Space Science Institute . 4750 Walnut Street . Suite 205 . Boulder, Colorado 80301 . 720.974.5888
. www.spacescience.org . www.facebook.com/spacescienceinstitute
annual Report 2014
OUR MISSION
The Space Science Institute addresses 21st Century challenges
„›ƒ†˜ƒ…‹‰•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆƒ”–Šƒ†–Š‡‹˜‡”•‡Ǣ
‡‰ƒ‰‹‰–Š‡’—„Ž‹…‹•…‹‡…‡Ǧ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǣ
ƒ†‹•’‹”‹‰›‘—–Š–‘’—”•—‡•…‹‡…‡Ǧ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›…ƒ”‡‡”•Ǥ
Overview
‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ‡’‘”–
Research
•–”—‡–’‡”ƒ–‹‘•
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–‡”ˆ‘”–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡‡ƒ”‹‰
Message from the
Chairman of the Board of Directors
͚͙͘͜Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ‡š…‹–‹‰›‡ƒ”‘ˆ„‘–Šƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‡–•ƒ†
…Šƒ‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ…‡…‹‡…‡•–‹–—–‡ȋȌǤ…‘–‹—‡•–‘
ƒ‡‹’‘”–ƒ–…‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘„‘–Š•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†
‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ͚͙͘͜”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Šƒ†‘˜‡”͙͘͘’‡‡”Ǧ
”‡˜‹‡™‡†’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ͡͝”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‰”ƒ–•ˆ”‘ƒ†–Š‡
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‹‡…‡‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†͙͠ǡ͙͟͝‡™‹ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ–—”‹ƒ•›•–‡ˆ”‘ƒ••‹‹ǯ•ƒ‰‹‰…‹‡…‡—„•›•–‡Ǥ
ǯ•’”‡‹‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–‡”ˆ‘”–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡‡ƒ”‹‰ȋȌ
‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ•‹…Ž—†‡†‘˜‡”͘͜͞ǡ͘͘͘˜‹•‹–‘”•–‘‘—”
–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰‡šŠ‹„‹–•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ƒ›‹‘”‹–›ƒ†—†‡”•‡”˜‡†
‰”‘—’•ǡƒ†‘˜‡”͛͟͝ǡ͘͘͘˜‹•‹–‘”•–‘‘—”‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ™‡„•‹–‡•Ǥ
͚͙͘͜ǯ•ˆ‘—†‡”ǡ”Ǥƒ—Ž—•‡„‡”›ǡ•–‡’’‡††‘™ˆ”‘–Š‡š‡…—–‹˜‡‹”‡…–‘””‘Ž‡
–‘ˆ‘…—•‘Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ǤŠ‡‘ƒ”†Œ‘‹•‡‹–Šƒ‹‰ƒ—Žˆ‘”Š‹•ƒ››‡ƒ”•‘ˆ•‡”˜‹…‡
‹Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ†™‹•Š‹‰„‘–ŠŠ‹ƒ†…‘–‹—‡†•—……‡••ǤŠ‡‘ƒ”†ƒŽ•‘–Šƒ•”Ǥ
‹…Šƒ‡ŽǤ‘Žơǡ–‡”‹š‡…—–‹˜‡‹”‡…–‘”ȋ—Ǥ͚͙͘͜Ǧ‡„Ǥ͚͙͘͝Ȍǡˆ‘”•—’’‘”–‹‰–Š‡•‡ƒ”…Š
ˆ‘”ƒ‡™š‡…—–‹˜‡‹”‡…–‘”ƒ†Š‹•‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǤŠ‡‘ƒ”†™ƒ•˜‡”›
’Ž‡ƒ•‡†™Š‡”Ǥƒ”Ž›Ǥ‹–ƒƒ……‡’–‡†–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ•ǯ••‡…‘†š‡…—–‹˜‡‹”‡…–‘”
„‡‰‹‹‰‹‡„”—ƒ”›͚͙͘͝Ǥ‡”‹’”‡••‹˜‡Š‹•–‘”›‹–Š‹•‹†—•–”›ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘—”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ
™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’’”‘’‡Žǯ•‘‰‘‹‰•’ƒ…‡•…‹‡…‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•‹–‘–Š‡
ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹—‰—•–͚͙͘͜”Ǥ‹…
”‡‡ǡˆ‘”‡”‘ƒ”†Šƒ‹”ǡ’ƒ••‡†–Š‡–‘”…Š–‘‡
ƒ•‹…‘‹‰Šƒ‹”ǤŠ‡‘ƒ”†ƒ†™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒ‹…ˆ‘”Š‹•‹…”‡†‹„Ž‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ†
…‘–‹—‡†’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘‘ǯ•‘ƒ”†Ǥ
‹•‹ƒ‰‘‘†’‘•‹–‹‘–‘…‘–‹—‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†‹ơ‡”‡…‡‹„‘–Š‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹
‘—”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆƒ”–Šǡ‘—”‘Žƒ”›•–‡ƒ†–Š‡‹˜‡”•‡„‡›‘†Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ•–”‘‰
š‡…—–‹˜‡‡ƒƒ†ƒ…‘‹––‡†‘ƒ”†–Šƒ–ƒ”‡†‡†‹…ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡•—……‡••‘ˆǡƒ†ƒ
’”‘—†–‘„‡ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆƒ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘–Šƒ––”—Ž›…ƒ”‡•ƒ„‘—–ƒ†˜ƒ…‹‰•…‹‡…‡ƒ†
‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘—‰Š–‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒŠ‡ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‡•’ƒ…‡‹†—•–”›„—–™‡†‘ƒŽ‘–™‹–ŠƒŽ‹––Ž‡Ǣ™‡Š‘’‡
›‘—™‹ŽŽŒ‘‹‘—”‘ƒ”†‹•—’’‘”–‹‰–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•–Šƒ–‡‰ƒ‰‡•‹ƒ†Šƒ•’Žƒ‡†
ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ
William R. Purcell, Ph.D.
Cover Image :: The Cat’s Eye Nebula. NASA, ESA, HEIC, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)
Inside Cover Image :: The Seahorse of the Large Magellanic Cloud. NASA, ESA, and M. Livio (STScI)
Message from the
Executive Director
‡ƒ”‡’”‘—†‘ˆǯ•ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–•‹͚͙͘͜ǡƒ†‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‘ˆ‘—”
ƒ†˜ƒ…‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆƒ”–Šƒ†–Š‡
‹˜‡”•‡ǡ‘—”‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹…ǡƒ†‘—”‡ơ‘”–•–‘‹•’‹”‡
›‘—–Šƒ…”‘••–Š‡…‘—–”›–‘’—”•—‡…ƒ”‡‡”•Ǥ
ǯ••…‹‡–‹•–•ƒ”‡–”ƒ‹Ž„Žƒœ‡”•ƒ†‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•™Š‘ƒ”‡
‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹Š‹‰Š‹’ƒ…–ǡŠ‹‰Š’”‘ƤŽ‡’”‘Œ‡…–••—…Šƒ•–Š‡‡’Ž‡”
‹••‹‘–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‡™‡š‘’Žƒ‡–•ǡ—‡”‘—•‹••‹‘•–‘ƒ”•ǡ
ƒ†–Š‡Ǧ‡šƒ•–‡”‘‹†•ƒ’Ž‡Ǧ”‡–—”‹••‹‘ǤŠ‡›—•‡
…—––‹‰Ǧ‡†‰‡ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡—„„Ž‡ǡ’‹–œ‡”ǡƒ†‡”•…Š‡Ž
’ƒ…‡‡Ž‡•…‘’‡•ǡ–Š‡–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…„•‡”˜ƒ–‘”›ˆ‘”ˆ”ƒ”‡†
•–”‘‘›ȋȌǡƒ†–Š‡—ƒ”‡…‘ƒ‹••ƒ…‡”„‹–‡”ȋȌǤ
ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‘—”•’ƒ…‡’Žƒ•ƒ’Š›•‹…•…‘–‹—‡–‘‰”‘™ǡƒ•†‡•…”‹„‡†‹–Š‹•
”‡’‘”–ǯ•‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•Ǥ
Š‡ƒ••‹‹ƒ‰‹‰…‹‡…‡—„•›•–‡‹•–”—‡––‡ƒ„ƒ•‡†ƒ–…‘–‹—‡•–Š‡‹”
•—……‡••ˆ—Ž—’Ž‹ƒ††‘™Ž‹‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•›‡ƒ”ǯ•”‡’‘”–…ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‘Ž›ƒˆ‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‹”
•’‡…–ƒ…—Žƒ”‹ƒ‰‡•‘ˆƒ–—”ǡ‹–•”‹‰•ǡƒ†‹–•‘‘•Ǥ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•—……‡••ǡ–Š‡›
Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ™ƒ”†‡†ˆ—†‹‰–‘…‘–‹—‡–Š‡‹”™‘”–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹••‹‘ǯ•‡†‹͚͙͘͟Ǥ
…‹‡…‡‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ…‘”‡˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘”•‹…‡‹–•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹͙͚͡͡Ǥ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹–Š‹•
ƒ”‡ƒȂ”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘—•‡—ƒ†Ž‹„”ƒ”›‡šŠ‹„‹–•–‘™‘”•Š‘’•–Šƒ–‡‰ƒ‰‡•…‹‡–‹•–•‹
‡†—…ƒ–‹‘”‡ˆ‘”ȂŠƒ˜‡”‡…‡–Ž›ˆ‘…—•‡†‘‡š’ƒ†‹‰–Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ†’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ǡ›‘—–Šǡ‡†—…ƒ–‘”•ǡƒ†…‹–‹œ‡•‹•…‹‡…‡ƒ†–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š
‹…Ž—†‡„‘–ŠŽƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ȋ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽȌƒ†•ƒŽŽ‡”Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ȋ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽȌ’”‘Œ‡…–•ǡŠƒ˜‡„‡‡
‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†™‹–Šǯ•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–‡”ˆ‘”–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡‡ƒ”‹‰ȋȌǤ‘‡‘ˆǯ•͚͙͘͜
‘•–‡‰ƒ‰‹‰ƒ†Š‹‰Š’”‘ƤŽ‡’”‘Œ‡…–•™‡”‡–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›–‘—”‹‰
”‡ƒ–ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ‹”‡ƒ•–‡”‘‹†
—•‡—‡šŠ‹„‹–ǡ–Š‡̸‡–Ž‹„”ƒ”›‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ǡƒ†‹–•‹‡™‡„•‹–‡•ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡‰ƒ‡•
‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ƒ…‡„‘‘•‘Žƒ”•›•–‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‰ƒ‡–ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–Ǥ
˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ•–”‹˜‡•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡˜‹”‘‡––‘‡ƒ„Ž‡‘–Š‡”•–‘‹•’‹”‡ǡ‡š’Ž‘”‡ǡƒ††‹•…‘˜‡”Ǥ
Ž‘‰–Š‘•‡Ž‹‡•ǡ™‡ƒ”‡‡š…‹–‡†–‘•Šƒ”‡ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ‘—”͚͙͘͜•–‘”›™‹–Š›‘—‘–Š‡’ƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǥ
‹…Šƒ‡ŽǤ‘ŽơǡŠǤǤ
4
OVERVIEW
—ƒ•ƒ”‡†”‹˜‡–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡Ǥ‡ƒ”‡‹•’‹”‡†„›ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
“—‡•–‹‘•ǣAre we alone? Could we live on other planets? How does our
amazing planet change and evolve?‡™–Š‹‰•…ƒ’–—”‡‘—”‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘•
‘”‡–Šƒ–Š‡›•–‡”‹‡•‘ˆ•’ƒ…‡ƒ†–Š‡™‘†‡”•‘ˆ‘—”‘™’Žƒ‡–ǤŠ‡
•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘”Ž‹ˆ‡„‡›‘†ƒ”–Š„‡‰‹•™‹–Š—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰Š‘™‘—”‘™’Žƒ‡–™‘”•Ǥ
Š‡‡š…‹–‡‡–‘ˆƒ”–Šƒ†•’ƒ…‡•…‹‡…‡‘ơ‡”•ƒ…‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰Š‘‘ˆ‘”‡‰ƒ‰‹‰–Š‡’—„Ž‹…
‹•…‹‡…‡ƒ†‹•’‹”‹‰ƒ‡™‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‘”•Ǥ
Š‡’ƒ…‡…‹‡…‡•–‹–—–‡‹•ƒ‘’”‘Ƥ–ǡ’—„Ž‹…„‡‡Ƥ–͙͘͝ȋ…Ȍȋ͛Ȍ…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘—†‡†‹
͙͚͡͡ƒ†„‡‰ƒ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹͙͜͡͡ǤŠƒ•Ƥ˜‡ƒŒ‘”„”ƒ…Š‡•ǣ‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡƒ••‹‹ƒ‰‹‰
—„•›•–‡•–”—‡–’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–‡”ˆ‘”–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡‡ƒ”‹‰ȋȌǡ—•‹‡••
’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘›•–‡•ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ȋȌǤ‹•‘–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰‡†‰‡‘ˆ
…”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒơ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‡ƥ…‹‡–ǡƒ†ˆƒ”Ǧ”‡ƒ…Š‹‰‘†‡Ž•ˆ‘”ƒ”–Šƒ†•’ƒ…‡•…‹‡…‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š
ƒ†•…‹‡…‡ǡ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡƒ†ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹…•ȋȌ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–Š‡…‘‹‰
›‡ƒ”•ǡ‘—”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘ƒ‡•…‹‡…‡ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡–‘Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰
—†‡”•‡”˜‡†…‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ‹•‡‘”‘—•ǤŠ‡‡›–‘‘—”ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹•–Šƒ–™‡‘ơ‡”–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ
…‘–‹——‘ˆ†‹•…‘˜‡”›ƒ†‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ȃ™‡…‘†—…–™‘”Ž†Ǧ…Žƒ•••…‹‡–‹Ƥ…”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†™‡
ƒ‡‹–ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡–‘ƒ„”‘ƒ†’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡ƒ’‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–•Š‘™•™Š‡”‡‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ƒ”‡Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ—”‘’‡ǡ
ƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǤ
5 :: Space Science Institute . Annual Report 2014
from A
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- Albert E
instein
2014 Board Members
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”Ǥƒ—Ž—•‡„‡”›ȋ‡š‘ƥ…‹‘ǡ͚͙͛͘Ǧ͚͙͘͜Ȍǡš‡…—–‹˜‡‹”‡…–‘”Ȁǡ’ƒ…‡
Science Institute
”Ǥƒ”‰‰Ž‡•–‘ȋ”‡ƒ•—”‡”Ȍǡ‹…‡”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ‹ƒ…‡ǡƒ„Ž‡ƒ„•ǡ…Ǥ
•Ǥ
‘Ž†ƒǡ‘Ǧ‘—†‡”ǡ”‘–ƒ‰‡‘—”…‡
”Ǥ‹…
”‡‡ȋŠƒ‹”ǡ͚͙͛͘Ǧ͚͙͘͜Ȍǡ‘”‡””‡•‹†‡–ƒ†Š‹‡ˆš‡…—–‹˜‡
ƥ…‡”ǡƒ„Ž‡ƒ„•ǡ…Ǥ
”Ǥƒ”‹Ž›‘Š•‘ǡ…‹‡…‡‹”‡…–‘”ǡ”‡‰‘—•‡—‘ˆ…‹‡…‡ƒ†
Industry
”Ǥ–‡˜‡‘ŽŽ›ǡ›•–‡•‰‹‡‡”‹‰‹”‡…–‘”ǡ‘…Š‡‡†ƒ”–‹‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘
•Ǥƒ”‡‡ƒơ‡”ȋ‡…”‡–ƒ”›Ȍǡ”‹…‹’ƒŽǡ‡ƒơ‡”ƒ™
”‘—’
”Ǥ‹ŽŽ—”…‡ŽŽȋŠƒ‹”ǡ͚͙͘͜Ǧ’”‡•‡–Ȍǡ‡‹‘”ƒƒ‰‡”†˜ƒ…‡†›•–‡•ǡ
ƒŽŽ‡”‘•’ƒ…‡ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘
”Ǥ‹…Šƒ‡Ž‘Žơȋ‡š‘ƥ…‹‘ǡ͚͙͘͜Ǧ͚͙͘͝Ȍǡš‡…—–‹˜‡‹”‡…–‘”Ȁ‡‹‘”
‡•‡ƒ”…Š…‹‡–‹•–ǡ’ƒ…‡…‹‡…‡•–‹–—–‡
•Ǥƒ††‹‡‡‹‰Ž‡”ǡ†—…ƒ–‹‘‘•—Ž–ƒ–
2014 Branch Directors
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”ǤǤ‘††Žƒ…›ȋ‡•‡ƒ”…ŠȌ
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”Ǥƒ—Ž—•‡„‡”›ȋƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–‡”ˆ‘”–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡‡ƒ”‹‰Ȍ
”Ǥƒ‡•ƒ”‘Ž†ȋˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘›•–‡•ƒ†‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ȍ
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”Ǥƒ”‘Ž›‘”…‘ȋƒ••‹‹•–”—‡–’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ȍ
”Ǥƒ”Ž—–Šȋ—•‹‡••’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ȍ
7 :: Space Science Institute . Annual Report 2014
2014 Grants & Contracts
‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡••—’’‘”–ˆ”‘”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ†‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‰”ƒ–•ƒ†…‘–”ƒ…–•
ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹͚͙͘͜ǣ
Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins
Space Telescope Science Institute
Arizona State University
Southwest Research Institute
Atmospheric + Environmental Research, Inc.
