Smart Meter Roll-Out Industry Data Analysis
Multi-Dwelling Units
The size and scope of the GB market
© Siemens AG 2014. All rights reserved
Report Author
Fiona Worrall
Siemens plc
Tel: 0115 906 6535
Email: [email protected]
Acknowledgements
With thanks to EDF Energy and Scottish Power for
the contribution of their data and assistance
during the analysis process.
Siemens plc
100 Woodyard Lane
Wollaton
NG8 1GB
United Kingdom
Tel +44 (0)115 906 6000
© Siemens AG 2014
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
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Contents
5
1 Executive Summary …………………………………………………. 5
4
2 MDU Households in GB ……………………………………………. 7
2.1 Definitions of Types of Multi-Dwelling Units
7
2.2 English Households Data
7
2.3 Scottish Households Data
7
2.4 Welsh Households Data
8
2.5 Great Britain Households Total Data
9
3 MDU Buildings in GB ……………………………………………….. 10
5
6
3.1 High-Rise Buildings
10
3.2 Low-Rise Buildings
11
3.3 Converted Buildings
12
3.4 Great Britain Total Buildings Data
12
3.5 Unoccupied Buildings
12
4 Survey Methods …………………………………………………..... 14
4.1 Introduction to Survey Data
14
4.2 Locations Covered
14
4.3 Data Sample Sizes and Methods
15
4.3.1 Siemens Survey
15
4.3.2 EDF Energy Survey
15
4.3.3 Scottish Power Survey
16
4.3.4 Total Survey Data
16
5 Data Analysis ……………………………………………………….. 17
5.1 Introduction to Data Analysis Methods
5.1.1 Four Case Model
5.2 High-Rise MDUs
17
19
5.2.1 Dual Fuel Propensity
21
5.2.2 Electricity Meters
22
5.2.3 Gas Meters
24
5.2.4 Space in Meter Rooms
25
5.2.5 Meter Location Matrix
25
5.2.6 Four Case Model for High-Rise
25
5.2.7 Summary of High-Rise Data
26
5.3 Low-Rise MDUs
© Siemens AG 2014
17
26
5.3.1 Dual Fuel Propensity
28
5.3.2 Electricity Meters
28
5.3.3 Gas Meters
30
5.3.4 Space in Meter Rooms
30
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5.3.5 Meter Location Matrix
31
5.3.6 Four Case Model for Low-Rise
32
5.3.7 Summary of Low-Rise Data
33
5.4 Converted MDUs
33
5.4.1 Dual Fuel Propensity
35
5.4.2 Electricity Meters
35
5.4.3 Gas Meters
37
5.4.4 Space in Meter Rooms
38
5.4.5 Meter Location Matrix
38
5.4.6 Four Case Model for Converted
38
5.4.7 Summary of Converted Data
39
5.5 Exceptions in Meter Positions
39
5.6 Multiple Meter Rooms
40
5.6 Age Profiling
41
8
6 Conclusion …………………………………………………………. 45
13
7 Appendix …………………………………………………………… 46
Appendix 1: Postcode Regions in London & Bristol Surveyed by EDF Energy and Siemens
Appendix 2: Siemens MDU Survey Form
Appendix 3: Age Profiling
Appendix 4: Siemens’ Mock Comms Hub
Appendix 5: EDF Energy MDU Survey Form
Appendix 6: Scottish Power MDU Survey Summary
Appendix 7: Matrix Case Alignment Guide
Appendix 8: Building Regulations – Disproportionate Collapse
Appendix 9: IGEM G/5 Section 5 Gas Meter Location Restrictions
Appendix 10: High-Rise Meter Location Matrix by Type
13
© Siemens AG 2014
8 Bibliography ………………………………………………………. 58
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1. Executive Summary
Communications Hub
Electricity Meter
Gas Meter
In-Home Display
Figure 1 Connecting smart metering devices in Multi-Dwelling Units can be much more difficult compared to in
single dwelling units, partly because of meter locations.
Over 5 million households in Great Britain currently live in Multi-Dwelling Units (MDUs)
including high-rise, low-rise and converted properties. Of these, it is estimated that over
2.3 million are in buildings which present an increased challenge in relation to the
installation of smart metering equipment when compared to single dwelling units eg.
houses. In blocks of flats the utility meters (gas and electricity) are often located outside of
the individual flats in meter rooms, communal spaces or basement areas. In some cases
they are external to the building. This increases the difficulty of connecting the smart
metering components to the IHD (In-Home Display). The physical distance between the
meters and flats is not the only problem. In several cases the utility meters themselves are
located at a distance from each other which further complicates the situation. The fabric of
certain buildings can also compromise the effectiveness of the connections between smart
devices.
The purpose of this research paper is to identify how many households and buildings are likely to have
problems with smart metering such as those described above. Consequently, these properties are at risk of not
experiencing the benefits of smart metering due to the inability of a standard solution to satisfy the buildings’
requirements. This analysis has been undertaken as a direct action from the Home Area Network (HAN)
Advisory Group (a former working group which was a part of DECC’s smart metering implementation
programme) to establish an industry agreed position on the size of the challenge to provide effective HAN
services to support the roll out of smart meters to consumers living in MDUs.
The data analysed in this paper is a combination of the respective research undertaken by EDF Energy, Scottish
Power and Siemens. It forms the most detailed field research to date into MDU HAN connectivity issues in Great
Britain, representing a common industry baseline. Over 3,000 MDU buildings have been physically surveyed
across a number of major cities in Great Britain including London, Glasgow, Manchester and Birmingham.
© Siemens AG 2014
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This report does not, however, assess the technical options available to resolve this issue or indeed the
associated costs of providing effective HAN services to affected households. Instead, this report is intended to
act as a catalyst for further investigation into the solution options available and associated cost benefit analysis
supported by field trial evidence. As a result it is hoped that effective smart metering services can be deployed
to the MDU sub-segment which requires a different HAN solution to that offered by the SMETS2 standard.
The results of the combined research (as illustrated by the following tables) show that 2.37m households have
a requirement for a different HAN solution other than the SMETS2 standard approach. This equates to 280k
buildings.
CASE*
HIGH-RISE
LOW-RISE
CONVERTED
TOTAL
CASE*
HIGH-RISE
LOW-RISE
CONVERTED
TOTAL
GB BUILDINGS – TOTAL CASE MODEL
1a
1b
2
3a
3b
5,954
1,589
1,177
109
630
175,542
7,566
22,369
2,056
58,462
10,754
633
92,040
0
12,652
202,038
279,853
41.9%
58.1%
GB HOUSEHOLDS – TOTAL CASE MODEL
1a
1b
2
3a
3b
338,111
93,901
51,606
5,077
32,437
2,638,468
151,317
398,468
39,391
473,623
64,524
3,795 552,241
0
75,909
3,290,116
2,370,835
58.1%
41.9%
4a
432
3,267
2,530
4a
19,568
65,341
15,182
4b
0
9,801
74,328
4b
0
196,024
445,968
* Case 1a & 1b will be satisfied by a standard solution whereas cases 2, 3a, 3b, 4a and 4b will require an MDU specific solution. More detailed versions
of thes tables can be found in the Conclusion.
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Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
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2. MDU Households in GB
2.1 Definitions of Types of Multi-Dwelling Units
The GB multi-dwelling unit market is divided into three major categories as defined below.1
High-Rise
A flat in a purpose built block of at least six storeys high.
Low-Rise
A flat in a purpose built block less than six storeys high. Includes cases where there is only one flat
with independent access in a building which is also used for non-domestic purposes.
Converted
A flat resulting from the conversion of a house or former non-residential building. Includes buildings
converted into a flat plus commercial premises (such as corner shops).
Regional Variations
Tenement
(Scottish) A dwelling within a common block of two or more floors (commonly up to five storeys but
may be higher in certain circumstances) where some or all of the flats have a shared or common
vertical access. The selected dwelling need not share the access, but may be situated within the
block with shared/common access (own door flat). 2
4-in-a-block
(Scottish) Each flat in a block has its own independent access. Flats on the upper level have an
internal or external stair.3
2.2 English Households Data
The following data for English households is taken from the English Housing Survey.4
MDU TYPE
High-Rise
Low-Rise
Converted
TOTAL
HOUSEHOLDS
432,000
3,247,000
949,000
4,628,000
2.3 Scottish Households Data
The data available for Scotland does not specifically define the number of households in each type of
MDU. For this reason, an estimation has been made based on the data available. The total number of
1 Department for Communities & Local Government, ‘English Housing Survey, HOMES 2011‘, (Office
for National Statistics) pp.135-6
2 The Scottish Government, ‘Scottish Housing Condition Survey, Key Findings 2010‘, (Office for National Statistics) p.55
3 The Scottish Government, ‘Scottish Housing Conditiong Survey, Key Findings 2010’, (Office for
National Statistics) p.55
4 Department for Communities & Local Government, ‘English Housing Survey, Headline Report 201112’, (Office for National Statistics) p.30
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Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
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households in Scotland was listed as 2,386,207 in mid-2012.5 The rate of growth in the number of
households per year is listed as 0.5% for 2011-2012. If this same growth rate is applied for the 20122013 period then an estimate of the total current households in Scotland is 2,398,138 (+11,931
households). According to the National Records of Scotland 38% 6 of these are flats which is 911,292
households.
The classification types for MDUs used in Scottish housing data differ to those used elsewhere. In
order to assimilate the data the separate Scottish types have been reclassified as follows:
Tenement – As these are purpose built blocks usually of around 3 to 5 floors, for the purpose of this
analysis they have been categorized as low-rise. There may be some which are more than 5 floors
but these are few in number and are thus exceptions and not typical examples.
4-in-a-Block – Like tenements, as these are purpose built blocks which will consist of less than 6
floors they have been reclassified as low-rise for the purpose of this data comparison.
To establish the number of households in each type of MDU in Scotland, an estimate has been made
using categorisation data from the Scottish public authority housing stock which lists the split as:
high-rise 10.69%, tenement & 4-in-a-block/low-rise 69.16%, converted 20.16%.7 Although these
figures are taken only from the social sector8 they are similar in nature to the split for the English
data and are assumed to be a reasonable representation.
