . .
\JackStar ( ) .
\JackStarBold (
Jewish star . . . .
\jmath (j) . . . . .
\Joch ( ) . . . . .
\Join () . . . . .
\joinrel . . . . .
\Jupiter (E ) . .
\Jupiter (Å) . . .
\jupiter (5) . .
2
..
..
)
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
3
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52
52
52
53
57
67
67
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..
..
..
..
30,
..
..
..
..
..
..
11
47
47
47
34
53
21
57
42
42
41
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K
\k ( ˛) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\kappa (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\kappaup (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\ker (ker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\Keyboard (Ï) . . . . . . . . . . 43
king . . . . . . . see chess symbols
knight . . . . . . see chess symbols
Knuth, Donald E. . . . 6, 67, 70
symbols by . . . . . . . 49, 51
\kreuz (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\kside ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\Kutline (R) . . . . . . . . . . . 45
O
L
\L (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\l (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\labdentalnas (4) . . . . . . . 10
\labvel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\Ladiesroom (y) . . . . . . . . . 49
Lagrangian (L) . see alphabets,
math
\Lambda (Λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\lambda (λ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\lambdabar () . . . . . . . . . . 38
\lambdaslash () . . . . . . . . 38
\lambdaup (λ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Lamport, Leslie . . . . . . . 69, 70
\land . . . . . . . . . . . see \wedge
\landdownint ( ) . . . . . . . . 20
\landupint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 20
\Langle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\lAngle (##) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\langle (#) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
<
\Laplace ( s
\laplace ( c
#
%
c) . . . . . . . . . 23
s) . . . . . . . . . 23
Laplace transform (L) . . . .
alphabets, math
W)
\largepencil (
78
see
. . . . . . . 45
\larrowfill . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
\Laserbeam (a) . . . . . . . . 44
LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,
6, 29, 32, 35, 37, 38, 45, 54,
55, 57–61, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70
LATEX 2ε . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 6,
7, 14–16, 21, 23, 26, 34, 37,
38, 40, 52, 55–60, 64, 66–68,
70
latexsym (package) 16, 21, 23, 26,
38, 55, 69, 70
\latfric (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Latin 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 67, 69
table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
laundry symbols . . . . . . . . . 52
\Lbag () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\lbag () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\lbbbrack (v) . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\Lbrack ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\lBrack ([[) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
LCD digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\lCeil ($$) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\lceil ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\lcm (lcm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\lcorners (v) . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\ldotp (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\ldots (. . .) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
\le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \leq
\leadsto () . . . . . . . . 21, 26
leaf . . . . . . . . . . see \textleaf
\left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 33
\LEFTarrow (7) . . . . . . . . . . 51
\Leftarrow (⇐) . . . . . . 16, 26
\leftarrow (Ð) . . . . . . . . . 27
\leftarrow (←) . . . . . . . . . 26
\leftarrowtail (a) . . . . . . 26
\leftarrowtriangle () . . 27
\leftbarharpoon (Ü) . . . . . 28
\LEFTCIRCLE (8) . . . . . . . . . 51
\LEFTcircle (8
) . . . . . . . . . 51
\Leftcircle (9) . . . . . . . . . 51
\leftharpoondown (â) . . . . 28
\leftharpoondown () . . . . 26
\leftharpoonup (à) . . . . . . 28
\leftharpoonup () . . . . . . 26
\leftleftarrows (Ð) . . . . . 27
\leftleftarrows (⇔) . . . . . 26
\leftleftharpoons (Ø) . . . 28
\leftmoon (K ) . . . . . . . . . . 42
\leftmoon (:) . . . . . . . . . . 41
\leftp (v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\leftpointright (
) . . . . 46
\Leftrightarrow (⇔) . . . . . 26
\leftrightarrow (Ø) . . . . . 27
\leftrightarrow (↔) . . . . . 26
\leftrightarroweq () . . . . 27
\leftrightarrows (Ô) . . . . 27
\leftrightarrows (T) . . . . 26
\leftrightarrowtriangle ()
. . . . . . . . . 27
\leftrightharpoon (à) . . . 28
\leftrightharpoons (è) . . 28
\leftrightharpoons (d) . . 26
[
R
ú
\leftrightharpoonsfill . . . 36
\leftrightsquigarrow (
) 27
\leftrightsquigarrow (V) 26
\Leftscissors (S) . . . . . . . 45
\leftslice () . . . . . . . . . . 17
\leftsquigarrow (
) . . . . 27
\leftsquigarrow (m) . . . . . 27
\leftt (n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\leftthreetimes ( ) . . . . . 39
\leftthreetimes () . . . . . 16
\leftthumbsdown (
) . . . . 46
\leftthumbsup (
) . . . . . . 46
\lefttorightarrow ( ) . . . 27
\Lefttorque (&) . . . . . . . . 43
\leftturn (;) . . . . . . . . . . 51
\legm (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\legr (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\length (q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\Leo (ä) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\leo () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\leq (¤) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\leq (≤) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25
\leqq (®) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\leqq (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\leqslant (E) . . . . . . . . . . 24
less-than signs . . see inequalities
\lessapprox (Æ) . . . . . . . . . 25
\lessapprox (F) . . . . . . . . . 24
\lessdot (Ì) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\lessdot (7) . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\lesseqgtr (¼) . . . . . . . . . . 25
\lesseqgtr (G) . . . . . . . . . . 24
\lesseqqgtr (¾) . . . . . . . . . 25
ø
$
UDü
\lesseqqgtr (H) .
\lessgtr (º) . . .
\lessgtr (≶) . . .
\lesssim (À) . . .
\lesssim () . . .
\Letter ( ) . . . .
\Letter (B vs. )
\Letter (B) . . . .
letter-like symbols
letters . . . . . . . . .
barred . . . . .
non-ASCII . .
slashed . . . .
variant Latin
\LF () . . . . . . . .
\lfilet (7) . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . . 24
. . . . . . . 25
. . . . . . . 24
. . . . . . . 25
. . . . . . . 24
. . . . . . . 53
. . . . . . . 56
. . . . . . . . 43
. . . . . 30, 31
see alphabets
. . . . . . . . 57
......... 8
. . . . . . . . 58
. . . . . . . . 30
. . . . . . . . 43
. . . . . . . . 32
\lFloor ())) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\lfloor ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\lg (lg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8
:
\lgroup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\LHD (7) . . . . . . . .
\lhd () . . . . . . . .
\lhdbend () . . .
\Libra (æ) . . . . . .
\libra (<) . . . . .
\lightbulb (A) . . .
lightbulb.mf (file)
lightbulb.sty (file)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
16,
...
...
...
...
62,
...
17
17
49
42
42
64
63
64
lightbulb10.2602gf (file) . . 62
lightbulb10.dvi (file) . . . . 62
lightbulb10.mf (file) . . 62–64
lightbulb10.tfm (file) . . . . 64
\Lightning (E vs. ) . . . . . 56
\Lightning (E) . . . . . . . . . . 43
\Lightning ( ) . . . . . . . . . 53
\lightning ( vs. =) . . . . . . 56
\lightning () . . . . . . . . . . 27
\lightning (=) . . . . . . . . . . 51
\lim (lim) . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 65
\liminf (lim inf) . . . . . . 29, 65
limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\limsup (lim sup) . . . . . 29, 65
linear implication see \multimap
\Lineload (L) . . . . . . . . . . 43
linguistic symbols . . . . . . 8–10
\lJoin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\ll (!) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\ll (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\llap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\llbracket () . . . . . . . . . . 32
\llceil () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\llcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\llcorner (n) . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\llcurly ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\Lleftarrow (X) . . . . . . . . 26
\llfloor ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\lll (Î) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\lll (≪ vs. Î) . . . . . . . . . 56
\lll (≪) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\llless . . . . . . . . . . see \lll
\llparenthesis (!) . . . . . . . 31
z
Î
8
;
\lmoustache ( )
. . . . . . . . 32
\ln (ln) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\lnapprox (Ê) . . . . . . . . . . 25
\lnapprox (A) . . . . . . . . . . 24
\lneq (¬) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\lneq (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\lneqq (²) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\lneqq (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\lnot . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neg
\lnsim (Ä) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\lnsim (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
local ring (O) . . see alphabets,
math
\log (log) . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 65
log-like symbols . . . . . . . 29, 65
logical operators
and . . . . . . . . . see \wedge
not . . . see \neg and \sim
or . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee
\logof () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
lollipop . . . . . . . see \multimap
long division . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\Longleftarrow (⇐=) . . . . . 26
\longleftarrow (←−) . . . . . 26
\Longleftrightarrow . . . . . 52
\Longleftrightarrow (⇐⇒) 26
\longleftrightarrow (←→) 26
\Longmapsfrom (⇐=") . . . . . . 27
79
\longmapsfrom (←−#) . . . . . . 27
\Longmapsto (a=⇒) . . . . . . . 27
\longmapsto (,−→) . . . . . . . 26
\LongPulseHigh (
) . . . . . 41
\LongPulseLow (
) . . . . . 41
\Longrightarrow (=⇒) . . . . 26
\longrightarrow (−→) . . . . 26
\looparrowdownleft ( ) . . 27
\looparrowdownright ( ) . . 27
\looparrowleft ( ) . . . . . . 27
\looparrowleft (Z) . . . . . . 26
\looparrowright ( ) . . . . . 27
\looparrowright (\) . . . . . 26
\Loosebearing ($) . . . . . . . 43
\lor . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee
\LowerDiamond ( ) . . . . . . . 48
lowering . . . see \textlowering
\lozenge (♦) . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\Lparen (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\lrcorner ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\lrcorner (o) . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\lrJoin . . . . . . . . . see \Join
\lrtimes () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\Lsh ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\Lsh (_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\Lsteel (™) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\ltimes (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\ltimes () . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\ltriple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Luecking, Dan . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\lVert (||) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\lvertneqq (´) . . . . . . . . . . 25
\lvertneqq (2) . . . . . . . . . . 24
\lz (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
&
'
îï
ì
í
o
è
{
M
\M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
macron . . . . . . . . . see accents
majuscules . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\makeatletter . . . . . . . . . . 60
\makeatother . . . . . . . . . . . 60
\MALE (‚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\Male (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\male (♂) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\MaleMale (ƒ) . . . . . . . . . . 43
\maltese () . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\manboldkidney () . . . . . . . 51
\manconcentriccircles () 51
\manconcentricdiamond () 51
\mancone (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\mancube () . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\manerrarrow () . . . . . . . 51
\manfilledquartercircle () 51
manfnt (package) . 49, 51, 69, 70
\manhpennib () . . . . . . . . . 51
\manimpossiblecube () . . . 51
\mankidney () . . . . . . . . . . 51
\manlhpenkidney () . . . . . . 51
\manpenkidney () . . . . . . . 51
\manquadrifolium () . . . . 51
\manquartercircle () . . . . 51
\manrotatedquadrifolium ()
. . . . . . . . . 51
\manrotatedquartercircle ()
. . . . . . . . . 51
\manstar () . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\mantiltpennib () . . . . . . 51
\mantriangledown () . . . . . 51
\mantriangleright () . . . . 51
\mantriangleup () . . . . . . 51
\manvpennib () . . . . . . . . . . 51
\Mappedfromchar (|) . . . . . . . 28
\mappedfromchar () . . . . . . . 28
\Mapsfrom (⇐") . . . . . . . . . . 27
\mapsfrom (←#) . . . . . . . . . . 27
\Mapsfromchar (û) . . . . . . . . 28
\Mapsfromchar (") . . . . . . . . 28
\mapsfromchar (ß) . . . . . . . . 28
\mapsfromchar (#) . . . . . . . . 28
\Mapsto (a⇒) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\mapsto (,→) . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
\Mapstochar (ú) . . . . . . . . . . 28
\Mapstochar (a) . . . . . . . . . . 28
\mapstochar (Þ) . . . . . . . . . . 28
\markera ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\markerb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 54
married . . . . . see \textmarried
\Mars (D ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\Mars (Ä) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\mars (♂) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\MartinVogel (ÿ) . . . . . . . . 52
marvosym (package) . . . . 14, 39,
42–45, 49, 52, 56
matbbol (package) . . . . . . . . 40
\mate ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
math alphabets . . . . . . . . . . 40
mathabx (package) . . . . . 18, 19,
21–25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 36,
39, 42, 49, 55, 56, 69, 71
\mathaccent . . . . . . . . . 57, 58
\mathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\mathbbm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\mathbbmss . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\mathbbmtt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
mathbbol (package) . . . . . . . 40
\mathbf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
\mathbin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\mathbold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
mathcal (euscript package option)
. . . . . . . . . 40
\mathcal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\mathcent (¢) . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\mathchoice . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\mathclose . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
mathcomp (package) . . . . . . 39
mathdots (package) . 37, 38, 60,
69, 70
\mathds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
mathematical symbols . . 16–40
\mathfrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\mathit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\mathnormal . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\mathop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
x
y
m
\mathopen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\mathord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\mathpalette . . . . . . . . 58, 59
\mathpunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\mathpzc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\mathrel . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 65
\mathring (˚) . . . . . . . . . . . 34
\mathrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
mathrsfs (package) . . . . . 40, 69
mathscr (euscript package option)
. . . . . . . . . 40
\mathscr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\mathsterling (£) . . . . . . . . 31
\max (max) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\maya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
mbboard (package) . . . . . 40, 69
\mbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 59
\measuredangle (>) . . . . . . 39
\measuredangle ({) . . . . . . 38
mechanical scaling . . . . . 62, 64
\medbullet () . . . . . . . . . . 17
\medcirc (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\Mercury (A ) . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\Mercury (Â) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\mercury (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\merge ($) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
METAFONT . . . . . . . . 40, 61–64
METAFONTbook symbols . . . 51
\mho (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
micro . . . . . . . . . . see \textmu
\micro (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Microsoft Windows . . . . . . . 67
\mid (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\midtilde ({) . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\min (min) . . . . . . . . . . 29, 65
minus . . . . . . . see \textminus
\minuso (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
minutes, angular . . . see \prime
miscellaneous symbols . . 38, 39,
50–54
“Missing $ inserted” . . . . 16
\Mmappedfromchar (}) . . . . . . 28
\mmappedfromchar () . . . . . . 28
\Mmapstochar (~) . . . . . . . . . 28
\mmapstochar () . . . . . . . . . 28
\Mobilefone (H) . . . . . . . . . 43
\mod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\models (|=) . . . . . . . . . 21, 57
moduli space . . . see alphabets,
math
monetary symbols . . . 13, 14, 40
\moo (&) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\Moon (K ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\Moon (Á) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\morepawns ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 54
\moreroom ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 54
\Mountain ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 53
mouse . . . . see \ComputerMouse
\MoveDown (») . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\moverlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
\MoveUp (º) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
S
U
80
\mp (∓) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\mu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\multimap (#) . . . . . . . 21,
\multimapboth () . . . . . .
\multimapbothvert (!) . . . .
\multimapdot ($) . . . . . . . .
\multimapdotboth (&) . . . .
\multimapdotbothA (() . . .
\multimapdotbothAvert (+) .
\multimapdotbothB (.) . . .
\multimapdotbothBvert (0) .
\multimapdotbothvert (3) . .
\multimapdotinv (6) . . . . .
\multimapinv (9) . . . . . . . .
multiple accents per character
\Mundus (m) . . . . . . . . . . . .
musical notes . . . . . . 15, 38,
\muup (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\MVAt (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\MVEight (8) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\MVFive (5) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\MVFour (4) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\MVNine (9) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\MVOne (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\MVSeven (7) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\MVSix (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\MVThree (3) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\MVTwo (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\MVZero (0) . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
29
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
60
52
51
30
52
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
N
\nabla (∇) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\NAK (§) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\napprox () . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\napproxeq (;) . . . . . . . . . . 22
\nasymp (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
nath (package) . . . . . . 31, 33, 69
\natural () . . . . . . . . . 38, 51
natural numbers ( ) . . . . . see
alphabets, math
navigation symbols . . . . . . . 52
\nbacksim (A) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\nbacksimeq (D) . . . . . . . . . 22
\nBumpeq (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\nbumpeq (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\ncong () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\ncong () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\ncurlyeqprec (¸) . . . . . . . 23
\ncurlyeqsucc (¹) . . . . . . . 23
\nDashV (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\nDashv (+) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\ndashV (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\ndashv (') . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\ndashVv (/) . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neq
\Nearrow (p) . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\nearrow (Õ) . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\nearrow (/) . . . . . . . . 26, 59
\neg (¬) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
negation . . . see \neg and \sim
\Neptune (H ) . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\Neptune (È) . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\neptune (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
N
\neq () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\neq (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\neqslantgtr (¹) . . . . . . . . 25
\neqslantless (¸) . . . . . . . 25
\nequiv (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\neswarrow (/
0) . . . . . . . . . 59
\Neutral ({) . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\newmoon ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\newmoon () . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\newtie (
a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\nexists (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\nexists (V) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\NG (Ŋ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\ng (ŋ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\ngeq (§) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\ngeq (3) . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25
\ngeqq (±) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\ngeqq (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\ngeqslant (8) . . . . . . . . . . 24
\ngg (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\ngtr (£) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\ngtr (≯) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\ngtrapprox (É) . . . . . . . . . 25
\ngtrapprox (Z) . . . . . . . . . 25
\ngtrless (]) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\ngtrsim (Ã) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\ngtrsim (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\ni (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\nialpha () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\nibar . . . . . . . . see \ownsbar
\nibeta () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\NibLeft ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 46
\NibRight ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 46
nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
\NibSolidLeft ( ) . . . . . . . 46
\NibSolidRight ( ) . . . . . . 46
nicefrac (package) . . . 39, 69, 70
\nichi ([) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\niepsilon () . . . . . . . . . . 10
\nigamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\niiota ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\nilambda (2) . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\niomega (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\niphi (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\niplus (') . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\nisigma (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\nitheta (S) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\niupsilon (V) . . . . . . . . . . 10
\niv ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\nj (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\nLeftarrow (ö) . . . . . . . . 27
\nLeftarrow (H) . . . . . . . . 26
\nleftarrow (Ú) . . . . . . . . 27
\nleftarrow (K) . . . . . . . . 26
\nLeftrightarrow (ø) . . . . 27
\nLeftrightarrow (I) . . . . 26
\nleftrightarrow (Ü) . . . . 27
\nleftrightarrow () . 16, 26
\nleq (¦) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\nleq (<) . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25
\nleqq (°) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
N
\nleqq (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nleqslant (?) . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nless (¢) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\nless (≮) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nlessapprox (È) . . . . . . . . 25
\nlessapprox ([) . . . . . . . . 25
\nlessgtr (^) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\nlesssim (Â) . . . . . . . . . . 25
\nlesssim (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\nll (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\nmid () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\nnearrow (() . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\nnwarrow ()) . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\NoBleech (Ì) . . . . . . . . . . 52
\NoChemicalCleaning (¨) . . 52
\NoIroning (²) . . . . . . . . . 52
\NoSun ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \neg
\not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
not equal (= vs. =) . . . . . . . 23
\notasymp () . . . . . . . . . . 23
\notbackslash (−)
\ . . . . . . . 42
\notbot (M) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\notdivides () . . . . . . . . . 23
\notequiv () . . . . . . . . . . 23
\notin (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\notin () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\notni () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\notowner (S) . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\notowns . . see \notowner and
\notni
\notperp (M) . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\notslash (−)
/
. . . . . . . . . . 42
\nottop (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\NoTumbler () . . . . . . . . . . 52
\novelty (N) . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\nparallel (∦) . . . . . . . . . . 21
\nplus () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\nprec ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\nprec (⊀) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\nprecapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . 23
\nprecapprox (N) . . . . . . . . 22
\npreccurlyeq ( ) . . . . . . . 23
\npreccurlyeq (<) . . . . . . . 22
\npreceq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\npreceq () . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\npreceqq (?) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\nprecsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 23
\nprecsim (B) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\nRightarrow (÷) . . . . . . . . 27
\nRightarrow (J) . . . . . . . . 26
\nrightarrow (Û) . . . . . . . . 27
\nrightarrow (L) . . . . . . . . 26
\nshortmid () . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\nshortparallel () . . . . . . 21
\nsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\nsim () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\nsimeq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\nsimeq (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\nsqSubset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nsqsubset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nsqsubset (P) . . . . . . . . . . 24

¢
È
¦
ª
Â

\nsqsubseteq ( ) . . . . . . . . 24
\nsqsubseteq (S) . . . . . . . . 24
\nsqsubseteqq ( ) . . . . . . . 24
\nsqSupset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nsqsupset ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nsqsupset (U) . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nsqsupseteq ( ) . . . . . . . . 24
\nsqsupseteq (Q) . . . . . . . . 24
\nsqsupseteqq ( ) . . . . . . . 24
\nSubset () . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nSubset (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nsubset () . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nsubseteq () . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nsubseteq (") . . . . . . . . . . 23
\nsubseteqq () . . . . . . . . . 24
\nsubseteqq (-) . . . . . . . . . 24
\nsucc ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\nsucc () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\nsuccapprox ( ) . . . . . . . . 23
\nsuccapprox (H) . . . . . . . . 22
\nsucccurlyeq ( ) . . . . . . . 23
\nsucccurlyeq (K) . . . . . . . 22
\nsucceq ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\nsucceq () . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\nsucceqq (M) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\nsuccsim ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 23
\nsuccsim (O) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\nSupset () . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nSupset (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nsupset () . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nsupseteq () . . . . . . . . . . 24
\nsupseteq ($) . . . . . . . . . . 23
\nsupseteqq () . . . . . . . . . 24
\nsupseteqq (') . . . . . . . . . 23
ntheorem (package) . . . . . . . 38
\nthickapprox (=) . . . . . . . 22
\ntriangleleft () . . . . . . 25
\ntriangleleft (D) . . . . . . 25
\ntrianglelefteq () . . . . 25
\ntrianglelefteq (B) . . . . 25
\ntrianglelefteqslant (*) 25
\ntriangleright () . . . . . 25
\ntriangleright (C) . . . . . 25
\ntrianglerighteq () . . . . 25
\ntrianglerighteq (E) . . . . 25
\ntrianglerighteqslant (+) 25
\ntwoheadleftarrow (@) . . . 22
\ntwoheadrightarrow (C) . . 22
\nu (ν) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
null set . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 39
number . . . . . see \textnumero
number sets see alphabets, math
numbers . . . . . . . . . . see digits
\nuup (ν) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\nvargeq («) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\nvarleq (ª) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\nvarparallel (F) . . . . . . . 22
\nvarparallelinv (I) . . . . . 22
\nVDash ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\nVDash () . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\nVdash (.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\nVdash (!) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\nvDash (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

£
É
§
«
Ã
*
\nvDash () . .
