HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Course Description and Philosophy
Human Anatomy and Physiology is a junior/senior level biology course intended for the student with a genuine interest in the sciences,
particularly the biological sciences. The course will involve a comprehensive survey of the human systems, including the study of their designs at
the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and organ system levels; analysis of the mechanisms by which those systems function, both molecularly and
mechanically; study of interactions between and interdependence among the various systems that contribute to the body’s function as a whole,
integrated unit; exploration of regulatory mechanisms that contribute to each systems proper function, as well as to the coordination of the body as
a whole; and analysis of various mechanisms of loss of function and disease. The material naturally lends itself to advancing critical thinking
skills, given the analytical nature of physiology understanding mechanisms of disease. In addition, the curriculum content offers numerous
opportunities to explore ethical questions regarding topics such as access to health care, scientific research projects and funding, and behavioral
contributions to disease such as smoking and drug use.
Human Anatomy and Physiology is a general level biology course aimed at the average student population at Mountain Lakes. Advanced
level students will find the course stimulating and challenging, while average level students should find the material accessible, so that the course
is well worth the time and effort for both groups. Differentiated instruction will be employed to help expedite this goal. Prerequisites are a year of
biology and a year of chemistry. Topics to be covered will include: a review of cell biology, emphasizing topics critical to understanding
physiology; study of tissue types; the skin; the skeletal system; muscles and movement; nervous control and the central nervous system; hormonal
control and regulation; blood; the heart and cardiovascular system; the lymphatic system and immunity; the respiratory system; the digestive
system and nutrition; the excretory system and fluid balance; and the reproductive systems. The course will have a significant laboratory
component. A large number of the labs will involve dissections, especially of the standard white lab rat, as a primary tool for teaching and
reinforcing anatomy components of the course.
A number of different evaluation tools will be employed. Teacher made tests, lab reports, lab practical exams, reading quizzes, lab
quizzes, classwork assignments, homework, and classroom presentations will all be used to evaluate each student’s performance. Material will be
presented using lecture and class discussion, laboratory exercises, demonstrations, dissections, discovery learning activities, and pertinent
technologies, including video, overheads, internet resources, computer programs, power point presentations, and laser disc images and videos.
Teacher and student use of the SmartBoard technology will be a major part of class discussions, lab activities, student presentations, and other
activities. A significant number of labs will employ iBook and other computer technology to gather and analyze data.
Text Reference: Marieb, Elaine Anatomy and Physiology, copyright 2002 by Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco
Revised August 2009
Unit One- Organization of the Human Body
Essential Question: How is the human body organized, and how do the activities at each organizational level contribute to the activity
of the next hierarchical level and the body as a whole?
Objectives: Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
• Define anatomy and physiology
• List, in order of increasing complexity, the organizational hierarchy of the body
• Explain and analyze the relationships among the various organizational levels of the body
• Explain the principle of emergent properties resulting from the organizational hierarchy
• Discuss the principle of complimentarily of form and function, and provide examples of how form follows function in the body
• List the major organ systems and briefly describe their components and their functions
• Define and discuss homeostasis
• Define negative feedback, recognize examples of negative feedback, and describe several representative examples of negative
feedback loops involved in homeostasis
• Define positive feedback, recognize examples of positive feedback, and describe representative examples of positive feedback
loops involved in homeostasis
• Explain the relationship between loss of homeostasis and disease
• Use correct anatomical terms to describe the regions of the body, body position, and body movement
• Define a covalent bond, and distinguish between a polar and a nonpolar covalent compound
• Describe some of the characteristics of important organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
• Explain the behavior of major types of organic molecules with regard to water and lipid solubility and cell membrane transport
• Define ions, explain their formation in solution, and list some of the ions important for human metabolism
• Describe how a protein’s overall shape is derived from its primary, secondary, tertiary, and perhaps quaternary structure
• Explain how a protein’s overall structure helps determine its function