MDU TYPE
High-Rise
Low-Rise
Converted
TOTAL
HOUSEHOLDS
97,386
630,227
183,679
911,292
2.4 Welsh Households Data
Like Scotland, the data for Wales does not specifically define the number of households residing in
each type of MDU therefore estimations have been made. The total number of households in Wales
is listed as 1,389,118 for 2012.9 The number of new households created in the private sector in
Wales from 2011-12 was 5,200 and the number of new households for the same time period in the
social sector was 850. 10 This same growth rate has been applied to the 2012-13 period to generate
an estimate of the total current households in Wales as 1,395,168 (+6,050 households). The Welsh
House Condition Survey of 1998 states that there are 1,157,300 dwellings in Wales and that
100,900 of these are flats which is 8.72%.11 This percentage has been applied to the latest total
5 National Records of Scotland, ‘Estimates of Households and Dwellings in Scotland, 2012’, (Office
for National Statistics) p.6
6 National Records of Scotland, ‘Estimates of Households and Dwellings in Scotland, 2012‘, (Office
for National Statistics) p.50
7 The Scottish Government,‘Public Authority Housing Stock – web table‘, (Housing Statistics for Scotland) tab:tsStockbyType - AllFlats
8 A portion of the social sector housing stock covered in the data tables will have since been transfered to private housing stock under the Right to Buy. This was introduced into Scotland as part of
the Tenants’ Rights, Etc. (Scotland) Act 1980 and gave people the right to buy their home from their
local authority. The Scottish Government intends to end right to buy entitlements in the Housing Bill
and if passed then the right will end three years after the date the Bill becomes law
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Built-Environment/Housing/16342/rtb.
9 Statistics for Wales, ‘First Release: Dwelling Stock Etimates for Wales 2011-2012’, (Ystadegau
Gwladol | National Statistics) p.4
10 Statistics for Wales, ´First Release: Dwelling Stock Estimares for Wales 2011-2012’, (Ystadegau
Gwladol | National Statistics) p.3
11 Welsh Government, ‚Welsh House Condition Survey 1998‘ , p.71
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Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
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dwelling figures, giving the current number of households in MDUs as 121,659. The distribution
across the three categories has been taken from the percentages found in the English data to
complete the following table (high-rise 9.3%, low-rise 70.2%, converted 20.5%).
MDU TYPE
High-Rise
Low-Rise
Converted
TOTAL
HOUSEHOLDS
11,314
85,405
24,940
121,659
2.5 Great Britain Total Households Data
The following data is a combination of the above figures for England, Scotland and Wales.
MDU TYPE
High-Rise
Low-Rise
Converted
TOTAL
© Siemens AG 2014
HOUSEHOLDS
540,700
3,962,632
1,157,619
5,660,951
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
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3. MDU Buildings in GB
In the absence of building specific data, extensive desk and field research has been conducted to
ascertain the average number of households per building. These figures have then been used to
calculate an estimate for the total number of buildings in a certain catergory as follows:
Total number of households per MDU type
Average number of flats per MDU type
=
Number of buildings for MDU type
3.1 High-Rise Buildings
To allow for increased accuracy when calculating the number of high-rise buildings this category has
been split into the following two sub-categories:
Non-super high-rise: Below 30m, typically 6-8 floors
Super high-rise: Above 30m, typically 9 floors and over
With regards to super high-rise buildings, an extensive online database is held by
www.skyscrapernews.com, containing details of all buildings over 30m (demolished, cancelled,
vision, proposed, pre-planning, under construction, complete). 12 According to their records, there
are 2,622 currently completed super high-rise buildings in England, Scotland and Wales. The above
equation can therefore be reversed to remove the number of households in super high-rise buildings
from the total number of households in high-rise, leaving only those in non-super high-rise
buildings.
Number of super
high-rise buildings
Average number of flats in
super high-rise buildings
x
= Total number of households
in super high-rise buildings
The average number of flats was calculated using a desk top analysis of data from 900 buildings held
by skyscraper news. This sample accounts for 34.32% of all super-high buildings in GB. The average
number of flats was calculated as 87.
87 x 2,622 = 228,114 households in super high-rise buildings
To calculate the same figures for the non-super high-rise buildings the following steps were carried
out.
Total number of households
in high-rise buildings
Households in super
high-rise buildings
Households in non-super
= high-rise buildings
540, 700 – 228,114 = 312,586 households in non-super high-rise buildings
To calculate the average number of flats per non-super high-rise building a field sample of 194 was
investigated. 13 This sample accounts for 2.7% of all non-super high-rise buildings in GB and gave the
average number of flats as 43. The number of buildings can now be calculated using the following
equation.
Total number of households in non-super high-rise buildings = Number of non-super
high-rise buildings
Average number of flats per non-super high-rise
312,586
43
12
13
.
= 7,269
non-super high-rise buildings
www.skyscrapernews.com
Siemens and EDF ENERGY data
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MDU TYPE
Super High-Rise
Non-super High-Rise
TOTAL
HOUSEHOLDS
228,114
312,586
540,700
BUILDINGS
2,622
7,269
9,891
3.2 Low-Rise Buildings
To calculate the number of low-rise buildings as accurately as possible, the data for Scotland in
relation to 4-in-a-block and tenements has been dealt with separately. For the remaining GB low-rise
stock (referred to as Standard Low-Rise to distinguish from ‘low-rise’ as a category containing
standard, 4-in-a-block and tenement), the average number of flats per building was calculated from
a field sample of 1,066, which is 0.6% of the total number in GB.14 The average number of flats from
this sample was 20. The number of buildings was then calculated using the following equation:
Total number of households in standard low-rise buildings =
Average number of flats per low-rise
(3,332,405)
20
Number of standard low-rise
buildings
= 166,620 standard low-rise buildings
For Scotland, the number of 4-in-a-block buildings can be calculated by dividing the total number of
households for that category by 4.
317,911 = 79,478 4-in-a-block buildings
4
To find the average number of tenement buildings in Scotland further research was required. To
better understand the construction of the tenement market in Scotland, the National Trust for
Scotland was contacted for guidance.15 Subsequently, three categories of typical tenement were
defined. These do not cover absolutely every combination of number of floors and flats but serve as
a good general overview for the different tenement types.
TYPE
Small
Medium
Large
FLATS
6
12
15
According to Scottish household data there are 312,316 households in tenements.16 The
classifications of small, medium and large have been divided across this number of households
equally, leaving 104,105 households in each type. To calculate the number of buildings, each of
these household totals was divided by the number of flats for its specific classification. These were
then added together to give a total number of tenement buildings as shown below.
Small:
104,105
6
Medium: 104,105
12
= 17,350 tenement buildings
= 8,675 tenement buildings
Siemens and EDF ENERGY data
National Trust for Scotland has a specific tenement museum which was able to offer advice on
the size of the properties: http://www.nts.org.uk/Property/Tenement-House/
16 See 2.3 Scottish Households Data
14
15The
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Large:
104,105
15
= 6,940 tenement buildings
Total tenement buildings = 17,350 + 8,675 + 6,940 = 32,965
The following table shows the totals for all low-rise properties.
MDU TYPE
Standard Low-Rise
4-in-a-Block
Tenement
TOTAL
HOUSEHOLDS
3,332,405
317,911
312,316
3,962,632
BUILDINGS
166,620
79,478
32,965
279,063
3.3 Converted Buildings
To ascertain the total number of converted buildings the following equation was used.
Total number of households in converted buildings
= Total number of converted buildings
Average number of flats in converted buildings
The average number of flats for converted buildings was taken from a field sample of 627 buildings
which is 0.3% of the total number of converted properties.17 The average number of flats from this
sample was 6.
1,157,619
6
= 192,937 converted buildings
MDU TYPE
Converted
TOTAL
HOUSEHOLDS
1,157,619
1,157,619
BUILDINGS
192,937
192,937
3.4 Great Britain Total Buildings Data
The following data is a combination of the above figures for high-rise, low-rise and converted.
MDU TYPE
High-Rise
Low-Rise
Converted
TOTAL
HOUSEHOLDS
540,700
3,962,632
1,157,619
5,660,951
BUILDINGS
9,891
279,063
192,937
481,891
3.5 Unoccupied Buildings
Not all dwellings are currently occupied by households due to the existence of holiday homes and
second homes therefore there are some properties which fall outside the realms of this survey which
may still require a solution. However, due to the limited amount of data on these properties it is not
possible to ascertain if they are single dwelling or multi-dwelling units. Although these properties
will only account for a small fraction of the overall housing stock it is still worth acknowledging their
existence.
To illustrate, in Wales there were more dwellings than households recorded during 2011-12.
17
Siemens and EDF ENERGY data
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At a local authority level, the difference between the estimated number of dwellings and
the number of households in 2011 varied from around 3 per cent more dwellings than
households in Flintshire and Wrexham to 16 per cent (8,536 dwellings) more in Gwynedd.
The other authorities showing substanstially high numbers of dwellings than households
included Pembrokeshire (14 per cent), the Isle of Anglesey (12 per cent) and Conwy and
Ceredigion which both had 10 per cent more dwellings than households. These are all rural
authorities which generally have a relatively high level of second or holiday homes. In
particular the 2011 Census showed that Gwynedd had the highest rate of people with
second addresses used for holidays, with 64 people from outside of Gwynedd having such
an address for every 1,000 usual residents. 18
18 Statistics for Wales, ´First Release: Dwelling Stock Estimares for Wales 2011-2012’, (Ystadegau
Gwladol | National Statistics) p.2
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4. Survey Methods
4.1 Introduction to Survey Data
To help gain a better understanding of the size and scope of the MDU market in GB, field research
was carried out by Siemens, EDF Energy 19 and Scottish Power between 2012-13. Inconsistent or
incomplete surveys were discounted to ensure as far as possible the quality of the remaining data.
As the data was gathered from different sources using different methods, there are certain
limitations in the depth of comparison which can be conducted across the board but all reasonable
attempts have been made to fully utilize the figures available.
4.2 Locations Covered
With the exception of London and Bristol, each of the three different surveys covers a separate area.
A cross-check was conducted on the London and Bristol data to ensure that there was no repetition
of buildings in the survey.20 The Siemens’ survey focused on the 8 major GB cities of London, Cardiff,
Birmingham, Manchester, Nottingham, Plymouth, Bristol and Liverpool. The EDF Energy research
was conducted in the South Western Electricity Board (SWEB) and the South Wales Electricity Board
(SWALEC) regions. The Scottish Power research took small samples from various locations across the
whole of England, Scotland and Wales although the data used is primarily from the Scottish portion
of the survey.
EDF ENERGY
Siemens
Figure 2 EDF Energy and Siemens Survey Regions
Whilst EDF Energy has endeavoured to gather accurate information regarding the characteristics
of MDU/High-Rise apartment communities in respect to metering arrangements, it cannot be held
accountable for any errors or omissions in the data presented.
20 Appendix 1: Postcode Regions in London & Bristol Surveyed by EDF ENERGY and Siemens
19
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4.3 Data Sample Sizes and Methods
4.3.1 Siemens Survey
The Siemens survey consists of a sample of 1,000 MDU buildings and was conducted by a dedicated
research team who visited each of the properties in person. The researcher was accompanied by a
data collector who had been working the specific area where the survey was conducted for at least
10 years.21
This survey covered the following areas:
Building Details: Address, MDU Type, Number of Floors, Number of Flats, Flats per Building
(if more than one building), Age.22
Metering Details: Dual Fuel, Elec Meter Location, Gas Meter Location, Space at Meter Location23, Distance Between Meters.
Additional: Interesting Building Features.
Comments were also recorded relating to any potential issues or difficulties smart meter rollout could potentially face at the location.