State University of New York
CASIS
University of Alabama in Huntsville
Ideum
University of Arizona
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech
University of California, Berkeley
Malin Space Science Systems
University of Delaware
NASA
Universities Space Research Association
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Left Page :: ‘•‡––ƒǯ•‡ŽƤ‡ƒ–…‘‡–͟͞ȀŠ—”›—‘˜Ǧ
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‘•‡––ƒȀŠ‹Žƒ‡Ȁ
10
Below :: ‹•‹–‘”•–‘–Š‡
”‡ƒ–ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ‹”‡‡šŠ‹„‹–Ǥ”‡†‹–ǣ̻
We EXPLORE & DISCOVER
”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•™‘”‘–Š‡…—––‹‰‡†‰‡‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•…‹‡…‡Ǥǯ•
‡•‡ƒ”…Š”ƒ…Š‹•Š‘‡–‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•‡š’‡”–•‹—Ž–‹™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Šƒ•–”‘‘›ǡ
ƒ”•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…ƒ†•—”ˆƒ…‡•–—†‹‡•ǡ…‘‡–ƒ”›ƒ†‘—–‡”‘Žƒ”›•–‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ
ƒ†•’ƒ…‡’Žƒ•ƒ’Š›•‹…•Ǥ—””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•…‘‡–‘™‘”Š‡”‡ˆ”‘ƒ…”‘••–Š‡ǤǤƒ†
ƒ„”‘ƒ†ǡŽ‡ƒ˜‹‰’”‡•–‹‰‹‘—•Œ‘„•ƒ–—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ„•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡǯ•‡–”‘’—Ž•‹‘
ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ǡƒŽ–‡…Šƒ†‘•Žƒ‘•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›Ȍ–‘’—”•—‡–Š‡‹†‘ˆ…”‡ƒ–‹˜‡
ˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†™‘”ǦŽ‹ˆ‡„ƒŽƒ…‡–Šƒ–‘ơ‡”•Ǥ•…‹‡–‹•–•ƒ”‡‡›–‡ƒ‡„‡”•‘Š‹‰ŠǦ
’”‘ƤŽ‡”‘„‘–‹…ƒ†•’ƒ…‡…”ƒˆ–‹••‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒ†–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ’ƒ…‡‰‡…›ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•
ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š‘’Žƒ‡–Ƥ†‹‰•’ƒ…‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‘”›‡’Ž‡”ǡ–Š‡–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…„•‡”˜ƒ–‘”›ˆ‘”ˆ”ƒ”‡†
•–”‘‘›ȋȌǡƒ†–Š‡—„„Ž‡’ƒ…‡‡Ž‡•…‘’‡Ǥ‹•ƒ’‹‘‡‡”‹”‡‘–‡‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǣ
‡ƒ”Ž›͟͝ά‘ˆ‘—”‡’Ž‘›‡‡•†‘–Š‡‹”•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘•™Š‹Ž‡
–‡Ž‡…‘—–‹‰ǡ‘ơ‡”‹‰
ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ‘˜‡‡––‘
’”‡•‡–ƒ–…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡•
ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ†
ƪ‡š–‹‡–‘™‘”–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–
–Š‡†ƒ›ƒ†‹‰Š––‘„‡––‡”
…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ƒ†‘„•‡”˜‡Ǥ
‹•ƒŽ•‘‡š–”‡‡Ž›’”‘—†
‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”†‘‡„›–Š‡
Cassini Imaging Science
Subsystem Instrument
’‡”ƒ–‹‘•–‡ƒǡ„ƒ•‡†
‘—–‘ˆǯ•‘—Ž†‡”‘ƥ…‡Ǥ
’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͘͝•…‹‡–‹•–•
ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•
ƒ†—”‘’‡…‘’”‹•‡–Š‡
‹ƒ‰‹‰–‡ƒ–Šƒ–—•‡•…ƒ‡”ƒ•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ••‹‹Ǧ—›‰‡•‹••‹‘–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ƒ›
—‹“—‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆƒ–—”ǡ‹–•”‹‰•ƒ†‘‘•ǤŠ‡ƒ••‹‹–‡ƒ‹•ƒ”‰—ƒ„Ž›–Š‡‘•–
’”‘†—…–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ••‹‹‹•–”—‡––‡ƒ•‹†‡Ž‹˜‡”‹‰‹–•™‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒƒ†‹ƒ‰‡•–‘
•…‹‡–‹•–•ƒ†–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹…ǡƒ†…‘–‹—‡•–‘†‡‡’‡‘—”‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„‘—–ƒ–—”ƒ†
–Š‡’”‘…‡••‡•„›™Š‹…Š’Žƒ‡–•Ȃƒ†™Š‘Ž‡’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡•Ȃˆ‘”ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’™‹–Š–‹‡Ǥ
11 :: Space Science Institute . Annual Report 2014
We EDUCATE & INSPIRE
‹•Š‘‡–‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–‡”ˆ‘”–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ™Š‹…ŠŽ‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡•ǯ••—……‡••ˆ—Ž
‡š’‡”‹‡…‡‹”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ—•‡—ǡ•…‹‡…‡…‡–‡”ƒ†Ž‹„”ƒ”›‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ’—„Ž‹…
‘—–”‡ƒ…Šǡƒ††‹‰‹–ƒŽ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‹–‘ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡ƒ†‹•’‹”‹‰Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ‡
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡›–‘‹’”‘˜‹‰‘—”•…‹‡…‡ǡ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡƒ†ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹…•
ȋȌ™‘”ˆ‘”…‡–‘‡‡–͚͙•–‡–—”›…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹•‘–Œ—•––‘ˆ‘…—••‘Ž‡Ž›‘ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ
•–—†‡–ǡ‘”–‡ƒ…Š‡”ǡ‘”‡˜‡ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ…Žƒ••”‘‘ǡ„—–‹•–‡ƒ†–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡Š‘™™‡…ƒ
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”™Š‘Ž‡…‘—‹–‹‡•‹Š‘™–Š‡›˜‹‡™ƒ†•—’’‘”–Ǥ‡’Ž‘›•ƒ
•–”ƒ–‡‰›‘ˆ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰…‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ•ƒ™ƒ›‘ˆƒ††”‡••‹‰–™‘…”‹–‹…ƒŽ‡‡†•ˆƒ…‹‰‘—”
…‘—–”›ǣ͙ȌŠƒ…‹‰‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ…›„‡…ƒ—•‡’—„Ž‹…’‘Ž‹…›ƒ––‡”•‘ˆ–‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡
…‘’Ž‡šǦ”‡Žƒ–‡†‹••—‡•ƒ†͚Ȍ…”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ›‘—‰’‡‘’Ž‡’—”•—‹‰
…ƒ”‡‡”•„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ†‡…‘—”ƒ‰‡‡––‘–Š‘•‡™Š‘ƒ”‡—†‡”•‡”˜‡†ƒ†
—†‡””‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹†‹•…‹’Ž‹‡•Ǥ
•ƒŽŽ•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ‘—”•–”ƒ–‡‰‹…’”‘Œ‡…–’ƒ”–‡”•‹–Š‡•‡‡ơ‘”–•‹…Ž—†‡ǣ‡”‹…ƒ
‡‘’Š›•‹…ƒŽ
‹‘Ǣ‡”‹…ƒ‹„”ƒ”›••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘Ǣ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…‹‡…‡Ǧ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›‡–‡”•Ǣ•–”‘‘‹…ƒŽ
‘…‹‡–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ…‹Ƥ…ǢƒŽŽ‡”‘•’ƒ…‡Ƭ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǣ‘”‡ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›‘ˆ”‹–Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǣ‡˜‡”
—•‡—‘ˆƒ–—”‡ƒ†…‹‡…‡Ǣ†ƒ„
”‘—’Ȁƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‹”Ž•‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡”‘Œ‡…–Ǣ‰‹‡‡”•
™‹–Š‘—–‘”†‡”•Ǣ•–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ”‹‰‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǣ
Ǣ—ƒ”ƬŽƒ‡–ƒ”›•–‹–—–‡Ǣ
•–”‘„‹‘Ž‘‰›•–‹–—–‡Ǣ
‘††ƒ”†’ƒ…‡Ž‹‰Š–‡–‡”Ǣǯ•‡–”‘’—Ž•‹‘ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ǡ
ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒ•–‹–—–‡‘ˆ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǣƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…ƒ†‡›‘ˆ‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ǣƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡
‡”‰›ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›Ǣƒ†–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•‘ˆ”‹œ‘ƒǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒƒ†‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘Ǥ
‘”‘˜‡”ƒ†‡…ƒ†‡ǡ‡†—…ƒ–‘”•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡‡š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‡†‹ƒǡ
”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘‹–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•ˆ‘”—•‡—•ƒ†Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•–‘‘Ž‹‡‰ƒ‡•ƒ†‘™
•ƒ”–’Š‘‡ƒ†–ƒ„Ž‡–ƒ’’•ǤŠ‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‡†‹ƒ‘Ž›‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ƒ•’‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ
…‘‡…–‡††‡˜‹…‡•„‡…‘‡‘”‡…‘‘’Žƒ…‡ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰—•–‘”‡ƒ…Š’‡‘’Ž‡‹ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ
†‹ơ‡”‡–‡˜‹”‘‡–•ƒ†…‘–‡š–•ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‡†‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘‹’ƒ…–ˆ‘”ƒŽ
‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–‘”‡ƒ…Š’‡‘’Ž‡‹ƒŽŽ™ƒŽ•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡”ƒ‹•‹‰–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ•…‹‡…‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ…›‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹…Ǥ
—”ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹•”‡‹ˆ‘”…‡†„›ǯ•›„‡”Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ•‘”…‡ǡ™Š‹…Š”‡…‡–Ž›”‡…‘‡†‡†
–Šƒ–‡†—…ƒ–‘”•Dz‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•
–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ˆ‘”Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǡˆ”‘–‘‰”‡›ǡdzƒ†‡š’Ž‘”‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘™‹–Š
•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…†ƒ–ƒƒ†˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘•™Š‹Ž‡„”‹†‰‹‰—Ž–‹’Ž‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–•Ǥ
12
Below :: ƒ”–‹•–ǯ•…‘…‡’–‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ‡–•‹–Š‡‡’Ž‡”Ǧ͛͟•›•–‡…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡‘‘ƒ†’Žƒ‡–•‹
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Our Vision for the Future
‡ƒ–„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡’”‡•‡–ƒ†ˆ—–—”‡…‘—”•‡‘ˆ•…‹‡…‡ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰‹–Š‡‹–‡†
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2. •…‹‡–‹Ƥ…ƒŽŽ›Ž‹–‡”ƒ–‡’‘’—Žƒ…‡–Šƒ–•—’’‘”–•‹˜‡•–‡–•‹”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǢƒ†
3. A pipeline of future STEM professionals.
‹ŽŽƒ”ȋ͙Ȍ’‘•‡•ƒ•’‡…‹ƒŽ…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹–Š‡͚͙•–…‡–—”›ǡƒ••…‹‡–‹Ƥ…Ƥ‡Ž†•ƒ”‡„‡…‘‹‰
–‘‘‹–‡”†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›–‘Ƥ––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ†—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–‹–—”ƒ”‡
…—””‡–Ž›•–”—‰‰Ž‹‰—†‡”–Š‡’”‡••—”‡•‘ˆƤƒ…‹ƒŽ…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ†ƒ‰‹‰”‡•‡ƒ”…Šˆƒ…‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ
›’”‘˜‹†‹‰Š‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡŽ‡‰ƒŽǡƒ†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡•—’’‘”–ǡƒ‡•‹–
’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ‘””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•–‘†‘•…‹‡…‡™Š‡”‡˜‡”–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”…Š‘‹…‡‹
•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…‰”‘™–Šƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ‡‹‰•ƒŽŽ‡”ƒ†‘”‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ„Ž‡ǡƒŽ•‘‘ơ‡”•ƒ—…ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”
•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…”‡–—”‘‰”ƒ–†‘ŽŽƒ”•‹˜‡•–‡†–ŠƒŽƒ”‰‡”—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•ƒ†Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”‹‡•ǣƒŽŽˆ—†•
”‡…‡‹˜‡†ƒ”‡•’‡–‘•…‹‡…‡ƒ†•…‹‡…‡‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘–—‡…‡••ƒ”›ˆ”‹ŽŽ•Ǥ
‹•…‘‹––‡†–‘•Šƒ”‹‰–Š‡Œ‘›‘ˆ•…‹‡…‡ƒ†‡†—…ƒ–‹‰…‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ–‹‘™‹†‡—†‡”
‹ŽŽƒ”•ȋ͚Ȍƒ†ȋ͛ȌǤ‘–‹—‹‰™‡ŽŽ‹–‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ…Žƒ••”‘‘‡˜‹”‘‡–•ǡ–‘™ƒ”†ƒ‘”‡‡‰ƒ‰‹‰ǡDzŽ‡ƒ”‹‰„›†‘‹‰dzƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š
–‘›‘—–Š‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ͚͙•–‡–—”›•‹ŽŽ••—…Šƒ•’”‘„Ž‡•‘Ž˜‹‰ǡ…”‹–‹…ƒŽ–Š‹‹‰ǡ
Ž‹–‡”ƒ…›ǡƒ†…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘•–—†‡–•—……‡••ƒ†ƒ”‡„‡‰‹‹‰–‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”
‹…—””‹…—Žƒƒ…”‘••–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ȋ‹„‘–Šˆ‘”ƒŽƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–•Ž‹‡•…‹‡…‡
…‡–‡”•ǡ—•‡—•ǡƒ†’—„Ž‹…Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ȌǤƒ†‹–•”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†…‘—‹–›
’ƒ”–‡”•ƒ”‡…‘‹––‡†–‘ƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡͚͙•–‡–—”›…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ˆƒ…‹‰‘—”ƒ–‹‘ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ
…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡ǡ†‡…”‡ƒ•‹‰„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ……‡••–‘…Ž‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”ǡ–Š”‡ƒ–•–‘Š—ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠȌ„›
ƒ†˜ƒ…‹‰•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰–Š‡’—„Ž‹…‹Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†
‹•’‹”‹‰›‘—–Š–‘’—”•—‡…ƒ”‡‡”•ǤŠ‡™‘”ˆ‘”…‡‘ˆ–‘‘””‘™”‡“—‹”‡•Š‹‰ŠŽ›
…‘’‡–‡–’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•ƒ†ƒ’—„Ž‹…–Šƒ–‹••—ƥ…‹‡–Ž›Ž‹–‡”ƒ–‡–‘ƒ••‡••–Š‡
…Š‘‹…‡•„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡Ǥ‡›‘†ƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆ–‘†ƒ›ǡƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–‹•ƒ
‹˜‡•–‡–‹–‘‘””‘™ǯ•‹‘˜ƒ–‘”•ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
14
RESEARCH
15 :: Space Science Institute . Annual Report 2014
Left Page :: Š‡Ž‹ơ•‘ˆ‘‡–͟͞ȀŠ—”›—‘˜Ǧ
‡”ƒ•‹‡‘Ǥ”‡†‹–Ƭ‹…‡…‡ȋǦ͛Ǥ͘
Ȍǣǡ
‘•‡––ƒ•’ƒ…‡…”ƒˆ–ǡ
Research Center Updates
͚͙͘͜ǡ™ƒ•Š‘‡–‘–Š”‡‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š…‡–‡”•ǣ‡–‡”ˆ‘”’ƒ…‡Žƒ•ƒŠ›•‹…•
ȋȌǢ‡–‡”ˆ‘”š–”ƒ•‘Žƒ”Žƒ‡–ƒ”››•–‡•ȋȌǢƒ†‡–‡”ˆ‘”ƒ”•‡•‡ƒ”…ŠȋȌǤ
Š‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ‹•–‘…ƒ””›‘—–•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‘—”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰
‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ•’ƒ…‡’Žƒ•ƒ•ǤŠ‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ‹•–‘…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹œ‡
‘–Š‡‡‡†–‘…‘„‹‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡Ƥ‡Ž†•‘ˆ•–—†›‹‘”†‡”–‘…ƒ””›‘—–•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–Šƒ–
…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡•–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ‡š–”ƒ•‘Žƒ”’Žƒ‡–•ƒ†–Š‡•›•–‡•‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡›
ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†ǤŠ‡ˆ‘…—•‘ˆ‹•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡•›‡”‰‹•–‹…•…‹‡…‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•„‡–™‡‡‡š‹•–‹‰
ƒ”••—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ†ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡ơ‘”–•Ǥ
Center for Space Plasma Physics
ȋŠƒ‹”ǡ”Ǥ‘‡‘”‘˜•›ǡ‘•Žƒ‘•ǡƥ…‡ȌǤ
Š‡‡–‡”ˆ‘”’ƒ…‡Žƒ•ƒŠ›•‹…•ȋȌ’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ—„”‡ŽŽƒˆ‘”˜‡”›„”‘ƒ†Ǧƒ†
Ǧ•’‘•‘”‡†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡ơ‘”–•‘’Žƒ•ƒ’Š›•‹…•ƒ†–Š‡’Žƒ•ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡Ž‹‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ
͚͙͘͜ǡ–Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†͛͠’ƒ’‡”•‹”‡ˆ‡”‡‡†Œ‘—”ƒŽ•ǣ͙͜’ƒ’‡”•ƒ•’”‹ƒ”›
ƒ—–Š‘”•ƒ†͚͜’ƒ’‡”•ƒ•…‘–”‹„—–‹‰ƒ—–Š‘”•Ǥ‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•‹’Žƒ•ƒ’Š›•‹…•
‹˜‘Ž˜‡–Š‡•ƒŽŽǦ•…ƒŽ‡’Š›•‹…•‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹…ǦƤ‡Ž†Ž‹‡”‡…‘‡…–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•†—”‹‰”‡…‘‡…–‹‘‡˜‡–•ƒ†–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡‡Ž‡…–”‘ƒ‰‡–‹…•‹‰ƒŽ•
ˆ”‘‰”‘—†Ǧ„ƒ•‡†–”ƒ•‹––‡”•ƒ†‡Ž‡…–”‘•‹•’ƒ…‡Ǥ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•‹‹‘‘•’Š‡”‹…’Š›•‹…•
‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹••‹‰’Š›•‹…•‹‘—”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ…‘Ž†Ǧ‹‘‘—–ƪ‘™•ˆ”‘
–Š‡•—Ž‹‰Š–‹‘‘•’Š‡”‡‹–‘–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•‹ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‹…’Š›•‹…•
‹…Ž—†‡‰ƒ‹‹‰ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡†”‹˜‡”‡…Šƒ‹••–Šƒ–’”‘†—…‡Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡–”ƒ•‹‡–
…—””‡–•‹–Š‡‹‰Š–•‹†‡ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰•›•–‡•Ǧ•…‹‡…‡‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹‡•
ˆ‘”–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•‹•‘Žƒ”Ǧ™‹†’Š›•‹…•‹…Ž—†‡˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ˆ‘”’”‡†‹…–‹‰–Š‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†ƒ–ƒ”–Šƒ†‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
Š‹‰ŠǦˆ”‡“—‡…›’Š›•‹…•‘ˆ–—”„—Ž‡…‡‹–Š‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†Ǥ
…–‘„‡”͚͙͘͜ǡ–™‘‡„‡”•‘ˆ…‘Ǧ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ͝Ǧ†ƒ›‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡‘
Dz‡…Šƒ‹…•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‹…›•–‡ƒ†–•ơ‡…–•‘–Š‡‘Žƒ”‡‰‹‘•dz–Šƒ–™ƒ•
…‘˜‡‡†‹‘””‡•†‡Žƒ‹‡ǡŠ‹Ž‡Ǥ™‘‡„‡”•‘ˆƒ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ƒ—’…‘‹‰͞Ǧ†ƒ›
‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ™‘”•Š‘’‘Dz•‘Ž˜‡†”‘„Ž‡•‹ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‹…Š›•‹…•dz–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ
„‡Š‡Ž†‹…ƒ”„‘”‘—‰Šǡ‰Žƒ†‹‡’–‡„‡”͚͙͘͝Ǥ
16
Center for Extrasolar Planetary Systems
ȋŠƒ‹”ǡ”Ǥ—Ž‹ƒ‡‘•‡•ǡ‡ƒ„”‘‘ǡƥ…‡Ȍ
Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ‡š–”ƒ•‘Žƒ”’Žƒ‡–•ƒ†’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡•‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ•–‡•–
‰”‘™‹‰ƒ†‘•–‡š…‹–‹‰Ƥ‡Ž†•™‹–Š‹ƒ•–”‘‘›ƒ†ƒ•–”‘’Š›•‹…•Ǥ‡…‘‰‹œ‹‰
–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ƒ†–‹‡Ž‹‡••‘ˆ–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†ǡ‹ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‡†–Š‡‡–‡”ˆ‘”š–”ƒ•‘Žƒ”
Žƒ‡–ƒ”››•–‡•ȋȌ‹͚͙͚͘ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•–‹–—–‡ǯ•Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”•–”ƒ–‡‰‹…’ŽƒǤŠ‡
‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•…‡–‡”‹•–‘…ƒ””›‘—–•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…”‡•‡ƒ”…Š–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ‹…”‡ƒ•‡‘—”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰
‘ˆ–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ‡š–”ƒ•‘Žƒ”’Žƒ‡–•ƒ†–Š‡†‹˜‡”•‡•›•–‡•‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡›ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†Ǥ
‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡Ƥ‡Ž†‹•„›ƒ–—”‡—Ž–‹†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ǡ„”‹‰•–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ•–”‘‘‡”•ǡ’Š›•‹…‹•–•ǡ
ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…•…‹‡–‹•–•ǡƒ†’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›•…‹‡–‹•–•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒˆ‘”—ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š…Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ‹†‡ƒ•
ƒ†‡š’‡”–‹•‡Ǥ—””‡–”‡•‡ƒ”…Šˆ‘…—•ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘”‹…Ž—†‡•–—†‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•
‘ˆ’Žƒ‡–ǦŠ‘•–‹‰•–ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡…Š‡‹•–”›ƒ†’Š›•‹…•‘ˆ‡š‘’Žƒ‡–ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡•ǡ–Š‡‹ƪ—‡…‡
‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘•–•–ƒ”‘–Š‡’Žƒ‡–ƒ†Ȁ‘”•›•–‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ
’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡•‹‰ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•”‡ƪ‡…–‡†‹†‡„”‹•†‹••Ǥ
Above :: ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘”‡†‹–ǣ‡•ȀȀǤ‘™‡Ǥ
Right Page Top :: ƒ’–‹‘ǣǯ•ƒ”•š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡”’’‘”–—‹–›ƒ…“—‹”‡†–Š‹•–™‘Ǧˆ”ƒ‡ˆƒŽ•‡…‘Ž‘”‘•ƒ‹…ˆ”‘
–Š‡”‹‘ˆƒ”•ǯ•†‡ƒ˜‘—””ƒ–‡”Ž‘‘‹‰‹–‘–Š‡ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡†—„„‡†Dzƒ”ƒ–Š‘ƒŽŽ‡›dz„›–Š‡•…‹‡…‡–‡ƒȋ™Š‹…Š
‹…Ž—†‡••‡˜‡”ƒŽ•…‹‡–‹•–•ȌǤ”„‹–ƒŽŠ›’‡”•’‡…–”ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒŠƒ•‹†‹…ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ”ƒ–Š‘ƒŽŽ‡›Š‘•–•‡š’‘•—”‡•‘ˆ…Žƒ›
‹‡”ƒŽ•–Šƒ–™‡”‡ˆ‘”‡†‹–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆƒ„—†ƒ–™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ”ƒ–Š‘ƒŽŽ‡›”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ‡š…‹–‹‰
‡™•–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’’‘”–—‹–›ǯ•‹••‹‘ǡ‘™‹‹–•͙͙–Š›‡ƒ”Ǥ”‡†‹–ǣȀǦƒŽ–‡…Š
͚͙͘͜ǡ–Š‡–™‡Ž˜‡‡„‡”•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘”‡–Šƒ͘͟”‡ˆ‡”‡‡†•…‹‡–‹Ƥ…ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ǡ
‹…Ž—†‹‰’ƒ’‡”•‘ƒ•–‡”‘•‡‹•‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‡†ƒƒŽ›•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’Š›•‹…ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•
‘ˆ‡’Ž‡”•–ƒ”•ǡ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”‘–‘’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›†‹••ǡ
–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ…Š‡‹…ƒŽ’”‘…‡••‡•ƒơ‡…–‹‰‡š‘’Žƒ‡–ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…
…‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǡƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹…’Žƒ‹‰ˆ‘”‡š–”ƒ•‘Žƒ”’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Šˆ—–—”‡
‹••‹‘••—…Šƒ•–Š‡ƒ‡•‡„„’ƒ…‡‡Ž‡•…‘’‡ƒ†͚Ǥ͘Ǥ͚͙͘͜ǡƒŽ•‘…”‡ƒ–‡†
ƒ‡„•‹–‡ȋŠ––’ǣȀȀ…‡’•Ǥ•’ƒ…‡•…‹‡…‡Ǥ‘”‰ȀŠ‘‡ǤŠ–ŽȌǡƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡–Š”‘—‰Šǯ•ƒ‹’ƒ‰‡ǡ–‘
Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š„‡‹‰†‘‡„›…‡–‡”‡„‡”•ƒ†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ‹–‡”ˆƒ…‡™‹–Š–Š‡’—„Ž‹…
ƒ†‘–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•‹–Š‡‡š‘’Žƒ‡–Ƥ‡Ž†ǤŠ”‘—‰Š‘—–͚͙͘͜ǡ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‡„‡”•
Šƒ˜‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡††ƒ–ƒˆ”‘•’ƒ…‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ†‰”‘—†Ǧ„ƒ•‡†–‡Ž‡•…‘’‡•ǡ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ
‘†‡Ž‹‰…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ™”‹––‡Œ‘—”ƒŽƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ǡ’”‡•‡–‡†…‘ˆ‡”‡…‡–ƒŽ•ǡƒ†•—„‹––‡†
’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•–‘ǡǡƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘–Š‡”ˆ—†‹‰ƒ‰‡…‹‡•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‘”‹‡•Ǥ
—…Šƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•™‹ŽŽ…‘–‹—‡‹–Š‡…‘‹‰›‡ƒ”•ƒ•‡„‡”••‡‡–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”‘—”
—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƒœ‹‰†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›•›•–‡•„‡›‘†‘—”•‘Žƒ”‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†Ǥ
Center for Mars Research
ȋŠƒ‹”ǡ”Ǥ‹ŽŽƒ””ƒ†ǡ‘—Ž†‡”ǡƥ…‡Ȍ
Š‡‡–‡”ˆ‘”ƒ”•…‹‡…‡…‘–‹—‡•–‘•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒˆ‘…ƒŽ’‘‹–ˆ‘””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•
‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹ƒ”••–—†‹‡•ǤŠ‡…‡–‡”Šƒ•’‡”‹‘†‹…Dz‘—”ƒŽŽ—„dz–‡Ž‡…‘•™Š‡”‡
…‡–‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”••Šƒ”‡ƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”™‘”ǤŠ‡…‡–‡”‹•ƒŽ•‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹‘—–”‡ƒ…Š
ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ‡–‡”†‹”‡…–‘””Ǥ‹ŽŽƒ””ƒ†ƒ†ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡””Ǥ‹‡‘Žơ™‹ŽŽ„‡
’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡‡˜‡”—•‡—‘ˆƒ–—”‡ƒ†…‹‡…‡Dz’ƒ…‡ƒ›dz…‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ƒ›͙͛
‹͚͙͘͝Ǥ”Ǥƒ””ƒ†™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘„‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ƒ”••…‹‡…‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š”‡•—Ž–•–‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹…
„›„‡‹‰ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆƒ•’ƒ…‡•…‹‡…‡’ƒ‡Žƒ––Š‡‡˜‡”‘‹…‘‹Žƒ–‡ƒ›͚͙͘͝Ǥ
18
2014 Research Highlights
The Search for Baby Solar Systems
ȋ”Ǥ‹…Šƒ‡Ž‹–‘Ǣ‹…‹ƒ–‹ǡƥ…‡Ȍ
—”‹‰–Š‡’ƒ•––™‘†‡…ƒ†‡•ǡ—‡”‘—•’Žƒ‡–•‘”„‹–‹‰‘–Š‡”
•–ƒ”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‡–‡…–‡†—•‹‰ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ–‡…Š‹“—‡•ǣ†‹”‡…–
‹ƒ‰‹‰ǡ”ƒ†‹ƒŽ˜‡Ž‘…‹–›‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ǡƒ†–”ƒ•‹–•Ǥ‡‘ˆ
