© UNICEF/NYHQ1996-0372/Charton
EDUCATION PROGRESS IN SOUTH ASIA
The dynamics between access, equity and learning
Lieke van de Weil
UNICEF Regional Advisor, Education
1
Agenda
•
The South Asia Context
•
Progress in Education
•
Profiles of Excluded
Children
•
What is being done?
•
Conclusions
The South Asian Context SELECTED FACTS
End Poverty and Hunger
34% of the population live in extreme
poverty
Primary Education
88% of primary-school aged children are
enrolled in schools
Gender Equality
18% of seats in parliament are held by
women
Child Mortality
66 children for every 1,000 live births do not
reach the age of 5
3
Sources: 2012 MDGs Report; 2012 EFA Global Monitoring Report
Children 0-14 years old account for a third
(31.5%) of the total population in South Asia
Child population as a percentage of the total population, 2010
100
90
80
70
60
The rest of the population
50
40
Child population as % of total
Population
30
20
10
46,4
31,3
29,4
30,6
36,2
26,6
35,4
24,9
16,3
0
© UNICEF/NYHQ2004-1202/Vitale
Source: UN ESCAP Statistical Yearbook for Asia-Pacific 2011; Data for Belgium from OECD Country Statistical Profile
6 in 9 persons in South Asia live in rural areas
% of population living in urban and rural areas, 2011
100
90
33,5
22,9
28,6
80
14,3
19,2
35,4
30,3
36,2
41,3
70
60
97
50
40
66,5
30
77,1
71,4
64,6
69,7
58,7
Urban
85,7
80,8
Rural
63,8
20
10
0
3
© UNICEF/NYHQ2004-1202/Vitale
Source: UN ESCAP Statistical Yearbook for Asia-Pacific 2011; Data for South Asia includes Iran and Turkey; UN Population Division – data for Belgium
The South Asian Context EDUCATION
The total number of children in enrolled in primary schools in South Asia
of 188 million is 18 times the total population of Belgium
The South Asian Context EDUCATION
Proportion of primary school enrolment by region, 2010
6.0%
Arab States
2.8%
Eastern Europe
0.8% Central Asia
19.2%
Sub-Saharan Africa
27.3%
South & West Asia
26.8%
East Asia and
Pacific
9.6%
7.4%
N. America/ W. Latin America/
Caribbean
Europe
South Asia has the highest number of children in primary
schools worldwide, accounting for 27.3% of global enrolment
Sources: 2012 EFA Global Monitoring Report
Progress
in
Education
in South
Asia
© UNICEF/NYHQ2009-2118/Pietrasik
8
Progress in Primary Education since 1990
Adjusted Primary Net enrolment Ratio (%)
100
Adjusted Net Enrolment Ratio in Primary Education, South Asia, 1990-2010
90
Total
80
Boys
70
Girls
60
Year
Total
Boys
Girls
1990
76
84
68
2000
80
87
73
2005
89
92
87
2010
88
89
87
50
40
30
20
10
-
1990
2000
2005
Source: 2012 EFA Global Monitoring Report, End-of-Decade Notes on EFA Goal 2, UNESCO-UNICEF, 2012
Note: UIS/GMR data for South Asia includes Iran
2010
9
Progress in Primary Education
188 million children
are enrolled in primary
education in South
Asia in 2010, up from
155 million in 1999
Nearly half or 48% are
girls
However, many still lack basic literacy and numeracy skills
due to poor quality education
The difficult journey through primary education
The example of Pakistan
Primary school entry age pupils:
The cohort of primary school-age
children
100
100
95
95
45
Net Intake rate: The number of children
who enrol in Grade 1 at the right age
Net cohort completion rate: The number of
children who complete primary education
11
Source: 2012 EFA Global Monitoring Report
Millions of children in South Asia do not
complete primary education
Dropout Rates to Last Grade of Primary Education in 1999, 2004, 2009
Dropout Rates increased in
Pakistan in 2009 from 2004
Bhutan had the biggest reduction in
dropout rates from 1999 to 2009
In 2009:
• 13.54 million
children dropped
out of primary
education
• 9.1 million
children repeated
a grade
12
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2012
OOSCI and Administrative (UIS) OOSC Data
Dimension / Level OOSCI 4 countries
of Education
Dimension 1 /
primary
Dimension 2/ lower
secondary
Total
UIS* South Asia
Region
23.8 million
13.3 million
15.6 million
30.3 million
39.4 million
43.6 million
*UIS figures are based on the May 2012 data release covering school year 2010 and covers
the whole South and West Asia region which includes 8 South Asian countries plus Iran
Different data sources, methodologies, number of
countries covered, school years covered account for
the difference
Children still excluded from primary education
Pakistan: Primary aged
children in and out of school
Bangladesh: Primary aged
children in and out of school
100%
90%
15,9
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
84,1
30%
20%
10%
0%
Source: Global Initiative on Out-of-School Children national reports
OOSC
In school
Children still excluded from primary education
India: Primary aged children
in and out of school
Sri Lanka: Primary aged
children in and out of school
100%
1,9
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
98,1
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Source: Global Initiative on Out-of-School Children national reports
OOSC
In school
Profiles of excluded children
16
Profiles of Excluded Children
© UNICEF/ROSA/Helin.L
Children from the
poorest
households are
more likely to be
out of school. If in
school, they are
likely to drop out
to due schooling
costs and poverty
17