When possible, photos of the buildings and their meters were taken.
SIEMENS SAMPLE
MDU TYPE
Total High-Rise
Non-Super High-Rise
Super High-Rise
Low-Rise
Converted
TOTAL
BUILDINGS
87
50
37
348
565
1,000
4.3.2 EDF Energy Survey
The EDF Energy survey consists of a sample of 989 MDU buildings and was conducted by a range of
meter readers. Each was given a survey sheet and asked to complete it when encountering an MDU
during their daily duties.24
This survey covered the following areas:
Building Details: Address, MDU Type, Number of Floors, Number of Flats, Maximum Flats per
Floor, Number of Lifts, Age (Either pre-1945 or Post-1945).
Appendix 2: Siemens MDU Survey Form
Age was recorded using the categories of Pre-1919, 1919-1944, 1945-1964, 1965-1980, 19811990, Post-1990 as defined in Department for Communities & Local Government, ‘English Housing
Survey, Housing Stock Report 2008’, (Office for National Statistics) p.9. These age categories are the
standard defined measurements used by the Office for National Statistics in relation to building/household surveys. For information on how age profiling was completed please refer to Appendix 3: Age Profiling.
23When conducting the MDU research, Siemens took a sample comms hub which was based on the
size specifications given in the ‘CSP ISDS Extract - Communications Hub: Supplementary Requirements’ document. Under section 4 ‘Physical Requirements’ the document states that ‘[t]he contractor
shall supply a Communications Hub with a footprint that does not exceed any of the maximum dimensions of (a) Height [12]cm; (b) Width [10]cm; and (c) Depth [5]cm.’ These size requirements are
no longer used as supplier are now encouraged to make their equipment as small as possible. An
image of the mock comms hub can be found in Appendix 4: Siemens’ Mock Comms Hub. Whenever
possible a photo of the mock comms hub was taken in situ in a meter room to provide a scale guide
illustrating the amount of space available. This helped to inform as to whether space would be an
issue in a particular meter location.
24 Appendix 5: EDF ENERGY MDU Survey Form
21
22
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Metering Details: Dual Fuel, Elec Meter Locations, Gas Meter Locations, Distance Between
Meters. 25
EDF ENERGY SAMPLE
MDU TYPE
BUILDINGS
Total High-Rise
Non-Super High-Rise
Super High-Rise
Low-Rise
Converted
TOTAL
209
144
65
718
62
989
4.3.3 Scottish Power Survey
The Scottish Power MDU data was collected as part of a wider piece of research to identify smart
metering roll-out issues. Forms were not used and the data was instead captured electronically by
meter readers during their daily duties.26
The details of this survey which have been made available for MDU related analysis cover the following areas:
Building Details: Address (Country), MDU Type.
Metering Details: Dual Fuel, Elec Meter Locations, Gas Meter Locations.27
SCOTTISH POWER SAMPLE
MDU TYPE
BUILDINGS
High-Rise
Total Low-Rise
Standard Low-Rise
Tenement
4-in-a-Block
TOTAL
52
1,285
373
203
709
1,337
TOTAL SAMPLE
MDU TYPE
High-Rise
Low-Rise
Converted
TOTAL
348
2,351
627
3,326
4.3.4 Total Survey Data
BUILDINGS
For the meter locations and distance between the meters, pre-defined options were given which
could be selected from. These can be seen on a copy of the survey form in Appendix 5: EDF ENERGY
MDU Survey Form.
26 Appendix 6: Scottish Power MDU Survey Summary
27 For the meter locations pre-defined options were given which could be selected from. These can
be seen on a copy of the survey summary in Appendix 6: Scottish Power MDU Survey Summary.
25
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5. Data Analysis
5.1 Introduction to Data Analysis Methods
The MDU survey data was collated and then underwent specific analysis, divided by the separate
building categories of high-rise, low-rise and converted. In some cases further subcategories have
been analysed individually to enhance the accuracy of the conclusions eg. high-rise has been split
into non-super high-rise and super high-rise.
For each category of buildings, the following areas have been analysed in depth:
Dual fuel propensity: This compares the number of dual fuel properties to those that are
electricity only.
Electricity meter locations: This is split into three location categories (in flat, landings and
ground/basement level - typically meter rooms). Whenever possible, further detail of the
exact location of the meters labelled as ground/basement level has been given eg. the level
of location.
Gas meter locations: This is predominantely split into either inside or outside the flat. When
a meter is located outside of the flat there is a further division to identify the exact location
of the meter eg. in a meter room or outside of the building. This can be seen in the location
matrix.
Space in meter rooms: This data refers only to electricity meter locations and covers the
likelihood that there is sufficient space to fit a comms hub at the meter site.
Distance between meters: Distance was considered a potential problem if the electricity and
gas meters are in meter rooms at opposite ends of a building, if one meter is in the flat and
another located externally a substantial distance away and also if there are multiple floors
separating meter locations.
Meter location matrix: This shows the location of meters in relation to each other and is then
aligned to the case model which is dicussed later. For a guide to the correlation between the
matrix and the case alignment please refer to the appendix.28
Four case model alignment: This is dicussed in section 5.1.1. Four Case Model. There are
three sets of sub cases which have been defined and these are discussed in the following
section.
Summary of data: This contains the total number of buildings and households of each MDU
type which are estimated to need a solution based only on those within cases 2-4, excluding
cases 1a and 1b where no issues are expected.
The data for Scotland has, in most cases, been considered separately under each category due to the
regional variations found to be apparent in both the types of MDU and also the meter positioning.
5.1.1 Four Case Model
This model was devised by EDF Energy as a method of assessing a building’s meter configuration.
This method assumes that the comms hub will be located at the site of the electricity meter.
28
Appendix 7: Matrix Case Alignment Guide
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The following diagrams illustrate each of the four combinations. Case 1 should be satisfied by a
standard solution whereas cases 2, 3 and 4 are candidates for an MDU specific solution. Dual fuel
buildings may be classified as any of the following cases. Electricity only buildings must be either
case 1 or case 2.
CASE 2
CASE 1
EM GM
IHD
IHD
EM
GM
Case 1a
Case 2
No expected issues as both the IHD and meters are
close to or in the flat
Expected wireless connectivity issues between the
IHD and the electrcitiy meter location
Case 1b
No expected issue, however, meters are on
landings which may mean there are exceptions in a
few buildings
CASE 3
CASE 4
EM
IHD
IHD
GM
GM
EM
Case 3a
Case 4a
Expected wireless connectivity issues between the
gas meters and electricity meter location due to
hard to reach internal gas meter
Expected wireless connectivity issues between the
gas meter, electricity meter and IHD due to hard
to reach gas meter located close to the IHD
Case 3b
Case 4b
Expected wireless connectivity issues between the
gas meters and electricity meter location due to
hard to reach external gas meter
Expected wireless connectivity issues between the
gas meter, electricity meter and IHD due to hard
to reach gas meter located away from the IHD
© Siemens AG 2014
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5.2 High-Rise MDUs
Buildings
9,891
Households
540,700
Due to the differences between non-super high-rise and super high-rise buildings, this category will
be split into two for a majority of the analysis. This will allow the unique features of each to be
specifically addressed.
High-rise buildings began to emerge in Great Britain after the end of the Second World War. They
were seen as a swift resolution to the problems of crumbling 19th century housing and numerous
dwellings which had been destroyed during the bombing. Between the 1950s and late 1970s the
rate of building increased dramatically, fuelled by the ease of construction that these concrete
buildings offered. However, the Brutalist style high-rises began to fall out of favour when they
frequently suffered from structural decay and became a breeding ground for social disorder and
increased crime rates. In response, many authorities instead began to build large housing estates.
Towards the end of the 20th century there has been a resurgent interest in high-rise construction as
building methods and standards of living improve significantly.
It is important to understand these two phases of build in relation to high-rise as there is a
correlation between the period of construction (phase 1: 50s – 70s, phase 2: post-1990) and the
meter placements which will be covered later in the age profiling section of this paper.
The high-rise buildings recorded in the surveys include both the stereotypical concrete designs
commonly associated with the 60s and 70s and also the newer post-1990s builds, ensuring a sample
which encompasses the two main construction phases.
Amesbury Tower
Super High-Rise
St. David’s Square
Non-Super High-Rise
1950s
Trinity Point
Super High-Rise
Present
The following graph shows the distribution of high-rise buildings in relation to the number of flats
per building and is based upon the properties visited in the survey and those analysed as part of the
desk research.
© Siemens AG 2014
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40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
Percentage
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
2 - 20
21 - 40
41 - 60
61 - 80
81 - 100
101 - 120
121 - 140
141 - 160
161 - 180
181 - 200
201 - 220
221 - 240
241 - 260
261 - 280
281 - 300
301 - 320
321 - 340
341 - 360
361 - 380
381 - 400
401 - 420
421 - 440
440+
0.0%
Non-Super High-Rise
Number of Flats
Super High-Rise
Figure 3 High-Rise MDUs Number of Flats
The following graphs show the distribution of the two types of high-rise in relation to the number of
floors for each category.
60.0%
Percentage
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
6
Non-Super High-Rise
7
8
Number of Floors
Figure 4 Non-Super High-Rise MDUs Number of Floors
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18.0%
16.0%
14.0%
10.0%
8.0%
6.0%
4.0%
2.0%
0.0%
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
40+
Percentage
12.0%
Number of Floors
Super High-Rise
Figure 5 Super High-Rise MDUs Number of Floors
5.2.1 Dual Fuel Propensity
Before discussing the results of the analysis into the dual fuel propensity of high-rise buildings it is
important to consider their history in relation to gas supply. During field research it became apparent
that the dual fuel propensity in these buildings was much lower than in other types of MDU. This is
largely due to an incident at Ronan Point on the 16th May 1968. A gas explosion in the kitchen of an
18th storey flat caused the entire south-east corner of the 22 storey east London tower block to
collapse. This resulted in four deaths and 17 injuries.29 Following the incident there was an increased
interest in disproportionate collapse which prompted the ‘Fifth Amendment’ to UK Building
Regulations, introduced in 1970. This has remained relatively unchanged for the past 40 years 30 and
affects multi-dwelling units which are several storeys high and have a gas supply. Immediately after
a report into the incident the Government brought out interim measures in relation to the safety and
integrity of buildings should an explosion occur.
All new buildings constructed after November 1968 and over 5 storeys were required to be
able to resist an explosive force of 3.4x104Pa. Existing buildings were allowed to resist an
explosive force of 1.7x104Pa, provided that the gas supply was removed and flats were
refitted for electric cooking and heating.31
These changes are now encompassed in the UK Building Regulations Part A – A3 Disproportionate
Collapse.32 33 In addition to these requirements, the Institute of Gas Engineers and Managers also
introduced the IGEM G/5 standard in response to queries relating to gas installations in high-rise
buildings.34 Section 5 of this standard discusses the issues of meter location in these buildings. In
order to comply with regulations several restrictions are placed on where meters can and cannot be
placed.35
http://www.bre.co.uk/page.jsp?id=2855
Janssens and D.W. O’Dwyer, ‘Disproportionate Collapse in Building Structures‘, (Dept. Of Civil,
Structural and Environmental Eng, Trinity College Dublin) p1
31 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronan_Point
32 HM Government, ‘The Building Regulations 2010, Approved Document A‘, pp 39-43
33 Appendix 8: Building Regulations – Disproportionate Collapse
34 http://www.installeronline.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/High-rise-advice.pdf
35 Appendix 9: IGEM G/5 Section 5 Gas meter location restrictions
29
30V.