–Š‡•—”’”‹•‹‰”‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡•‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”
‘ˆ•›•–‡•–Šƒ–†‘‘–”‡•‡„Ž‡‘—”‘™‘Žƒ”›•–‡ǤŠ‡•‡
‹…Ž—†‡•›•–‡•™‹–Š—’‹–‡”ǦŽ‹‡’Žƒ‡–•—…Š…Ž‘•‡”–‘–Š‡‹”
Š‘•–•–ƒ”•–Šƒ™‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‡š’‡…–‡†ǡƒ†’Žƒ‡–•‘Š‹‰Š
‹…Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡˜‡”‡–”‘‰”ƒ†‡ǡ‘”„‹–•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡”‡ƒ›„‡
Ž‹––Ž‡Ǧ—†‡”•–‘‘†’”‘…‡••‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•—…Š’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›Ǧ
•›•–‡ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”‡•ǡ‘•–ƒ•–”‘‘‡”•ƒ”‡„‡––‹‰–Šƒ–’Žƒ‡–
‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‡…Šƒ‹••’Žƒ›ƒ•‹‰‹Ƥ…ƒ–ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•†‘‹ƒ–ǡ
”‘Ž‡Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡…Šƒ‹••‹•’”‘–‘’Žƒ‡–Ǧ†‹•‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡†”ƒ‰‘–Š‡
’Žƒ‡–ƒ•‹–•™‡‡’•—’ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ”‘‹–•„‹”–Š†‹•…ƒ—•‡•‹–•‘”„‹––‘•Š”‹‹†‹ƒ‡–‡”Ǥ
Š‡‘–Š‡”‡…Šƒ‹•‹•’Žƒ‡–Ǧ’Žƒ‡–ƒ†’Žƒ‡–Ǧ†‡„”‹•‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ǡ™Š‡”‡’Žƒ‡–•
‹–‡”ƒ…–‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š‘–Š‡”’Žƒ‡–•ƒ†„‡Ž–•‘ˆ—ƒ••‡„Ž‡†„‘†‹‡•ȋ–Š‡Dz‹…‡
‘†‡Ždzƒ†Dz
”ƒ†ƒ…dzŠ›’‘–Š‡•‹•ȌǤ
‡‹‘”‡•‡ƒ”…Š…‹‡–‹•–”Ǥ‹…Šƒ‡Ž‹–‘ȋ‹…‹ƒ–‹ǡƥ…‡ȌŠƒ•„‡‡
™‘”‹‰™‹–Šƒ—„‡”‘ˆ–‡ƒ•‘ˆƒ•–”‘‘‡”•‹‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰•‹‰’‘•–•‘ˆ’Žƒ‡–
ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”ǡ†‹••‘ˆ‰ƒ•ƒ††—•–‘”„‹–‹‰•–ƒ”•ƒ––Š‡–‹‡™Š‡’Žƒ‡–•
ƒ”‡Ž‹‡Ž›ˆ‘”‹‰ƒ›’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ„‡––‡”’‹…–—”‡‘ˆ™Š‡”‡–Š‡’Žƒ‡–•™‡”‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›
„‘”ǡ‘–™Š‡”‡–Š‡›ƤƒŽŽ›‡†‡†—’Ǥˆ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”‹–‡”‡•–ƒ”‡–Š‡Dz–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒŽ†‹••ǡdz
™Š‡”‡‡˜‹†‡…‡‘ˆ†‹•…Ž‡ƒ”‹‰•—‰‰‡•–•–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›Ǧƒ••‘„Œ‡…–•Ǥ
•ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ–‡‰‹…š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆš‘’Žƒ‡–•ƒ†‹••™‹–Š—„ƒ”—
ȋȌ…‘•‘”–‹—ǡ‹‡Šƒ•„‡‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡†‹••—•‹‰
–Š‡‹ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡‘’–‹…•…‘”‘ƒ‰”ƒ’Š•›•–‡‘–Š‡—„ƒ”—–‡Ž‡•…‘’‡‹ƒ™ƒ‹ǯ‹Ǥ
‘‰–Š‡†‹•…‘˜‡”‹‡•Šƒ•ƒ†‡‹•–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆ•’‹”ƒŽƒ”•‡ƒ”’Žƒ‡–Ǧ
‹†—…‡†‰ƒ’•‘ˆ•‘‡†‹••ȋ•‡‡‹‰—”‡͙Ȍǡ•–”‘‰Ž›•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆ—’‹–‡”Ǧ
19 :: Space Science Institute . Annual Report 2014
ƒ••‘„Œ‡…–•‹–Š‡‰ƒ’Ǥ‡‹•
ƒŽ•‘™‘”‹‰™‹–Š‘–Š‡”‰”‘—’•
—•‹‰–Š‡‡”›ƒ”‰‡‡Ž‡•…‘’‡
–‡”ˆ‡”‘‡–‡”ȋȌǡ™Š‹…Š
Ž‹•—’–‘ˆ‘—”–‡Ž‡•…‘’‡•
–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘’”‘˜‹†‡•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ
”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ•ƒŽŽ‡•–
†‹•…‡”‹„Ž‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‹ƒ‹ƒ‰‡Ȍ
that are much greater than
™Šƒ–•‹‰Ž‡Ǧ‹””‘”–‡Ž‡•…‘’‡•
…ƒƒ…Š‹‡˜‡Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡ǡ
‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘†‡–‡…–†‹•
•–”—…–—”‡•…‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡
•‹œ‡‘ˆ‡”…—”›ǯ•‘”„‹–ƒ”‘—†
–Š‡•—Ǥ
–Š‡‡š–›‡ƒ”ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––Š”‡‡‘”‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‹ƒ‰‹‰•›•–‡•ȋšǡ
ǡƒ†Ȍ
‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•–‡Ž‡•…‘’‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡‹–”‘†—…‡†ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰‹‡ƒ†Š‹•…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”•–‘‹ƒ‰‡‡˜‡
†‡‡’‡”‹–‘–Š‡’Žƒ‡–Ǧˆ‘”‹‰”‡‰‹‘•™Š‡”‡–Š‡•’‹”ƒŽƒ”•Ž‹‡Ž›‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡Ǥ™‘‡™
‹–‡”ˆ‡”‘‡–‡”‹•–”—‡–•ȋ
ƒ†Ȍ‘–Š‡™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ‘”‡
…‘’Ž‡–‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆ’Žƒ‡–Ǧ‹†—…‡††‹••–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ
’”‘˜‹†‡‘—”‘•–†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†˜‹‡™›‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡”™‘”‹‰•‘ˆ„ƒ„›•‘Žƒ”•›•–‡•Ǥ
Extensive Mineral Deposits From Springs on Mars
ȋ”Ǥ‘•Š—ƒƒ†Ƥ‡Ž†Ǣ‘‹•‡ǡƥ…‡Ȍ
‡‹‘”‡•‡ƒ”…Š…‹‡–‹•–”Ǥ‘•Š—ƒƒ†Ƥ‡Ž†‹•™‘”‹‰™‹–Š†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘–Š‡͚͙͘͘ƒ”•
†›••‡›ƒ†ƒ”•‡…‘ƒ‹••ƒ…‡”„‹–‡”•’ƒ…‡…”ƒˆ–•’‡…–”‘‡–‡”•ƒ†–Š‡”ƒŽ‹ƒ‰‹‰
‹•–”—‡–•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‘ƒ”•ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡’ƒ•–ƒ†’”‡•‡–
‘……—””‡…‡‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†™ƒ–‡”‘ƒ”•‹•™‡ŽŽ‘™ǡ–Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ•’ƒ…‡…”ƒˆ–
‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ƒŽŽ‘™—•–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‘”‡ƒ„‘—–•’‡…‹Ƥ……‘†‹–‹‘•‘……—””‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ”–‹ƒ
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒ”‡…”—…‹ƒŽ‹‘”†‡”–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†
–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡‘ƒ”•Ǥ
Above :: ’‹”ƒŽƒ”•‹–Š‡†‹•ƒ”‘—†͚͚͘͜͞͞ǡƒ›‘—‰•–ƒ”‹
–Š‡…‘•–‡ŽŽƒ–‹‘—’—•Ǥƒ‰‡”‡†‹–ǣȀ—„ƒ”—
20
‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ˆ”‘–Š‡–™‘‘”„‹–‡”••Š‘™‡˜‹†‡…‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡
‘ˆŠ‹‰Š•‹Ž‹…ƒ†‡’‘•‹–•‘ƒ”•ƒ…”‘••–™‘”‡‰‹‘•ǤŠ‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ”‡†
•’‡…–”‘•…‘’‹…‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ˆ”‘–Š‡Š‡”ƒŽ‹••‹‘ƒ‰‹‰
›•–‡ȋȌ™‡”‡—•‡†–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›•—”ˆƒ…‡•…‘’‘•‡†‘ˆ—’–‘
͘͠ά•‹Ž‹…ƒ‰Žƒ••Ǥ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰‡ƒ”Ǧ‹ˆ”ƒ”‡†™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š•’‡…–”ƒˆ”‘
–Š‡‘’ƒ…–‡…‘ƒ‹••ƒ…‡ƒ‰‹‰’‡…–”‘‡–‡”ˆ‘”ƒ”•ȋȌ•Š‘™
–Šƒ––Š‡•‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡Š›†”ƒ–‡†ǡ‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡›’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘Ž‹“—‹†
™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡•‡Š‹‰Š•‹Ž‹…ƒ†‡’‘•‹–•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‹„‘–Š™‡•–‡”‡ŽŽƒ•
se
, ID
Oƥ
ce
ƒ•‹ƒ†‹Ž‘•›”–‹•‡•ƒ‡‡ƒ”–Š‡„ƒ•‡‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡–‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…
„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‡ƒ”„›‡˜‹†‡…‡ˆ‘”•–”‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”
‡”‘•‹‘‹Š‹‰ŠǦ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‹ƒ‰‡•Ǥ
Dr. Joshua Ba
B
d;
l
e
n dƤ
oi
ƒ”‰‡ƒ‘—–•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”™‡”‡Ž‹‡Ž›‡‡†‡†–‘’”‘†—…‡–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡
…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ•‹Ž‹…ƒ’”‡•‡–Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡Ž‹“—‹†™ƒ–‡”™ƒ•
‘–ƒ”‘—†Ž‘‰‡‘—‰Šˆ‘”–Š‡•‹Ž‹…ƒ–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹–‘‘’ƒŽ
‘”“—ƒ”–œȋƒ•’‘–ƒ‡‘—•’”‘…‡••™Š‡Ž‹“—‹†™ƒ–‡”‹•’”‡•‡–
ˆ‘”Ž‘‰’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆ–‹‡ȌǤŠ‡‘……—””‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡’‘•‹–•‡ƒ”
–‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…„‘—†ƒ”‹‡••—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”•’”‹‰•ƒ›
„‡–Š‡•‘—”…‡‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”Ǥ–‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–ƒ••‹Ž‹…ƒǦ•ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†
‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”‡‡”‰‡†ˆ”‘•’”‹‰•ǡ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”‡‹–Š‡”ˆ”‘œ‡‘”
‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‡†ǡ’”‡…‹’‹–ƒ–‹‰–Š‡•‹Ž‹…ƒ‘—–‘ˆ•‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡Š‹‰Š•‹Ž‹…ƒ†‡’‘•‹–•ƒ›’”‘˜‹†‡
ƒ’‹…–—”‡‘ˆƒ”–‹ƒ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”ƒ†
Š‘™‹–‹–‡”ƒ…–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’Žƒ‡–ǯ•…”—•–
–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–ƒ”–‹ƒŠ‹•–‘”›ǤŠ‡•‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•
’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘•ƒ’Ž‡†‡’‘•‹–•
–Šƒ–”‡…‘”†…‘†‹–‹‘•’”‡•‡–‹ƒ
‘–Š‡”™‹•‡‹ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡•—„•—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ†ƒ›
Š‘Ž†‹’‘”–ƒ–…Ž—‡•ƒ„‘—––Š‡ƒ”–‹ƒ
™ƒ–‡”…›…Ž‡ǤŠ‡–™‘”‡‰‹‘•”‡’”‡•‡–
•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‡š–‡•‹˜‡ƒ“—‡‘—•
‹‡”ƒŽ†‡’‘•‹–•‘ƒ”•ƒ†”‡…‘”†ƒ
‹’‘”–ƒ–…Šƒ’–‡”‹ƒ”–‹ƒŠ‹•–‘”›Ǥ
21 :: Space Science Institute . Annual Report 2014
Simulating Convection in Stellar Interiors
ȋ”Ǥ‡‰‡””ƒ’‡†ƒ…ŠǢ‘—Ž†‡”ǡƥ…‡Ȍ
‡”‰›‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡…‘”‡‘ˆƒ•–ƒ”„›ˆ—•‹‘
–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†–‘–Š‡•–‡ŽŽƒ”•—”ˆƒ…‡˜‹ƒ–™‘’”‘…‡••‡•ǣ
”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…‘˜‡…–‹‘Ǥˆ–Š‡–™‘ǡ…‘˜‡…–‹‘
is
‹•–Š‡‘•–†‹ƥ…—Ž––‘†‡•…”‹„‡ƒ†‘†‡Ž
†—‡–‘‹–•–—”„—Ž‡–ƒ–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ›
•’ƒ–‹ƒŽȋŠ—ƒǦ•‹œ‡†–‘‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•–‡ŽŽƒ”•‹œ‡†Ȍ
ƒ†–‡’‘”ƒŽȋ‹—–‡•–‘…‡–—”‹‡•Ȍ•…ƒŽ‡•
‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡…—””‡–Ž›–™‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•
–‘‘†‡Ž‹‰•–‡ŽŽƒ”…‘˜‡…–‹‘ǣ•‹’Ž‡
ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡—•‡†‹•–‡ŽŽƒ”
‘†‡Ž‹‰„—–”‡Ž›‘ˆ”‡‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•Ǣ‘”ˆ—ŽŽ
͛ǦŠ›†”‘†›ƒ‹…ƒŽ…‘’—–‡”•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•
–Šƒ–†‡•…”‹„‡…‘˜‡…–‹‘ˆ”‘„ƒ•‹…ǡƤ”•–
’”‹…‹’Ž‡•’Š›•‹…•„—–ƒ”‡ˆƒ”–‘‘…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›
‡š’‡•‹˜‡–‘‡’Ž‘›‹•–‡ŽŽƒ”‘†‡Ž•Ǥ
‡•‡ƒ”…Š…‹‡–‹•–”Ǥ‡‰‡””ƒ’‡†ƒ…ŠŠƒ•„”‹†‰‡†–Š‡•‡–™‘‡š–”‡‡•„›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰
ƒ‰”‹†‘ˆ͛Ǧ…‘’—–‡”•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ…‘˜‡…–‹˜‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡•–‘…ƒŽ‹„”ƒ–‡ƒ“—ƒ–‹–›
…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡‹š‹‰ǦŽ‡‰–Šˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…‘˜‡…–‹‘ȋȌǡ™Š‹…Š…ƒ„‡†‡•…”‹„‡†™‹–Šƒ
•‹‰Ž‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”ǡȽǤ”Ǥ”ƒ’‡†ƒ…Šǯ•…ƒŽ‹„”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆȽ‰‹˜‡•—•‡ˆ—Ž
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡ƒ••‡•ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆƒ‹‡“—‡…‡ȋŠ›†”‘‰‡Ǧ„—”‹‰Ȍ•–ƒ”•Ǥ
‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡Ƚ˜ƒŽ—‡•’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ƒ”‘—†•–ƒ”•™Š‘•‡ƒ••‡•ƒ”‡…Ž‘•‡–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ‘—”‘™
—ǡȽ‹…”‡ƒ•‡•–‘™ƒ”†•…‘‘Ž‡”ǡŽ‡••ƒ••‹˜‡•–ƒ”•ǡƒ†Ƚ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•–‘™ƒ”†•Š‘––‡”ǡ‘”‡
ƒ••‹˜‡•–ƒ”•Ǥ––Š‡‡†‘ˆƒ•–ƒ”ǯ•Ž‹ˆ‡™Š‡‹–Šƒ•—•‡†—’‹–•…‘”‡Š›†”‘‰‡•—’’Ž›ƒ†
Left Page :: ›†”ƒ–‡†•‹Ž‹…ƒǦ„‡ƒ”‹‰•—”ˆƒ…‡ȋ™Š‹–‡ƒ””‘™•Ȁ‘—–Ž‹‡•ȌŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘•‹ƒ”•ǯ™‡•–‡”‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ•‹ǤŠ‡
„ƒ…‰”‘—†‹ƒ‰‡‹•‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ȋ…‘Ž‘”Ȍ‘˜‡”–Š‡†ƒ›–‹‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹ƒ‰‡‘•ƒ‹…ȋ•Šƒ†‹‰ȌǤŠ‡‹•‡–‰Ž‘„ƒŽ
‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ’Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•–Š‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™‡•–‡”‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ•‹Ǥ”‡†‹–ǣǤƒ†Ƥ‡Ž†ȀǢȀȀ
ȋ‹•‡–ȌǤ
Above :: Illustration of the many scales spanned by convection in the Sun, with a surface simulation shown in the
‡š’ƒ†‡†•“—ƒ”‡ȋ‘”†Ž—†Ƭ–‡‹͚͙͘͘ȌǤŠ‡—…Ž‡ƒ”ˆ—”ƒ…‡‹•ƒ––Š‡ȋ„Žƒ…Ȍ…‡–‡”ǡƒ†–Šƒ–‡‡”‰›‹•–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†
by photons in the (red) interior, and by convection in the outer third of the Sun.