• Explain how factors such as pH, heat, ions, and other environmental factors might affect a protein’s function
• Describe ATP, and explain how energy is obtained from ATP
• Trace the pathway a protein might take from where it is made in the cell to its export or destruction
• Explain how regulating genes can help regulate protein (especially enzyme) levels to accomplish homeostasis
• Describe, and compare and contrast diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport
• Contrast how lipid-soluble and water-soluble molecules are moved across a cell membrane
Objectives (continued): Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
• Describe the structures and mechanisms by which cells are held together in tissues
• Define endocytosis and exocytosis, and relate these processes to the movement of molecules into and out of cells
• Describe how cells signal to each other using contact, electrical signals, and chemical signals
• Define a membrane receptor and explain how it functions
• Describe how a signal such as a hormone might cause a change in a cell’s activity using a second messenger system
• Define tissues, and explain how the properties of tissues arise from the cells that make them up and the way those cells are
arranged and interact
• List the four major types of tissues and their basic characteristics
• Explain the structural and functional characteristics of epithelium
• Compare and contrast the major types of epithelium as to design, function, and location in the body
• Define glands, and distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands
• Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue
• Compare and contrast the major types of connective tissue as to design, function, and location in the body
• Describe the structure and function of cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes
• List the general characteristics of nervous tissue
• Compare and contrast the three types of muscle tissue as to design, general function, and position in the body
Topic/Content Skills
Assessment
Resources
Instructional
Methods
Lecture
Tech Infusion
NJCCCS: Unit 1
Topic 1: The Human body and
orientation
Define Anatomy and
Physiology
Complimentarity
Tests, Quizzes,
Lab Quizzes
Text; Related
Texts;
Text CDrom
iBooks and probes
5.1.8.A.1, 2, &3
Class Discussion
SmartBoard
5.1.12.A. 1, 2, &3
Class work
iBooks and probes Group Work
PowerPoint projector 5.1.8.B.1, 2, 3, & 4
Organizational hierarchy
Homework
Homeostasis
Lab Reports
Positive and Negative Feedback Lab Practical
Lab manuals
Media Center
Lab Supplies &
tissue slides
Laboratory Work
Overhead projector
Individual Research VCR
Demonstrations
CD rom
Language of Anatomy
SmartBoard &
Projector
Overheads
Student
presentations
Critical Thinking
Activities
Internet
5.1.12.B. 1, 2, 3, & 4
5.1.8.C. 1, 2, & 3
5.1.12.C. 1, 2, & 3
Internet activities and 5.1.8.D. 1, 2, 3, & 4
references
First Class
5.1.12.D.1, 2, & 3
Workspace
5.3.8.A.2
Topic 2:
Biochemistry & Cell Physiology
Chemical bonds- Ionic &
covalent
Polar and nonpolar bonds
Organic molecules
Protein structure and
function- Enzymes
Cell membranes & transport
5.3.12.A.1, 2, 3, &6
5.3.8.D.1, 2, 3
5.3.12.D.1 & 2
5.3.12.E.1, 2, 3, &4
Membrane transport
Topic 3: Tissues
Cell connections & cell
signaling
Epithelium- characteristics,
types, and functions
Connective tissues- types,
characteristics, & functions
Muscle tissues
Nervous tissues
Unit Two: Covering
Essential question: How is the body covered, protected from and maintained as an entity separate from the external environment, and
how is the body’s homeostatic condition and protection from disease maintained by the action of that covering?
Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Name the tissue types that make up the dermis and epidermis
List the major layers of the dermis and epidermis, and describe the functions of each layer
Explain how skin color is produced
Describe the structure and function of sweat glands
Describe the structure and function of oil glands
List the parts of a hair follicle, and explain how a hair grows
Describe the structure of nails
List at least five functions of the skin, and explain how the skin accomplishes those functions
Describe the characteristics of and warning signs of skin cancers
Characterize burns as to severity, distinguishing between 1 st degree, 2nd degree, and 3rd degree burns
Explain in detail why severe and extensive burns can be life threatening
Topic/Content Skills
Assessment
Instructional
Methods
Tech Infusion
NJCCCS: Unit 2
Topic 1: Structure and Function Tests, Quizzes, Text; Related
of the Skin and Associated Organs
texts
Dermis and Epidermis
Lab Quizzes
Text CD rom
Lecture
5.1.12.A.1, 2, & 3
Layers of the skin and their
Group Work
iBooks and
probes
SmartBoard &
projector
PowerPoint
Class work
Resources
iBooks and
Class Discussion
5.1.8.B., 2, & 3
5.1.12.B.1, 2, 3, &
functions
probes
Sweat and sweat glands
Homework
Sebaceous glands and secretions
Hair and nails
Lab Reports
Lab Practical
Functions of the skin
Student
Presentations
Skin cancer
Burns
Wound healing
Lab manuals
projector
Laboratory Work
Overhead
projector
Media Center Individual Research VCR
Lab Supplies & Demonstrations
CD rom
tissue slides
Internet
Student
Internet
presentations
Overheads
First Class
Workspace
SmartBoard
and projector
4
5.1.8.C.1, 2, 3
5.1.12.C.1, 2, & 3
5.1.12.D.1, 2, & 3
5.3.8.A.2
5.3.12.A.1, 2, 3, 4,
5, & 6
5.3.12.D.2
5.3.12.E.1, & 4
Unit 3: Support and movement.