© Siemens AG 2014
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Given the large amount of restrictions in place, it is unsurprising that gas is far less common in highrise than other types of MDU. When present it is much more prevalent in the non-super high-rise
than super high-rise buildings, as shown in the analysis below. The heavily regulated industry also
means that when gas is present, there is much less variation found in the combinations of meter
placements compared to other types of MDUs.
The tables below illustrate the number of buildings in the sample which were dual fuel as opposed
to electricity only.
MDU TYPE
Non-Super HighRise
TOTAL
MDU TYPE
Super High-Rise
TOTAL
DUAL FUEL PROPENSITY (EDF ENERGY & SIEMENS)
DUAL FUEL
ELEC ONLY
BUILDINGS
% OF SAMPLE
BUILDINGS
% OF SAMPLE
95
60.1%
63
39.9%
158
DUAL FUEL PROPENSITY (EDF ENERGY & SIEMENS)
DUAL FUEL
ELEC ONLY
BUILDINGS
% OF SAMPLE
BUILDINGS
% OF SAMPLE
48
49.5%
49
50.5%
97
The data from Scottish Power has been used to provide a separate account of those high-rise
buildings in Scotland. The results from their survey are shown below.
DUAL FUEL PROPENSITY (SCOTTISH POWER)
DUAL FUEL
ELEC ONLY
BUILDINGS
% OF SAMPLE
BUILDINGS
% OF SAMPLE
2
3.8%
50
96.2%
MDU TYPE
High-Rise
These figures have been extrapolated to cover the entire high-rise portfolio in GB and provide an
estimate of the number of buildings and the number of households in each category.36
DUAL FUEL PROPENSITY
BUILDINGS
High-Rise
%
DUAL FUEL
ELEC ONLY
4,310
43.6%
5,581
56.4%
DUAL FUEL PROPENSITY
HOUSEHOLDS
High-Rise
%
DUAL FUEL
242,965
44.9%
ELEC ONLY
297,735
55.1%
5.2.2 Electricity Meters
The following tables show the locations of the electricity meters in the high-rise buildings sampled
in the survey.
36
The figures from Scottish Power have been applied to the high-rise portfolio of Scotland only
© Siemens AG 2014
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MDU TYPE
Non-Super
High-Rise
MDU TYPE
Super
High-Rise
MDU TYPE
High-Rise
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION (EDF ENERGY & SIEMENS)
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
100
51.5%
49
25.3%
45
23.2%
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION (EDF ENERGY & SIEMENS)
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
72
70.5%
28
27.5%
2
2.0%
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION (SCOTTISH POWER)
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
51
98.1%
0
0.0%
1
1.9%
For those buildings in the survey where the electricity meter room/cupboard was listed as being at
Ground/Basement, a further breakdown has been conducted to map the exact locations when
known.
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION
MDU TYPE
High-Rise
%
GROUND
BASEMENT
14
40.0%
21
60.0%
It is far more common to find meters in basement level meter rooms, sometimes in underground car
parks which serve the entire MDU property. This may be because it allows any maintance to the
meters to be carried out or readings to be taken with minimal disruption to the residents of the
building. The basement is also an ideal location as ground floor space can be utilized for reception
areas or indeed flats whereas these would not be suitable to locate underground.
These meter location figures have been extrapolated to cover the entire high-rise portfolio in GB and
provide an estimate of the number of buildings and households which have their meters located in
each configuration.
Basement level meter room
© Siemens AG 2014
Ground floor level meter cupboard
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ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION
BUILDINGS
IN FLAT
High-Rise
%
7,056
71.3%
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
2,183
22.1%
652
6.6%
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION
HOUSEHOLDS
High-Rise
%
IN FLAT
372,539
68.9%
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
117,797
21.8%
50,364
9.3%
5.2.3. Gas Meters
As previously highlighted, there is significantly less gas supply in high-rise buildings than other types
of multi-dwelling units. In addition to this, the strict regulations around the installation of a gas
supply into a high-rise property mean the number of potential meter location configurations is
limited.37 The following tables illustrate the locations of the gas meters in the high-rise buildings
which were sampled and found to be dual fuel in nature.
MDU TYPE
Non-Super
High-Rise
MDU TYPE
Super
High-Rise
MDU TYPE
High-Rise
GAS METER LOCATION (EDF ENERGY & SIEMENS)
IN FLAT
INSIDE BUILDING
OUTSIDE BUILDING
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
70
73.7%
12
12.6%
13
13.7%
GAS METER LOCATION (EDF ENERGY & SIEMENS)
IN FLAT
INSIDE BUILDING
OUTSIDE BUILDING
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
41
87.2%
1
2.1%
5
10.7%
GAS METER LOCATION (SCOTTISH POWER)
IN FLAT
INSIDE BUILDING
OUTSIDE BUILDING
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
0
0.0%
1
50.0%
1
50.0%
These meter location figures have been extrapolated to cover the entire high-rise portfolio in GB
which is estimated to be dual-fuel in nature. This provides an estimate of the number of buildings
and households which have their meters located in each place.
BUILDINGS
High-Rise
%
37
GAS METER LOCATION
INSIDE
IN FLAT
OUTSIDE BUILDING
BUILDING
3,525
259
527
81.8%
6.0%
12.2%
Appendix 9: IGEM G/5 Section 5 Gas Meter Location Restrictions
© Siemens AG 2014
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HOUSEHOLDS
High-Rise
%
GAS METER LOCATION
INSIDE
IN FLAT
OUTSIDE BUILDING
BUILDING
193,465
18,677
30,824
79.6%
7.7%
12.7%
5.2.4 Space in Meter Rooms
This table shows the results of an assement to establish if there was sufficient space in existing
meter rooms/cupboards in high-rise buildings to install additional equipment. This refers only to the
location of the electricity meters as this is where the comms hub will most likely be situated. These
figures have not been extrapolated due to the small sample size and serve for illustrative purposes
only.
SPACE IN METER ROOM (SIEMENS)
MDU TYPE
YES
NO
High-Rise
40.7%
59.3%
5.2.5 Meter Location Matrix
For those buildings visited as part of the survey where complete details are known on both the
location of the gas and electricity meter, the following matrix has been populated. This does not
include properties where the status of the gas meter was declared as ‘unknown’ as they cannot be
marked as dual fuel or electricity only.38
GAS METER LOCATION
ELECTRICITY METER
LOCATION
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
In flat or by its
front door
Intake room every
landing
Outside building eg.
semi concealed
meter box
Metering room or
cupboard outside
building
OUTSIDE
Metering room or
cupboard
HIGH-RISE
INSIDE
Intake room every
landing
In flat or by its front
door
IN
FLAT
29.5%
0.6%
0.3%
5.8%
31.8%
3.2%
0.6%
0.6%
0.3%
12.7%
Intake room few
landings
GROUND
FLOOR OR
BASEMENT
LEVEL
Metering room or
cupboard
ELEC
ONLY
17.5%
0.3%
2.9%
0.6%
1.6%
0.3%
36.0%
1.9%
2.6%
0.3%
8.4%
Metering room or
cupboard outside
building
Outside building
68.2%
0.0%
6.2%
53.2%
13.6%
0.0%
0.3%
100.0%
5.2.6 Four Case Model for High-Rise
This sample of high-rise data has been aligned to the four case model devised by EDF Energy. The
following table shows the number of buildings from the sample which fall into each of these cases.
For a breakdown of non-super high-rise, super high-rise and Scottish data please refer to Appendix
10: High-Rise Meter Location Matrix by Type
38
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CASE
BUILDINGS
%
TOTAL
%
SAMPLE – HIGH-RISE CASE MODEL
1b
2
3a
3b
189
53
32
3
19
61.4%
17.2%
10.4%
0.9%
6.2%
242
32
22
78.6%
10.4%
7.1%
1a
4a
12
3.9%
12
3.9%
4b
0
0.0%
The figures for each of the cases have been extrapolated to give an estimation of the number of
high-rise buildings and households in the GB multi-dwelling unit market which fit into each case.
CASE
BUILDINGS
%
TOTAL
%
GB BUILDINGS – HIGH-RISE CASE MODEL
1a
1b
2
3a
3b
5,954
1,589
1,177
109
630
60.2%
16.1%
11.9%
1.0%
6.4%
7,543
1,177
739
76.3%
11.9%
7.4%
4a
432
4.4%
432
4.4%
CASE
HOUSEHOLDS
%
TOTAL
%
GB HOUSEHOLDS – HIGH-RISE CASE MODEL
1a
1b
2
3a
3b
338,111
93,901
51,606
5,077
32,437
62.5%
17.4%
9.5%
1.0%
6.0%
432,012
51,606
37,514
79.9%
9.5%
7.0%
4a
4b
19,568
0
3.6%
0.0%
19,568
3.6%
4b
0
0.0%
5.2.7 Summary of High-Rise Data
Buildings requiring a solution
2,348
Households requiring a solution
108,688
5.3 Low-Rise MDUs
Buildings
279,063
Households
3,962,632
Due to the differences between tenements, 4-in-a-Block and standard low-rise, this category will be
split into three to take into account the individual features of each. The buildings in this category
vary greatly in size from the smaller properties which are similar in size to a converted house to the
larger, multiple storey buildings which are reminiscent of a high-rise block turned on its side. Lowrise buildings are not subject to the same level of regulation as high-rise in terms of gas supply and
as a result have a much higher rate of dual fuel propensity. There is also an increased variation in
meter locations compared to both converted and high-rise MDUs.
Clyde Road
4 Flats
© Siemens AG 2014
Loughborough Estate
68 Flats
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The following graph shows the distribution of standard low-rise buildings (excluding tenements and
4-in-a-Block) across a range of number of flats and is based upon the buildings visited in the survey.
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
Percentage
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
141 - 150
131 - 140
121 - 130
111 - 120
Number of Flats
101 - 110
91 - 100
81 - 90
71 - 80
61 - 70
51 - 60
41 - 50
31 - 40
Low Rise
21 - 30
11 - 20
2 -10
0.0%
Figure 6 Standard Low-Rise MDUs Number of Flats
Percentage
The graph below shows the distribution of standard low-rise buildings (excluding tenements and 4in-a-Block) in relation to the number of floors and is based on those buildings visited in the survey.