Profiles of Excluded Children
Girls particularly
from poor
families living in
remote rural
areas are among
the most
disadvantaged in
education
© UNICEF/NYHQ2007-2886/Noorani
18
Profiles of Excluded Children
Children from
ethnic minority
groups are often
marginalized in
education and
society in general
19
Profiles of Excluded Children
Children in rural
areas are more
disadvantaged
than those living
in urban areas
20
Profiles of Out-of-School Children
• Children from poorest households more likely to be
out of school
• Girls more excluded in Pakistan and India while
retention of older boys a challenge in Bangladesh;
gender gaps more pronounced in poorest households
• Children in rural areas more likely to be excluded; also
pockets of urban children with high rates of exclusion
(slum dwellers in India, Bangladesh)
• Children in child labour more likely to be out of school,
particularly older children (disparity highest in Pakistan)
• Children from ethnic and religious minorities,
schedule caste and tribes often more marginalized
© UNICEF/2006/Dang
The urbanrural divide:
what the data
shows
22
Video from Far Western Nepal
Video from Far Western Nepal
23
6 in 9 persons in India live in rural areas
1.400.000.000
India Urban-Rural Population, 2011
1.200.000.000
1.000.000.000
800.000.000
600.000.000
1.210.193.422
833.087.662
400.000.000
200.000.000
377.105.760
0
Total Population
Source: 2011 India National Census
Rural Population
Urban Population
3 in 4 young children (0-6 years old) in India
live in rural areas
India has 159
million young
children aged 06 years old
Nearly 75% or
118 million live
in rural areas
© UNICEF/NYHQ2005-2386/Khemka
Source: 2011 India National Census
Children in rural areas are more likely to drop out
Dropout Rates, by Grade and Location, Pakistan
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
2
Total
3
4
5
Urban
6
7
8
Rural
Rural area dropout consistently higher than urban rates
26
Source: Pakistan OOSCI Report, data from DHS 2007-08
Non-attendance in pre-primary and primary is
higher in rural areas
Attendance and non-attendance rates, by level of education and location, Pakistan
100%
90%
14
18
80%
70%
13
19
23
32
60%
50%
40%
30%
68
63
50
20%
10%
0%
Total
Primary
Urban
Pre-Primary
Source: Pakistan OOSCI Report, data from DHS 2007-08
Rural
Not Attending
Children in rural areas more likely to be underweight
Proportion of under-five children who are underweight, urban and rural, 2006/2010
28
Source: 2012 MDG Report
© UNICEF/2011/Dang
Multiple
Disparities What the data
shows
29
Girls in rural areas most disadvantaged: Pakistan
Percentage of out-of-school children by gender, level of education and location,
Pakistan
100%
90%
80%
70%
Male- Primary Age
60%
50%
Female-Primary Age
40%
Male- Lower
Secondary Age
30%
20%
Female- Lower
secondary age
10%
0%
Urban
Rural
Rural area percentage of OOSC consistently higher than urban area
Source: Pakistan OOSCI Report, data from PSLM-HIES 2007-08
Beyond Averages: multiple exclusion, India
Average years of schooling
Richest quintile
Urban
Rural
Rich urban girls
Rich urban boys
India
Poorest quintile
Education
poverty
Extreme
education
poverty
Urban
Rural
Bihar
Poor rural boys
Poor Bihar boys
Poor rural girls
Poor Bihar girls
31
Current
Efforts
© UNICEF/NYHQ1996-0320/Charton
32
What is being done?
1) Systems Strengthening:
•
From projects to SWAPs
•
Equity focused policies
•
Child Friendly Education
33
What is being done?
2) Engage stakeholders
• Reality check for policies
• UNGEI
• Welcome to school
campaigns
34
What it means to attend a child-friendly school
Ten-year-old Sivatheepan
Kajanika attends a BESP
supported school in
Trincomalee in the Eastern
Province of Sri Lanka. She
describes in her own words
what she likes about her
child-friendly school in Sri
Lanka.
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=mvVGhLGRXaA&featur
e=youtu.be
What is being done?
3) Make an impact on an area
• Convergence districts
• Institutions building
• Schools as Zone of Peace
• Reach out interventions
36
School as Zone of Peace, Nepal
• Increased school opening days - 84 to 99 % in
targeted schools
• Codes of Conduct and strengthened SMC/PTA
• Over 1200 teachers participated in “Conflict-Free
classroom” training
• National steering committee formed
Complicated dynamics
“As long as there
are politics
involved
education will
never come out
right.”
- Quote from a
student in Terai.
What is being done?
4) Use of data
• Impact monitoring
• EMIS
• Bottleneck
monitoring
• Learning from
Innovations
39
Conclusion
• Equity focus means to
be bold
• Interrupt the multiple
factors of exclusion
• Emergency Education
• All strategies, all levels
40
Bhutan
Haa
Dzongkhag
Map source: UNCS, Europa Technologies. The boundaries and names shown and
the designations used on this ma p do not imply official endorsement or acceptance
by the United Nations.
• Population
726,000
Landlocked
Himalayan
Kingdom
Only 8% of
land is used
for human
habitation
Source: UN Population Division, 2010 World
Population Prospects Volume II
School Yard Urban School
42
The canteen
43
First grade rural school
44
First Grade Urban school
45
Catchi Class/pre school rural school
46
Catchi Class (pre school)
47
Thank you
48