22
‡˜‘Ž˜‡†‘ơ–Š‡ƒ‹•‡“—‡…‡–‘„‡…‘‡ƒ‡†
‹ƒ–ǡȽǦǦǦ•—”’”‹•‹‰Ž›ǦǦǦ
”‡ƒ‹•…‘•–ƒ–ǡƒ††‡’‡†•‘Ž›‘–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ”Ǥ…‹†‡–ƒŽŽ›ǡ•‘Žƒ”
‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹•™‡ŽŽ†‡•…”‹„‡†„›ƒ•‹‰Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘”Ƚȋ‡š…‡’–ˆ‘”‹–Š‡’”‡Ǧƒ‹
•‡“—‡…‡…‘–”ƒ…–‹‘•–ƒ‰‡ȌǤ
–‡ŽŽƒ”•—”ˆƒ…‡Žƒ›‡”•ƒ”‡…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‡š’‡•‹˜‡
–‘‘†‡Ž„‡…ƒ—•‡•‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹…•‘ˆ
–Š‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹˜‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‡“—ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–†‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡
ƥ
ce
ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘ǡ‡‹••‹‘ǡƒ†•…ƒ––‡”‹‰‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–”ƒ›•
™‹–Š‹ƒ†„‡–™‡‡–Š‘•‡Žƒ›‡”•—•–„‡†‘‡
ˆ‘””‘—‰ŠŽ›͙͘͘ǡ͘͘͘™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š•ǤŠ‡‡•…ƒ’‹‰
’Š‘–‘•ƒ”‡•—„Œ‡…–‡†–‘Š—†”‡†•‘ˆƒ„•‘”’–‹‘
’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ•’‡…–”ƒŽŽ‹‡•Ǥ‘†‡Ž•
‘ˆ•–‡ŽŽƒ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘–Š‹•‹•‡ƒ”Ž›‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡƒ†
‹•–‡ƒ†–Š‡…‘’Ž‡šƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†—•‹‰
O
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋȌƒ•ƒˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆ‘’–‹…ƒŽ†‡’–ŠǡɒǤ”Ǥ
Dr
O
C
.R
,
r
e
egn
”ƒ’‡†ƒ…ŠŠƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ‡™ƒ†…‘•‹•–‡–
uld
er Tra
mpedach; Bo
ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Š‘™–‘…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡–Š‡•‡•‘Ǧ…ƒŽŽ‡†ȋɒȌ
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹……ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†Š‘™–‘•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›
‹’Ž‡‡––Š‡‹•–‡ŽŽƒ”•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘†‡Ž•ǤŠ‹•‡™ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘™‘”•ˆ‘”
„‘–Š•‹’Ž‡͙Ǧƒ†…‘’Ž‡š͛Ǧ•–‡ŽŽƒ”
ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡•ǡƒ†‹•ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Ƚ
…ƒŽ‹„”ƒ–‹‘†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ
”Ǥ”ƒ’‡†ƒ…Š—•‡•ƒ‰”‹†‘ˆ•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•
–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”ƒ
‹–‡”‡•–‹‰•—„Ƥ‡Ž†‘ˆƒ•–”‘‘›…ƒŽŽ‡†
ƒ•–‡”‘•‡‹•‘Ž‘‰›ǡ™Š‹…Š•–—†‹‡•–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ
•–”—…–—”‡‘ˆ’—Ž•ƒ–‹‰•–ƒ”•Ǥ”Ǥ”ƒ’‡†ƒ…Šǯ•
–‡…Š‹“—‡•’”‘˜‹†‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–†‡•…”‹„‡
–Š‡‡š…‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ††ƒ’‹‰‘ˆ•‘—†™ƒ˜‡•ǡ
–Š‡…‘˜‡…–‹˜‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡
ȋ™Š‹…Š‡š’ƒ†•–Š‡ƒ…‘—•–‹……ƒ˜‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡
•‘—†™ƒ˜‡•ƒ†•Š‹ˆ–•–Š‡‹”ˆ”‡“—‡…‹‡•Ȍǡƒ•
™‡ŽŽƒ•Š‘™–Š‡•‘—†•’‡‡†‹•ƒơ‡…–‡†„›–Š‡
23 :: Space Science Institute . Annual Report 2014
Left Page:: Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒŽ‹„”ƒ–‡†‹š‹‰ǦŽ‡‰–Š’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”ǡȽǡ•Š‘™‹…‘Ž‘”ƒ•ƒˆ—…–‹‘‘ˆ
ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ȋ”ƒ’‡†ƒ…Š‡–ƒŽǤ͚͙͘͜ǡ‘–ŠŽ›‘–‹…‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘›ƒŽ•–”‘‘‹…ƒŽ‘…‹‡–›ǡ˜‘ŽǤ
͜͜͝ǡ‹••Ǥ͜ǡ’Ǥ͛͜͞͞Ǧ͛͜͜͠ǡ†‘‹ǣ͙͘Ǥ͙͛͘͡Ȁ”ƒ•Ȁ•–—͚͘͜͠ȌǤ•–‡”‹•••Š‘™–Š‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡͛Ǧ•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ
™‹–Š–Š‡•‘Žƒ”‘‡ƒ”‡†„›䚪Ǥ‘Ž‹†„”‘™Ž‹‡••Š‘™‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”›–”ƒ…•‘ˆ•–‡ŽŽƒ”‘†‡Ž•™‹–Š–Š‡
‹†‹…ƒ–‡†ƒ••‡•ˆ”‘͘Ǥ͞–‘͜Ǥ͝䚪ǡƒ†–Š‡†ƒ•Š‡†•‡‰‡–••Š‘™–Š‡’”‡Ǧƒ‹•‡“—‡…‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
–—”„—Ž‡…‡…ƒ—•‡†„›…‘˜‡…–‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘•‰”‡ƒ–Ž›‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆƒ•–‡”‘•‡‹•‘Ž‘‰›‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘ǯ••’ƒ…‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‘”›‡’Ž‡”ƒ†–Š‡
”‡…Š’ƒ…‡‰‡…›‹••‹‘‘‘ȋ˜‡…–‹‘–ƒ–‹‘‡–”ƒ•‹–•’Žƒ±–ƒ‹”‡•ȌǤ’”‹ƒ”›
ƒ‹‘ˆ”Ǥ”ƒ’‡†ƒ…Šǯ•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•–‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘’”‡†‹…––Š‡•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ˆ”‡“—‡…›†‹ơ‡”‡…‡•
™‡•‡‡„‡–™‡‡‘†‡Ž•ƒ†‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†–Šƒ–™‡‘™ƒ”‹•‡ˆ”‘‘†‡Ž†‡Ƥ…‹‡…‹‡•‹
–Š‡•–‡ŽŽƒ”•—”ˆƒ…‡Žƒ›‡”•ǤŽƒ••‹…‘„•‡”˜ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•’Š‘–‘‡–”‹……‘Ž‘”•ƒ†Ž‹„†ƒ”‡‹‰ǡ
ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†Ǥ
”Ǥ”ƒ’‡†ƒ…Š‹•’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ™Š‘Ž‡‡™‰”‹†‘ˆ•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹…Š
™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡†‡’‡†‡…‡‘…Š‡‹…ƒŽ…‘’‘•‹–‹‘ȋ‡–ƒŽŽ‹…‹–›ȌǤŠ‹•‰”‹†™‹ŽŽ‹…Ž—†‡
–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–•‘Žƒ”‡Ž‡‡–ƒŽƒ„—†ƒ…‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡•Ǣ‡™…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡
ƒ–‘‹…’Š›•‹…•Ǣƒ†ƒ‹’”‘˜‡†”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹˜‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‡–Š‘†ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Šƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‘–Š‡”
‹’”‘˜‡‡–•ǤŠ‹•‰”‹†™‹ŽŽ•’ƒˆ—”–Š‡”‹„‘–Š‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†•—”ˆƒ…‡‰”ƒ˜‹–›
ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•–‘‘•–‘ˆ•–‡ŽŽƒ”‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ•–”‘‘›Ǥ
Large Scale Plasma Simulations to Advance
Understanding of Sun-Earth Connection
ȋ”Ǥƒ†‹‘›–‡”•Š–‡›Ǣ–Žƒ–ƒǡ
ƥ…‡Ȍ
ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘…‡••‡•–Šƒ–•Šƒ’‡ȋ„‘–ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒ†
Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ȍƒ”–Šǯ••’ƒ…‡‡˜‹”‘‡–„‡Ž‘‰–‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ
‘ˆ’Žƒ•ƒ’Š›•‹…•Ǥ†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡•‡’”‘…‡••‡•‹•…”—…‹ƒŽ
ˆ‘”‘—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‘†‡Žƒ†’”‡†‹…––Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆƒ”–Šǯ•
ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•„‡…‘‹‰ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›‹’‘”–ƒ–Ƥ‡Ž†
‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š†—‡–‘–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹’ƒ…–‘ˆƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‹…‡˜‡–•‘
’‘™‡”‰”‹†•ǡ–‡Ž‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‡˜‡Š—ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•
”Ǥƒ†‹‘›–‡”•Š–‡›ƒ†”Ǥ—”‹‡Ž…Š‡‘ȋȂƒ‹‡‰‘ǡȌƒ”‡—•‹‰•–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡Ǧ
ƒ”–…‘’—–‡”•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•–‘Š‡Ž’ƒ†˜ƒ…‡–Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ•‹…’Š›•‹…•‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹…
”‡…‘‡…–‹‘ƒ†’Žƒ•ƒ–—”„—Ž‡…‡‹ƒ”–Šǯ•ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ
‘–”ƒ”‹Ƥ‡†’Žƒ•ƒ••—…Šƒ•–Š‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†‘ˆ–‡„‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ••—’‡”…‘†—…–‘”•ǡ•—…Š–Šƒ–
–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹…Ƥ‡Ž†‹•…‘•–”ƒ‹‡†–‘‘˜‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š–Š‡’Žƒ•ƒǤŠ‹••‡‡‹‰Ž›•‹’Ž‡
24
…‘•–”ƒ‹–ƒ›Ž‡ƒ†–‘•‹‰‹Ƥ…ƒ–„—‹Ž†Ǧ—’‘ˆ‡‡”‰›‹–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹…Ƥ‡Ž†
•—””‘—†‹‰ƒ”–Šƒ†–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡‘ˆƒ””‘™•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•ȋ…ƒŽŽ‡†
…—””‡–•Š‡‡–•Ȍ™Š‡”‡–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹…Ƥ‡Ž†‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ›•–”‡••‡†Ǥ‹…”‘•…‘’‹…
†‹••‹’ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••‡•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”•ƒŽŽ‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡‡Ž•‡ǡ„‡…‘‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‹•‹†‡
–Š‡…—””‡–•Š‡‡–•ƒ†ƒ›Ž‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡‹”„”‡ƒ—’ƒ†ƒƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†‰Ž‘„ƒŽ”‡Žƒšƒ–‹‘
–Šƒ–‹•‘ˆ–‡ƒ……‘’ƒ‹‡†„›ƒ”ƒ’‹†”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ……——Žƒ–‡†ƒ‰‡–‹…‡‡”‰›ǡ‘™ƒ•
Dzƒ‰‡–‹…”‡…‘‡…–‹‘Ǥdzƒ‰‡–‹…”‡…‘‡…–‹‘‹•„‡Š‹†•—…Š•’‡…–ƒ…—Žƒ”’Š‡‘‡ƒƒ•
•‘Žƒ”ƪƒ”‡•ƒ†ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‹…•—„•–‘”•Ǥ‡…‘‡…–‹‘ƒ›ƒŽ•‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡‹ƒ‘”‡•–‡ƒ†›
ˆƒ•Š‹‘ƒ†‹•–Š‘—‰Š––‘„‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰‡…Šƒ‹•ˆ‘”•‘Žƒ”™‹†‡‡”‰›ƒ†’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡‡–”›
‹–‘ƒ”–Šǯ•ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ
‡…‡–Ž›ǡ‹–Šƒ•„‡‡•Š‘™–Šƒ–ƒ‰‡–‹…”‡…‘‡…–‹‘‹•‹Š‡”‡–Ž›Ž‹‡†–‘’Žƒ•ƒ
–—”„—Ž‡…‡Ǥ†‡‡†ǡŽƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡…—””‡–•Š‡‡–•—†‡”‰‘‹‰”‡…‘‡…–‹‘–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›†‡˜‡Ž‘’
–—”„—Ž‡…‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡’”‡Ǧ‡š‹•–‹‰’Žƒ•ƒ–—”„—Ž‡…‡–™‹•–•ƒ†•–”‡–…Š‡•–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹…Ƥ‡Ž†—–‹Ž
…—””‡–•Š‡‡–•ƒ’’‡ƒ”Ǥ…‘‘–Š‡‡‹–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•‘ˆ„‘–Šƒ‰‡–‹…”‡…‘‡…–‹‘
ƒ†–—”„—Ž‡…‡‹•–Š‡…‘—’Ž‹‰„‡–™‡‡Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡†›ƒ‹…•ƒ†‹…”‘•…‘’‹…†‹••‹’ƒ–‹‘
’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ•’ƒ…‡’Žƒ•ƒ•ǡƒ……—”ƒ–‡†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ––‡””‡“—‹”‡•‹‡–‹…‘†‡Ž•–Šƒ–
–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—––Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ…Šƒ”‰‡†’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ȋ’”‘–‘•ǡ‡Ž‡…–”‘•ǡ
ƒ†•‘ˆ‘”–ŠȌƒ†–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘ƒ‰‡–‹…Ƥ‡Ž†ǤŠ‡Š—‰‡†‹ơ‡”‡…‡‹•…ƒŽ‡ǦŽ‡‰–Š•„‡–™‡‡
–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•›•–‡ȋ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆƒ”–Šǯ•ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ”‘—†͙͘͘ǡ͘͘͘Ȍ
ƒ†–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹…”‘•…‘’‹…’”‘…‡••‡•ȋ‘ƒ•…ƒŽ‡‘ˆ–‡•‘ˆȌƒ‡•„‘–Š’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ
ˆ‘”‹†ƒ„Ž‡…ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ˆ‘”…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ
”•Ǥ‘›–‡”•Š–‡›ƒ†‡Ž…Š‡‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡™‘”‹‰–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡•‡’”‘„Ž‡•‘–™‘
ˆ”‘–•Ǥ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡—•‹‰–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡•—’‡”…‘’—–‡”•–‘…‘†—…–ƒ……—”ƒ–‡ǡˆ—ŽŽ›
‹‡–‹…•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹…”‡…‘‡…–‹‘ƒ†–—”„—Ž‡…‡–Šƒ–•’ƒ–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•…ƒŽ‡•
ˆ”‘Dz‹…”‘dz–‘Dzƒ…”‘Ǥdz—…Š•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•ˆ—ŽŽ›”‡•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘†›ƒ‹…•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡
ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–•’ƒ–‹ƒŽƒ†–Š‡ˆƒ•–‡•––‡’‘”ƒŽ•…ƒŽ‡•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡›’”‘˜‹†‡
ƒƒŽ‘•–DzƤ”•–Ǧ’”‹…‹’Ž‡•dz†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–’Š›•‹…•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ••Š‡†Ž‹‰Š–‘–Š‡
”‘Ž‡’Žƒ›‡†„›‡Ž‡…–”‘‹‡–‹…’”‘…‡••‡•‹–Š‡†‹••‹’ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–—”„—Ž‡…‡ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•…”—…‹ƒŽ
ˆ‘”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡•‘Žƒ”…‘”‘ƒƒ†™‹†Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡Žƒ•–›‡ƒ”ǡ”•Ǥ‘›–‡”•Š–‡›ƒ†
‡Ž…Š‡‘Šƒ˜‡…‘†—…–‡†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ˆ—ŽŽ›‹‡–‹…͛Ǧ•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ’Žƒ•ƒ
–—”„—Ž‡…‡‡˜‡”ƒ––‡’–‡†ǤŠ‡•‡•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡…—””‡–Ž›„‡‹‰ƒƒŽ›œ‡†„›•‡˜‡”ƒŽ
”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‰”‘—’•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ†ƒ”‡›‹‡Ž†‹‰…”—…‹ƒŽ‹•‹‰Š–•–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡—•‡†„‘–Š–‘
ƒ†˜ƒ…‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ’Žƒ•ƒ–—”„—Ž‡…‡ƒ†–‘„‡––‡”‹–‡”’”‡–•’ƒ…‡…”ƒˆ–
‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
25 :: Space Science Institute . Annual Report 2014
Below :: —”„—Ž‡–’Žƒ•ƒ‹–Š‡ƒ”–Šǯ•ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡‹ƒ‰‡‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘ƒ–Š”‡‡Ǧ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ
Š›„”‹†•‹—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‘Žƒ”™‹†ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”–Šǯ•ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥƒ‰‡…”‡†‹–ǣ
Ǥ‘”‹‰ȋȌǤ‹—Žƒ–‹‘„›Ǥƒ”‹ƒ„ƒ†‹ǡǤƒ–‹‡‹ȋȌƒ†Ǥ‘›–‡”•Š–‡›ȋȌǤ
Š‡•‡…‘†ƒŒ‘”†‹”‡…–‹‘‹–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒ‹•–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ†˜ƒ…‡†•‹—Žƒ–‹‘–‡…Š‹“—‡•
ˆ‘”•‘Ǧ…ƒŽŽ‡†DzŠ›„”‹†…‘†‡•ǡdz™Š‹…Š”‡–ƒ‹ƒƒ……—”ƒ–‡‹‡–‹…†‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ‹‘•‹–Š‡
’Žƒ•ƒǡ„—–—•‡ƒ•‹’Ž‹Ƥ‡††‡•…”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘’Š›•‹…•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ•—…Š…‘†‡•ƒ”‡
…ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ•‹—Žƒ–‹‰—…ŠŽƒ”‰‡”•’ƒ–‹ƒŽƒ†–‡’‘”ƒŽ•…ƒŽ‡•ƒ†ƒ”‡‹†‡ƒŽŽ›•—‹–‡†ˆ‘”