45.0%
40.0%
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
2
3
4
5
Number of Floors
Figure 7 Standard Low-Rise MDUs Number of Floors
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5.3.1 Dual Fuel Propensity
The tables below show the number of buildings in the sample which were dual fuel as opposed to
electricity only. The dual fuel propensity is exceptionally high for tenements and 4-in-a-Block when
compared to other types of MDU.
DUAL FUEL PROPENSITY (EDF ENERGY, SIEMENS & SCOTTISH POWER)
DUAL FUEL
ELEC ONLY
MDU TYPE
BUILDINGS
% OF SAMPLE
BUILDINGS
% OF SAMPLE
Standard Low-Rise
932
68.7%
424
31.3%
DUAL FUEL PROPENSITY (SCOTTISH POWER)
DUAL FUEL
ELEC ONLY
BUILDINGS
% OF SAMPLE
BUILDINGS
% OF SAMPLE
178
87.7%
25
12.3%
MDU TYPE
Tenement
DUAL FUEL PROPENSITY (SCOTTISH POWER)
DUAL FUEL
ELEC ONLY
BUILDINGS
% OF SAMPLE
BUILDINGS
% OF SAMPLE
657
92.7%
52
7.3%
MDU TYPE
4-in-a-Block
These figures have been extrapolated to cover the entire low-rise portfolio in GB and provide an
estimate of the number of buildings and households which are dual fuel and electricity only.
DUAL FUEL PROPENSITY
DUAL FUEL
BUILDINGS
HOUSEHOLDS
114,468
2,289,362
28,910
273,901
73,676
294,703
MDU TYPE
Standard Low-Rise
Tenement
4-in-a-Block
ELEC ONLY
BUILDINGS
HOUSEHOLDS
52,152
1,043,043
4,055
38,415
5,802
23,208
When combined, the totals for the entire GB low-rise segement are as follows:
DUAL FUEL PROPENSITY
BUILDINGS
Low-Rise
%
DUAL FUEL
217,054
77.8%
ELEC ONLY
62,009
22.2%
DUAL FUEL PROPENSITY
HOUSEHOLDS
Low-Rise
%
DUAL FUEL
2,857,967
72.1%
ELEC ONLY
1,104,665
27.9%
5.3.2 Electricity meters
The tables below show the locations of the electricity meters in the low-rise buildings sampled in the
survey. The most common location found was in or near to the flats.
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION (EDF ENERGY, SIEMENS & SCOTTISH POWER)
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
MDU TYPE
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
Standard
758
71.3%
96
9.0%
210
19.7%
Low-Rise
© Siemens AG 2014
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MDU TYPE
Tenement
MDU TYPE
4-in-a-Block
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION (SCOTTISH POWER)
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
199
98.0%
1
0.5%
3
1.5%
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION (SCOTTISH POWER)
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
674
95.1%
0
0.0%
35
4.9%
For those buildings where the electricity meter was located in meter rooms/cupboards at the ground
floor or basement level the following table shows the split between these locations, when specified.
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION
GROUND FLOOR
BASEMENT
MDU TYPE
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
Standard Low-Rise
56
57.7%
41
42.3%
MDU TYPE
Tenement
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION
GROUND FLOOR
BASEMENT
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
3
100%
0
0%
The initial meter location figures have been extrapolated to cover the entire low-rise portfolio in GB
and provide an estimate of the number of buildings and households which have their meters located
in each place.
MDU TYPE
Standard Low-Rise
Tenement
4-in-a-Block
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
BUILDINGS HOUSEHOLDS BUILDINGS HOUSEHOLDS
118,800
2,376,005
14,996
299,916
32,306
306,070
165
1,562
75,584
302,333
0
0
GROUND/BASEMENT
BUILDINGS HOUSEHOLDS
32,824
656,484
494
4,685
3,894
15,578
When combined, the totals for the entire GB low-rise segement are as follows:
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION
BUILDINGS
IN FLAT
Low-Rise
%
226,689
81.2%
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
15,161
5.4%
37,213
13.3%
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION
© Siemens AG 2014
HOUSEHOLDS
IN FLAT
Low-Rise
%
2,984,408
75.3%
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
301,478
7.6%
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
676,746
17.1%
Page | 29
5.3.3. Gas meters
The tables below show the locations of the gas meters in the low-rise buildings which were sampled
and found to be dual fuel in nature.
GAS METER LOCATION (EDF ENERGY, SIEMENS & SCOTTISH POWER)
IN FLAT
INSIDE BUILDING
OUTSIDE BUILDING
MDU TYPE
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
Standard
413
68.8%
46
7.7%
141
23.5%
Low-Rise
GAS METER LOCATION (SCOTTISH POWER)
IN FLAT
INSIDE BUILDING
OUTSIDE BUILDING
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
126
70.8%
2
1.1%
50
28.1%
MDU TYPE
Tenement
GAS METER LOCATION (SCOTTISH POWER)
IN FLAT
INSIDE BUILDING
OUTSIDE BUILDING
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
314
47.8%
0
0.0%
343
52.2%
MDU TYPE
4-in-a-Block
These meter location figures have been extrapolated to cover the entire low-rise portfolio in GB
which is estimated to be dual fuel in nature. This provides an estaimte of the number of buildings
and households presenting each type of meter location.
MDU TYPE
Standard Low-Rise
Tenement
4-in-a-Block
GAS METER LOCATION
IN FLAT
INSIDE BUILDING
BUILDINGS HOUSEHOLDS BUILDINGS HOUSEHOLDS
78,754
1,575,081
8,814
176,281
20,468
193,922
318
3,013
35,217
140,868
0
0
OUTSIDE BUILDING
BUILDINGS HOUSEHOLDS
26,900
538,000
8,124
76,966
38,459
153,835
When combined, the exact total for the whole GB segment is as below:
BUILDINGS
Low-Rise
%
HOUSEHOLDS
Low-Rise
%
GAS METER LOCATION
INSIDE
IN FLAT
OUTSIDE BUILDING
BUILDING
134,439
9,132
73,483
61.9%
4.2%
33.9%
GAS METER LOCATION
INSIDE
IN FLAT
OUTSIDE BUILDING
BUILDING
1,909,871
179,294
768,801
66.8%
6.3%
26.9%
5.3.4 Space in meter rooms
The following table shows the results of an assement to establish if there was sufficient space in
existing meter rooms/cupboards in standard low-rise buildings to install additional equipment. This
refers only to the location of the electricity meters as this is where the comms hub will most likely be
situated. These figures have not been extrapolated due to the small sample size and serve for
illustrative purposes only.
© Siemens AG 2014
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
Page | 30
SPACE IN METER ROOM (SIEMENS)
MDU TYPE
YES
NO
Standard Low-Rise
66.7%
33.3%
External meter room with ample space
External meter cupboard with limited space
5.3.5 Meter Location Matrix
The matrix below represents only the findings from standard low-rise buildings and not tenements
or 4-in-a-Block. It has been populated using data from buildings visited in the survey when both the
gas and electricity meter positions had been identified. This does not include properties where the
status of the gas meter was declared as ‘unknown’ as they cannot be marked as dual fuel or
electricity only.
GAS METER LOCATION
ELECTRICITY METER
LOCATION
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
In flat or by its
front door
39.1%
0.3%
0.3%
Intake room
every landing
1.5%
0.3%
0.7%
Intake room few
landings
GROUND
FLOOR OR
BASEMENT
LEVEL
Metering room
or cupboard
1.9%
0.1%
Outside building eg.
semi concealed
meter box
Metering room or
cupboard outside
building
ELEC
ONLY
4.6%
28.5%
2.3%
2.4%
0.1%
0.3%
0.1%
2.7%
5.5%
7.4%
0.4%
0.1%
Metering room
or cupboard
outside building
Outside
building
0.2%
0.3%
72.9%
7.4%
0.5%
17.5%
0.8%
42.5%
© Siemens AG 2014
OUTSIDE
Metering room or
cupboard
STANDARD LOW-RISE
INSIDE
Intake room every
landing
In flat or by its front
door
IN
FLAT
0.7%
3.8%
0.5%
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
0.7%
0.1%
13.8%
38.6%
0.8%
100.0%
Page | 31
5.2.6 Four Case Model for Low-Rise
The total sample of all low-rise data has been aligned to the four case model devised by EDF Energy.
The tables below show the number of buildings in each case by type of property.39
CASE
BUILDINGS
%
TOTAL
%
CASE
BUILDINGS
%
TOTAL
%
CASE
BUILDINGS
%
TOTAL
%
SAMPLE – STANDARD LOW-RISE CASE MODEL
1b
2
3a
3b
655
44
111
11
72
67.6%
4.5%
11.5%
1.1%
7.4%
699
111
83
72.1%
11.5%
8.5%
1a
SAMPLE – TENEMENT LOW-RISE CASE MODEL
1a
1b
2
3a
3b
151
0
4
1
47
74.4%
0.0%
2.0%
0.5%
23.1%
151
4
48
74.4%
2.0%
23.6%
SAMPLE – 4-IN-A-BLOCK LOW-RISE CASE MODEL
1b
2
3a
3b
342
0
24
0
343
48.3%
0.0%
3.3%
0.0%
48.4%
342
24
343
48.3%
3.3%
48.4%
1a
4a
4b
19
2.0%
76
7.9%
4a
57
5.9%
4b
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
4a
4b
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
The figures for each of the cases have been extrapolated to give an estimation of the number of
buildings and households which fit into each case in the GB multi-dwelling unit market.
CASE
BUILDINGS
%
TOTAL
%
GB BUILDINGS – STANDARD LOW-RISE CASE MODEL
1a
1b
2
3a
3b
112,628
7,566
19,087
1,891
12,380
67.6%
4.5%
11.5%
1.1%
7.4%
120,193
19,087
14,272
72.1%
11.5%
8.5%
CASE
HOUSEHOLDS
%
TOTAL
%
GB HOUSEHOLDS – STANDARD LOW-RISE CASE MODEL
1a
1b
2
3a
3b
2,252,554
151,317
381,731
37,829
247,609
67.6%
4.5%
11.5%
1.1%
7.4%
2,403,871
381,731
285,438
72.1%
11.5%
8.5%
CASE
BUILDINGS
%
TOTAL
%
GB BUILDINGS – TENEMENT LOW-RISE CASE MODEL
1a
1b
2
3a
3b
24,526
0
659
165
7,615
74.4%
0.0%
2.0%
0.5%
23.1%
24,526
659
7,780
74.4%
2.0%
23.6%
4a
4b
3,267
9,801
2.0%
5.9%
13,068
7.9%
4a
4b
65,341
196,024
2.0%
5.9%
261,365
7.9%
4a
4b
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
As the data for Scottish Power did not show the meter placements in relation to one another,
conservative estimates have been made from the data available, assuming that as many meter configurations as possible will be satisfied by a standard solution.
