Transplantation and
Borderlands
Chapter 2
Week 2
Why Come to New World (UK Edition)

Wealth: Get rich and return to UK (First)

Wealth: Get rich and own land (Later)

Religion: Freedom to Practice their Religion

The Wealth group lacked permanence

No attempt to work with natives

Isolate selves from native influence

Stay English (all groups)
The Pays d’en Haut

“Middle Ground”

Esp. French Territory

Defined: An area in which disparate
people and cultures co-exist
The Early Chesapeake
Jamestown (1607)
“the first permanent English Colony”

London Company/ Virginia Comp.

104 land in New World

Men only!

Do you think they intended to stay
forever?

Inland (protect from natives)

Swampy land

Malaria!

Not focused on food production

Not focused on community

Gold, Resources
British deemed natives “Savages”
Why?
English
-Oceangoing vessels
-Muskets
Natives
- Dugout Canoes (Shallow Water)
-Agricultural Tech
-Traditions to survive in N/A
-Iron Tools
-Ag: one crop for export
Ag: variety of crops
-Beans, Maize, Pumpkins, Vegetables
-Grow together, enrich soil
The Powhatan Confederacy

Algonquian

Sioux

Iroquois

Tsenacommacah

Orig: help settlers

Later: Relationship sours
Almost Disaster 1

January 1608

Ships arrive

38 survived

Disease, Famine

Knowledge from Natives

John Smith

Saves colony

Runs like Military Unit

Work or starve!
Under John Smith…

Negotiate with Natives

Also steal food/ kidnap if necessary

Reorganization

Expansion

New Charter (1609)

Stock in company to planters willing to migrate at own $$

Indentured Servants

Spring: 600 leave for Jamestown
Almost Disaster 2: “The Starving Time”

Winter 1609-1610

Natives stop aid

Settlers trapped in town

Cannibalization of dead

May: Sir Francis Drake arrives


60 survivors

Leave for England

Turn around when…
New Gov: Lord De La Warr
Tobacco

John Rolfe (1612)

First Profitable Crop

Tobacco Economy

Required lots of hard labor

Enslaving natives didn’t work

“Headright System”


Fifty acres of land

Already in colony get 2 headrights

New settler gets 1 headright

Each settler, encourages families

Bigger family=more land
Brought in Ironworkers and craftsmen
Permanence?

1619- 100 women brought in to become wives

1619-Male colonists, full rights of Englishmen


Share in self gov.

July 30, 1619- House of Burgesses
End of August 1619- First Africans arrive

20 on Dutch ship

Status unclear


Servants or Slaves?
Indentured Servants: Mostly English
Issues with Natives 

Sir Thomas Dale (Gov.)


Suppressive war against Powhatans
Opechancanough attacks! (March 1622)

347 killed

Threat continues for 20 years
Jamestown Wrap-up

Virginia Company out of business 1624

Crown controls colony

In 17 years 8500 died (80%!!!)
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)


Nathaniel Bacon

Western Farmer

Angry, can’t move west

Want’s piece of fur trade
Settlers: militia aid needed!


Bacon offers to set up own


Gov. refuses
Gov. refuses
Bacon ignores Berkely, sets up
own arm

Bacon and men Rebels!
Bacon’s Rebellion Cont.
Bacon heads towards Jamestown
a. Gets a temporary pardon
b. Berkely repudiates agreement
2. Bacon heads towards Jamestown
again!
a. Drives Berkely away, burns most
of the city.
b. Bacon Dies of Dysentery
c. Berkely regains control
3. 1677- Natives sign treaty ceding
more land, Bacon’s rebellion ends.
1.
Bacon’s Rebellion: Results
1.
Struggle to define native and white
spheres of influence
a.
2.
Landed elites realize danger of landless
men
1.
3.
Virginia remains a “middle ground”
Quell social unrest
Turn to Slavery
Slaves=never released
b. Indentured servants=released after a time,
become landless
a.
4.
FEAR OF INSTABILITY.
The Growth of New England
The Pilgrims
1608: English Puritan Separatists from town of Scrooby emigrate illegaly to Layden,
Holland
1. Forced to work unskilled and poorly paid jobs
2. Children began to adapt to Dutch Society and drift away from their church
 REMEMBER WHAT WE SAID ABOUT SEPARATISTS? DID THEY WANT TO NOT BE
ENGLISH?