\nvdash (&) . .
\nvdash () . .
\nVvash (.) . .
\Nwarrow (s) .
\nwarrow (Ô) .
\nwarrow (2) .
\nwsearrow (2
3)
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..
..
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26,
...
21
23
21
23
27
27
59
59
O
\O (Ø) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\o (ø) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
o (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\oasterisk (f) . . . . . . . . . . 18
\obackslash (n) . . . . . . . . . 18
\obar (,) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\oblong (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\obot (k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\obslash (.) . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\ocirc (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\ocircle () . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\ocoasterisk (g) . . . . . . . . 18
\octagon (A) . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\Octosteel (‘) . . . . . . . . . . 43
\od (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\odiv˚(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\odot (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\odot () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\odplus ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\OE (Œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\oe (œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\officialeuro (e) . . . . . . . 14
ogonek . . . . . . . . . see accents
\ogreaterthan (/) . . . . . . . 17
{
\ohill (a)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
ohm . . . . . . . . . . see \textohm
\ohm (Ω) +
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\oiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 20
#
\oiiintclockwise ( ) . . . . 20
'
\oiiintctrclockwise ( ) . 20
·
\oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
\oiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 19, 20
\oiint ( ) . . . . ./. . . . . . . . 20
\oiintclockwise ( ) . . . . . 20
3
\oiintctrclockwise ( ) . . 20
¶
\oint (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
\oint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\ointclockwise ( ) . . . . . . 20
\ointclockwise ( ) . . . . . . . 20
\ointctrclockwise ( ) . . . . 20
\ointctrclockwise ( ) . . . . 20
old-style digits . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\oldstylenums . . . . . . . . . . 14
\oleft (h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\olessthan (0) . . . . . . . . . . 17
\Omega (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\omega (ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\omegaup (ω) . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\ominus (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\ominus (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\onlymove ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 54
F
@
\oo ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\open ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\openJoin (:) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\openo ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\openo (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\openo (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\opentimes () . . . . . . . . . . 22
operators
binary . . . . . . . . . . 16–18
logical see logical operators
set . . . . . see set operators
\oplus (`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\oplus (⊕) . . . . . . . . . . 16, 55
\opposbishops ( ) . . . . . . . 54
\opposition (C) . . . . . . . . 42
optical scaling . . . . . . . . . . . 62
options . . . see package options
or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \vee
\oright (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\OrnamentDiamondSolid ( ) 50
orthogonal to . . . . . . see \bot
\oslash (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\oslash (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\otimes (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\otimes (⊗) . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\otop (j) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\otriangleup (o) . . . . . . . . 18
ovals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\ovee (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
z
=
o
q
hkkikkj
\overbrace (
) . . . . . . . 36
z}|{
\overbrace (
) . . . . . . . . 35
\overbracket . . . . . . . . 60, 61
\overbracket ( ) . . . . . . . . 61
hkkk j
\overgroup (
) . . . . . . . . 36
−) . . . . . . 35
\overleftarrow (←
→) . 35
\overleftrightarrow (←
\overline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\overline ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\overparenthesis . . . . . 60, 61
z{
\overparenthesis ( ) . . . . 61
=
⇒
\Overrightarrow ( ) . . . . . 35
overrightarrow (package) . 35, 69
→) . . . . . 35
\overrightarrow (−
\overring ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 13
\ovoid (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\owedge (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\owns . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \ni
\owns (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\ownsbar (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
x
P
\P (¶) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\p@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
package options
a (esvect) . . . . . . .
bbgreekl (mathbbol)
b (esvect) . . . . . . .
c (esvect) . . . . . . .
d (esvect) . . . . . . .
e (esvect) . . . . . . .
82
. . 7, 68
. . . . 60
..
.
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
37
40
37
37
37
37
f (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 37
g (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 37
h (esvect) . . . . . . . . . . . 37
mathcal (euscript) . . . . . 40
mathscr (euscript) . . . . . 40
sans (dsfont) . . . . . . . . . 40
varg (txfonts/pxfonts) . . 30
packages
accents . . . . . . . . 60, 69, 70
amsbsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
amsfonts 16, 21, 23, 26, 38,
40
amsmath . . . . . . 6, 29, 65
amssymb . 6, 16, 21, 23, 26,
38, 40, 69–71
amstext . . . . . . . . . 58, 59
ar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 69
ascii . . . . . . . . . . 43, 67, 69
bbding 45–47, 49, 50, 56, 69,
70
bbm . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 69
bbold . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 69
bm . . . . . . . . . . 66, 69, 70
braket . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
calrsfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
cancel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
chemarrow . . . . . 28, 36, 69
chemarr . . . . . . . 36, 69, 70
dingbat 45, 46, 50, 56, 69, 70
dsfont . . . . . . . . . . 40, 69
esint . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 69
esvect . . . . . . . . . . 37, 69
eufrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
eurosym . . . . . . . 14, 69, 70
euscript . . . . . . . 40, 69, 70
fclfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
fc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 11
fixmath . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
fontenc . . . . . 6, 8, 11, 67
gensymb . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
graphicx . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
ifsym
41, 48, 53, 56, 69, 70
isoent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
latexsym . 16, 21, 23, 26, 38,
55, 69, 70
manfnt . . . . . 49, 51, 69, 70
marvosym 14, 39, 42–45, 49,
52, 56
matbbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
mathabx . . . . . . . . . 18, 19,
21–25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 36,
39, 42, 49, 55, 56, 69, 71
mathbbol . . . . . . . . . . . 40
mathcomp . . . . . . . . . . 39
mathdots 37, 38, 60, 69, 70
mathrsfs . . . . . . . . . 40, 69
mbboard . . . . . . . . . 40, 69
nath . . . . . . . . . . 31, 33, 69
nicefrac . . . . . . . 39, 69, 70
ntheorem . . . . . . . . . . . 38
overrightarrow . . . . . 35, 69
phonetic . . . . 10, 13, 57, 69
pifont . 8, 45–50, 55, 69, 70
polynom . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
psnfss . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
pxfonts . . 16, 17, 20–28, 30,
31, 38, 40, 55, 67
skak . . . . . . . . . . 54, 69, 70
skull . . . . . . . . . . 49, 69, 70
slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
stmaryrd . 17, 19, 21, 24, 25,
27, 28, 31, 32, 56, 69, 70
textcomp 6, 7, 11, 13–15, 26,
33, 39, 41, 51, 55, 67, 69, 70
timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
tipa . . 8, 10–12, 57, 69, 70
trfsigns . . . . . 23, 31, 34, 69
trsym . . . . . . . . . 23, 69, 70
txfonts 16, 17, 20–28, 30, 31,
38, 40, 55, 57, 67, 69, 70
ulsy . . . . . . . . . . 18, 28, 69
underscore . . . . . . . . . . . 7
undertilde . . . . . . 37, 69, 70
units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
universa . . . . 49, 52, 69, 70
upgreek . . . . . . . 30, 69, 70
upquote . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
url . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
wasysym . . 8, 14–17, 19, 21,
23–26, 38, 41–43, 47, 48, 51,
56, 69, 70
wsuipa 10, 12, 13, 56, 57, 60,
69, 70
yfonts . . . . . . . . 40, 69, 70
yhmath 34, 35, 37, 38, 60, 69
zapfchan . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Pakin, Scott . . . . . . . . . . 1, 69
\PaperLandscape ( ) . . . . . 53
\PaperPortrait ( ) . . . . . . 53
par . . . . . . . . . . . . see \invamp
paragraph mark . . . . . . . see \P
parallel . see also \varparallel
\parallel () . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\ParallelPort (Ñ) . . . . . . . 43
\partial (B ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\partial (∂) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\partialslash (C ) . . . . . . . 31
parts per thousand . . . . . . see
\textperthousand
\passedpawn ( ) . . . . . . . . 54
pawn . . . . . . see chess symbols
\Peace () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\PencilLeft () . . . . . . . . 46
\PencilLeftDown () . . . . . 46
\PencilLeftUp () . . . . . . . 46
\PencilRight () . . . . . . . 46
\PencilRightDown () . . . . 46
\PencilRightUp () . . . . . . 46
pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 46
\pentagon (D) . . . . . . . . . . 48
percent sign . . . . . . . . . see \%
\permil (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
\Perp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
r
\perp (⊥) . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 59
\perthousand (‰) . . . . . . . 39
\Pfund (£) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
pharmaceutical prescription
see
\textrecipe
\Phi (Φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\phi (φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\phiup (φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\Phone () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\phone (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\PhoneHandset () . . . . . . . 50
phonetic (package) 10, 13, 57, 69
phonetic symbols . . . . . . . 8–10
\photon () . . . . . . . . . 41
physical symbols . . . . . . . . . 41
\Pi (Π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\pi (π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\Pickup (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
pifont (package) 8, 45–50, 55, 69,
70
pilcrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . see \P
pipe . . . . . . . . . see \textpipe
\Pisces (ë) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\pisces (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\Pisymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\pitchfork (&) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\pitchfork (&) . . . . . . . . . . 21
\piup (π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\planck (h̄) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\Plane () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 42
playing cards . . . . see card suits
\Plus (') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
plus-or-minus sign . . . . see \pm
\PlusCenterOpen (() . . . . . 46
\pluscirc () . . . . . . . . . . 18
\PlusOutline (&) . . . . . . . . 46
plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
\PlusThinCenterOpen ()) . . 46
\Pluto (I ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\Pluto (É) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\pluto (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\pm (±) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\pmb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
\pmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\pointer (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\Pointinghand (Z) . . . . . . . 49
\polishhook (~) . . . . . . . . . 13
polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
polynom (package) . . . . . . . . 35
polynomial division . . . . . . . 35
PostScript fonts . 14, 30, 40, 45,
47, 55, 64
\pounds (£) . . . . . . . . . . 7, 68
power set (P) . . see alphabets,
math
\Pr (Pr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\prec (≺) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\precapprox (Æ) . . . . . . . . . 22
\precapprox () . . . . . . . . . 21
83
\preccurlyeq (¤) . . . . . . . . 22
\preccurlyeq ()) . . . . . . . . 21
\precdot (Ì) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\preceq (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\preceqq () . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\precnapprox (Ê) . . . . . . . . 23
\precnapprox () . . . . . . . . 21
\precneq (¬) . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\precneqq () . . . . . . . . . . 22
\precnsim (Ä) . . . . . . . . . . 23
\precnsim () . . . . . . . . . . 21
\precsim (À) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\precsim (+) . . . . . . . . . . . 21
prescription . . see \textrecipe
\prime (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\Printer (Ò) . . . . . . . . . . . 43
probabilistic independence . . 58
\prod ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\projlim (proj lim) . . . . . . . 29
pronunciation symbols . . . . see
phonetic symbols
proof, end of . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\propto (9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\propto (∝) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\ProvidesPackage . . . . . . . . 69
\Psi (Ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\psi (ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\psiup (ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
psnfss (package) . . . . . . . . . . 47
pulse diagram symbols . . . . . 41
\PulseHigh ( ) . . . . . . . . . 41
\PulseLow ( ) . . . . . . . . . 41
punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\pwedge (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
pxfonts (package) . 16, 17, 20–28,
30, 31, 38, 40, 55, 67
Q
$
%
Q
Q.E.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\qside ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\quarternote (♩) . . . . . . . . . 51
quaternions ( )
see alphabets,
math
queen . . . . . . see chess symbols
\quotedblbase („) . . . . . . . . . 8
\quotesinglbase (‚) . . . . . . . 8
M
H
R
\r (å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\Radiation ( ) . . . . . . . . . 53
radicals . . see \sqrt and \surd
\Radioactivity (j) . . . . . . 44
\Rain ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\RainCloud ( ) . . . . . . . . . 53
raising . . . . . see \textraising
\RaisingEdge ( ) . . . . . . . . 41
\Rangle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\rAngle (<<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\rangle (<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\rarrowfill . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
rational numbers ( ) . . . . . see
alphabets, math
>
Q
rationalized Planck constant see
\hbar
\Rbag () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\rbag () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\rbbbrack (w) . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\Rbrack (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\rBrack (]]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\rc (a
\rCeil (==) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\rceil (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
\rcorners (w) . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\Re (>) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
real numbers ( ) see alphabets,
math
recipe . . . . . . see \textrecipe
\recorder (K) . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\Rectangle (u) . . . . . . . . . . 49
\RectangleBold (v) . . . . . . . 49
rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\RectangleThin (t) . . . . . . . 49
\Rectpipe (˜) . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\Rectsteel (”) . . . . . . . . . . 43
reduced quadrupole moment see
\rqm
\reflectbox . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
registered trademark . . . . . see
\textregistered
relational symbols . . . . . . . . 21
binary . . . . . . . . . . 21–25
negated binary . . . . 21–23
triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\Relbar (=) . . . . . . . . . 28, 57
\relbar (−) . . . . . . . . . 28, 57
\restoresymbol . . . . . . . . . 55
\restriction . . . . . . . . . . see
\upharpoonright
\restriction (æ) . . . . . . . . 27
retracting see \textretracting
return . . . . . see carriage return
\revD () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
.