39
© Siemens AG 2014
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
Page | 32
CASE
HOUSEHOLDS
%
TOTAL
%
CASE
BUILDINGS
%
TOTAL
%
CASE
HOUSEHOLDS
%
TOTAL
%
CASE
BUILDINGS
%
TOTAL
%
CASE
HOUSEHOLDS
%
TOTAL
%
GB HOUSEHOLDS – TENEMENT LOW-RISE CASE MODEL
1a
1b
2
3a
3b
232,363
0
6,246
1,562
72,145
74.4%
0.0%
2.0%
0.5%
23.1%
232,363
6,246
73,707
74.4%
2.0%
23.6%
GB BUILDINGS – 4-IN-A-BLOCK LOW-RISE CASE MODEL
1a
1b
2
3a
3b
38,388
0
2,623
0
38,467
48.3%
0.0%
3.3%
0.0%
48.4%
38,388
2,623
38,467
48.3%
3.3%
48.4%
4a
4b
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
4a
4b
0
0.0%
GB HOUSEHOLDS – TOTAL LOW-RISE CASE MODEL
1a
1b
2
3a
3b
2,638,468
151,317
398,468
39,391
473,623
66.6%
3.8%
10.1%
1.0%
12.0%
2,789,785
398,468
513,014
70.4%
10.1%
13.0%
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
GB HOUSEHOLDS – 4-IN-A-BLOCK LOW-RISE CASE MODEL
1a
1b
2
3a
3b
4a
153,551
0
10,491
0
153,869
0
48.3%
0.0%
3.3%
0.0%
48.4%
0.0%
153,551
10,491
153,869
0
48.3%
3.3%
48.4%
0.0%
GB BUILDINGS – TOTAL LOW-RISE CASE MODEL
1a
1b
2
3a
3b
175,542
7,566
22,369
2,056
58,462
62.9%
2.7%
8.0%
0.7%
21.0%
183,108
22,369
60,518
65.6%
8.0%
21.7%
0
0.0%
4b
0
0.0%
4a
4b
3,267
9,801
1.2%
3.5%
13,068
4.7%
4a
4b
65,341
196,024
1.6%
4.9%
261,365
6.5%
5.3.7 Summary of Low-Rise Data
Buildings requiring a solution
95,955
Households requiring a solution
1,172,847
5.4 Converted MDUs
Buildings
192,937
Households
1,157,619
The converted MDU market is problematic to analyse due to the large amount of variation between
buildings. This category is also not affected by the strict regulation such as those around
disproportionate collapse which play a role in the structural design of high-rise buildings. The meters
in converted properties are often, if not found in the flats, installed at the original metering/supply
© Siemens AG 2014
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
Page | 33
point which was in existence prior to the building’s conversion. For this reason it would be extremely
unlikely to find multiple meter rooms serving the same utility.
The survey of converted properties covered an array of buildings from small two storey houses
containing a couple of apartments to Victorian mansion conversion with over 20 apartments and
larger than some low-rise buildings. While the smaller properties are unlikely to need a non-standard
solution, the larger properties with multiple storeys are potential candidates. The older converted
properties, in particular those pre-20th century also present an increased challenge in relation to
their building fabric which could have a substantial impact on the ability for standard smart
metering solutions to work.
Elgin Mansions
16 flats
Loughborough Park Road
2 flats
The graph below shows the distribution of converted buildings in relation to the number of flats in a
property and is based upon those buildings visited in the survey.
100.0%
90.0%
80.0%
70.0%
Percentage
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
2 -10
Converted
11 - 20
21 - 30
Number of Flats
31 - 40
40+
Figure 8 Converted MDUs Number of Flats
© Siemens AG 2014
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
Page | 34
The following graph shows the distribution of converted buildings in relation to the number of floors
per property and is based upon the building visited as part of the survey.
50.00%
45.00%
40.00%
Percentage
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
1
2
3
4
Number of Floors
5
6
Figure 9 Converted MDUs Number of Floors
5.4.1 Dual Fuel Propensity
The table below shows the number of converted buildings in the sample which were dual fuel as
opposed to electricity only. The dual fuel propensity is higher for this category of MDU than any
other, possibly a product of the initial construction age of the buildings.
MDU TYPE
Converted
DUAL FUEL PROPENSITY (EDF ENERGY & SIEMENS)
DUAL FUEL
ELEC ONLY
BUILDINGS
% OF SAMPLE
BUILDINGS
% OF SAMPLE
533
86.7%
82
13.3%
The figures from the survey above have been extrapolated to give an estimate of the number of
buildings and households across the entire GB converted portfolio in each category.
MDU TYPE
Converted
DUAL FUEL PROPENSITY
DUAL FUEL
BUILDINGS
HOUSEHOLDS
167,276
1,003,656
ELEC ONLY
BUILDINGS
HOUSEHOLDS
25,661
153,963
5.4.2 Electricity Meters
A majority of the meter locations in converted buildings are outside of the flat, at a single point
either at ground floor level or basement level. This is usually in a utility cupboard/room at the
original metering point which existed prior to the building’s conversion into multiple dwellings.
© Siemens AG 2014
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
Page | 35
Ground floor level meter cupboard
Basement level utility room
(elec inside, gas outside)
The table below shows the locations of the electricity meters in the converted properties which were
visited during the survey.
MDU TYPE
Converted
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION (EDF ENERGY & SIEMENS)
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
76
12.2%
4
0.6%
545
87.2%
For those buildings where the electricity meters were neither in the flat nor on various landings the
following table shows the differentiation between the ground floor level and basement level
placements.
METER ROOM LOCATION (EDF ENERGY & SIEMENS)
GROUND
BASEMENT
MDU TYPE
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
Converted
319
63.4%
184
36.6%
The initial meter location figures have been extrapolated to cover the entire converted portfolio in
GB and provide an estimate of the number of buildings and households which have their meters
located in each place.
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION
BUILDINGS
IN FLAT
Converted
%
23,538
12.2%
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
1,158
0.6%
168,241
87.2%
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION
HOUSEHOLDS
Converted
%
© Siemens AG 2014
IN FLAT
141,230
12.2%
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
6,946
0.6%
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
1,016,389
87.2%
Page | 36
5.4.3. Gas Meters
The table below shows the locations of the gas meters in the converted buildings which were
sampled and found to be dual fuel in nature.
MDU TYPE
Converted
GAS METER LOCATION (EDF ENERGY & SIEMENS)
IN FLAT
INSIDE BUILDING
OUTSIDE BUILDING
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
BUILDINGS
% OF
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
SAMPLE
26
4.9%
105
20.0%
395
75.1%
The previous figures have been extrapolated to cover the entire GB converted MDU martker which is
dual fuel in nature to generate an estimate of the number of households and buildings which
present each type of meter location.
GAS METER LOCATION
BUILDINGS
IN FLAT
Converted
%
8,197
4.9%
INSIDE BUILDING
OUTSIDE BUILDING
33,455
20.0%
125,624
75.1%
GAS METER LOCATION
HOUSEHOLDS
Converted
%
IN FLAT
49,179
4.9%
INSIDE BUILDING
OUTSIDE BUILDING
200,731
20.0%
753,746
75.1%
Basement level underground gas
meters common in large mansions
Ground floor level external wallmounted gas meters
Gas meters mounted in the communal
corridor above the doorway
Collection of meters in wall-mounted
cupboard in the basement
© Siemens AG 2014
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
Page | 37
5.4.4 Space in Meter Rooms
The table below shows the results of an assement to establish if there was sufficient space in
existing meter rooms/cupboards in converted buildings to install additional equipment. This refers
only to the location of the electricity meters as this is where the comms hub will most likely be
situated. These figures have not been extrapolated due to the small sample size and serve for
illustrative purposes only.
SPACE IN METER ROOM (SIEMENS)
MDU TYPE
YES
NO
Converted
61.5%
38.5%
5.4.5 Meter Location Matrix
The following matrix has been populated using the findings from the survey of converted buildings
where both the location of the gas and electricity meters was known. This does not include
properties where the status of the gas meter was declared as ‘unknown’ as they cannot be marked as
dual fuel or electricity only.
GAS METER LOCATION
ELECTRICITY METER
LOCATION
LANDINGS
0.2%
Intake room every
landing
Metering room
or cupboard
3.0%
Outside building
eg. semi
concealed
meter box
In flat or by its front
door
OUTSIDE
Metering room
or cupboard
outside building
IN FLAT
Intake room
every landing
CONVERTED
INSIDE
In flat or by its
front door
IN
FLAT
3.3%
3.0%
0.2%
ELEC
ONLY
2.6%
12.0%
0.3%
0.5%
Intake room few
landings
GROUND
FLOOR OR
BASEMENT
LEVEL
Metering room or
cupboard
0.0%
1.3%
21.1%
Metering room or
cupboard outside
building
5.2%
33.0%
10.0%
3.4%
0.3%
0.8%
70.7%
4.6%
12.3%
Outside building
4.3%
0.3%
21.1%
12.0%
48.9%
13.4%
12.3%
100.0%
5.4.6 Four Case Model for Converted
The total sample of all converted data has been applied to the four case model devised by EDF
Energy. The following table shows the number of properties which have been classified as belonging
to each case. Both the size of the buildings and the number of floors between the meters and the
flat have been factored in when aligning the buildings to cases eg. a building may have the meters in
a communal area on the ground floor but if it is only 2 storeys high it will probably be satisfied by a
standard solution and hence falls under Case 1.
© Siemens AG 2014
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
Page | 38
CASE
BUILDINGS
%
TOTAL
%
1a
34
5.6%
36
5.9%
SAMPLE – CONVERTED CASE MODEL
1b
2
3a
3b
2
291
0
40
0.3%
47.7%
0.0%
6.6%
291
40
47.7%
6.6%
4a
8
1.3%
243
39.8%
4b
235
38.5%
The figures for each of the cases have been extrapolated to give an estimation of the number of
buildings and households in the GB multi-dwelling unit market which fall into each case.
GB BUILDINGS – CONVERTED CASE MODEL
1a
1b
2
3a
3b
10,754
633
92,040
0
12,652
5.6%
0.3%
47.7%
0.0%
6.6%
11,386
92,040
12,652
5.9%
47.7%
6.6%
CASE
BUILDINGS
%
TOTAL
%
CASE
HOUSEHOLDS
%
TOTAL
%
GB HOUSEHOLDS – CONVERTED CASE MODEL
1a
1b
2
3a
3b
64,524
3,795
552,241
0
75,909
5.6%
0.3%
47.7%
0.0%
6.6%
68,319
552,241
75,909
5.9%
47.7%
6.6%
4a
4b
2,530
74,328
1.3%
38.5%
76,858
39.8%
4a
4b
15,182
445,968
1.3%
38.5%
461,150
39.8%
5.4.7 Summary of Converted Data
Buildings requiring a solution
181,550
Households requiring a solution
1,089,300
5.5 Exceptions in Meter Positions
The previous analysis into meter locations had been conducted using the meter position of the
majority of meters in a building. However, in some buildings it may be that a few meters are located
separate to the rest. For example, properties have been found where all but one meter is located in a
ground floor meter room with the exception of one which has been moved to in-flat, possibily as a
result of switching to a pre-payment meter. This is likely to be more common in older properties due
to the increased likelyhood of multiple changes of tenancies and switches between pre-payment
meters.