Move across the Atlantic.
 Create a new community
 Spread “the gospel of the Kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of the world.”


1620: Obtain permission from Virginia Company to settle in Virginia.
The Mayflower Voyage (1620)

37 “saints”

67 “strangers

Arrive in November, North of Cape Cod

Too late to sail south

Plymouth

“Mayflower Compact”


Representative Government

All Church going, adult, males
Land: December 21, 1620
The First Winter and…

½ colonists die, malnutrition/disease

Local Natives aid

Fur

Corn cultivation

Tisquantum

“Rage”

“Hello, I’m the Wrath of God”

1633: Small Pox kills most natives

Soil bad for farming

Fishermen, Fur Traders

1630: 300 pop.

Not as much $$$ as Virginia

Content to be left alone
The Massachusetts Bay Company

Charles I persecutes Puritans
-
Create a refuge in NE for Puritans
-
John Winthrop
1.
2.
3.
4.
1630, 17 ships, 1000 people
Largest migration of its kind
Kept the Charter, the colony was responsible to itself.
Founds Boston

Serious, Pious. Lead useful lives of thrift and hard work.

Founding a Holy Commonwealth: A “City upon a Hill”

Theocracy: a society in which the church is almost indistinguishable from the state.

No religious freedom. Only Puritans were allowed to worship “freely”
Dissent and New Colonies


Connecticut (1639)

Rhode Island (1644)

Roger Williams

Fertile land

Thomas Hooker

Hartford

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Indep. Colony

Gov. tried to deport to UK

Rep. Gov


More men right to vote, hold office
Winter 1635/36 lived with
Narragansett
New Haven (1639)

Wanted to sever ties with C. of
England.

Buy land from natives


Bought land from them
Providence

Bible based gov.

Stricter than Mass. Bay

Charter, Mass. Style gov.

Part of Hartford 1662

All faiths could worship freely
Other Challenges

Anne Hutchinson

Clergy not “elect”


“Antinomian Heresy”

Challenged perception of Women’s roles

Conv. Heresy and sedition (1637)


No Spiritual authority
Banished, moved to Providence
John Wheelwright (1639)

Follower of AH

Goes to New Hampshire (est. 1629)

Separate colony in 1679
Settlers and Natives

First: Generally friendly

How to grow crops

Bought land


Prev. cleared by natives.
Partners in trade

Attempts to educate in religion and culture.
Some converted, some partially assimilate.

Tensions develop quickly

Land!

Tribes a threat to godly community.

From helpful neighbors to “heathens” and
“barbarians”
Metacom’s War (1675-76)
“King Philip’s War”

1637: Pequot War



Natives wiped out
1675: Metacomet, respond to hanging of 3
natives

Wompanoag tribe

Terror campaign
1676: Settlers gain upper hand

Metacomet killed

Alliance collapses

Natives better tech: Flintlock rifles

Colonists: More guns, more people
The Restoration Colonies:
England 1640s-1650s

English civil war

Charles I beheaded

Oliver Cromwell

Charles II- The Restoration (1660)

4 new colonies

Supports religious toleration

Tension between protestants and Catholics
The Carolinas 1663, 1665

Charter receivers given almost kingly power

Headright system

Religious freedom to all Christian faiths.

Representative assembly.

Attract settlers from existing colonies


save expense of expeditions to England.
Failed, at first
The Fundamental Constitution for
Carolina, 1669

Anthony Cooper helped by John Locke

Divided colony into counties of equal size

Social hierarchy


Seigneurs (proprieters)

Land graves, caciques (local aristocracy)

Leet-men (ordinary settlers)

Poor whites

African Slaves
Landowners have a voice in proportion to landholdings.
The Carolinas, continued

Ties with Barbados

Slave plantations

Divisions

Small farmers v. wealthy planters

Wealthy Barbadians v. small landowners

1719: Colonists seize control of colony

1729: King divides

North Carolina

South Carolina
“Even old New York was once New
Amsterdam…”

1664: Duke of York given land between
Connecticut and Delaware Rivers


UK Navy/Richard Nicolls force Dutch gov.
to surrender


Dutch claim too
Dutch retake 1673, lose 1674
Great Diversity

British, Dutch, Scandinavians, Germans,
French, African slaves, Native tribes

Power: Landowners, “patroonships,”
wealthy fur traders

1685: pop. 30,000
New Jersey

James gives land to Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret

Little profit

1674, Berkeley sells his interest.

