NAME ________________________________
PERIOD ________________________________
Grades Nine Through Twelve
Biology/Life Sciences
Science Content Standards
Standards that all students are expected to achieve in the course of their studies.
Cell Biology
1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that
occur in specialized areas of the organism's cells. As a basis for understanding this concept:
a. Students know cells are enclosed within semipermeable membranes that regulate their interaction
with their surroundings.
b. Students know enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the
reaction equilibrium and the activities of enzymes depend on the temperature, ionic conditions, and
the pH of the surroundings.
Briefly summarize the differences between the words or phrases in each of the following pairs.
1. Kinetic energy and Potential energy
2. First and second laws of thermodynamics
3. Exergonic reactions and endergonic reactions
4. Reactants and products
5. ATP and ADP; Include a discussion of the ATP Cycle
6. A reaction without an enzyme and a reaction with an enzyme
An Energy profile.
7. Activation energy (EA):
8. Enzymes are proteins that act as
____________________, to speed up chemical
reactions.
9. Substrate:
10. Active site of an enzyme:
11. How does an enzyme speed up a chemical reaction?
12. Diagram and discuss the “induced-fit” model scientists use to explain how enzymes might work.
13. The cellular environment affects enzyme activity. Explain how each of the following affects the
rate of an enzymatic reaction.
a. temperature
b. pH
c. increased substrate/decreased substrate
14. Define cofactors and coenzymes; What relationship do they have with enzymes?
15. Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme function. Explain each of the following.
a. competitive inhibitor
b. noncompetitive inhibitor
c. negative feedback
Membrane Structure and Function
16. Label the structures found in the plasma membrane of animal cells.
d.
c.
e.
b.
g.
h.
f.
a.
17. Explain why the plasma membrane exhibits selective permeability. Include the definition of
selective permeability.
18. phospholipid bilayer: (include sketch labeling important features)
19. Scientists use the fluid-mosaic model to explain the structure and functions of the plasma
membrane. Describe this model.
20. List and describe the functions of the proteins that are found in the plasma membrane.
a.
d.
b.
e.
c.
Movement of molecules across the plasma membrane
21. homeostasis:
22. diffusion:
example:
23. passive transport:
24. concentration gradient:
25. equilibrium:
26. Substances that are able to pass through a membrane, the membrane is ________________ to it.
27. osmosis:
28. hypertonic:
29. hypotonic:
30. isotonic:
31. Directions of Osmosis
Conditions
a. If solute concentration in
the environment is lower
than in the cell
b. If solute concentration in
the environment is
higher than in the cell
c. If solute concentration in
the environment is equal
to that in the cell
Environment
solution is…
Cell
solution is…
Water will
move…
32. osmoregulation:
33. What happens to animal and plant cells when they are put into a hypotonic solution such as
distilled water? Include a diagram.
34. What happens to animal and plant cells when they are put into a hypertonic solution such as
seawater (high salt concentration)? Include a diagram.
Osmosis is an important process that has many effects on living things. Test your understanding of
osmosis by predicting in each of the following cases whether water will enter the cell (IN) or leave the
cell (OUT), or whether there will be no net movement of water (NONE). Assume that the plasma
membrane is permeable to water but not solutes.
_____35. Cell is exposed to hypertonic solution.
_____36. Cell is placed in salt solution whose concentration is greater than cell contents.
_____37. Due to disease, solute concentration of body fluid outside cell is less than solute
concentration of cells
_____38. Cell is in isotonic solution
_____39. Single-celled organism is placed in drop of pure water for examination under microscope.
_____40. Cell is immersed in solution of sucrose and glucose whose individual concentrations are less
than concentration of solutes in cytoplasm, but whose combined concentration is greater
than concentration of solutes in cytoplasm.
_____41. Solute concentration of cell is greater than solute concentration of surrounding fluid.
_____42. Cell is exposed to hypotonic solution.
_____43. Concentration of solutes in cytoplasm is equal to solute concentration of extracellular fluid.
_____44. Cytoplasm more dilute than surrounding solution.
45. Explain the function of the contractile vacuole in a Paramecium found in freshwater.
46. If you were stranded in the ocean on a life raft and really thirsty, would you drink the seawater
around you? Why/why not? Think about what you just learned about water balance in cells.
47. facilitated diffusion:
which kind of molecules?
48. active transport:
example:
49. Diagram and explain how an active transport system is involved with the passage of 2 different
solutes across a membrane, in opposite directions.
50. Some molecules, such as food particles and waste materials, are too large to pass through the cell
membrane. However, the processes called ____________________ and ____________________
enable these large molecules to enter and leave the cell without passing through the cell membrane.
51. endocytosis:
52. exocytosis:
53. pinocytosis:
54. phagocytosis:
55. receptor-mediated endocytosis:
Review diffusion and the function of cell membranes by matching each of the phrases on the right with
the appropriate function from the list on the left. Two questions require more than one answer.
A. diffusion
B. active transport
C. osmosis
D. phagocytosis
E. passive transport
F. facilitated diffusion
G. pinocytosis
H. receptor-mediated endocytosis
I. exocytosis
_____56. diffusion across a biological membrane
_____57. moves solutes against concentration
gradient
_____58. any spread of molecules from area of
higher concentration to area of lower
concentration
_____59. diffusion with help of transport protein
_____60. three types of endocytosis
_____61. engulfing of fluid in membrane vesicles
_____62. diffusion of water across selectively
permeable membrane, from hypotonic to
hypertonic solution
_____63. transport molecules need ATP to function
_____64. enables cell to engulf bulk quantities of
specific large molecules
_____65. how oxygen and carbon dioxide enter
and leave cells
_____66. two types of passive transport
_____67. engulfing of particle in membrane
vesicle
_____68. fusion of membrane-bound vesicle with
membrane, and dumping of contents
outside cell
_____69. how a cell might capture a bacterium