In this meter room, a majority of the meters are in situ but those for flats 8 and
10 have been removed and replaced with pre-payment ones located at the flats.
© Siemens AG 2014
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
Page | 39
As part of their research, EDF Energy looked into both high-rise and low-rise buildings with meter
location exceptions. The results of this analysis are shown below, covering both electricity and gas
meter locations seperately.
BUILDINGS
MDUs with Elec Exceptions
Total MDU Sample
ELEC MAIN LOCATION
In flat or by its front door
In flat or by its front door
Metering room or intake
room on landings
TOTAL
%
4.3%
100%
22
516
ELEC EXCEPTION
LOCATION
Metering room
Outside of building
In flat or by its front door
BUILDINGS
%
3
2
17
13.6%
9.1%
77.3%
22
100.0%
BUILDINGS
MDUs with Gas Exceptions
Total MDU Sample
GAS MAIN LOCATION
In flat or by its front door
In flat or by its front door
Meter room
Meter room
Outside of building
TOTAL
%
2.2%
100.0%
8
358
GAS EXCEPTION
LOCATION
Metering room
Outside of bulding
In flat or by its front door
Outside of building
In flat or by its front door
BUILDINGS
%
3
1
1
1
2
8
37.5%
12.5%
12.5%
12.5%
25.0%
100.0
5.6 Multiple Meter Rooms
In most buildings only one metering room per utilty was found yet there are exceptions to this. As
part of their research EDF Energy investigated buildings with multiple meter rooms, the results of
which are shown below.
© Siemens AG 2014
Number of
Metering Rooms
1
2
3
4
TOTAL
ELEC METER ROOMS
Number of
%
Buildings
80
6
2
1
89
89.9%
6.8%
2.2%
1.1%
100.0%
Number of
Metering Rooms
1
2
12
TOTAL
GAS METER ROOMS
Number of
%
Buildings
28
2
1
31
90.3%
6.5%
3.2%
100.0%
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
Page | 40
5.7 Age Profiling
Age was considered a potential factor influencing the location of the meter in a building and was
investigated as part of the Siemens’ research. The results showed that in certain cases a correlation
can be identified between a building’s construction period and the likelihood that its meter will be in
a certain location. The results of this analysis are shown below with tables illustrating both the size
of the sample and then the percentage of buildings in each age/meter location category. For highrise, only the data on electricity meters has been included as only a very limited number of buildings
in the Siemens’ sample were found to have gas. For more details on how the age profile of the
buildings has been determined, please refer to Appendix 3: Age Profiling.
AGE PROFILE OF SAMPLE
AGE
Pre 1919
1919 - 1944
1945 - 1964
1965 - 1980
1981 - 1990
Post 1990
TOTAL
HIGH-RISE
LOW-RISE
0
0
0
25
0
53
1
6
3
257
36
39
CONVERTED TOTAL
19
20
12
18
262
265
158
440
2
38
1
93
78
342
454
874
AGE PROFILE OF SAMPLE
AGE
Pre 1919
1919 - 1944
1945 - 1964
1965 - 1980
1981 - 1990
Post 1990
HIGH-RISE
LOW-RISE
CONVERTED
0.29%
4.19%
0.00%
1.75%
2.64%
0.00%
0.88%
57.71%
0.00%
32.05%
75.15%
34.80%
10.53%
0.44%
0.00%
11.41%
0.22%
67.95%
TOTAL
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
HIGH-RISE (ELEC)
AGE
Pre 1919
1919 - 1944
1945 - 1964
1965 - 1980
1981 - 1990
Post 1990
TOTAL: 78
© Siemens AG 2014
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
0
0
0
24
0
5
0
0
0
1
0
25
0
0
0
0
0
23
29
26
23
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
Page | 41
HIGH-RISE (ELEC)
AGE
Pre 1919
1919 - 1944
1945 - 1964
1965 - 1980
1981 - 1990
Post 1990
IN FLAT LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT TOTAL
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
96.00%
0.00%
4.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
100.00%
0.00%
9.43%
47.17%
43.40%
100.00%
LOW-RISE (ELEC)
AGE
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
Pre 1919
1919 - 1944
1945 - 1964
1965 - 1980
1981 - 1990
Post 1990
1
0
0
238
18
7
0
2
0
0
0
4
3
18
18
32
TOTAL: 342
264
3
75
0
1
LOW-RISE (ELEC)
AGE
IN FLAT
Pre 1919
100.00%
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
TOTAL
1919 - 1944
0.00%
0.00%
33.33%
0.00%
66.67%
100.00%
1945 - 1964
0.00%
0.00%
100.00%
100.00%
1965 - 1980
92.61%
0.39%
7.00%
100.00%
1981 - 1990
50.00%
0.00%
50.00%
100.00%
Post 1990
17.95%
0.00%
82.05%
100.00%
100.00%
LOW-RISE (GAS)
IN
AGE
FLAT
OUT OF FLAT
Pre 1919
0
0
1919 - 1944
0
0
1
1945 - 1964
0
103
18
1965 - 1980
11
1981 - 1990
0
3
1
Post 1990
TOTAL: 137
© Siemens AG 2014
104
33
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
Page | 42
LOW-RISE (GAS)
IN
AGE
FLAT
OUT OF FLAT TOTAL
Pre 1919
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1919 - 1944
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1945 - 1964
0.00%
100.00% 100.00%
1965 - 1980
85.12%
1981 - 1990
0.00%
14.88% 100.00%
100.00% 100.00%
25.00%
75.00% 100.00%
Post 1990
CONVERTED (ELEC)
AGE
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
Pre 1919
1919 - 1944
1945 - 1964
1965 - 1980
1981 - 1990
Post 1990
15
0
17
TOTAL: 454
GROUND/BASEMENT
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
12
245
158
2
1
32
0
422
CONVERTED (ELEC)
AGE
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
GROUND/BASEMENT
TOTAL
78.95%
0.00%
21.05%
100.00%
1919 - 1944
0.00%
0.00%
100.00%
100.00%
1945 - 1964
6.49%
0.00%
93.51%
100.00%
1965 - 1980
0.00%
0.00%
100.00%
100.00%
1981 - 1990
0.00%
0.00%
100.00%
100.00%
Post 1990
0.00%
0.00%
100.00%
100.00%
Pre 1919
AGE
© Siemens AG 2014
CONVERTED (GAS)
IN
FLAT
OUT OF FLAT
Pre 1919
1919 – 1944
1945 – 1964
1965 – 1980
1981 – 1990
Post 1990
15
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
241
121
0
0
TOTAL: 385
15
370
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
Page | 43
© Siemens AG 2014
AGE
CONVERTED (GAS)
IN
FLAT
OUT OF FLAT
Pre 1919
78.95%
21.05% 100.00%
1919 - 1944
0.00%
100.00% 100.00%
1945 - 1964
0.00%
100.00% 100.00%
1965 - 1980
1981 - 1990
Post 1990
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
100.00% 100.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
TOTAL
Multi-Dwelling Units: The size and scope of the GB market
Page | 44
Conclusion
The summary tables below show both the number of buildings and households for each MDU type
which fall into the EDF Energy 4 cases. Those in 2, 3 and 4 will not be satisfied by a standard
solution.
GB BUILDINGS – TOTAL CASE MODEL
CASE
HIGH-RISE
LOW-RISE
CONVERTED
TOTAL
1a
1b
5,954
1,589
60.2%
16.1%
7,543
76.3%
175,542
7,566
62.9%
2.7%
183,108
65.6%
10,754
633
5.6%
0.3%
11,386
5.9%
192,250
9,788
39.9%
2.0%
202,038
41.9%
2
3a
1,177
11.9%
1,177
11.9%
22,369
8.0%
22,369
8.0%
92,040
47.7%
92,040
47.7%
115,586
24.0%
115,586
24.0%
3b
109
630
1.0%
6.4%
739
7.4%
2,056
58,462
0.7%
21.0%
60,518
21.7%
0
12,652
0.0%
6.6%
12,652
6.6%
2,165
71,744
0.4%
14.9%
73,909
15.3%
4a
DIFFICULT
BUILDINGS
CASE: 2, 3 & 4
4b
432
0
4.4%
0.0%
432
4.4%
3,267
9,801
1.2%
3.5%
13,068
4.7%
2,530
74,328
1.3%
38.5%
76,858
39.8%
6,229
84,129
1.3%
17.5%
90,358
18.8%
2,348
23.7%
95,955
34.4%
181,550
94.10%
279,853
58.1%
GB HOUSEHOLDS – TOTAL CASE MODEL
CASE
HIGH-RISE
LOW-RISE
CONVERTED
TOTAL
1a
1b
338,111
93,901
62.5%
17.4%
432,012
79.9%
2,638,468 151,317
66.6%
3.8%
2,789,785
70.4%
64,524
3,795
5.6%
0.3%
68,319
5.9%
3,041,103 249,013
53.7%
4.4%
3,290,116
58.1%
2
51,606
9.5%
51,606
9.5%
398,468
10.1%
398,468
10.1%
552,241
47.7%
552,241
47.7%
1,002,315
17.7%
1,002,315
17.7%
3a
3b
5,077
32,437
1.0%
6.0%
37,514
7.0%
39,391 473,623
1.0%
12.0%
513,014
13.0%
0
75,909
0.0%
6.6%
75,909
6.6%
44,468 581,969
0.8%
10.3%
626,437
11.1%
4a
4b
19,568
0
3.6%
0.0%
19,568
3.6%
65,341 196,024
1.6%
4.9%
261,365
6.5%
15,182 445,968
1.3%
38.5%
461,150
39.8%
100,091 641,992
1.8%
11.3%
742,083
13.1%
Buildings requiring a solution
279,853
Households requiring a solution
2,370,835
DIFFICULT
HOUSEHOLDS
CASE: 2, 3 & 4
108,688
20.10%
1,172,847
29.60%
1,089,300
94.10%
2,370,835
41.9%
Appendix
APPENDIX 1: Postcode Regions in London & Bristol Surveyed by EDF Energy and Siemens
BRISTOL
EDF ENERGY
SIEMENS
BS1 6TE
BS1 6TA
BS1 6TQ
BS2 8LF
BS4 2QN
BS5 0JD
BS16 5DL
BS16 5EX
BS16 5HS
BS16 5JF
BS16 5UP
BS16 5UR
BS13 7TJ
LONDON
EDF ENERGY
SIEMENS
E1 – Eastern (head district)
E12 – Manor Park
E13 – Plaistow
E15 – Stratford
E2 – Bethnal Green
E3 – Bow
E5 – Clapton
E6 – East Ham
E7 – Forest Gate
E8 – Hackney
E9 – Homerton
IG11 – Barking
N1 – Nothern (head district)
N19 – Upper Holloway
N22 – Wood Green
N5 – Highbury
N7 – Holloway
NW1 – North Western (head district)
NW10 – Willesden
NW3 – Hampstead
NW8 – St. Johns Wood
SW10 – West Brompton
SW1V – Westminster
SW1W – Westminster/Kensington & Chelsea
SW3 – Chelsea
SW5 – Earls Court
SW6 – Fulham
SW7 – South Kensington
W10 – North Kensington
W11 – Notting Hill
W12 – Shepherd’s Bush
E1 – Eastern (head district)
E14 – Poplar
E15 – Stratford
NW2 – Cricklewood
NW6 – Kilburn
SE11 – Kennington
SW11 – Battersea (head district)
SW12 – Balham
SW2 – Brixton
SW4 – Clapham
SW8 – South Lambeth
SW9 – Stockwell
W9 – Maida Hill
W14 – West Kensington
W1B – Portland
W1H – Marylebone
W1U – Marylebone
W2 – Paddington (head district)
W5 – Ealing
W6 – Hammersmith
W8 – Kensington
W9 – Maida Hill
WC1H – St. Pancras
WC1X – King’s Cross
The areas found to be featured in both surveys are E1 Eastern (head district), E15 Stratford and W9
Maida Hill. In these cases the individual street names were checked and if any appeared in both
surveys then the individual building addresses were checked. This ensured there was no duplication
of building data in the survey. The list below shows the post code check for the W9 Maida Hill area:
EDF ENERGY
SIEMENS
Ashmore Road
Chippenham Road (48)
Fermoy Road
Fleming Close
Goldney Road
Grand Union Close
Grittleton Road (13-15)
Harrowdene Court
Rivertone Close
Chippenham Road (51-55 & 61-65)
Delaware Road
Elgin Avenue
Grittleton Road (18-25)
Morshead Road
Warlock Road
Wymering Road
APPENDIX 2: Siemens MDU Survey Form40
Address
High/Low/Conv
# Floors
# Flats
# Buildings (if more than one)
# Flats per Building
Elec Meter Location
Gas Meter Location
Can you fit comms hub?