Essential Question: How is the body supported and protected from trauma, and how is movement accomplished within the body as
well as movement of the body within the environment so that homeostasis can be maintained?
Objectives: Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Describe the properties and functions of the three types of cartilage
Locate the major sites where cartilage is found in an adult human
Name the major divisions of the skeleton
Compare and contrast the four major bone types, and give examples of each
List and briefly describe 6 major functions of bone
Describe the gross anatomy of a typical long bone and flat bone
Describe the microscopic histology of both compact and spongy bone
Discuss the chemical composition of bone, and contrast the organic and inorganic components of bone
Explain the process of bone growth at the epiphyseal plates
Explain the process of bone healing
Discuss the importance of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone growth, remodeling, and healing
Describe how hormones regulate bone density and remodeling, and relate this process to osteoporosis
Name and identify the bones of the skull, and identify some of their major markings
Name and identify the types of vertebrae, and identify the parts and markings of vertebrae
Name and identify the major bones of the appendicular skeleton, and identify some of their major markings
Classify the major types of joints structurally and functionally
Define bursa and describe their function
Name, describe, and perform the common body movements
Name and describe some common types of joint injuries
• Contrast the three main types of arthritis as to symptoms and cause
• Compare and contrast the three types of muscle tissue
• Describe the gross anatomical design of a typical skeletal muscle
• Describe the microscopic design and structure of skeletal muscle cells and sarcomeres
• Describe the action of the sodium/potassium pump, and how that produces a resting potential
Objectives (continued): Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Explain in detail how an action potential is produced
Explain the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction in detail
Define motor unit and explain how muscle fibers are made to contract by nerves
Describe a muscle twitch, and be able to interpret a graphic depiction of muscle twitch
Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction
Define oxygen debt and explain how muscle fatigue occurs
Compare and contrast the three types of skeletal muscle fibers
Contrast the location and gross anatomy of smooth muscle with skeletal muscle
Explain the mechanism of smooth muscle contraction
Define and explain the role of flexors, extensors, prime movers, and antagonists in muscle action
Relate lever action and mechanical advantage to the use of muscles to produce motion
Name and identify some of the major muscles and muscle groups; identify origin, insertion and action of select muscles
Topic/Content Skills
Assessment
Topic 1. Bones and Skeletal
tissues
Cartilage- Properties, functions,
locations
Functions of bone
Types of bones
Instructional Methods Tech Infusion
NJCCCS: Unit 3
Tests, Quizzes, Text; Related
Texts
Lab Quizzes Text CD rom
SmartBoard
Presentations
Lecture
5.1.8.A.1, 2, &3
Class work
Class Discussion
Homework
iBooks and
probes
Lab manuals
Anatomy and histology of bone
Lab Reports
Media Center
Laboratory Work
iBooks and
probes
SmartBoard and
Projector
PowerPoint
projector
Overhead
projector
VCR
Bone composition and growth
Lab Practical
Lab Supplies &
Tissue slides
SmartBoard &
projector
Overheads
Internet
Individual Research
CD rom
Demonstrations
Internet
5.1.12.C.1, 2, &
3
5.1.12.D.1, 2, &
3
5.3.8.A.2
5.3.12.A.1, 2, 3,
4, 5, & 6
5.3.12.D.2
5.3.12.E.1, & 4
Healing process for a broken bone Student
Presentations
Topic 2: The Skeleton
Bones of the skull and face
Vertebrae
Bones of the upper limb
Bones of the lower limb
Topic 3: Joints
Types of joints
Structure and design of joints
Bursa and synovial membranes
Resources
Group Work
Student presentations
Critical Thinking
Activities
5.1.12.A.1, 2, &
3
5.1.8.B., 2, & 3
5.1.12.B.1, 2, 3,
&4
5.1.8.C.1, 2, 3
Types of body movements
Topic 4: Muscles and Muscle
Tissue
Three types of muscle tissue
Anatomy of a bulk muscle
Sarcomeres
Resting and action potentials
Sliding filament mechanism
Fast twitch, slow twitch, and
intermediate muscle fibers
Smooth muscle
Muscle action
Unit 4: Regulation, Control, and Integration Within the Body
Essential Question: How do signals move through the body, so that information is recognized and processed, and appropriate
responses are made to maintain homeostasis in a constantly changing environment?