\revddots ( . . ) . . . . . . . . . . 60
\reve () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\reveject (f) . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\revepsilon () . . . . . . 10, 57
reverse solidus . . . . . . . . . . see
\textbackslash
reversed symbols . . . . . . . . . 57
\reversedvideodbend () . 49
\revglotstop (c) . . . . . . . . 10
\Rewind (¶) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\RewindToIndex (´) . . . . . 52
\RewindToStart (µ) . . . . . . 52
\rfilet (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
R
\rFloor (??) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
\rfloor (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9
\rgroup (;)
\RHD (L) .
\rhd () .
\rho (ρ) .
\rhoup (ρ)
\right . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 32
....
....
....
...
....
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...
16,
...
...
32,
17
17
29
30
33
\RIGHTarrow (L) . . . . . . . . .
\Rightarrow . . . . . . . . . . . .
\Rightarrow (⇒ vs. : vs. ñ)
\Rightarrow (⇒) . . . . . 16,
\Rightarrow (:) . . . . . . . . .
\rightarrow (Ñ) . . . . . . . .
\rightarrow (→) . . . . . . . .
\rightarrowtail (b) . . . . .
\rightarrowtriangle (3) . .
\rightbarharpoon (Ý) . . . .
\RIGHTCIRCLE (M) . . . . . . . .
\RIGHTcircle (M
) . . . . . . . .
\Rightcircle (N) . . . . . . . .
\RightDiamond ( ) . . . . . . .
\rightharpoondown (ã) . . .
\rightharpoondown () . . .
\rightharpoonup (á) . . . . .
\rightharpoonup () . . . . .
\rightleftarrows (Õ) . . . .
\rightleftarrows (R) . . . .
\rightleftharpoon (á) . . .
\rightleftharpoons (é) . .
\rightleftharpoons (g) . .
\rightleftharpoons (
) . .
\rightleftharpoonsfill . . .
\rightmoon (L ) . . . . . . . . . .
\rightmoon (O) . . . . . . . . . .
\rightp (w) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\rightpointleft (
) ....
?
L
N
51
52
56
26
52
27
26
26
27
28
51
51
51
48
28
26
28
26
27
26
28
28
26
26
36
42
41
13
46
\rightpointright (
) . . . 46
\rightrightarrows (Ñ) . . . 27
\rightrightarrows (⇒) . . . 26
\rightrightharpoons (Ù) . . 28
\Rightscissors (Q) . . . . . . 45
\rightslice (4) . . . . . . . . . 17
\rightsquigarrow (ù) . . . 27
\rightsquigarrow (W) . . . . 26
\rightt (o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\rightthreetimes (%) . . . . 39
\rightthreetimes () . . . . 16
\rightthumbsdown (
) . . . 46
\rightthumbsup (
) . . . . . 46
\righttoleftarrow (ý) . . . 27
\Righttorque (') . . . . . . . . 43
\rightturn (P) . . . . . . . . . 51
\ring (˚) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
ring equal to . . . . . see \circeq
ring in equal to . . . see \eqcirc
\riota ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\rip (O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\risingdotseq () . . . . . . . 22
\risingdotseq (.) . . . . . . . 21
\rJoin (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\rlap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 59
ud
9
:
\rmoustache ( )
. . . . . . . . 32
rook . . . . . . . see chess symbols
roots . . . . . . . . . . . . see \sqrt
\rotatebox . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
rotated symbols . . . . . . . . . . 57
\rotm (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\rotOmega (
) . . . . . . . . . . . 10
84
\rotr (r) . . . . . . . .
\rotvara (A) . . . . . .
\rotw (w) . . . . . . . .
\roty (y) . . . . . . . .
\RoundedLsteel (Ÿ)
\RoundedTsteel () .
\RoundedTTsteel ()
\Rparen ()) . . . . . . .
- .........
\rqm (I)
\rrbracket () . . . .
\rrceil (5) . . . . . . .
\rrfloor (6) . . . . . .
\Rrightarrow (i) . .
\rrparenthesis (7) .
\RS () . . . . . . . . . .
\Rsh (é) . . . . . . . . .
\Rsh (Y) . . . . . . . . .
\rtimes () . . . . . .
\rtimes () . . . . . .
\rtriple . . . . . . . .
\rVert (||) . . . . . . . .
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S
\S (§) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,
safety-related symbols . . . . .
\Sagittarius (è) . . . . . . . .
\sagittarius (Q) . . . . . . . .
\samebishops ( ) . . . . . . . .
sans (dsfont package option) .
s
I
10
10
10
10
43
43
43
40
58
32
31
31
27
31
43
27
26
18
16
33
33
68
44
42
42
54
40
\satellitedish ( ) . . . . . . 50
\Saturn (F ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\Saturn (Æ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\saturn (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\savesymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
\Sborder ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 50
scaling
mechanical . . . . . . . 62, 64
optical . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
\scd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\scg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\schwa () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\schwa (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\sci (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
scientific symbols . . . . . . 41–44
\ScissorHollowLeft () . . 45
\ScissorHollowRight () . 45
\ScissorLeft () . . . . . . . 45
\ScissorLeftBrokenBottom ()
. . . . . . . . . 45
\ScissorLeftBrokenTop () 45
\ScissorRight () . . . . . . . 45
\ScissorRightBrokenBottom
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\ScissorRightBrokenTop () 45
scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
\scn (:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\Scorpio (ç) . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\scorpio (S) . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\scr (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
script letters see alphabets, math
\scripta () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
S
\scriptg () . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\scriptscriptstyle . . . . . . 58
\scriptstyle . . . . . . . . . . . 58
\scriptv (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\scu (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\scy (]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
seagull . . . . . see \textseagull
\Searrow (x) . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\searrow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\searrow (3) . . . . . . . . 26, 59
\sec (sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\second ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
seconds, angular . . see \second
\secstress (i) . . . . . . . . . . . 13
section mark . . . . . . . . . see \S
\SectioningDiamond ( ) . . 53
\see ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
segmented digits . . . . . . . . . 41
\selectfont . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
semantic valuation . . . . . . . see
\llbracket/\rrbracket
and \lbbbrack/\rbbbrack
semidirect products . . 16, 18, 39
\seppawns ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 54
\SerialInterface (Î) . . . . 43
\SerialPort (Ð) . . . . . . . . . 43
set operators
intersection . . . . see \cap
union . . . . . . . . . see \cup
\setminus (\) . . . . . . . . . . . 16
SGML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
sha . see Tate-Shafarevich group
\sharp ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 51
\Shilling (¡) . . . . . . . . . . . 14
\shortdownarrow (8) . . . . . . 27
\ShortFifty (×) . . . . . . . . 52
\ShortForty (Ù) . . . . . . . . 52
\shortleftarrow (9) . . . . . 27
\shortmid () . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\ShortNinetyFive (Ô) . . . . 52
\shortparallel () . . . . . . . 21
\ShortPulseHigh ( ) . . . . . 41
\ShortPulseLow ( ) . . . . . . 41
\shortrightarrow (:) . . . . 27
\ShortSixty (Ö) . . . . . . . . 52
\ShortThirty (Û) . . . . . . . 52
\shortuparrow (;) . . . . . . . 27
\showclock . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\SI () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\Sigma (Σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\sigma (σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\sigmaup (σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\sim (∼) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 67
\simeq (@) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\sin (sin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\sinh (sinh) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\SixFlowerAlternate ( ) . . 47
\SixFlowerAltPetal ( ) . . 47
\SixFlowerOpenCenter ( ) . 47
\SixFlowerPetalDotted ( ) 47
\SixFlowerPetalRemoved ( ) 47
×
2
l
q
"
#
O
U
M
Q
L
\SixFlowerRemovedOpenPetal
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\SixStar ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\SixteenStarLight ( ) . . . 47
skak (package) . . . . . . 54, 69, 70
skull (package) . . . . . . 49, 69, 70
\skull ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\slash (/) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
\slashb () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\slashc (
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\slashd () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
slashed (package) . . . . . . . . . 58
\slashed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
slashed letters . . . . . . . . . . . 58
slashed.sty (file) . . . . . . . . 58
\slashu (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\Sleet ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\SmallCircle ( ) . . . . . . . . 48
\SmallCross ( ) . . . . . . . . 48
\SmallDiamondshape ( ) . . 48
\smallfrown (5) . . . . . . . . . 21
\SmallHBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . 48
\SmallLowerDiamond ( ) . . 48
\smallpencil (
) . . . . . . 45
\SmallRightDiamond ( ) . . 48
\smallsetminus () . . . . . . 16
\smallsmile (7) . . . . . . . . . 21
\SmallSquare ( ) . . . . . . . . 48
\SmallTriangleDown ( ) . . 48
\smalltriangledown () . . . 18
\SmallTriangleLeft ( ) . . 48
\smalltriangleleft () . . . 18
\SmallTriangleRight ( ) . . 48
\smalltriangleright () . . 18
\SmallTriangleUp ( ) . . . . 48
\smalltriangleup () . . . . . 18
\SmallVBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . 48
\smile (") . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
\Smiley (©) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\smiley (T) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
smiley faces . . . . . . . . 43, 51, 52
\Snow ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\SnowCloud ( ) . . . . . . . . . 53
\Snowflake ( ) . . . . . . . . . 47
\SnowflakeChevron ( ) . . . 47
\SnowflakeChevronBold ( ) 47
snowflakes . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 48
\SO (♫) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\SOH () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