ƒƒŽ›•‡•‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡ƒ‹‡ơ‡…–•ƒ”‡‡š’‡…–‡†–‘„‡ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹‘•Ǥ
…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ––Š‡‹˜Ǥ‘ˆƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǡƒ‹‡‰‘ǡƒ†…‹„‡”—‡•–ǡ…Ǥǡ
”•Ǥ‘›–‡”•Š–‡›ƒ†‡Ž…Š‡‘Šƒ˜‡”‡…‡–Ž›ƒ’’Ž‹‡†Š›„”‹†…‘†‡•–‘•‹—Žƒ–‡–Š‡‡–‹”‡
ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ǦǦǦƒ•‹‰‹Ƥ…ƒ–•–‡’–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ……—”ƒ–‡ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡
‘†‡Ž•Ǥ
24
INSTRUMENT OPERATIONS
Left Page :: Š‡ƒ’‘ˆ‹‘‡Ǥƒ‰‡”‡†‹–ǣƒ’Ǧƒ—Ž…Š‡ȋȌǡƒ‰‡ƒ–ƒǦƒ••‹‹ǡǡǡ
Cassini ISS Impacts
ȋ„›Ƥ•…ƒŽ›‡ƒ”Ǧ…–͙ǡ͚͙͛͘Ǧ‡’͛͘ǡ͚͙͘͜Ȍ
Archiving
͙Ǥ ͙͠ǡ͙͟͝‹ƒ‰‡•”‡…‡‹˜‡†ǡ’”‘…‡••‡†ǡƒ†…ƒ–ƒŽ‘‰‡†
͚Ǥ ͞ƒ”…Š‹˜‡˜‘Ž—‡•†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†–‘ƒ†ƒ……‡’–‡†„›–Š‡Žƒ‡–ƒ”›ƒ–ƒ›•–‡
ȋȌ
͛Ǥ ͙͚‹’”‘˜‡†…ƒ‡”ƒ’‘‹–‹‰†‡Ƥ‹–‹‘ȋDzǦ‡”‡ŽdzȌƤŽ‡•
Uplink Implementation
͙Ǥ ̵͞•‡“—‡…‡•‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ȋƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†Ȍ
͚Ǥ ͚͜’ƒ…‡…”ƒˆ–…–‹˜‹–›‡“—‡…‡‹Ž‡•ȋ•Ȍ‡”‰‡†ǡ–‡•–‡†ǡƒ††‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†
͛Ǥ ͚͜Š‘”–Ǧ‘”—–’—–‹Ž‡ȋȌȀǦ‡”‡Ž„—†Ž‡•…‘–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡’‘‹–‹‰ƒ†
–‹‹‰ˆ‘”‡ƒ…Š•’ƒ…‡…”ƒˆ–‘˜‡‡–‹ƒ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†
͜Ǥ ͚͞͝‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘’‘‹–‹‰†‡•‹‰•†‡•‹‰‡†ǡ–‡•–‡†ǡƒ†…‘””‡…–‡†
͝Ǥ ͚͘͟͜‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘…‘ƒ†•ȋ͛͜Ǥ͟άȌ
Camera Commanding
͙Ǥ ͠͞͝…ƒ‡”ƒ–”‹‰‰‡”ȋȌƤŽ‡•†‡•‹‰‡†Ȁ–‡•–‡†Ȁ…‘””‡…–‡†ƒ†͙͠„—†Ž‡•
‡”‰‡†ǡ–‡•–‡†ǡƒ††‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†
͚Ǥ ͚͞ǡ͙͘͜‹ƒ‰‡•–ƒ‡ȋ͜͝Ǥ͞άȌ
͛Ǥ ͠—’’‘”–ƒ‰‹‰„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•†‡•‹‰‡†ˆ‘”‘–Š‡”–‡ƒ•
MISC Uplink Ops
͙Ǥ ̵͘͞…‹‡…‡Žƒ‹‰–‡Ž‡…‘•ƒ––‡†‡†
͚Ǥ ͛͘‘Ƥ‰—”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ‰‡‡“—‡•–•ȋ•Ȍ’”‘…‡••‡†
͛Ǥ ͟ƒ‹˜‡”•Šƒ†Ž‡†
͜Ǥ ͞‰‹‡‡”‹‰Šƒ‰‡‡“—‡•–•ȋ•ȌŠƒ†Ž‡†
͝Ǥ ͟ƒ••‹‹‡“—‡…‡Šƒ‰‡‡“—‡•–•ȋ•ȌŠƒ†Ž‡†
͞Ǥ ̵͙͚‡ƒ…–‹‘ǦŠ‡‡Ž••‡„Ž›‹ƒ•’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘‘‘ŽȋȌ’”‘…‡••‡•
•—’’‘”–‡†
͟Ǥ ̵͙͚‹˜‡’†ƒ–‡’”‘…‡••‡••—’’‘”–‡†
28
Below :: ƒ–—”ǯ•™‹”Ž‹‰Ž‘—†•…ƒ’‡Ǥƒ‰‡”‡†‹–ǣ
ƒ••‹‹ƒ‰‹‰‡ƒǡǡǡǡ
Š‹••‡…–‹‘•—ƒ”‹œ‡•‘Ž›ƒˆ”ƒ…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƒœ‹‰†‹•…‘˜‡”‹‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ••‹‹Ǧ—›‰‡•‹••‹‘–‘ƒ–—”ǡ‹–•‘‘•ƒ†”‹‰•Ǥǯ•‘™”Ǥƒ”‘Ž›‘”…‘Ž‡ƒ†•–Š‡
ƒ••‹‹ƒ‰‹‰…‹‡…‡—„•›•–‡–‡ƒƒ†ǡ™‹–Šƒ••‹‹‡†‹ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‘”
–‡˜‡—ŽŽ‹•ǡ•Šƒ”‡•–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–Ƥ†‹‰•‘–Š‡ƒ••‹‹ƒ‰‹‰‡–”ƒŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ˆ‘”
’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ȋȌ™‡„•‹–‡ȋŠ––’ǣȀȀ…‹…Ž‘’•Ǥ‘”‰ȌǤ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ƒǯ•‰”‡ƒ–‡•–Š‹–•
ˆ”‘͚͙͘͜Ǥ
Image Products
͙Ǥ ͚͝™‡‡Ž›‹ƒ‰‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡•
͚Ǥ ͚͛•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹ƒ‰‡’”‘†—…–•
͛Ǥ ͙͙Dz‘‘‹‰Š‡ƒ†dzˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ȋ‘…‡Ǧ’‡”Ǧ‘”„‹–‹••‹‘ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•”‡’‘”–•Ȍ
Press Releases
͙Ǥ ͝’”‡••”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡•
͚Ǥ ͛‹ƒ‰‡ƒ†˜‹•‘”‹‡•
Below :: Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡…—”–ƒ‹ǦŽ‹‡ƒ—”‘”ƒ•™‡•‡‡ƒ–ƒ”–Šƒ”‡‰”‡‡ƒ––Š‡„‘––‘ƒ†”‡†ƒ––Š‡–‘’ǡ
”‡…‡–ƒ••‹‹‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡•Š‘™—••‹‹Žƒ”…—”–ƒ‹ǦŽ‹‡ƒ—”‘”ƒ•ƒ–ƒ–—”–Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡†ƒ––Š‡
„‘––‘ƒ†’—”’Ž‡ƒ––Š‡–‘’ǤŠ‹•‹•Š‘™–Š‡ƒ—”‘”ƒ•™‘—Ž†Ž‘‘–‘–Š‡Š—ƒ‡›‡Ǥ
Saturn’s Colorful Aurora
–”ƒ‹‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’ƒ‹”•‘ˆ‡›‡•‘ƒ–—”ƒ•–Š‡’Žƒ‡–’—–‘ƒ†ƒ…‹‰Ž‹‰Š–•Š‘™ƒ–‹–•
’‘Ž‡ǤŠ‡ƒ••‹‹•’ƒ…‡…”ƒˆ–™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘‰‡–…Ž‘•‡Ǧ—’˜‹‡™•‘ˆƒ–—”ǯ•ƒ—”‘”ƒ•‹‹ˆ”ƒ”‡†ǡ
˜‹•‹„Ž‡ǦŽ‹‰Š–ƒ†—Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š•ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹•ƒ‹†‘ˆ•–‡’Ǧ„›Ǧ•–‡’…Š‘”‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›
†‡–ƒ‹Ž‹‰Š‘™–Š‡
ƒ—”‘”ƒ•‘˜‡ǡ•Š‘™‹‰
–Š‡…‘’Ž‡š‹–›‘ˆ
–Š‡•‡ƒ—”‘”ƒ•ƒ†Š‘™
•…‹‡–‹•–•…ƒ…‘‡…–
ƒ‘—–„—”•–ˆ”‘–Š‡
—ƒ†‹–•‡ơ‡…–‘–Š‡
ƒ‰‡–‹…‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ–
ƒ–—”Ǥ
The new data gathered
‹•’”‹‰‘ˆ͚͙͛͘ƒ†
”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ƒ•ƒ‘˜‹‡
in 2014 give scientists
…Ž—‡•–‘ƒŽ‘‰Ǧ•–ƒ†‹‰
›•–‡”›ƒ„‘—––Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡•‘ˆ‰‹ƒ–‘—–‡”’Žƒ‡–•Ǥ…‹‡–‹•–•Šƒ˜‡Ž‘‰™‘†‡”‡†™Šƒ–
Š‡ƒ–•–Š‡—’’‡”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‘ˆƒ–—”ƒ–•—…Šƒˆƒ”†‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ”‘–Š‡—Ǥ›’Žƒ‹‰
ƒ†Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ–Ž‘‰•‡“—‡…‡•‘ˆ‹ƒ‰‡•–ƒ‡„›†‹ơ‡”‡–‹•–”—‡–•ǡ•…‹‡–‹•–•…ƒ
‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡ƒ—”‘”ƒ‹–•‡ŽˆŠ‡ƒ–•–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•†‹˜‡‹–‘‹–ƒ†
Š‘™Ž‘‰–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰‘……—”•ǤŠ‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’‡†•…‹‡–‹•–•Ƥ‰—”‡‘—––Š‡…‘Ž‘”
‘ˆƒ–—”ǯ•ƒ—”‘”ƒ•Ǥƒ–—”ǯ•Š›†”‘‰‡†‘‹ƒ–‡†ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡’”‘†—…‡•ƒ”‡†ƒ†’—”’Ž‡
ƒ—”‘”ƒ™Š‡‹–•‘Ž‡…—Ž‡•ƒ”‡‡š…‹–‡†„›‹…‘‹‰”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡‹••–‹ŽŽ‘”‡™‘”–‘†‘Ǣ
Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ƥ”•–•–‡’–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’•…‹‡–‹•–•—†‡”•–ƒ†’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡
‹‘‹œƒ–‹‘‹ƒ–—”ǯ•—’’‡”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’’—–ƒ†‡…ƒ†‡‘ˆ‰”‘—†Ǧ„ƒ•‡†–‡Ž‡•…‘’‡
‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ–—”‹–‘’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ
30
Below :: The disturbance visible at the outer edge of Saturn’s A ring in this image from NASA’s
Cassini spacecraft could be caused by an object replaying the birth process of icy moons.
Commotion at Ring’s Edge
ǯ•ƒ••‹‹•’ƒ…‡…”ƒˆ–Šƒ•†‘…—‡–‡†–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•ƒŽŽ‹…›‘„Œ‡…–
™‹–Š‹–Š‡”‹‰•‘ˆƒ–—”–Šƒ–ƒ›„‡ƒ‡™‘‘ƒ†ƒ›ƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‡…Ž—‡•–‘–Š‡
ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ‡–ǯ•‘–Š‡”‘™‘‘•Ǥ‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†
‹͚͙͘͜‹–Š‡’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›•…‹‡…‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŒ‘—”ƒŽIcarusǤ‡…‡–‹ƒ‰‡••Š‘™‡™
†‹•–—”„ƒ…‡•ƒ––Š‡‡†‰‡‘ˆƒ–—”ǯ•”‹‰Ǥ…‹‡–‹•–•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Š‡†‹•–—”„ƒ…‡•ƒ”‡…ƒ—•‡†„›
–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ơ‡…–•‘ˆƒ‡ƒ”„›‘„Œ‡…–Ǥ
Š‡‘„Œ‡…–ǡ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›ƒ‡†‡‰‰›ǡ‹•–‘‘•ƒŽŽ–‘•‡‡‹‹ƒ‰‡•„—–•…‹‡–‹•–•‡•–‹ƒ–‡
–Šƒ–‹–‹•‘Žƒ”‰‡”–ŠƒƒŠƒŽˆ‹Ž‡‹†‹ƒ‡–‡”ƒ†‹•‘–‡š’‡…–‡†–‘‰”‘™Ǥƒ–—”ǯ•‘‘•
”ƒ‰‡‹•‹œ‡†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡‹”
’”‘š‹‹–›–‘–Š‡’Žƒ‡–Ǧ–Š‡
ˆƒ”–Š‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡’Žƒ‡–ǡ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”
–Š‡‘‘Ǥ†ƒ›‘ˆƒ–—”ǯ•
‘‘•ƒ”‡…‘’‘•‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›
‘ˆ‹…‡ǡƒ•ƒ”‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•–Šƒ–
ˆ‘”ƒ–—”ǯ•”‹‰•Ǥƒ•‡†‘
–Š‡•‡ˆƒ…–•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•ǡ
”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹…›
‘‘•ˆ‘”‡†ˆ”‘”‹‰’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•
ƒ†–Š‡‘˜‡†‘—–™ƒ”†ƒ™ƒ›
ˆ”‘–Š‡’Žƒ‡–ǡ‡”‰‹‰™‹–Š
‘–Š‡”‘‘•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡™ƒ›Ǥ
–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘…‡••‘ˆ
‘‘ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ–—”ǯ•”‹‰•
Šƒ•‡†‡†™‹–Š‡‰‰›ǡƒ•ƒ–—”ǯ•
”‹‰•‘™ƒ”‡ǡ‹ƒŽŽŽ‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ǡ–‘‘
†‡’Ž‡–‡†–‘ƒ‡‘”‡‘‘•Ǥ
‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ›‘–‘„•‡”˜‡
–Š‹•’”‘…‡••ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ•…‹‡–‹•–•ƒ”‡
‡š–”ƒ…–‹‰ƒŽŽ–Š‡›…ƒŽ‡ƒ”ˆ”‘
–Š‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
31 :: Space Science Institute . Annual Report 2014
Below :: ƒ••‹‹ǯ•Ƥ”•–‡˜‡”‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ”ƒ—•Ǥ”ƒ—•‹••‡‡‹–Š‡—’’‡”Ž‡ˆ–‘ˆ–Š‹•‹ƒ‰‡™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡
‘—–‡”’‘”–‹‘‘ˆƒ–—”ǯ•”‹‰ƒ†–Š‹”‹‰•Š‹‡„”‹‰Š–‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡””‹‰Š–ƒ†…‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ
Blue Orb On The Horizon
ƒ••‹‹…ƒ’–—”‡†‹–•Ƥ”•–Ǧ‡˜‡”‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒŽ‡„Ž—‡‹…‡Ǧ‰‹ƒ–’Žƒ‡–”ƒ—•‹͚͙͘͜ǤŠ‡
–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡™ƒ•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ǡ”ƒ—•™ƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›‘–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ••‡‡ˆ”‘
ƒ–—”ǡƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ…‡‘ˆƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͚͠Ǥ͞ƒ•–”‘‘‹…ƒŽ—‹–•ˆ”‘ƒ••‹‹ƒ†ƒ–—”Ǥ
ƒ•–”‘‘‹…ƒŽ—‹–‹•–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ”‘ƒ”–Š–‘–Š‡—ǡƒ”‘—†͛͡‹ŽŽ‹‘‹Ž‡•ȋ͙͘͝
‹ŽŽ‹‘‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ȌǤ––Š‡‹”…Ž‘•‡•–Ǧ‘…‡†—”‹‰‡ƒ…Šƒ–—”‘”„‹–‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›͛͘›‡ƒ”•Ǧ–Š‡–™‘
’Žƒ‡–•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–‘™‹–Š‹ƒ„‘—–͙͘ƒ•–”‘‘‹…ƒŽ—‹–•‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ
–Š‹•ƒ–—”ƒŽ…‘Ž‘”‹ƒ‰‡ǡ…”‡ƒ–‡†„›…‘„‹‹‰”‡†ǡ‰”‡‡ƒ†„Ž—‡•’‡…–”ƒŽƤŽ–‡”‹ƒ‰‡•ǡ
”ƒ—•‹•’ƒŽ‡„Ž—‡„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡˜‹•‹„Ž‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ‹–•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡…‘–ƒ‹•‡–Šƒ‡‰ƒ•ƒ†˜‡”›
Ž‹––Ž‡ƒ‡”‘•‘Ž•‘”…Ž‘—†•Ǥ‡–Šƒ‡‘”ƒ—•ƒ„•‘”„•”‡†™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š•‘ˆ‹…‘‹‰•—Ž‹‰Š–ǡ
„—–ƒŽŽ‘™•„Ž—‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š•–‘‡•…ƒ’‡„ƒ…‹–‘•’ƒ…‡ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹–Š‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›„Ž—‹•Š
…‘Ž‘”•‡‡‹–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ
32
Below :: Š‡͙͘–Šƒ‹˜‡”•ƒ”›‘ˆƒ••‹‹ǯ••‘Ž‡ƪ›„›‘ˆƒ–—”ǯ•‹””‡‰—Žƒ”ǡ‘—–‡”‘‘Š‘‡„‡‹•
remembered in this image montage. The image on the left side shows Cassini’s view on approach
–‘Š‘‡„‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡”‹‰Š–•‹†‡•Š‘™•–Š‡•’ƒ…‡…”ƒˆ–ǯ•†‡’ƒ”–‹‰’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ
Arrival and Departure at Phoebe
͚͙͘͜ƒ”‡†–Š‡͙͘–Šƒ‹˜‡”•ƒ”›‘ˆƒ••‹‹ǯ•‘Ž›…Ž‘•‡ƪ›„›‘ˆƒ–—”ǯ•‘—–‡”
‘‘Š‘‡„‡ǡ‹ƒ‰‡†™Š‹Ž‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ–—”Ǥ‘”‡‡„‡”–Š‹•Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒ†
”ƒ”‡‡˜‡–ǡƒ‹„‘—†Ȁ‘—–„‘—†
‹ƒ‰‡‘–ƒ‰‡™ƒ•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ˆ‘”
–Š‡Ƥ”•––‹‡Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–„‘—†
’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘–ƒ‰‡Šƒ•
‡˜‡”„‡‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†’—„Ž‹…Ž›„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ
‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•ǡŠ‘‡„‡‹•
–Š‘—‰Š––‘„‡ƒ…ƒ’–—”‡†‘„Œ‡…–
–Šƒ–†‘‡•‘–•Šƒ”‡ƒŒ‘‹–‘”‹‰‹
™‹–Šƒ–—”ƒ†–Š‡‹‡”ǡDz”‡‰—Žƒ”dz
•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡•Ǥ–‘”„‹–•‹ƒ”‡–”‘‰”ƒ†‡
†‹”‡…–‹‘ǡ‘’’‘•‹–‡–‘–Š‡†‹”‡…–‹‘
‘ˆƒ–—”ǯ•‘–Š‡”ƒŒ‘”‘‘•Ǥ–•
‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ†‡•‹–›™ƒ•†‡–‡”‹‡†„›
ƒ••‹‹•…‹‡–‹•–•–‘„‡“—‹–‡Žƒ”‰‡
ˆ‘”ƒ‘‘‘ˆƒ–—”ǤŠ‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰˜‹‡™‹•–Šƒ–Š‘‡„‡‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘”‡†‹–Š‡—‹’‡”
‡Ž–ǡˆƒ”„‡›‘†–Š‡‘”„‹–‘ˆƒ–—”Ǥ–‹‰Š––Š—•„‡ƒ•ƒŽŽ…‘—•‹‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–—‹’‡”‡Ž–
‘„Œ‡…–ǡŽ—–‘Ǥ
The Moon With 101 Geysers
˜‡”ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ͞Ǥ͝›‡ƒ”•ǡƒ••‹‹ǯ•…ƒ‡”ƒ••—”˜‡›‡†–Š‡•‘—–Š’‘Žƒ”–‡””ƒ‹‘ˆ…‡Žƒ†—•Ǥ
Š‡—‹“—‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ„ƒ•‹ƒ–…‡Žƒ†—•ǯ•‘—–Š’‘Ž‡‹•”‡‘™‡†ˆ‘”‹–•ˆ‘—”’”‘‹‡–Dz–‹‰‡”
•–”‹’‡ˆ”ƒ…–—”‡•dzƒ†‰‡›•‡”•‘ˆ–‹›‹…›’ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ƒ†™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘”ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡•—”˜‡›ǡ
’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ•–™‘„ƒ…Ǧ–‘Ǧ„ƒ…’ƒ’‡”•„›–Š‡•–”‘‘‹…ƒŽ‘—”ƒŽ‹͚͙͘͜ǡ‹•ƒƒ’‘ˆƒ
Š—†”‡†‰‡›•‡”•ǡ‡ƒ…Š‡”—’–‹‰ˆ”‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‹‰‡”•–”‹’‡ˆ”ƒ…–—”‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡†‹•…‘˜‡”›–Šƒ–
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‰‡›•‡”•ƒ”‡…‘‹…‹†‡–™‹–Š•ƒŽŽŠ‘–•’‘–•‘–Š‡‘‘ǯ••—”ˆƒ…‡Ǥ
…‘’ƒ”‹•‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‰‡›•‡”•ǯ•‘—”…‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡•‹–‡•‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘™–‘„‡
‡‹––‹‰‡š…‡••Š‡ƒ–ǡƒ†–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ…”‘••–Š‡”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ–‹†ƒŽˆ‘”…‡•–Šƒ–ƪ‡š…‡Žƒ†—•
33 :: Space Science Institute . Annual Report 2014
Below Top :: •–”‡ƒ‘ˆ‡–Šƒ‡…Ž‘—†•‹••‡‡Š‡”‡ǡ‡ƒ”…‡–‡”ǡ‘˜‡”‹–ƒǯ•Žƒ”‰‡‡–Šƒ‡
•‡ƒ‘™ƒ•‹‰‡‹ƒƒ”‡Ǥ
Below Bottom ::Š‹•‰”ƒ’Š‹…•Š‘™•ƒ͛Ǧ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ͡͠‰‡›•‡”•™Š‘•‡•‘—”…‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†
tilts were found in a Cassini imaging survey of Enceladus’ south polar terrain by the method of
triangulation.