Objectives (continued)Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Explain the structural and functional divisions of the nervous system
List and describe the structure and function of the various support cells in the nervous system
Describe the basic design of a neuron
Explain the importance of the myelin sheath, and describe its formation
Compare and contrast graded and action potentials
Explain how action potentials are propagated along a nerve
Define absolute and relative refractory periods
Define synapse, and explain in detail how nervous signals are transmitted across a synapse
Contrast excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials, and explain their roles in regulation
Define neurotransmitter, and name several classes of neurotransmitters
Relate the action of neurotransmitters to regulation of nervous action, such as excitation, inhibition, or drug action
Describe common patterns of neuronal organization and processing
Name the major regions of an adult brain
List the major lobes, fissures, and functional areas of the cerebrum
Describe the general function of the basal nuclei
Identify the diencephalon, and name its subdivisions
Identify the major regions of the brain stem and list their functions
Describe the structure and function of the cerebellum
Identify the components of the limbic system, and explain its overall function
Compare and contrast the stages and categories of memory
Describe the roles of the major brain structures believed to be involved in memory
Describe the role of meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and the blood-brain barrier in protecting the central nervous system
Describe the anatomy and structure of the spinal cord
• List the major spinal cord tracts, and contrast sensory and motor tracts
Objectives (continued) Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Define the peripheral nervous system and list its components
Describe receptors, and explain how generator potentials lead to sensation
Explain the phenomenon of sensory adaptation
Classify sensory receptors by structure and stimulus detected
Describe the location, structure, and mechanism of action of taste receptors
Describe the location, structure, and mechanism of action of small receptors
Describe the structure and function of the eye and associated structures
Trace the pathway of light through the eye, and explain how light is focused on the retina
Compare and contrast the role of rods and cones in vision
Trace the visual pathway to the optic cortex
Describe the structural design of the outer, middle, and inner ear
Explain the pathway of sound from a wave in the air to a processed signal in the temporal cortex
Explain the role of the semicircular canals and the vestibule in maintaining balance
Explain the design of a nerve
Describe the process of nerve regeneration
Compare and contrast somatic and autonomic nerve fibers
Describe reflexes, and discuss the pathway of a reflex arc
Define the autonomic nervous system and explain its role
Compare the somatic and autonomic nervous systems with regard to ganglion placement, effectors, and neurotransmitters
State the effects of the sympathetic vs. parasympathetic stimulation on various organs and systems
Contrast hormonal control with neural control
List the major endocrine organs and describe their locations
Distinguish between circulating hormones and local hormones
Describe the two major mechanisms by which hormones bring about their effects on cells
Explain how hormone release is regulated
Describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
List and describe the effects of the major adenohypophyseal hormones
• Identify the neurohypophysis and identify its two hormones and their functions
• Describe the thyroid gland, its hormones, and their effects
Objectives (continued) Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Explain the function of parathyroid hormone
List the hormones of the adrenal gland, and explain their functions
Explain the role of the pancreatic hormones in regulating glucose metabolism
Describe the functional roles of the hormones of the testes and ovaries
Explain the role of the thymic hormones in immunity
Topic/Content Skills
Assessment
Topic 1: Nervous Tissue,
and Neurophysiology
Organization of the
nervous system
Nervous tissue and
support cells
Polarized membranes
and action potentials
Synapses, synaptic
transmission, and
neurotransmitters
Neural integration and memory
Tests, Quizzes, Text; Related SmartBoard
texts
Presentations
Lab Quizzes Text CD rom Lecture
Class work
Homework
Lab Reports
Lab Practical
Resources
Instructional
Methods
Tech Infusion NJCCCS: Unit 4
iBooks and
probes
SmartBoard
5.1.8.A.1, 2, &3
5.1.12.A.1, 2, & 3
iBooks and Class Discussion PowerPoint
probes
projector
Lab manuals Group Work
Overhead
projector
Media Center Laboratory
VCR
Work
5.1.8.B., 2, & 3
Lab Supplies Individual
& tissue
Research
slides
Internet
Demonstrations
CD rom
5.1.12.C.1, 2, & 3
Internet
5.1.12.D.1, 2, & 3
5.1.12.B.1, 2, 3, & 4
5.1.8.C.1, 2, 3
Topic 2: The Central
Nervous
System
Parts of the brain
Regions, structures, and
functions of the cerebrum
Basal nuclei and midbrain
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Limbic system
Protection for the brainMeninges, CSF, and
the blood-brain barrier
The spinal cord and spinal nerves
The peripheral nervous system
Topic 3: The Special Senses
Receptors and perception
Taste
Smell
Hearing
Balance
Vision
Topic 4: The Autonomic Nervous
System and Reflexes
The autonomic nerves
Sympathetic control
Parasympathetic control
Overheads
Student
presentations
5.3.8.A.2
5.3.12.A.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6
5.3.12.D.2
5.3.12.E.1, & 4
Topic 5: Hormonal Control
Hormones
Hormone signal transduction
Hormonal regulation
Hypothalamus
Pituitary hormones
Thyroid hormones
Parathyroid hormones
Adrenal hormones
Pancreatic hormones
Sex Hormones
Unit 5: Blood and the Cardiovascular System
Essential Question: How is the movement and transport of materials and cells accomplished within the body?