space
thin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
space, visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
spades (suit) . . . . . . . . . 38, 50
\spadesuit (♠) . . . . . . . . . . 38
\Sparkle ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\SparkleBold ( ) . . . . . . . . 47
sparkles . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 48
“special” characters . . . . . . . . 7
[
G
K
A
E
F
P

O
@
C
B
D
A
`
]
^
\
85
_
\SpecialForty (Ú) . . . . . . 52
\sphericalangle (?) . . . . . 39
\sphericalangle (t) . . . . . 38
\SpinDown () . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\SpinUp () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\splitvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\splitvert (¦) . . . . . . . . . . 43
\sqbullet () . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\sqcap ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\sqcap (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\sqcapplus () . . . . . . . . . . 17
\sqcup ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\sqcup (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\sqcupplus () . . . . . . . . . . 17
\sqdoublecap (^) . . . . . . . . 18
\sqdoublecup
(_) . . . . . . . . 18
\sqiiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 20
\sqiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\sqiint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\sqint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\sqint (√) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\sqrt (
) . . . . . . . . . . 35, 59
\sqSubset () . . . . . . . . . . 24
\sqsubset () . . . . . . . . . . 24
\sqsubset (8) . . . . . . . 23, 24
\sqsubseteq () . . . . . . . . . 24
\sqsubseteq (D) . . . . . . . . . 23
\sqsubseteqq () . . . . . . . . 24
\sqsubsetneq () . . . . . . . . 24
\sqsubsetneqq () . . . . . . . 24
\sqSupset () . . . . . . . . . . 24
\sqsupset () . . . . . . . . . . 24
\sqsupset (9) . . . . . . . 23, 24
\sqsupseteq () . . . . . . . . . 24
\sqsupseteq (E) . . . . . . . . . 23
\sqsupseteqq () . . . . . . . . 24
\sqsupsetneq () . . . . . . . . 24
\sqsupsetneqq () . . . . . . . 24
\Square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
\Square (p vs.
vs. ) . . . 56
\Square (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
\Square ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\square () . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\square (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
square root . . . . . . . see \sqrt
hooked . . . . . see \hksqrt
\SquareCastShadowBottomRight
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\SquareCastShadowTopLeft ( )
. . . . . . . . . 49
\SquareCastShadowTopRight
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
\Squaredot (÷) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\Squarepipe (—) . . . . . . . . . 43
squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 49
\SquareShadowA ( ) . . . . . . 48
\SquareShadowB ( ) . . . . . . 48
\SquareShadowBottomRight ( )
. . . . . . . . . 49
\SquareShadowC ( ) . . . . . . 48
)
*
[
\
0
f 0
f
k
m
l
h
j
i
\SquareShadowTopLeft ( ) .
\SquareShadowTopRight ( )
\SquareSolid ( ) . . . . . . . .
\Squaresteel (“) . . . . . . . .
g
B
49
49
49
43
\squarewithdots ( ) . . . . . 50
\squplus (]) . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\SS (SS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\ss (ß) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\ssearrow (<) . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\sslash (=) . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\sswarrow (>) . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\stackrel . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 61
\star (#) . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 60
Star of David . . . . . . . . . . . 47
stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 47, 48
statistical independence . . . . 58
sterling . . . . . . . . . see \pounds
stmaryrd (package) 17, 19, 21, 24,
25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 56, 69, 70
stochastic independence see \bot
\StoneMan () . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\Stopsign (!) . . . . . . . . . . 44

\StopWatchEnd ( ) . . . . . . . 53

\StopWatchStart ( ) . .
\stress (h) . . . . . . . . . .
\strictfi (%) . . . . . . .
\strictif (') . . . . . . .
\strictiff ()) . . . . . .
\StrokeFive (;) . . . . .
\StrokeFour (::::) . . . . . .
\StrokeOne (:) . . . . . . . .
\StrokeThree (:::) . . . . .
\StrokeTwo (::) . . . . . . .
\STX () . . . . . . . . . . . .
\SUB (→) . . . . . . . . . . . .
subscripts
new symbols used in
\Subset () . . . . . . . . .
\Subset (=) . . . . . . . . .
\subset () . . . . . . . . .
\subset (⊂) . . . . . . . . .
\subseteq () . . . . . . .
\subseteq (⊆) . . . . . . .
\subseteqq () . . . . . . .
\subseteqq (:) . . . . . . .
\subsetneq () . . . . . . .
\subsetneq (%) . . . . . . .
\subsetneqq () . . . . . .
\subsetneqq (() . . . . . .
\subsetplus (?) . . . . . .
\subsetpluseq (@) . . . .
subsets . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\succ (H) . . . . . . . . . . .
\succapprox (Ç) . . . . . .
\succapprox () . . . . . .
\succcurlyeq (¥) . . . . .
\succcurlyeq (!) . . . . .
\succdot (Í) . . . . . . . .
\succeq (I) . . . . . . . . .
\succeqq (,) . . . . . . . . .
.
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53
13
22
22
22
53
53
53
53
53
43
43
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23,
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..
..
..
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58
24
23
24
23
24
23
24
23
24
23
24
23
24
24
24
21
22
21
22
21
22
21
22
.
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.
\succnapprox (Ë) . . . . . . . . 23
\succnapprox () . . . . . . . . 21
\succneq () . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\succneqq () . . . . . . . . . . 22
\succnsim (Å) . . . . . . . . . . 23
\succnsim () . . . . . . . . . . 21
\succsim (Á) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
\succsim ($) . . . . . . . . . . . 21
such that (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
\sum ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\Summit () . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\SummitSign () . . . . . . . . . 53
\Sun (@ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\Sun (À vs.
vs. @ ) . . . . . 56
\Sun (À) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\Sun ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\sun (☼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\SunCloud ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 53
\SunshineOpenCircled ( ) . 50
\sup (sup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
superscripts
new symbols used in . . . 58
supersets . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24
\Supset () . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\Supset (;) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\supset () . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
\supset (⊃) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
\supseteq () . . . . . . . . . . 24
\supseteq (⊇) . . . . . . . . . . 23
\supseteqq () . . . . . . . . . . 24
\supseteqq (<) . . . . . . . . . . 23
\supsetneq () . . . . . . . . . . 24
\supsetneq (,) . . . . . . . . . . 23
\supsetneqq () . . . . . . . . . 24
\supsetneqq (#) . . . . . . . . . 23
\supsetplus (A) . . . . . . . . . 24
\supsetpluseq (B) . . . . . . . 24
√
\surd ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
\SurveySign () . . . . . . . . . 53
\Swarrow ({) . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\swarrow (Ö) . . . . . . . . . . . 27
\swarrow (0) . . . . . . . . 26, 59
swung dash . . . . . . . . see \sim
\syl (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\syllabic (j) . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Symbol (PostScript font) 30, 55
symbols
alpine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
APL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
astrological . . . . . . . . . 42
astronomical . . . . . 41, 42
biological . . . . . . . . . . . 43
body-text . . . . . . . . . 7–15
bold . . . . . . . . . . . 65–66
chess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
communication . . . . . . . 43
computer hardware . . . . 43
contradiction . . . . . 16, 28
currency . . . . . . 13, 14, 40
dangerous bend . . . . . . 49
P
86
T
definition . . . . . . . . 16, 61
dictionary . . see symbols,
phonetic
dingbat . . . . . . . . . 45–50
dot . . . . . . . . . . . . 37, 38
electrical . . . . . . . . . . . 41
engineering . . . . . . 41, 43
genealogical . . . . . . . . . 51
general . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
information . . . . . . . . . 49
informator . . . . . . . . . . 54
Knuth’s . . . . . . . . . 49, 51
laundry . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
letter-like . . . . . . . . 30, 31
linguistic . . . . . . . . . 8–10
log-like . . . . . . . . . 29, 65
mathematical . . . . . 16–40
METAFONTbook . . . . . 51
miscellaneous 38, 39, 50–54
monetary . . . . . . 13, 14, 40
navigation . . . . . . . . . . 52
phonetic . . . . . . . . . 8–10
physical . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
pulse diagram . . . . . . . 41
relational . . . . . . . . . . . 21
reversed . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
rotated . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
safety-related . . . . . . . . 44
scientific . . . . . . . . 41–44
subset and superset
23, 24
technological . . . . . 41–44
TEXbook . . . . . . . . 49, 51
upside-down . . . . . . . . . 57
variable-sized . . . . . 18–20
weather . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
zodiacal . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
symbols.tex (file) . . . . . 55, 69
\SYN () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
T
\T . . . . . . . . . .
\t (a)
.......
tacks . . . . . . . .
\taild () . . .
\tailinvr (H) .
\taill (0) . . . .
\tailn (9) . . .
\tailr (F) . . . .
\tails (L) . . . .
\tailt (P) . . . .
\tailz (_) . . .
\talloblong (C)
tally markers . .
\tan (tan) . . . .
\tanh (tanh) . .
\Tape ( ) . . . .

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.... 8
. . . 11
21, 30
. . . 10
. . . 10
. . . 10
. . . 10
. . . 10
. . . 10
. . . 10
. . . 10
. . . 17
. . . 53
. . . 29
. . . 29
. . . 50
X) .
\Taschenuhr ( ) . . . . .
Tate-Shafarevich group (
\tau (τ ) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\Taurus (Q ) . . . . . . . . .
\Taurus (á) . . . . . . . . .
\taurus (V) . . . . . . . . .