East Jersey v. West Jersey

1702: one colony.

Ethnic and religious diversity

Weak colonial government

No important class of large land owners.
The Quakers and their Colonies

The Society of Friends: mid 1600s. George Fox: “Tremble at the name of the Lord”







Rejected the concept of predestination
Rejected the concept of original sin
All people have divinity within themselves
All can attain salvation
No formal church government
No paid clergy
Relative gender equality.



Women can speak in church
used terms “thee and thou” when referring to everyone.
Pacifists
William Penn

Colony for Quakers

Charles II owes father debt

Gets territory between NY and Maryland

All can become Christian, regardless of past

What will this mean for slavery going forward?
Pennsylvania

Honest and informative

Most popular/cosmopolitan colony

Carefully planned

Fertile soil, mild climate

Good relations with natives due to religious beliefs


Paid natives for their land

Good relationship didn’t last
1701: Penn returns to England

first, the “Charter of Liberties”

Single chamber representative assembly.

Limits the proprietor’s authority

Permits the “lower counties” to create own representative assembly.

1703 they become Delaware
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

Thought for the section: We must remember that even though today it seems
like English domination of North America was a forgone conclusion, things
were by no means certain for decades. There were many contests for control
of the area. Because the colonies served as a middle ground, they benefitted
from the influence of outside cultures.
The Caribbean


1492-1600: Spain

Colonies on large islands

Dutch, English (Bermuda), French on small
1621: Dutch/Spanish war

S. Navy distracted, Caribbean unprotected

By 1650 UK: Antigua, St. Kitts, Jamaica, Barbados

Sugarcane


Easy to grow

Market in Europe

Distill to rum

Labor intensive: Led to Slaves
Slaves outnumber whites 4:1 (Barbados)
The Southwest
New Mexico

Most prosperous

1800: Pop. Approx. 10,000

France is biggest threat.

Louisiana Territory (1682)

Spain: Texas and Arizona
California

Euro. Fur traders

Spain sets up Presidios

San Diego, Monterey, 1769

San Francisco, 1776

Los Angeles, 1781

Santa Barbara, 1786
Remember…
Sparsely populated
2. Agricultural
3. Created to defend the more populated part
of the empire (Mexico) from threats from the
north.
4. Did not displace the native populations
1.
Convert to Catholicism
b. Recruit or force to work agriculture
c. Make them trading partners.
a.
The Southeast

1560s: Spain colonizes Florida and into Georgia

Jamestown closes of Spanish hopes of moving further North.

Spain builds forts to defend.

Conflict between Spanish and English.

1668: English Pirates sack St. Augustine

English encourage natives to rise up against missions

Spain offers freedom to African slaves


owned by Englishmen

if they convert to Catholicism.

100 do
Florida will continue to be a thorn in the sides of American Slave owners and colonists long
after the establishment of the United States, but that’s a story for another time.
Georgia (1733)

Military Barrier

Refuge for impoverished

Send debtors

General James Oglethorpe

Africans (free/slave) banned

Side with Spanish

Cause conflict

Strict trade regs.

Catholics excluded (Why?)

Mid 1700s: O, loses control. Develops
similar to S.Carolina
Middle Grounds: Concept Review

Conflicts!

Euro v. Euro

Euro v. Natives

North: Natives displaced

West: Neither side wins


Make concessions
Natives saw settlers as threat and benefit

Fear power: guns, forts

Want: mediation

Euro: Nations

Natives: Kinships, tribes

Europeans less likely to adapt as numbers increased
The Development of Empire
Navigation Acts

Dutch excluded (1650)

1660: colonies closed to trade


English ships only

Exports must go through England
1663: Goods from Europe must pass
through England first

Taxation

1673: Tax on trade between colonies

Creates black market
The Dominion of New England: Attempt
to increase British Authority

1675: Lords of Trade


1679: increase control over Massachusetts.


It is ignoring the Navigation acts
1688: Glorious Revolution


New Hampshire a separate colony
1684: Revokes Massachusetts charter


Recommendations about reform
William and Mary abolish the D of N/E
1691: Massachusetts combined with Plymouth as a single royal colony.

Colonial assembly

crown appoints governor.

Male property owners can vote
By Late 1600s: Colonial Assemblies had been
restored, but the crown had more control
over the colonies than ever before.
Image Sources

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