Šƒ•’‘‹–‡†–Š‡™ƒ›–‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‹•‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡‰‡›•‡”•ƒ†
–Š‡”ƒŽ‡‹••‹‘ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡‡”—’–‹‘’”‘…‡••Ǥ
……—”ƒ–‡’Žƒ‹‰ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡‹••‹‘•”‡“—‹”‡•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰
–Š‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ…‡Žƒ†—•ǯ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ
…‘–‹—‡†‹ƒ‰‹‰‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡–‹‡Ǧ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ
…‡Žƒ†—•ǯ’Ž—‡ƒ†–Š‡”ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•‘ˆ‹–•‰‡›•‡”
„ƒ•‹ƒ”‡ƒŒ‘”‰‘ƒŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ••‹‹‹••‹‘Ǥ
Northern Clouds Return to Titan
›‡ƒ”‘‹–ƒǡƒ–—”ǯ•Žƒ”‰‡•–‘‘ǡŽƒ•–•ƒ„‘—–͛͘ƒ”–Š
›‡ƒ”•ǡ™‹–Š‡ƒ…Š•‡ƒ•‘Žƒ•–‹‰ƒ„‘—–•‡˜‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ…Ž‘•‡
ƪ›„›‘ˆ‹–ƒ‹—Ž›͚͙͘͜…ƒ’–—”‡†‹ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ…Ž‘—†•‘˜‹‰ƒ…”‘••Š›†”‘…ƒ”„‘•‡ƒ•‹
‹–ƒǯ•‘”–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡…Ž‘—†ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ…‘•‹†‡”‡†‘˜‡”†—‡„›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ǡ…‘—Ž†
ƤƒŽŽ›•‹‰ƒŽ–Š‡‘•‡–‘ˆ•—‡”•–‘”•–Šƒ–ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹…‘†‡Ž•Šƒ˜‡Ž‘‰’”‡†‹…–‡†Ǥ
ƒ••‹‹–”ƒ…‡†–Š‡•›•–‡‘ˆ…Ž‘—†•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ††‹••‹’ƒ–‹‰‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡‡–Šƒ‡•‡ƒ
‘™ƒ•‹‰‡‹ƒƒ”‡ˆ‘”‘”‡–Šƒ–™‘†ƒ›•Ǥ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•‘ˆ…Ž‘—†‘–‹‘•‹†‹…ƒ–‡™‹†
•’‡‡†•‘ˆƒ”‘—†͟–‘͙͘’ŠǤ‹…‡ƒŠ—‰‡
•–‘”•™‡’–ƒ…”‘••‹–ƒǯ•Ž‘™Žƒ–‹–—†‡•‹
Žƒ–‡͚͙͘͘ǡ‘Ž›ƒˆ‡™•ƒŽŽ…Ž‘—†•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡
‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒ›™Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡Žƒ…‘ˆ…Ž‘—†ƒ…–‹˜‹–›
Šƒ••—”’”‹•‡†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ǡƒ•…‘’—–‡”
•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‹–ƒǯ•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹……‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘
’”‡†‹…–‡†–Šƒ–…Ž‘—†•™‘—Ž†‹…”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡
‘”–Šƒ••—‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡†ǡ„”‹‰‹‰
‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›™ƒ”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•–‘–Š‡
ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡Ǥ
„•‡”˜‹‰•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ…Šƒ‰‡•‘‹–ƒ™‹ŽŽ…‘–‹—‡–‘„‡ƒƒŒ‘”‰‘ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ••‹‹‹••‹‘
ƒ••—‡”…‘‡•–‘‹–ƒǯ•‘”–Šƒ†–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”Žƒ–‹–—†‡•ˆƒŽŽ‹–‘™‹–‡”†ƒ”‡••Ǥ
34
NATIONAL CENTER FOR
ǯ•National Center for Interactive LearningȋȌ‹•ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰
•…‹‡…‡ǡ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡƒ†ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹…•ȋȌǦ–Š‡‡†‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘•ƒ†
‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‰ƒ‡•ƒ†ƒ’’•–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡†‡’Ž‘›‡†‘™‡„•‹–‡•ǡ‘„‹Ž‡†‡˜‹…‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ
•ƒ”–’Š‘‡•ƒ†–ƒ„Ž‡–•Ȍǡƒ†—Ž–‹Ǧ–‘—…Š–ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥȋ™™™Ǥ…͜‹ŽǤ‘”‰Ȍ‹•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ”‘—†
ˆ‘—”‹–‡”…‘‡…–‡†‰”‘—’•ǣ͙ȌšŠ‹„‹–‹‘‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ͚Ȍ‹‰‹–ƒŽ‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ͛Ȍ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒ†͜Ȍ‘—‹–›—–”‡ƒ…ŠǤ’”‘‰”ƒ••’ƒƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ—†‹‡…‡‡‡†•
ƒ††‡Ž‹˜‡”›‡–Š‘†•ǤŠ‡•‡‹…Ž—†‡–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰—•‡—‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”•…‹‡…‡…‡–‡”•ǡ
—•‡—•ǡƒ†’—„Ž‹…Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•Ǣ†‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”‹‰–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡••—…Šƒ•‰ƒ‹‰ǡƒ—‰‡–‡†
35 :: Space Science Institute . Annual Report 2014
INTERACTIVE LEARNING
ƒ†‹š‡†”‡ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‘˜‡Ž†ƒ–ƒ˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘•›•–‡•ǡƒ†‘Ž‹‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ǢŠƒ†•Ǧ‘–‡ƒ…Š‹‰
”‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ†ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǣ‡†—…ƒ–‘”™‘”•Š‘’•Ǣƒ†‘—–”‡ƒ…Š–‘—†‡”•‡”˜‡†—”„ƒƒ†”—”ƒŽ
…‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
’”‘Œ‡…–•‹…Ž—†‡Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡ǡ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽǦŽ‡˜‡Ž‡ơ‘”–••—’’‘”–‡†„›–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
…‹‡…‡‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ
”‡ƒ–ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ‹”‡ǡ’ƒ…‡‡ƒ–Š‡”—–”‡ƒ…Šǡƒ‹‰
’ƒ…‡‘…‹ƒŽǡƒ†̸‡–Ȍƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ••ƒŽŽ‡”Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡’”‘Œ‡…–•–Šƒ–‡š’Ž‘”‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•–›’‡•
‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘••—…Šƒ•–Š‡—‹‘”
‡ƒ‰—‡’”‘‰”ƒˆ‘”’—„Ž‹…Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•‹
…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‘„‘–‹…•ƒ†–Š‡
‘—†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡†—…ƒ–‘”•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡
‡š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‡†‹ƒˆ‘”‘˜‡”ƒ†‡…ƒ†‡Ǥ—””‡–Ž›ǡ™‡ǯ”‡–ƒ’’‹‰‹–‘–Š‡
‡‘”‘—•’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ‡†‹ƒ„›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒƒ…‡„‘‘‰ƒ‡–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ–‡ƒ…Š’Žƒ›‡”•
ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ•–ƒ”•ƒ†’Žƒ‡–•Ǥ̸‡–ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡƒ’’•ǡƒ†–ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–ƒ”‡
†‡•…”‹„‡†‹–Š‡‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡…–‹‘Ǥ
Š”‘—‰Šƒ…ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ”…Š’”‘‰”ƒǡ’”‘Œ‡…–•
ƒ‹–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Šƒ–ƒ†˜ƒ…‡•‘—”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆŽ‡ƒ”‹‰‹‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ
‡†—…ƒ–‹‘‡˜‹”‘‡–•ǤŠ‡͚͙͘͜‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹’ƒ…–•‘ˆǯ•–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘•ǡ
’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡƒ†™‡„•‹–‡•ƒ”‡•Š‘™„‡Ž‘™Ǥ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ͘͜͞ǡ͘͘͘’‡‘’Ž‡˜‹•‹–‡†‘—”–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰
‡šŠ‹„‹–•ƒ†‘”‡–Šƒ͛͟͝ǡ͘͘͘—•‡†‘—”‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ™‡„•‹–‡•‹͚͙͘͜Ǥ—––Š‡Žƒ•–‹‰‹’ƒ…–
‘ˆǯ•’”‘‰”ƒ•‰‘‡•ˆƒ”„‡›‘†Œ—•–—„‡”•Ǥ–‹••‡‡‹Š‘™‘—”’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ”‡–”—Ž›
ƒ‹‰ƒ†‹ơ‡”‡…‡‹…‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ…”‘••–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǥ
2014 Highlights
•’‘•‘”•Ƥ”•–‡ƒ”‹‰‹‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘‹„”ƒ”‹‡•—‹–
—„Ž‹…Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ƒ…”‘••–Š‡…‘—–”›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡‹ƒ‰‹‹‰–Š‡‹”…‘—‹–›”‘Ž‡ƒ†Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰
”‡•‘—”…‡•ƒ†’—„Ž‹…–”—•––‘•–”‡‰–Š‡…‘—‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ†ˆ‘•–‡”…”‹–‹…ƒŽ
–Š‹‹‰ǡ’”‘„Ž‡•‘Ž˜‹‰ƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‹Ǥ‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ƒ…”‘••‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘
‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ•—…Šƒ•…‹‡…‡ƒ–—”†ƒ›•ǡ‘„‘–ƒ…‡•ǡƒ‡”
•’ƒ…‡•ǡŠƒ†•Ǧ‘™‘”•Š‘’•ǡƒ†‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘•Ǥ
Left Page ::‹ŽŽ‡”•–‡”‘‹†•‡šŠ‹„‹–’”‘†—…‡†„›Ǥ”‡†‹–ǣ̻
36
NCIL Impacts for 2014
Traveling Exhibit Visitors (466,005)
Great Balls of Fire Museum Exhibit (3 host sites):
STAR_Net’s Discover Earth Library Exhibit (3 host sites):
78,000
47,453
STAR_Net’s Discover Tech Library Exhibit (4 host sites):
STAR_Net’s Discover Space Pilot Exhibit (3 host sites):
205,552
135,000
STAR_Net Library Program Participants:
15,910
Workshop Participants:
190
Webinar Participants:
305
STAR_Net Online Community Members:
650
NCIL Outreach Event Participants:
205
Education Website Visitors
Website
Ž‹‡–ƒ”–Š• ƒ”•—‡•–Ž‹‡ ’ƒ…‡‡ƒ–Š‡”‡–‡”
‹ŽŽ‡”•–‡”‘‹†•
‹ƒ–‘”Ž†• …‹
ƒ‡•
Users
͚͟͝ǡ͘͡͞
͙͠͡ǡ͛͝͞
͙͟͡ǡ͛͜͞
͚͟ǡ͚͞͝ ͙͙ǡ͙͙͡ ͙͛ǡ͝͠͠ ̸‡–”‘Œ‡…–‹–‡
̸‡–‘—‹–›‹–‡ –ƒ”…Š‹–‡…– ͚ǡ͘͘͝ ͠ǡ͚͜͞ ͙ǡ͙͛͝ ͜ǡ͚͠͡
͛͘ǡ͚͛͝
͙͚ǡ͜͟͠
736,244
1,828,166
Totals
37 :: Space Science Institute . Annual Report 2014
Page Views
͜͟͡ǡ͙͛͘
͛͜͝ǡ͘͡͠
͚͜͡ǡ͚͙͘
͙͞͡ǡ͟͠͝
͚͟ǡ͙͛͡
͛͡ǡ͚͡͡
ǡ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘–ƒ–‡‹„”ƒ”›ǡˆ‘”ƒŽ‡ƒ”‹‰š’‡”‹‡…‡•ǡƒ†›–Š‹–‡ƒ‡†—’
–‘Š‘•––Š‡Ƥ”•–‡ƒ”‹‰‹‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘‹„”ƒ”‹‡•—‹–ǤŠ‡•—‹–ǡ™Š‹…Š–‘‘
’Žƒ…‡ƒ–›–Š‹”‹‰Š–ƒ”•‘…–‘„‡”͛͘ǡ͚͙͘͜™ƒ•ƒ‡š…‡ŽŽ‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘„”‹‰
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ˆ”‘‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘’—„Ž‹…Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•
Ž‡ƒ”‡†ƒ„‘—––Š‡Š‹‰ŠǦ“—ƒŽ‹–›’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰–Šƒ–’—„Ž‹…Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•…—””‡–Ž›‘ơ‡”ƒ†
†‹•…—••‡†™ƒ›•–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡–‘‡Šƒ…‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹’—„Ž‹…
Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ƒ…”‘••–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡–™‡–›Ǧ–™‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•‹…Ž—†‡†—”‘”ƒ—„Ž‹…
‹„”ƒ”›ǡ‡˜‡”—„Ž‹…‹„”ƒ”›ǡ‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡—„Ž‹…‹„”ƒ”›ǡ‡˜‡”—•‡—‘ˆƒ–—”‡ƒ†
…‹‡…‡ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‘•’Š‡”‹…‡•‡ƒ”…ŠȋȌǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘ǡƒ†
‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡š‡…—–‹˜‡‹”‡…–‘”‘ˆ‘”‡”•–‘‡•‘ˆ…‹‡…‡‹ƒ‹‡
ƒŽ•‘Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡•—‹––‘Ž‡ƒ”™Šƒ–‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘™ƒ•†‘‹‰–‘—”–—”‡’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰‹
Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ƒ…”‘••–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†–‘—•‡–Š‹•‘™Ž‡†‰‡–‘‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”‡˜‡–‹ƒ‹‡Ǥ
Discover Space exhibit toured libraries near Washington, D.C.