. . . 53
55
. . . 29
. . . 42
. . . 42
. . . 42
\tauup (τ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\tccentigrade (℃) . . . . . . . 39
\tcmu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\tcohm (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\tcpertenthousand (‱) . . 39
\tcperthousand (‰) . . . . . . 39
\td (a
..) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
technological symbols . . 41–44
\Telefon (T) . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\Telephone ( ) . . . . . . . . 53
\Tent ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\tesh (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
testfont.dvi (file) . . . . . . . 64
testfont.tex (file) . . . . 62, 64
TEX 55, 57–59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67,
70
TEXbook, The . . . . . . 57–61, 65
symbols from . . . . . 49, 51
\text . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 58, 59
\textacutedbl (˝) . . . . . . . 13
\textacutemacron (
a) . . . . . 11
\textacutewedge (
a) . . . . . . 11
\textadvancing (a) . . . . . . . 11
\textasciiacute (´) . . . 13, 68
\textasciibreve (˘) . . . . . . 13
\textasciicaron (ˇ) . . . . . . 13
\textasciicircum (ˆ) . . . 7, 67
\textasciidieresis (¨)
13, 68
\textasciigrave (`) . . . . . . 13
\textasciimacron . . . . . . . . 67
\textasciimacron (¯) . 13, 68
\textasciitilde (˜) . . . . 7, 67
\textasteriskcentered (∗) . 7,
15
\textbabygamma (È) . . . . . . . . 9
\textbackslash (\) . . 7, 66, 67
\textbaht (฿) . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textbar (|) . . . . . . . 7, 66, 67
\textbarb ( b ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textbarc ( c ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textbard ( d ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textbardbl (‖) . . . . . . . . . 15
\textbardotlessj (é) . . . . . . 9
\textbarg ( g ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textbarglotstop (Ü) . . . . . . 9
\textbari (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textbarl (ª) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textbaro (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textbarrevglotstop (Ý) . . . 9
\textbaru (0) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textbeltl (ì) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textbeta (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textbigcircle (○) . . . . . . 15
\textblank (␢) . . . . . . . . . . 15
\textborn () . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\textbottomtiebar (a
<) . . . . 11
\textbraceleft ({) . . . . . . . . 7
\textbraceright (}) . . . . . . . 7
\textbrevemacron (
a) . . . . . 11
\textbrokenbar (¦) . . . . 15, 68
\textbullet (•) . . . . . . . 7, 15
\textbullseye (ò) . . . . . . . . 9
(
\textcelsius (℃) . . . . . . . . 41
\textceltpal ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textcent (¢) . . . . . . . . 13, 68
\textcentoldstyle (¢) . . . . 13
\textchi (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textcircled (○) . . . . . . . 11
\textcircledP (℗) . . . . . . 14
\textcircumacute (
a) . . . . . 11
. . . . . . . 11
\textcircumdot (a)
\textcloseepsilon (Å) . . . . . 9
\textcloseomega (Ñ) . . . . . . . 9
\textcloserevepsilon (Æ) . . . 9
\textcolonmonetary (₡) . . . 13
\textcommatailz (Þ) . . . . . . . 9
textcomp (package) . . . . . . . 6,
7, 11, 13–15, 26, 33, 39, 41,
51, 55, 67, 69, 70
\textcopyleft () . . . . . . 14
\textcopyright (©) . 7, 14, 68
\textcorner (^) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textcrb ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textcrd (¡) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textcrg (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textcrh (è) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textcrinvglotstop ( Û ) . . . . 9
\textcrlambda (¬) . . . . . . . . 9
\textcrtwo (2) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textctc (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textctd (¢) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textctdctzlig (¢ý) . . . . . . . 9
\textctesh (²) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textctj (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textctn (®) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textctt (´) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textcttctclig (Ć) . . . . . . . 9
\textctyogh (¸) . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textctz (ý) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textcurrency (¤) . . . . 13, 68
\textdagger (†) . . . . . . . 7, 15
\textdaggerdbl (‡) . . . . . 7, 15
\textdbend ( ) . . . . . . . . . 49
\textdblhyphen () . . . . . . . 15
\textdblhyphenchar () . . . . 15
\textdctzlig (dý) . . . . . . . . . 9
\textdegree (°) . . . . . . 39, 68
\textdied () . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\textdiscount () . . . . . . . 15
\textdiv (÷) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\textdivorced () . . . . . . . 51
\textdollar ($) . . . . . . . 7, 13
\textdollaroldstyle ($) . . 13
\textdong (₫) . . . . . . . . . . . 13
a) . . . . . . . 11
\textdotacute (
\textdotbreve (
a
) . . . . . . . 11
\textdoublebaresh ( S ) . . . . . 9
\textdoublebarpipe (}) . . . . 9
\textdoublebarslash (=
/) . . . 9
\textdoublegrave (
a) . . . . . 11
\textdoublepipe ({) . . . . . . . 9
\textdoublevbaraccent (
a) . 11
\textdoublevertline () . . . 9
\textdownarrow (↓) . . . . . . . 26
87
\textdownstep () . . . . . .
\textdyoghlig (Ã) . . . . .
\textdzlig (dz) . . . . . . . .
\texteightoldstyle (8) .
\textellipsis (. . . ) . . . .
\textemdash (—) . . . . . .
\textendash (–) . . . . . . .
\textepsilon (E) . . . . . .
\textesh (S) . . . . . . . . . .
\textestimated (℮) . . . .
\texteuro (€) . . . . . . . .
\textexclamdown (¡) . . . .
\textfishhookr (R) . . . . .
\textfiveoldstyle (5) . .
\textflorin (ƒ) . . . . . . . .
\textfouroldstyle (4) . .
\textfractionsolidus (⁄)
\textfrak . . . . . . . . . . . .
\textg (¥) . . . . . . . . . . .
\textgamma (G) . . . . . . . .
\textglobfall () . . . . .
\textglobrise () . . . . .
\textglotstop (P) . . . . .
\textgoth . . . . . . . . . . . .
\textgravecircum (
a) . . .
\textgravedbl ( ̏) . . . . .
\textgravedot (
a) . . . . .
\textgravemacron (
a) . . .
\textgravemid (
a) . . . . .
\textgreater (>) . . . 7,
\textguarani (() . . . . . .
\texthalflength (;) . . . .
\texthardsign (») . . . . .
\texthooktop (#) . . . . . . .
\texthtb (á) . . . . . . . . . .
\texthtbardotlessj (ê) . .
\texthtc (Á) . . . . . . . . . .
\texthtd (â) . . . . . . . . . .
\texthtg (ä) . . . . . . . . . .
\texthth (H) . . . . . . . . . .
\texththeng (Ê) . . . . . . .
\texthtk (Î) . . . . . . . . . .
\texthtp (Ò) . . . . . . . . . .
\texthtq (Ó) . . . . . . . . . .
\texthtrtaild (£) . . . . .
\texthtscg (É) . . . . . . . .
\texthtt (Ö) . . . . . . . . . .
\texthvlig (ÿ) . . . . . . . .
\textifsym . . . . . . . . . . .
\textinterrobang (‽) . . .
\textinterrobangdown (*)
\textinvglotstop (Û) . . .
\textinvscr (K) . . . . . . .
\textinvsubbridge (a
) . .
\textiota (Ì) . . . . . . . . .
\textlambda («) . . . . . . .
\textlangle (〈) . . . . . .
\textlbrackdbl (〚) . . . . .
\textleaf (-) . . . . . . . .
\textleftarrow (←) . . . .
\textlengthmark (:) . . . .
\textless (<) . . . . . 7,
... 9
... 9
... 9
. . 14
... 7
... 7
... 7
... 9
... 9
. . 15
. . 13
... 7
... 9
. . 14
. . 13
. . 14
. . 39
. . 40
... 9
... 9
... 9
. . 10
... 9
. . 40
. . 11
. . 13
. . 11
. . 11
. . 11
66, 67
. . 13
... 9
... 9
... 9
... 9
... 9
... 9
... 9
... 9
... 9
... 9
... 9
... 9
... 9
... 9
... 9
... 9
... 9
. . 41
. . 15
. . 15
... 9
... 9
. . 11
... 9
... 9
33, 67
. . 33
. . 51
. . 26
... 9
66, 67
\textlhdbend ( ) . . . . . . . 49
\textlhookt (³) . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textlhtlongi (¦) . . . . . . . . . 9
\textlhtlongy (¶) . . . . . . . . 9
\textlira (₤) . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textlnot (¬) . . . . . . . . 39, 68
\textlonglegr (Ô) . . . . . . . . . 9
\textlowering (a) . . . . . . . 11
\textlptr (½) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textlquill (⁅) . . . . . . . . . 33
\textltailm (M) . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textltailn (ñ) . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textltilde (ë) . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textlyoghlig (Ð) . . . . . . . . 9
\textmarried (1) . . . . . . . . 51
\textmho (℧) . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\textmidacute (
a) . . . . . . . 11
\textminus (−) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\textmu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . 41, 68
\textmusicalnote (♪) . . . . . 15
\textnaira (₦) . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textnineoldstyle (9) . . . . 14
\textnumero (№) . . . . . . . . . 15
\textObardotlessj (Í) . . . . . 9
\textohm (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . 41
\textOlyoghlig () . . . . . . . . 9
\textomega (°) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textonehalf (½) . . . . . 39, 68
\textoneoldstyle . . . . . . . . 14
\textoneoldstyle (1) . . . . . 14
\textonequarter (¼) . . . 39, 68
\textonesuperior (¹) . . 39, 68
\textopenbullet (◦) . . . . . . 15
\textopencorner (_) . . . . . . . 9
\textopeno (O) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textordfeminine (ª)
7, 15, 68
\textordmasculine (º) 7, 15, 68
\textovercross
(
a) . . . . . . . 11
\textoverw (a) . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textpalhook (%) . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textparagraph (¶) . . . . 7, 15
\textperiodcentered (·) . 7, 15,
68
\textpertenthousand (‱) . 15
\textperthousand (‰) . . . . 15
\textpeso (9) . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textphi (F) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textpilcrow (¶) . . . . . . . . 15
\textpipe (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textpm (±) . . . . . . . . . 39, 68
\textpolhook (a ) . . . . . . . . 12
\textprimstress (") . . . . . . . 9
\textquestiondown (¿) . . . . . 7
\textquotedbl (") . . . . . 8, 66
\textquotedblleft (“) . . . . . 7
\textquotedblright (”) . . . . 7
\textquoteleft (‘) . . . . . . . . 7
\textquoteright (’) . . . . . . . 7
\textquotesingle (') . . . . . 15
\textquotestraightbase (‚) 15
\textquotestraightdblbase („)
. . . . . . . . . 15
\textraiseglotstop (¼) .
\textraisevibyi (§) . . . .
\textraising (a) . . . . . .
\textramshorns (7) . . . . .
\textrangle (〉) . . . . . .
\textrbrackdbl (〛) . . . . .
\textrecipe (A) . . . . . .
\textreferencemark (※)
\textregistered (®) 7,
\textretracting (a) . . . .