Objectives: Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Describe the composition and characteristics of whole blood
List six functions of blood
Describe the structure, function, and production of erythrocytes
Describe the structure of hemoglobin, and discuss the nature of its interaction with oxygen
Describe the structure, origin, and function of platelets
Describe the process of clot formation, as well as factors that limit clot formation, relating both to homeostasis
Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups, and relate them to blood transfusions
Describe the size, shape, position, and orientation of the heart
Name the coverings and structures associated with the heart
Describe each chamber, and the structure and design of valves and other structures within the heart
Trace the flow of blood through the cardiopulmonary circuit
Identify and explain the function of the coronary arteries
Describe the structure of cardiac muscle, and contrast it with skeletal muscle
Outline the events of cardiac muscle contraction
Trace the conduction system of the heartbeat signal
Draw a diagram of a normal ECG tracing (EKG tracing), and identify the components and relate them to what is going on within
the heart during contraction and relaxation
Describe normal heart sounds, as well as the nature and implication of heart murmurs
Identify factors that affect heart rate and stroke volume
Explain the role of autonomic nervous input in regulating cardiac actions
Describe the layers that make up a typical blood vessel
• Describe the structure and function of an artery
• Describe the structure and function of a vein
• Describe the structure and function of a capillary, and of a capillary bed
• Define blood pressure, and list and discuss factors that influence blood pressure
Objectives (continued): Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Describe how blood pressure is regulated, and how homeostatic imbalances might affect blood pressure
Define circulatory shock, and list several possible causes
Name and locate some of the major arteries and veins in the systemic circulation
Describe the structure and function of the hepatic portal system
Topic/Content Skills
Topic 1: Blood
Assessment
Resources
Tests, Quizzes, Text;
Related
texts
Composition of blood
Lab Quizzes Text CD
rom
Blood plasma
Class work
iBooks and
probes
Red blood cells
Homework
Lab
manuals
White blood cells
Lab Reports Media
Center
Platelets and blood clotting Lab Practical Lab
Supplies
Blood groups and
Internet
transfusions
Overheads
Topic 2: The Heart and
Heartbeat
Heart anatomy and location
Cardiac muscle fibers
Heartbeat
The cardiac cycle
The cardiopulmonary circuit
Cardiac output
Instructional
Methods
Tech Infusion
Lecture
iBooks and probes 5.1.8.A.1, 2, &3
Class Discussion
SmartBoard &
projector
PowerPoint
projector
Overhead
projector
VCR
5.1.12.A.1, 2, & 3
CD room
5.1.12.C.1, 2, & 3
Internet
5.1.12.D.1, 2, & 3
Group Work
Laboratory Work
Individual
Research
Demonstrations
Student
presentations
Critical thinking
activities
NJCCCS: Unit 5
5.1.8.B. 2, & 3
5.1.12.B.1, 2, 3, & 4
5.1.8.C.1, 2, 3
5.3.8.A.2
5.3.12.A.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6
SmartBoard
Presentations
5.3.12.D.2
5.3.12.E.1, & 4
Topic 3: Blood Vessels
and Blood Flow
Structure of blood vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries and capillary
beds
Factors affecting blood
pressure
Homeostatic mechanisms
and blood pressure and
flow rate
Unit 6: The Immune Response
Essential Question: How does the body protect itself from invasion by pathogens?