’‹Ž‘–˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹•…‘˜‡”’ƒ…‡‡šŠ‹„‹––‘—”‡†–Š‡ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤƒ”‡ƒˆ”‘—‡͚͙͘͜
–Š”‘—‰Šƒ—ƒ”›͚͙͘͝ǤŠ‡‡šŠ‹„‹–Š‘•–•‹–‡•‹…Ž—†‡†Ž‡šƒ†”‹ƒ‹„”ƒ”›‹‹”‰‹‹ƒǡƒŽ–‹‘”‡
‘—–›—„Ž‹…‹„”ƒ”›ǡƒ†‘™ƒ”†‘—–›—„Ž‹…‹„”ƒ”›ǤŠ‡‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘™ƒ••’‘•‘”‡†„›
ƒ†–Š‡’ƒ…‡‡Ž‡•…‘’‡…‹‡…‡•–‹–—–‡ȋ…ȌŽ‘…ƒ–‡†‹ƒŽ–‹‘”‡ǡǤ‹•…‘˜‡”
’ƒ…‡Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡†…‘’‘‡–•ˆ”‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆƒ†Ǧˆ—†‡†‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ
‹•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‡ǡŽ‹‡ƒ”–Š•ǡ‹†‹‰ȌǤ–‹…Ž—†‡†͛ƒ”‡ƒ•ǣ͙Ȍ‹•‹‘•‘ˆ
–Š‡‹˜‡”•‡ǡ͚Ȍ’ƒ…‡‘…•ǣ•–‡”‘‹†•ƒ†‘‡–•ǡƒ†͛ȌŽƒ‡–ƒ‹Ž‹‡•Ǥ‘•–
Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•‘ơ‡”‡†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆƒ•–”‘‘›’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡƒ›‹…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠŽ‘…ƒŽ
ƒƒ–‡—”ƒ•–”‘‘›…Ž—„•Ǥ
‹•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‡™ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›…ǡ–Š‡‹–Š•‘‹ƒ•–”‘’Š›•‹…ƒŽ„•‡”˜ƒ–‘”›
ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡƒ••ƒ…Š—•‡––•Ȍǡƒ†–Š‡‡”‹…ƒ‹„”ƒ”›••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Šˆ—†‹‰ˆ”‘
ǤŠ‡‡šŠ‹„‹–™ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ—Ž–‹Ǧ›‡ƒ”‰Ž‘„ƒŽ…‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•–”‘‘›ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†„›
–Š‡͘͘͜–Šƒ‹˜‡”•ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡Ƥ”•–—•‡‘ˆƒƒ•–”‘‘‹…ƒŽ–‡Ž‡•…‘’‡„›
ƒŽ‹Ž‡‘Ǥ’ƒ…‡‘…•ǣ
•–‡”‘‹†•ƒ†‘‡–•™ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆǯ•ƒ†Ǧˆ—†‡†‹†‹‰
ƒ†
”‡ƒ–ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ‹”‡’”‘Œ‡…–•Ǥ™‘…‘’—–‡”‹‘••‹…Ž—†‡†ƒ
‘‘‰Ž‡Ǧƒ”–Š’‘™‡”‡†
‹–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™‡†˜‹•‹–‘”•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡†ƒƒ‰‡–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡…ƒ—•‡†„›ƒƒ•–‡”‘‹†
38
Below :: ƒ‡’Žƒ›‹–Š‡Žƒ‡–ƒ‹Ž‹‡•’’Ǥ”‡†‹–ǣ̻
Žƒ†‹‰ƒ›™Š‡”‡‘ƒ”–Šǡƒ”‹•…‘’ƒ”‹•‘ƒ…–‹˜‹–›ǡƒ†ƒ’Š›•‹…•Ǧ„ƒ•‡†
ƒ•–‡”‘‹††‡ƪ‡…–‹‘‰ƒ‡ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š͚Žƒ”‰‡‰”ƒ’Š‹…’ƒ‡Ž•Ǥǯ•Žƒ‡–
ƒ‹Ž‹‡•ǡˆ—†‡†„›ƒ†ǡƒŽŽ‘™‡†’Žƒ›‡”•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”‘™•‘Žƒ”
•›•–‡•ƒ†‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡‹”‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ƒ͚͜dz–‘—…Š–ƒ„Ž‡—•‹‰•ƒŽŽƒ†
Žƒ”‰‡’Žƒ‡–•ǡƒ•–‡”‘‹†„‡Ž–•ǡƒ†…‘‡–•Ǥ
Planet Families app released
ȀŽƒ—…Š‡†‹–•Žƒ–‡•–‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘„‹Ž‡‰ƒ‡ǡŽƒ‡–ƒ‹Ž‹‡•ǤŽƒ‡–ƒ‹Ž‹‡•™ƒ•
‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”–Š•‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘’”‘‰”ƒƒ†Šƒ••‹…‡„‡‡ƒ†ƒ’–‡†ˆ‘”
—•‡—•ǡŽ‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡™‡„ǤŠ‡ˆ”‡‡ƒ’’ǡƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘‹ƒ††”‘‹†ǡ—•‡•ƒƒ›Ǧ
„‘†›‰”ƒ˜‹–›‘†‡Ž–‘ƒŽŽ‘™’Žƒ›‡”•–‘…”‡ƒ–‡•‘Žƒ”•›•–‡•ƒ†™ƒ–…Š–Š‡‡˜‘Ž˜‡ǤŠ‡
39 :: Space Science Institute . Annual Report 2014
‰ƒ‡™ƒ•†‘™Ž‘ƒ†‡†‘˜‡”͚ǡ͘͘͝–‹‡•‹͚͙͘͝ǤŽƒ‡–ƒ‹Ž‹‡•ƒ†ǯ•‘–Š‡”ƒ’’•
ȋ–ƒ”ƒœ‡ƒ†—„„Ž‡ǨȌ…ƒ„‡†‘™Ž‘ƒ†‡†ˆ”‘›‘—”ˆƒ˜‘”‹–‡ƒ’’•–‘”‡ǡ‘”„›˜‹•‹–‹‰
™™™Ǥ•…‹‰ƒ‡•Ǥ‘”‰Ȁƒ’’•Ǥ
Building worlds and learning astronomy on Facebook
”Ǥƒ‡•ƒ”‘Ž†ƒ†˜ƒŽ†ƒ•‹†—‰‹”‹•ȋƒ––Š‡‘—Ž†‡”ǡƥ…‡Ȍƒ†”Ǥ‡ƒ‹‡•
ȋƒ”˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡȌƒ”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰–ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–ǣƒ‡†Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡†•–‡ŽŽƒ”ƒ†’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘
‰ƒ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ…‡„‘‘’Žƒ–ˆ‘”Ǥ—’’‘”–‡†„›ƒ†ǡƒ†„ƒ•‡†‹’ƒ”–‘›–ƒ”
ȋƒ’”‘–‘–›’‡ˆ—†‡†„›…Ȍǡ‘—”‰ƒ‡—•‡•ƒDz•’‘”ƒ†‹…’Žƒ›dz‘†‡Ž–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡’Žƒ›‡”•‹
–Š‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ
ƒ•‘Žƒ”•›•–‡ǤŽƒ›‡”•„—‹Ž†
–Š‡‹”•–ƒ”•ƒ†’Žƒ‡–•ǡƒ†
™ƒ–…Šƒ•–Š‡•›•–‡•‡˜‘Ž˜‡‹
•…ƒŽ‡†”‡ƒŽ–‹‡ȋƒ‹ŽŽ‹‘›‡ƒ”•
–‘–Š‡‹—–‡ȌǤƒ••‹˜‡•–ƒ”•
™‹ŽŽ•—’‡”‘˜ƒ™‹–Š‹‹—–‡•ǡ
™Š‹Ž‡Ž‘™‡”ƒ•••–ƒ”•Ž‹‡‘—”
—™‹ŽŽŽ‹˜‡ˆ‘”™‡‡•ǡ’‘••‹„Ž›
‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰Ž‹ˆ‡„‡ˆ‘”‡’ƒ••‹‰
–Š”‘—‰Šƒ”‡†‰‹ƒ–•–ƒ‰‡ƒ†
ending their lives as white
†™ƒ”ˆ•Ǥ—……‡••ˆ—Ž•›•–‡•…ƒ
„‡’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‡†ƒ†’‘•–‡†
–‘–Š‡’Žƒ›‡”ǯ•™ƒŽŽǤŠ‡‰ƒ‡
™‹ŽŽ‹–”‘†—…‡’Žƒ›‡”•–‘ƒ
™‹†‡•’‡…–”—‘ˆƒ•–”‘‘›…‘…‡’–•™Š‹Ž‡•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›’”‘˜‹†‹‰—•™‹–Šƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘”
‡š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ•’‘”ƒ†‹…’Žƒ›‰ƒ‡•‡„‡††‡†‹•‘…‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”•Ǥ
͚͙͘͜–Š‡‰ƒ‡™‡–‹–‘™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘„‘–Šƒ…‡„‘‘ƒ†‘–Š‡‡„ǡ–‘‡•—”‡
ƒ……‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘‹††Ž‡•…Š‘‘Ž•–—†‡–•Ǥƒ–ƒƒ”‡„‡‹‰…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽŽ‡–—•‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡
—„‡”‘ˆ–‹‡•’Žƒ›‡”•”‡–—”–‘–Š‡‰ƒ‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥƒ…‡„‘‘†ƒ–ƒ
ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›’”‘˜‹†‡—•™‹–Š†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ‡„‡††‡†“—‹œŽ‡–•—•‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡
–Š‡„ƒ•‹…ƒ•–”‘‘›ƒ†•…‹‡…‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ‘—”’Žƒ›‡”•ǡ…‘’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡‹””‡•’‘•‡•–‘
’—„Ž‹•Š‡†•…‹‡…‡•—”˜‡›”‡•—Ž–•„›ƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ǥ—ƒ–‹˜‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡’Žƒ…‡‹
͚͙͘͝ǡ™‹–Š’Žƒ›‡”•”‡…”—‹–‡†–‘”‡•’‘†–‘ƒ•—”˜‡›–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ‹…Ž—†‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ
‰ƒ‡’Žƒ›ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹Ǧ’‡”•‘‹–‡”˜‹‡™•Ǥ
40
‹–Š͙͟ǡ͘͘͘Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•ƒ…”‘••–Š‡…‘—–”›ǡŽ‹„”ƒ”‹‡••‡”˜‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆƒŽŽ”ƒ…‡•ǡƒ‰‡•ǡƒ†•‘…‹‘Ǧ
‡…‘‘‹…„ƒ…‰”‘—†•Ǥ•’Žƒ…‡•–Šƒ–‘ơ‡”–Š‡‹”•‡”˜‹…‡•ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡ǡ’—„Ž‹…Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•Šƒ˜‡
„‡…‘‡–Š‡Dz’—„Ž‹…•“—ƒ”‡dz„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ’Žƒ…‡™Š‡”‡‡„‡”•‘ˆƒ…‘—‹–›…ƒ‰ƒ–Š‡”
ˆ‘”‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰ǡƒ†’‘Ž‹…›†‹•…—••‹‘•Ǥ––—‡†–‘–Š‡‡‡†–‘
•—’’‘”–ƒ…ƒ†‡‹…ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡–ǡŽ‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ƒ”‡•‡‡‹‰‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†•ˆ‘”‡‰ƒ‰‹‰–Š‡‹”
ƒ—†‹‡…‡••—…Šƒ•‹–‡”ƒ…–‹˜‡‡šŠ‹„‹–•ƒ†’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”…Š‹Ž†”‡ǯ•ƒ†›‘—–Š
’”‘‰”ƒ•ǤŠƒ–•–ƒ”–‡†•‘‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ƒ•‹†‡’‡†‡–‡š’‡”‹‡–•Šƒ•„‡…‘‡ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‘˜‡‡–Ǥ‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŠƒ•ˆ‘—†–Šƒ––Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•ƒ…”‘••‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–•ǡ
Ž‹‡Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ǡ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›‹ƪ—‡…‡•…‹‡…‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹•…Š‘‘Žǡƒ––‹–—†‡•–‘™ƒ”†•…‹‡…‡ǡ’—”•—‹–
‘ˆ•…‹‡…‡Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†‘……—’ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‹Ž‹ˆ‡Ž‘‰•…‹‡…‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ
‹’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’™‹–Š–Š‡‡”‹…ƒ‹„”ƒ”›••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘ȋȌǡ–Š‡—ƒ”ƒ†Žƒ‡–ƒ”›
•–‹–—–‡ȋȌǡƒ†–Š‡ˆ–‡”•…Š‘‘ŽŽŽ‹ƒ…‡ǡ”‡…‡‹˜‡†ˆ—†‹‰ˆ”‘‹͚͙͘͜–‘•‹‰‹Ƥ…ƒ–Ž›
‡š’ƒ†‹–•‰”‘—†Ǧ„”‡ƒ‹‰̸‡–’”‘‰”ƒǤ•–ƒ†•ˆ‘”…‹‡…‡Ǧ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›
…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†‡•‘—”…‡•ǤŠ‹•‡™’”‘Œ‡…–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†̸‡–Šƒ•‡͚Ǥ”Ǥƒ—Ž—•‡„‡”›
ȋ‹”‡…–‘”‘ˆǢ‘—Ž†‡”ǡƥ…‡Ȍ‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†’”‘Œ‡…––‡ƒ–‘‹’Ž‡‡–
–Š‡͜Ǧ›‡ƒ”’”‘‰”ƒ–Šƒ–‹…Ž—†‡•–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Šƒ†•Ǧ‘Ž‹„”ƒ”›‡šŠ‹„‹–•ǣ‹•…‘˜‡”’ƒ…‡ǡ
‹•…‘˜‡”ƒ”–Šǡƒ†‹•…‘˜‡”‡…ŠǤ‘–Š—”„ƒƒ†”—”ƒŽŽ‹„”ƒ”‹‡•–Šƒ–”‡ƒ…Š—†‡”•‡”˜‡†
ƒ—†‹‡…‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ’”‘˜‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ†
ƒƒ‰‡†„›Ǥ̸‡–‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡”‡ƒ…Š‡†‡ƒ”Ž›‘‡‹ŽŽ‹‘˜‹•‹–‘”•ǨŠ‡’”‘Œ‡…–
–‡ƒ™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ‰”ƒ’Š‹…•Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒŽŽšŠ‹„‹–•”‘‰”ƒ–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ•‡”˜‡•ƒŽŽƒ†”—”ƒŽ
Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ǤŠƒ•‡͚„—‹Ž†•—’‘–Š‡•—……‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ†‘—–”‡ƒ…Š‘†‡Ž†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ‘”Šƒ•‡
͙Ǥ–‹…Ž—†‡•Šƒ†•Ǧ‘ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”†‹ơ‡”‡–ƒ‰‡‰”‘—’•ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡•Ž‹„”ƒ”›•–ƒơ–”ƒ‹‹‰
ȋ‘Ž‹‡ƒ†‹Ǧ’‡”•‘Ȍ–Šƒ–‹–”‘†—…‡•–Š‡–‘–Š‡…‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡šŠ‹„‹–•ƒ†‰—‹†‡•
–Š‡‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰Ǥ‘†ƒ–‡ǡ̸‡–Š‘•–Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•Šƒ˜‡
41 :: Space Science Institute . Annual Report 2014
‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ’”‘‰”ƒ•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡•‡”˜‡†‡ƒ”Ž›͘͝ǡ͘͘͘’ƒ–”‘•Ǥ
…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡‘—–”‡ƒ…Š’”‘‰”ƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘’Žƒ‡†Ž‡†„›–Š‡ˆ–‡”•…Š‘‘ŽŽŽ‹ƒ…‡ǤŠ‡
̸‡–…‘—‹–›‘ˆ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ȋ‘Ȍ™‹ŽŽ„‡‡š’ƒ†‡†–‘‹…Ž—†‡ƒ›‘”‡‡„‡”•
ƒ†”‡•‘—”…‡•Ǥ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ͚͙͘͜ǡ–Š‡‘Šƒ†͘͘͠‡„‡”•ˆ”‘„‘–ŠŽ‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†
’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•Ǥ
Š‡‘˜‡”ƒ”…Š‹‰‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ̸‡–‹•–‘„—‹Ž†–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›‘ˆŽ‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†Ž‹„”ƒ”‹ƒ•–‘
‹’Ž‡‡–‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡˆ—ǡƒ†‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’ƒ–”‘•
ƒ†…‘—‹–›—•‹‰ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‘†‡Ž•–Šƒ–™‡”‡•—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›–‡•–‡†‹Šƒ•‡͙ƒ†–‘
Š‡Ž’Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•„‡…‘‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰…‡–‡”•‹–Š‡‹”…‘—‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡’”‘Œ‡…–™‹ŽŽ‡š’Ž‘”‡
Š‘™’—„Ž‹…Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†Ž‹„”ƒ”›•–ƒơ…ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ…‹–›–‘‘ơ‡”•–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǧ„ƒ•‡†
’”‘‰”ƒ•–Š”‘—‰Š…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‘—–”‡ƒ…Š’”‘˜‹†‡”•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡˆ–‡”•…Š‘‘ŽŽŽ‹ƒ…‡
ƒ†Ȍƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡǡǦǡ‰‹‡‡”•‹–Š‘—–‘”†‡”•ȌǤ
ƒ’ƒ…‹–›„—‹Ž†‹‰™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘–ƒ‡’Žƒ…‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‘Œ‡…–ǯ•‘”‡•‘—”…‡•ǤŠƒ•‡͚ƒŽ•‘ƒ‹•
–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡Š‘™Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹’ƒ…–••‡‡‹Šƒ•‡͙ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š‡š‹•–‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘†‡Ž•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ‡ƒ”‹‰ȌǤ–Š‡”’—„Ž‹…Ž‹„”ƒ”›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†
’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ–Šƒ˜‡Œ‘‹‡†̸‡–‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–…‘—’Ž‡‘ˆ›‡ƒ”•ƒ†™‹ŽŽ„‡†‡•…”‹„‡†
‹ˆ—–—”‡ƒ—ƒŽ”‡’‘”–•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ–Š‡Ǧˆ—†‡†‹•…‘˜‡”‡ƒŽ–ŠȀ‡•…—„”‡ŽƒƒŽ—†’”‘Œ‡…–ǡ
‹•…‘˜‡”ǡ—‹‘”
‡ƒ‰—‡’‹Ž‘–’”‘Œ‡…–ǡƒ†–Š‡Ǧˆ—†‡†
—„Ž‹…‹„”ƒ”‹‡•Ƭ‘ˆ‡”‡…‡ȌǤ
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