\textrevapostrophe (\) . .
\textreve (9) . . . . . . . . .
\textrevepsilon (3) . . . .
... 9
... 9
. . 12
... 9
33, 67
. . 33
15, 57
15, 16
14, 68
. . 12
... 9
... 9
9, 57
\textreversedvideodbend ( )
. . . . . . . . . 49
\textrevglotstop (Q) . . . . . . 9
\textrevyogh (¹) . . . . . . . . . 9
\textrhookrevepsilon (Ç) . . 9
\textrhookschwa (Ä) . . . . . . . 9
\textrhoticity (~) . . . . . . . . 9
\textrightarrow (→) . . . . . 26
\textringmacron (
a) . . . . . . 12
\textroundcap (
a) . . . . . . . 12
\textrptr (¾) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textrquill (⁆) . . . . . . . . . 33
\textrtaild (ã) . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textrtaill (í) . . . . . . . . . . 10
\textrtailn (ï) . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textrtailr (ó) . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textrtails (ù) . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textrtailt (ú) . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textrtailz (ü) . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textrthook ($) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textsca (À) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textscb (à) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textsce (¤) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textscg (å) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textsch (Ë) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textschwa (@) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textsci (I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textscj (¨) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textscl (Ï) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textscn (ð) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textscoelig (×) . . . . . . . . . 9
\textscomega (±) . . . . . . . . . 9
\textscr (ö) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textscripta (A) . . . . . . . . . 9
\textscriptg (g) . . . . . . . . . 9
\textscriptv (V) . . . . . . . . . 9
\textscu (Ú) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textscy (Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textseagull (a
) . . . . . . . . 12
\textsecstress () . . . . . . . . 9
\textsection (§) . . . . . . 7, 15
\textservicemark (℠) . . . . . 14
\textsevenoldstyle (7) . . . 14
\textsixoldstyle (6) . . . . . 14
\textsoftsign (º) . . . . . . . . . 9
\textsterling (£) . . . . . 7, 13
\textstretchc (Â) . . . . . . . . 9
\textstyle . . . . . . . . . . 58, 65
\textsubacute (a) . . . . . . . 12
88
\textsubarch (a) . . . . . . . . 12
\textsubbar (a) . . . . . . . . . 12
\textsubbridge (a
) . . . . . . . 12
\textsubcircum (a) . . . . . . . 12
\textsubdot (a) . . . . . . . . . 12
\textsubgrave
(a) . . . . . . . 12
\textsublhalfring
(a ) . . . . 12
\textsubplus (a) . . . . . . . . 12
\textsubrhalfring (a ) . . . . 12
\textsubring (a) . . . . . . . . 12
\textsubsquare(a
) . . . . . . . 12
\textsubtilde (a) . . . . . . . 12
\textsubumlaut (a) . . . . . . . 12
\textsubw (a
) . . . . . . . . . . . 12
\textsubwedge (a) . . . . . . . 12
) . 12
\textsuperimposetilde
(a
&
\textsuperscript . . . . . . . . 13
\textsurd (√) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\textswab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
\textsyllabic (a) . . . . . . . 12
\texttctclig (tC") . . . . . . . . . 9
\textteshlig (Ù) . . . . . . . . . 9
\texttheta (T) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textthorn (þ) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textthreeoldstyle (3) . . . 14
\textthreequarters (¾)
39, 68
\textthreequartersemdash (—)
. . . . . . . . . 15
\textthreesuperior (³)
39, 68
. . . . . . . 12
\texttildedot (
a)
\texttildelow (K) . . . . 15, 67
\texttimes (×) . . . . . . . . . . 39
\texttoneletterstem (¿) . . . . 9
\texttoptiebar (>
a) . . . . . . . 12
\texttrademark (™) . . . . 7, 14
\texttslig (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textturna (5) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textturncelig (¯) . . . . . . . 9
\textturnh (4) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textturnk (©) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textturnlonglegr (Õ) . . . . . 9
\textturnm (W) . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textturnmrleg (î) . . . . . . . 9
\textturnr (ô) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textturnrrtail (õ) . . . . . . . 9
\textturnscripta (6) . . . . . . 9
\textturnt (Ø) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textturnv (2) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textturnw (û) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textturny (L) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\texttwelveudash (L) . . . . . 15
\texttwooldstyle . . . . . . . . 14
\texttwooldstyle (2) . . . . . 14
\texttwosuperior (²) . . 39, 68
\textunderscore ( ) . . . . . . . 7
\textuparrow (↑) . . . . . . . . 26
\textupsilon (U) . . . . . . . . . 9
\textupstep () . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textvbaraccent (
a) . . . . . . 12
\textvertline () . . . . . . . . . 9
\textvibyi (§) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textvibyy (·) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textvisiblespace ( ) . . . . . 7
\textwon (₩) . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\textwynn (ß) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textyen (¥) . . . . . . . . 13, 68
\textyogh (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
\textzerooldstyle (0) . . . . 14
\TH (Þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\th (þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Thành, Hàn Thé̂ . . . . . . . . . 60
\therefore (6) . . . . . . . . . . 22
\therefore (∴) . . . . . . . . . . 21
\Thermo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\Theta (Θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\theta (θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\thetaup (θ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\thickapprox (≈) . . . . . . . . 21
\thicksim (∼) . . . . . . . . . . 21
\thickvert (~) . . . . . . . . . . 32
thin space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
\ThinFog ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\third (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\Thorn (Þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
\thorn (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\thorn (p) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\thorn (þ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
tilde 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 34, 35,
37, 60, 67
extensible . . . . . . . 35, 37
vertically centered . . . . 67
\tilde (˜) . . . . . . . . . . 34, 60
\tildel (-) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
time of day . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
\timelimit ( ) . . . . . . . . . 54
\times (×) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Times (PostScript font) . . . . 14
timing (package) . . . . . . . . . 41
tipa (package) . 8, 10–12, 57, 69,
70
\to . . . . . . . . see \rightarrow
\ToBottom (½) . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\tone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\top (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 58
\topbot (⊥
L) . . . . . . . . . 58, 59
\topdoteq () . . . . . . . . . . 22
\ToTop (¼) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
trademark . see \texttrademark
\TransformHoriz ( ) . . . . 23
transforms . . . . 23, 34, see also
alphabets, math
\TransformVert ( ) . . . . . . 23
transversality . see \pitchfork
trfsigns (package) . 23, 31, 34, 69
\triangle () . . . . . . . . . . 38
triangle relations . . . . . . . . . 25
\TriangleDown ( ) . . . . . . . 48
\TriangleDown ( vs. ) . . 56
\TriangleDown ( ) . . . . . . . 49
\triangledown (w) . . . . . . . 38
\TriangleLeft ( ) . . . . . . . 48
\triangleleft () . . . . . . . 25
\triangleleft () . . . . . . . 16
T
3
o 3
o
2
\trianglelefteq () . . . . . 25
\trianglelefteq () . . . . . 25
\trianglelefteqslant (D) . 25
\triangleq () . . . . . . . 16, 25
\TriangleRight ( ) . . . . . . 48
\triangleright () . . . . . . 25
\triangleright () . . . . . . . 16
\trianglerighteq () . . . . 25
\trianglerighteq (
) . . . . 25
\trianglerighteqslant (E) 25
triangles . . . . . . . . . . 38, 48, 49
\TriangleUp ( ) . . . . . . . . 48
\TriangleUp ( vs. ) . . . . 56
\TriangleUp ( ) . . . . . . . . 49
\triple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
trsym (package) . . . . . 23, 69, 70
\Tsteel (œ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
\TTsteel (š) . . . . . . . . . . . 43
TUGboat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
\Tumbler () . . . . . . . . . . . 52
\TwelweStar ( ) . . . . . . . . 47
\twoheadleftarrow ([) . . . 26
\twoheadrightarrow (]) . . 26
\twonotes (W) . . . . . . . . . . . 51
txfonts (package) . . . . . . 16, 17,
20–28, 30, 31, 38, 40, 55, 57,
67, 69, 70
Type 1 (PostScript font) . . . 64
4
1
n 1
n
J
U
\U (¼
a) . . . . . . . . . . .
\u (ă) . . . . . . . . . . .
\ubar (u) . . . . . . . .
ubulb.fd (file) . . . .
\udesc (u) . . . . . . .
\udot () . . . . . . . . .
\ulcorner (x) . . . . .
\ulcorner (l) . . . . .
ulsy (package) . . . . .
umlaut . . . . . . . . .
\unclear ( ) . . . . .
\underaccent . . . . .
\underarch (a
) . . . .
\underbrace (loomoon)
k
. . . . . . 11
. . . . . . 11
. . . . . . 10
. . . . . . 64
. . . . . . 10
. . . . . . 18
. . . . . . 31
. . . . . . 31
. 18, 28, 69
see accents
. . . . . . 54
. . . . . . 60
. . . . . . 12
. . . . . . 36
\underbrace (|{z}) . . . . . . . 35
\underbracket . . . . . . . 60, 61
\underbracket ( ) . . . . . . . 61
\underdots (r) . . . . . . . . . . 13
\undergroup (looo n) . . . . . . . 36
\underleftarrow ( ) . . . . .
←
−
\underleftrightarrow ( )
←
→
\underline ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
\underparenthesis . . . . 60,
\underparenthesis (|}) . . .
35
35
35
61
61
\underrightarrow ( ) . . . . 35
→
−
\underring (y) . . . . . . . . . . 13
underscore . . . . . . . . . . see \_
underscore (package) . . . . . . . 7
undertilde (package) . . 37, 69, 70
89
\undertilde (|) . . . . . . . . . 13
\underwedge (}) . . . . . . . . . 13
union . . . . . . . . . . . . see \cup
\unitedpawns ( ) . . . . . . . . 54
units (package) . . . . . . . . . . 39
unity (1) . . see alphabets, math
universa (package) 49, 52, 69, 70
\unlhd () . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17
\unrhd (
) . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17
\upalpha (α) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\UParrow (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
\Uparrow (⇑) . . . . . . . . . 26, 32
\uparrow (↑) . . . . . . . . . 26, 32
\upbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\upbeta (β) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\upbracketfill . . . . . . . . . 61
\upchi (χ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\Updelta (∆) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\updelta (δ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\Updownarrow (O) . . . . . 26, 32
\updownarrow (P) . . . . . 26, 32
\updownarrows (Ö) . . . . . . . 27
\updownharpoons (ê) . . . . . . 28
\upepsilon (ε) . . . . . . . . . . 30
\upeta (η) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\Upgamma (Γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\upgamma (γ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
upgreek (package) . . . 30, 69, 70
\upharpoonleft (ä) . . . . . . . 28
\upharpoonleft (e) . . . . . . . 26
\upharpoonright (æ) . . . . . . 28
\upharpoonright (h) . . . . . . 26
\upiota (ι) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\upkappa (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\Uplambda (Λ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\uplambda (λ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\uplett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\uplus (Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\uplus (Q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
\upmu (µ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\upnu (ν) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\Upomega (Ω) . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\upomega (ω) . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\upp (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\upparenthfill . . . . . . . . . 61
\Upphi (Φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\upphi (φ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\Uppi (Π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\uppi (π) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\Uppsi (Ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\uppsi (ψ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
upquote (package) . . . . . . . . 67
\uprho (ρ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
upright Greek letters . . . . . . 30
upside-down symbols . . . . . . 57
\Upsigma (Σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\upsigma (σ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\Upsilon (Υ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\upsilon (υ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\upsilonup (υ) . . . . . . . . . . 30
\upt (l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
\uptau (τ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
u
\Uptheta (Θ) . . . .