Objectives (continued): Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Describe the structure, distribution, and function of lymphatic vessels
Discuss how lymph is produced and transported
Name the major lymphoid organs and describe their structures
Describe the location, structure, and function of lymph nodes
Describe the location, structure, and function of the spleen
Describe the location, structure, and function of the thymus
Describe the location of the tonsils, and discuss their function
Describe the function and mechanism of action of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Describe the innate barriers that block out pathogens, and explain their importance
List the classes of leukocytes and their structural characteristics and general functions
Explain how leukocytes are formed
Explain the importance of phagocytic lymphocytes and natural killer cells in non-specific immune responses
Describe the inflammatory response, including some of the major chemicals involved, explaining the role of inflammation in
protection from infection
Name the antimicrobial substances the body produces
Define antigen and explain how antigens affect the immune system
Compare and contrast the production, activation, and function of B and T lymphocytes
Describe the role of phagocytic cells and dendritic cells in the specific immune response
Define immunocompetence and self-tolerance
Describe the process of clonal selection of a B cell
Explain the role of plasma cells and memory cells in humoral immunity
Describe the structure of an antibody monomer, and describe the 5 classes of antibodies
Discuss the functions of antibodies, and how they accomplish these functions
Discuss the process of activation and clonal selection of T cells
• Describe activated T cells’ roles in cell-mediated immunity, and explain how they accomplish these functions
Objectives (continued): Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Discuss the role of immunity in organ transplant rejection, and how these problems are circumvented
Explain how HIV attacks the immune system
Give examples of other immune deficiency diseases, as well as examples of autoimmune diseases
Topic/Content Skills
Assessment
Resources
Instructional
Methods
Tech Infusion
NJCCCS: Unit 6
Topic 1: The Lymphatic
System
Lymphatic vessels and lymph
formation
Lymphoid cells, tissues, and
organs
Lymph Nodes
Tests, Quizzes,
Text;
Lecture
5.1.8.A.1, 2, &3
Lab Quizzes
Text CD rom
Class Discussion
iBooks and
probes
SmartBoard
Class work
Group Work
PowerPoint
projector
5.1.8.B. 2, & 3
Homework
iBooks and
probes
Lab manuals
Laboratory Work
5.1.12.B.1, 2, 3, & 4
Spleen, thymus, tonsils, and
MALT
Lab Reports
Media Center
Individual Research VCR
5.1.8.C.1, 2, 3
Lab Practical
Student
Presentations
Lab Supplies
Internet
Demonstrations
Student
presentations
SmartBoard
Presentations
Critical thinking
activities
5.1.12.C.1, 2, & 3
5.1.12.D.1, 2, & 3
Topic 2: The Immune System
Overheads
Leukocytes
Tissue Slides
Barrier defenses
Nonspecific internal defenses
Antigens
Antigen presenting cells
CD rom
Internet
5.1.12.A.1, 2, & 3
5.3.8.A.2
5.3.12.A.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, &
6
5.3.12.D.2
5.3.12.E.1, & 4
Humoral responses and
antibodies
Cell-mediated immunity
Diseases of the immune
system
Unit 7: The Respiratory System
Essential Question: How does the body exchange gasses with the environment, and transport those gasses within the blood and
tissues?
Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Identify the organs forming the respiratory pathway
List and describe the protective mechanisms found in the respiratory system
Describe the makeup of the respiratory membrane, and relate its structure to its function
Describe the pleura
Describe the mechanics of breathing, and relate inhalation and exhalation to Boyle’s Law
Explain the actions of the muscles and membranes involved in breathing
Explain and compare the various lung volumes and capacities
Relate Dalton’s law of partial pressures and Henry’s law to events during respiration
Describe how oxygen is transported in the blood, and explain how oxygen loading and unloading is affected by pH, temperature,
and levels of CO2
Discuss CO2 transport in the blood
Describe the neural controls of respiration
Discuss factors that influence respiratory rate and volume
Discuss the causes, and consequences of respiratory diseases, including chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, and lung cancer
Topic/Content Skills
Assessment Resources
Instructional
Methods
Tech Infusion
NJCCCS: Unit 7
Topic 1: The Respiratory
System
The pathway of air
Protective mechanisms
Tests,
Quizzes,
Lab Quizzes
Class work
Lecture
iBooks and probes
5.1.8.A.1, 2, &3
Class Discussion
Group Work
SmartBoard
PowerPoint projector
5.1.12.A.1, 2, & 3
5.1.8.B. 2, & 3
Alveoli and exchange
Homework
Text; Related
texts
Text CD rom
iBooks and
probes
Lab manuals
The mechanics of breathing Lab Reports Media Center
Lung volumes and
capacities
Oxygen transport
and exchange
Carbon dioxide
transport and exchange
Respiratory rate and
volume
Diseases of the
respiratory system
Lab
Lab Supplies
Practical
Student
Presentations
Critical thinking
Activities
SmartBoard
Laboratory
Overhead projector
Work
Individual Research VCR
5.1.12.B.1, 2, 3, & 4
Demonstrations
5.1.12.C.1, 2, & 3
SmartBoard
Presentations
Critical thinking
activities
CD rom
Internet
5.1.8.C.1, 2, 3
5.1.12.D.1, 2, & 3
5.3.8.A.2
5.3.12.A.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6
5.3.12.D.2
5.3.12.E.1, & 4
Unit 8: Obtaining and Metabolizing Nutrients
Essential Question: How does the body obtain and utilize the materials necessary for growth and development, maintenance, energy
production, and repair of damaged tissues?