Distance between gas and elec?
Meter Type (pre-pay vs ordinary)
Age
A – Pre 1919
B – 1919 – 1944
C – 1945 – 1964
D – 1965 – 1980
E – 1980 – 1990
F – Post 1990
Photo ID/Description
Interesting Building Features
Additional Comments
40 The buildings visited as part of the Siemens’ survey were selected at random from areas in major
GB cities with a high proportion of MDUs. In a majority of cases these were within areas with a
strong United Utilties or British Gas customer base as data collectors from those companies assisted
the survey team. The survey was carried out as a separate acitivity from the day to day meter
reading.
APPENDIX 3: Age Profiling
The buildings in the Siemens’ sample were aged using a combination of the following methods. For
converted house the age of property was given as the date when it was converted as that is when
the new metering points will have been installed.
The age ranges which where used to classify the buildings are as follows:
Pre 1919
1919 – 1944
1945 – 1964
1965 – 1980
1981 – 1990
Post 1990
The methods of ageing them are as follows:
1) Data Collector Knowledge – When conducting the survey, researchers were accompanied by a
data collector who often had several decades of experience in that location and excellent local
knowledge of the buildings and their construction dates.
2) Building Staff – If a building had a concierge/reception then they were consulted to ascertain the
age of the property.
3) Building Features – Some buildings have the date of their construction incorporated into their
exterior design, particularly older buildings.
4) Online Research – Researching the properties surveyed via the internet often revealed the age of
the building. This was a particularly significant identification tool for high-rise buildings as their date
of construction is registered on www.skyscrapernews.com.
5) Architectural Style – There are certain architectural features/building materials/building styles
which help in the alignment of a building to the broad age groups. Most commonly these were the
features associated with Edwardian design, art-deco, brutalist (such as the concrete high-rise blocks
of the late 60s and early 70s) and structural expressionism.
APPENDIX 4: Siemens’ Mock Comms Hub
APPENDIX 5: EDF Energy MDU Survey Form41
41 The EDF ENERGY survey was carried out in conjunction with day to day meter reading activities.
When a meter reader came across an MDU in the course of their normal duties, the above survey
form was completed.
APPENDIX 6: Scottish Power MDU Survey Summary
Scottish Power conducted a large scale survey to identify smart metering rollout issues and the MDU
data is taken from that wider piece of work. The information was captured electronically by meter
readers throughout the course of their normal daily duties.
APPENDIX 7: Matrix Case Alignment Guide
APPENDIX 8: Building Regulations – Disproportionate Collapse
APPENDIX9: IGEM G/5 Section 5 Gas Meter Location Restrictions
Meters cannot be sited on or under the stairway, or in any other parts of the premises where
the stairway or that other part of the premises forms the common means of escape in case
of fire, unless other measures are taken.
Meters cannot be installed where the consequences of a gas escape, fire or explosion at the
meter would compromise the integrity of the structure of the building.
Meters must not be installed in any common sole means of escape nor in any rooms, box,
cupboard or other compartment or enclosure that opens onto a common sole means of
escape.
Meters shall not be installed in a meter room where twin fire doors create a false or
intermediate lobby between the meter room and the common sole means of escape.
Meters shall not be installed in any common alternative means of escape unless a risk
assessment indicates it is safe to do so. It is suggested that a fire or explosion in one means
of escape, or that the means of escape is largely in the outside open air where any escape of
gas would quickly and safely disperse. Another optuion if the use of an Excess Flow Valve
and a Thermal Cut-off Valve in conjuction with other safety measures.
APPENDIX 10: High-Rise Meter Location Matrix by Type
GAS METER LOCATION
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
In flat or by its
front door
37.5%
Intake room
every landing
4.2%
Outside building eg.
semi concealed meter box
Metering room or
cupboard
OUTSIDE
Metering room or
cupboard outside
building
INSIDE
Intake room every
landing
SUPER HIGH-RISE ENGLAND
& WALES
In flat or by its front
door
IN
FLAT
5.2%
1.0%
ELEC
ONLY
28.1%
21.9%
Intake room few
landings
GROUND
FLOOR OR
BASEMENT
LEVEL
Metering room
or cupboard
70.8%
27.1%
0.0%
1.0%
1.0%
Metering room
or cupboard
outside building
Outside building
2.1%
0.0%
42.7%
1.0%
0.0%
0.0%
5.2%
51.0%
0.0%
100.0%
GAS METER LOCATION
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
In flat or by its
front door
34.4%
1.3%
Intake room
every landing
3.8%
0.6%
1.3%
Outside building eg.
semi concealed meter
box
Metering room or
cupboard outside
building
OUTSIDE
Metering room or
cupboard
INSIDE
Intake room every
landing
NON-SUPER HIGH-RISE
ENGLAND & WALES
In flat or by its front
door
IN
FLAT
7.5%
13.1%
0.6%
11.3%
Intake room few
landings
GROUND
FLOOR OR
BASEMENT
LEVEL
Metering room
or cupboard
Metering room
or cupboard
outside building
Outside building
ELEC
ONLY
0.6%
5.0%
1.3%
3.1%
15.6%
56.3%
17.5%
0.6%
25.0%
0.0%
0.6%
43.8%
3.1%
4.4%
0.0%
8.1%
40.6%
0.6%
100.0%
GAS METER LOCATION
ELECTRICITY METER LOCATION
IN FLAT
LANDINGS
GROUND
FLOOR OR
BASEMENT
LEVEL
In flat or by its
front door
1.9%
Outside building eg.
semi concealed meter box
Metering room or
cupboard outside
building
OUTSIDE
Metering room or
cupboard
INSIDE
Intake room every
landing
HIGH RISE SCOTLAND
In flat or by its front
door
IN
FLAT
1.9%
ELEC
ONLY
96.2%
100.0%
Intake room
every landing
0.0%
Intake room few
landings
0.0%
Metering room
or cupboard
0.0%
Metering room
or cupboard
outside building
Outside building
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.9%
0.0%
1.9%
96.2%
0.0%
100.0%
Bibliography & Resources
Building & Household Statistics
English Data
Department for Communities & Local Government, ‘English Housing Survey, HOMES 2011‘, (Office
for National Statistics)
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/211324/EHS_HOMES
_REPORT_2011.pdf
Department for Communities & Local Government, ‘English Housing Survey, Headline Report 201112’, (Office for National Statistics)
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/212496/EHS_HOUSE
HOLDS_REPORT_2011-12.pdf
Department for Communities & Local Government, ‘English Housing Survey, Housing Stock Report
2008’, (Office for National Statistics)
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/6703/1750754.pdf
Scottish Data
The Scottish Government, ‘Scottish Housing Condition Survey, Key Findings 2010‘, (Office for National Statistics)
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/363471/0123368.pdf
National Records of Scotland, ‘Estimates of Households and Dwellings in Scotland, 2012‘, (Office for
National Statistics)
http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/household-estimates/he-12/2012-estimates-householdsdwellings-scotland.pdf
The Scottish Government,‘Public Authority Housing Stock – web table‘, (Housing Statistics for Scotland) tab:tsStockbyType - AllFlats
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Housing-Regeneration/HSfS/StockPublicSector
Right to Buy
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Built-Environment/Housing/16342/rtb.
National Trust for Scotland – Tenement Museum
http://www.nts.org.uk/Property/Tenement-House/
Welsh Data
Statistics for Wales, ‘First Release: Dwelling Stock Etimates for Wales 2011-2012’, (Ystadegau Gwladol | National Statistics)
http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2013/130425-dwelling-stock-estimates-2011-12-en.pdf
Welsh Government, ‘Welsh House Condition Survey 1998‘
http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2009/090924housesurvey1998en.pdf
Buildings
Skyscraper News
www.skyscrapernews.com
Survey Resources
CSP ISDS Extract - Communications Hub: Supplementary Requirements
(Available upon request as no online source located).
Building Research Establishment (BRE)
http://www.bre.co.uk/page.jsp?id=2855
V. Janssens and D.W. O’Dwyer, ‘Disproportionate Collapse in Building Structures‘, (Dept. Of Civil,
Structural and Environmental Eng, Trinity College Dublin
http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/49396/1/Disproportionate%20Collapse%20in%20Building%20
Structures.pdf
Ronan-Point Online Wiki Article
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronan_Point
HM Government, ‘The Building Regulations 2010, Approved Document A‘,
http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_AD_A_2013.pdf
Installer Online (also reference for IGEM G/5 Section 5 Gas Meter Location Restrictions)
http://www.installeronline.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/High-rise-advice.pdf
Siemens plc
100 Woodyard Lane
Wollaton
Nottingham
NG8 1GB
www.siemens.co.uk/metering
Global Siemens Headquarters
Siemens AG
Wittelsbacherplatz 2
80333 Muenchen
Germany
www.siemens.com
© 01.2014, Siemens AG
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