\uptheta (θ) . . . . .
\uptodownarrow (þ)
\upuparrows (Ò) . .
\upuparrows (`) . .
\upupharpoons (Ú)
\Upupsilon (Υ) . . .
\upupsilon (υ) . . .
\upvarepsilon (ε) .
\upvarphi (ϕ) . . . .
\upvarpi (ϖ) . . . .
\upvarrho (ρ) . . . .
\upvarsigma (σ) . .
\upvartheta (ϑ) . .
\Upxi (Ξ) . . . . . . .
\upxi (ξ) . . . . . . .
\upzeta (ζ) . . . . . .
\Uranus (G ) . . . . .
\Uranus (Ç) . . . . . .
\uranus (Y) . . . . . .
\urcorner (y) . . . .
\urcorner (m) . . . .
url (package) . . . . .
\US () . . . . . . . . .
\usepackage . . . . .
\ut (a) . . . . . . . . .
˜ ( ) ......
\utilde
e
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
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30
30
27
27
26
28
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
42
42
41
31
31
67
43
. 6
13
37
V
\v (ǎ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
\vara (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\varangle (Z) . . . . . . . . . . 38
\varbigcirc (F) . . . . . . . . 17
\VarClock ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 53
\varclubsuit () . . . . . . . . 38
\varcurlyvee (G) . . . . . . . . 17
\varcurlywedge (H) . . . . . . 17
\vardiamondsuit () . . . . . . 38
\varEarth (J ) . . . . . . . . . . . 42
\varepsilon (ε) . . . . . . . . . 29
\varepsilonup (ε) . . . . . . . . 30
\VarFlag ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 53
varg (txfonts/pxfonts package option) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\varg () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\varg (G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\vargeq (©) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\varhash (#) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
\varheartsuit () . . . . . . . 38
\varhexagon ([) . . . . . . . . . 48
\varhexstar (\) . . . . . . . . . 47
\vari (i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
variable-sized symbols . . 18–20
\VarIceMountain ( ) . . . . . 53
\varinjlim (lim) . . . . . . . . . 29
] −→
\varint ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
\various (R) . . . . . . . . . . . 54
\varkappa (κ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\varleq (¨) . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
\varliminf (lim) . . . . . . . . . 29
\varlimsup (lim) . . . . . . . . . 29
\varmathbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

\VarMountain ( ) . . . . . . . . 53
\varnothing (∅) . . . . . . . . . 38
\varnotin (T) . . . . . . . . . . . 31
\varnotowner (U) . . . . . . . . 31
\varoast (I) . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\varobar (J) . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\varobslash (K) . . . . . . . . . 17
\varocircle (L) . . . . . . . . . 17
\varodot (M) . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\varogreaterthan (N) . . . . 17
\varoiiintclockwise ( ) . 20
!
\varoiiintctrclockwise ( )
. . . . . . . . . 20
\varoiint ( ) . . . . %
. . . . . . 20
\varoiintclockwise ( ) . . 20
)
\varoiintctrclockwise ( ) 20
^
\varoint ( ) . . . . .- . . . . . . 19
\varointclockwise ( ) . . . . 20
\varointclockwise ( ) 1. . . . 20
\varointctrclockwise ( ) . 20
\varointctrclockwise ( ) . . 20
\varolessthan (O) . . . . . . . 17
\varomega () . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\varominus (P) . . . . . . . . . . 17
\varopeno (C) . . . . . . . . . . . 10
\varoplus (Q) . . . . . . . . . . 17
\varoslash (R) . . . . . . . . . . 17
\varotimes (S) . . . . . . . . . . 17
\varovee (T) . . . . . . . . . . . 17
\varowedge (U) . . . . . . . . . . 17
\varparallel (∥) . . . . . . . . 22
\varparallelinv (4) . . . . . . 22
\varphi (ϕ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\varphiup (ϕ) . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\varpi (() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\varpiup () . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5
\varprod ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 20
\varprojlim (lim) . . . . . . . . 29
←−
\varpropto (∝) . . . . . . . . . . 21
\varrho ()) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\varrhoup () . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\varsigma (ς) . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\varsigmaup (ς) . . . . . . . . . 30
\varspadesuit () . . . . . . . 38
\varsqsubsetneq () . . . . . 24
\varsqsubsetneqq () . . . . 24
\varsqsupsetneq () . . . . . 24
\varsqsupsetneqq () . . . . 24
\varstar () . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
\varsubsetneq () . . . . . . . 24
\varsubsetneq (&) . . . . . . . 23
\varsubsetneqq () . . . . . . 24
\varsubsetneqq ()) . . . . . . 23
\VarSummit ( ) . . . . . . . . . 53
\varsupsetneq () . . . . . . . 24
\varsupsetneq (*) . . . . . . . 23
\varsupsetneqq () . . . . . . 24
\varsupsetneqq (+) . . . . . . 23
!

\VarTaschenuhr ( ) . . . . . . 53
\vartheta (ϑ) . . . . . . . . . . . 29
90
\varthetaup (ϑ) . . . . .
\vartimes (V) . . . . . . .
\vartriangle (|) . . . .
\vartriangleleft ()
\vartriangleleft ()
\vartriangleright ()
\vartriangleright ()
\varv () . . . . . . . . . .
\varw ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
\vary (!) . . . . . . . . . .
\VBar ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
\VDash (() . . . . . . . . .
\Vdash (,) . . . . . . . . .
\Vdash (/) . . . . . . . . .
\vDash (() . . . . . . . . .
\vDash (1) . . . . . . . . .
\vdash (R) . . . . . . . . .
.
\vdots (..) . . . . . . . . . .
\vec (,) . . . . . . . . . . .
\Vectorarrow (p) . . . . .
\Vectorarrowhigh (P) . .
\vee (_) . . . . . . . . . . .
\vee (∨) . . . . . . . . . . .
\veebar (Y) . . . . . . . .
\veebar () . . . . . . . .
\veedoublebar ([) . . .
\Venus (B ) . . . . . . . . .
\Venus (Ã) . . . . . . . . .
\venus (♀) . . . . . . . . .
\vernal () . . . . . . . .
\Vert () . . . . . . . . . .
\vert (|) . . . . . . . . . . .
\VHF (_) . . . . . . . . . . .
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30
17
38
25
25
25
25
30
30
30
48
22
22
21
22
21
21
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37
34
39
39
18
16
18
16
18
42
42
41
41
32
32
41
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53
31
42
42
10
10
43
37
22
22
21
32
) . . . . . . . .
............
\Village (
\vin ( ) . . .
\Virgo (å) .
\virgo (`)
\vod (v) . . .
˚
\voicedh (h)
\VT (♂) . . . .
\vv ( #») . . .
\VvDash (7)
\Vvdash (,)
\Vvdash (3)
\vvvert (~)
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W
\WashCotton (‰) . . . . . . . .
\WashSynthetics (Š) . . . .
\WashWool (‹) . . . . . . . . . .
\wasylozenge (◊) . . . . . . . .
\wasypropto (b) . . . . . . . . .
wasysym (package) 8, 14–17,
21, 23–26, 38, 41–43, 47,
51, 56, 69, 70
\wasytherefore (∴) . . . . . .
\wbetter (f) . . . . . . . . . . .
\wdecisive (h) . . . . . . . . .
\weakpt (J) . . . . . . . . . . . .
\WeakRain ( ) . . . . . . . . . .
52
52
52
51
21
19,
48,
38
54
54
54
53
\WeakRainCloud ( ) . . . . . . 53
weather symbols . . . . . . . . . 53

\Wecker ( ) . . . . . .
\wedge (^) . . . . . . . .
\wedge (∧) . . . . . . . .
Weierstrass ℘ function
\Wheelchair (w) . . . .
\widearrow (t) . . . . .
\widebar (s) . . . . . . .
\widecheck (q) . . . . .
\widehat (b) . . . . . . .
\wideparen (u) . . . . .
\wideparen (ó) . . . . .
\widering (ó̊) . . .
˚
\widering (ó) . . .
\widetilde (e) . .
\widetriangle (æ)
\wind . . . . . . . . .
Windows . . . . . . .
\with ( ) . . . . . .
\withattack ( ) .
\withidea ( ) . .
\withinit ( ) . . .
\without ( ) . . .
\Womanface (þ) .
w
E
C
v
A
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.
. . . . 53
. . . . 18
. . . . 16
see \wp
. . . . 49
. . . . 36
. . . . 36
. . . . 36
. . . . 35
. . . . 36
. . . . 35
. . . . . . . . 36
...
...
..
...
...
...
...
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...
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35,
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35
37
35
53
67
54
54
54
54
54
52
won . . . . . . . . . . see \textwon
\wp (℘) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\wr (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
wreath product . . . . . . see \wr
\Writinghand (b) . . . . . . . . 49
wsuipa (package)
10, 12, 13, 56,
57, 60, 69, 70
\wupperhand ( ) . . . . . . . . . 54
c
X
\XBox (d) . .
Xdvi . . . . . .
\Xi (Ξ) . . . .
\xi (ξ) . . . .
\xiup (ξ) . .
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47
57
29
29
30
−) . . . . . . . . 35
\xleftarrow (←
XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
→) . . . . . . . 35
\xrightarrow (−
\xrightleftharpoons (−
−) . 36
Xs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 47, 49
#
\XSolid ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
$ ........
\XSolidBrush (%) . . . . . . . .
\XSolidBold ( )
46
46
XY-pic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
91
Y
\Ydown (W) . . . .
yen . . . . . . . . . .
yfonts (package) .
yhmath (package)
60, 69
\Yinyang (Y) . .
\Yleft (X) . . . .
\yogh (`) . . . . .
\yogh (x) . . . . .
\Yright (Y) . . .
\Yup (Z) . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 17
. see \textyen
. . . . 40, 69, 70
34, 35, 37, 38,
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52
17
10
10
17
17
Z
Zapf Chancery (PostScript font)
. . . . . . . . . 40
Zapf Dingbats (PostScript font)
. . . . . . . 45, 47
zapfchan (package) . . . . . . . . 69
\Zborder ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . 50
\zeta (ζ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
\zetaup (ζ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
\Zodiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
zodiacal symbols . . . . . . . . . 42
Z
.
\Ztransf ( s ... c) . . . . . . . . . 23
.
\ztransf ( c ... s) . . . . . . . . . 23
\zugzwang ( ) . . . . . . . . . . 54
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