Objectives: Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Describe the overall function of the digestive system
Distinguish between organs of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs
Contrast mechanical and chemical digestion, and explain the need for both
Describe the tissues of and the general function of each layer of the alimentary canal
Describe the anatomy, find the location, and list the function of each organ of the digestive system
Explain the dental formula
Describe the composition and function of saliva
Describe the mechanism of swallowing
Explain how the design and action of the stomach wall aids digestion
Describe the composition of gastric juice, the cells that produce each component, and the function of each component
Discuss the regulation of gastric juice secretion
Describe the role of local hormones and pH in the action of both the stomach and small intestine
Explain the role of bile in digestion
Discuss functions of the liver other than bile production
Explain the role of pancreatic juice in digestion
List the enzymes that act on foodstuffs, the food type on which each one acts, the location of each enzyme’s action, and the
products produced by each
Discuss the process of nutrient absorption, and explain how the design of the small intestine mucosa fits that function
List the major functions of the large intestine
Define nutrient, and list the six major nutrient categories
• List sources of and major uses for the caloric nutrients
Objectives (continued): Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Distinguish between complete and incomplete protein, and discuss possible consequences of protein deficiency
List the major vitamins, and distinguish between water soluble and fat soluble vitamins
List some important sources and the major functions for each vitamin
List essential minerals, and list sources of and uses for these minerals in the body
Summarize important events in cellular respiration and the metabolism of glucose
Define glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
Describe the process by which fatty acids are used for energy
Describe how amino acids are used for energy
Explain the need for protein synthesis in cells
Define basal metabolic rate and total metabolic rate. Name several factors that influence each
Topic/Content Skills
Assessment
Topic 1: The Digestive
System
The alimentary canal
Accessory organs
Instructional
Methods
Tech Infusion
NJCCCS: Unit 8
Tests,
Text;
Quizzes,
Lab Quizzes Text CD rom
Lecture
iBooks and probes
5.1.8.A.1, 2, &3
Class Discussion
SmartBoard
5.1.12.A.1, 2, & 3
Class work
Group Work
PowerPoint projector
5.1.8.B. 2, & 3
The mouth, pharynx, and Homework
esophagus
Salivary glands and
Lab Reports
saliva
Swallowing and
Lab Practical
peristalsis
The stomach- anatomy
and digestive actions
The small intestinedigestion
The small intestineabsorption
The liver
The large intestine
Topic 2: Nutrition and
Metabolism
Carbohydrates and energy
Lipid metabolism
Proteins and Metabolism
Vitamins, Minerals, Energy
Resources
iBooks and
probes
Lab manuals
Media Center
Laboratory
Overhead projector
Work
Individual Research VCR
Lab Supplies & Demonstrations
CD rom
tissue slides
SmartBoard
SmartBoard
Internet
Presentations
Overheads
Student
Presentations
5.1.12.B.1, 2, 3, & 4
5.1.8.C.1, 2, 3
5.1.12.C.1, 2, & 3
5.1.12.D.1, 2, & 3
5.3.8.A.2
5.3.12.A.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6
5.3.12.D.2
5.3.12.E.1, & 4
Unit 9: Maintaining the Balance: The Kidneys and Excretory System
Essential Question: How are metabolic wastes removed from the body, and the correct fluid and electrolyte balance maintained?
Objectives: Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Describe the gross anatomy of the kidney
Trace the flow of blood to and from the kidney, as well as within the kidney
List several functions of the kidney that are critical to maintaining homeostatic balance
Describe the anatomy of a nephron, and relate that design to its function
Identify the parts of the nephron responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, and describe the mechanisms by which
these processes are accomplished
Describe how the medullary osmotic gradient is maintained
Explain how this osmotic gradient is used to form concentrated vs. dilute urine
Discuss the roles of aldosterone, ADH, and atrial natriuretic peptide in the regulation of urine production and sodium and
potassium balance
Describe the normal chemical and physical properties of urine
List several abnormal urine components, and likely conditions associated with each
Describe the location and function of the ureters
Describe the location, structure, and function of the urinary bladder
Describe the location of the urethra, contrasting its position and functions in males and females
Describe the process and nervous control of micturition
List the factors and compartments that determine the total body water content
Indicate the relative fluid volume of each compartment in the body, and explain how fluid moves from one compartment to
another
List the routes by which water enters and leaves the body
Describe feedback mechanisms that regulate water intake and urine output
Describe possible causes of dehydration, hypotonic hydration, and edema
Explain how electrolytes enter and leave the body
Explain the importance of electrolytes, especially sodium, in maintaining proper fluid balance, and proper cardiac function
• Describe the mechanisms by which proper sodium and water balance are maintained
Objectives (continued): Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Explain how proper electrolyte balance of ions other than sodium is maintained in the blood
List important sources of acids in the body
List and describe the three main buffer systems of the body, and how they contribute to proper pH homeostasis
Explain how the respiratory system affects proper pH
Explain how the kidneys regulate proper pH
Topic/Content Skills
Assessment
Topic 1: The Kidneys and Tests,
Urinary System
Quizzes,
Gross kidney anatomy
Lab Quizzes
Nephron design
The physiology of urine
formation
Ureters
The urinary bladder and
urethra
Micturition
Topic 2: Fluid, Electrolyte,
and Acid-Base Balance
Resources
Instructional Tech Infusion NJCCCS: Unit 9
Methods
Text;
Lecture
iBooks and
probes
Laserdisk
player
PowerPoint
projector
Overhead
projector
VCR
Text CD rom Class
Discussion
Class work
iBooks and Group Work
probes
Homework
Lab manuals Laboratory
Work
Lab Reports Media
Individual
Center
Research
Lab Practical Lab Supplies Demonstratio CD rom
ns
Laserdisk
Internet
Overheads
Student
presentations
5.1.8.A.1, 2, &3
5.1.12.A.1, 2, & 3
5.1.8.B. 2, & 3
5.1.12.B.1, 2, 3, & 4
5.1.8.C.1, 2, 3
5.1.12.C.1, 2, & 3
5.3.8.A.2
5.3.12.A.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6
5.3.12.D.2
5.3.12.E.1, & 4
Fluid Compartments
Exchange between
compartments
Regulation of water
intake and output
Sodium balance
Potassium balance
Other electrolytes
Acid-Base balance
and buffer systems
Unit 10: Reproductive Systems
Essential Question: How is the continuity of the species maintained from one generation to the next?
Upon completion of this unit, students shall be able to:
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Describe the structure and function of the testes, and explain the importance of their location in the scrotum
Describe the location, structure, and function of the accessory organs of the male reproductive system
Describe the structure of the penis, and explain its role in reproduction
Describe the components of semen and their various sources and functions
Outline the events of spermatogenesis
Discuss the hormonal regulation of male reproductive function, and the physiological effects of testosterone on male anatomy
Describe the structure, location, and function of the ovaries
Describe the location, structure and function of each of the accessory organs of the female reproductive system
Discuss the structure and function of the mammary glands
Describe the process of oogenesis
Describe the phases of the ovarian cycle
Discuss the regulation of the ovarian and menstrual cycles
Describe the physiological effects of progesterone and estrogens
Discuss the infectious agents responsible for and symptoms and complications resulting from various sexually transmitted diseases
Topic/Content Skills
Assessment
Resources
Instructional Tech Infusion
Methods
Topic 1: The Male
Reproductive system
Tests,
Quizzes,
Text;
Lecture
NJCCCS: Unit 10
iBooks and probes 5.1.8.A.1, 2, &3
Anatomy of the male
reproductive system
Spermatogenesis
Lab Quizzes
Text CD
rom
Class work
iBooks and
probes
The physiology of the
Homework
Lab
male reproductive system
manuals
Hormonal regulation in
Lab Reports Media
the male
Center
Lab Practical Lab
Supplies
Topic 2: The Female
Reproductive System
Anatomy of the
female reproductive
system
Oogenesis
The ovarian cycle
The menstrual cycle
Extrauterine effects of
female hormones
Topic 3: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Class
Discussion
Group Work
Laserdisk player
5.1.12.A.1, 2, & 3
PowerPoint
5.1.8.B., 2, & 3
projector
Overhead projector 5.1.12.B.1, 2, 3, & 4
Laboratory
Work
Individual
VCR
Research
Demonstratio CD rom
ns
Laserdisk
Student
Presentations
Overheads
Internet
5.1.8.C.1, 2, 3
5.1.12.C.1, 2, & 3
5.3.8.A.2
5.3.12.A.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6
5.3.12.D.2
5.3.12.E.1, & 4