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Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
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xxiii
xxiv
PART 1
Plant Structure
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Plant Taxonomy
Relationship of Taxonomy to Other Areas of Biology
Why Should You Study Taxonomy?
Basic Activities of Systematic Botany
Cataloging
Identification
Classification
Data Gathering and Analysis
What Must a Beginning Student in Taxonomy Accomplish?
References
Exercises
3
4
4
4
5
6
7
7
8
8
9
CHAPTER 2
Botanical Nomenclature
Common Names
Scientific Names
Names of Taxa above the Genus Level
Generic Names
Species Names
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14
15
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16
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Names of Infraspecific Taxa
Pronouncing Scientific Names
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
General Principles of Botanical Nomenclature
Naming a Newly Discovered Plant
Why Do Botanists Change Plant Names?
Names and the PhyloCode
References
Exercises
18
18
19
19
21
22
23
23
25
CHAPTER 3
Taxonomic Evidence
Characters and Character States
Vegetative Terminology
Definitions of Selected Terms
Life Span
Plant Habit
Plant Organs
Root Types (Fig. 3-1)
Stem Types (Fig. 3-1)
Stem Features (Fig. 3-2)
Leaf Parts (Fig. 3-2)
Leaf Complexity (Fig. 3-3)
Leaf Attachment (Fig 3-4)
Leaf Arrangement (Phyllotaxy) (Fig 3-5)
Leaf Venation (Fig. 3-6)
Leaf Blade Shape (Fig. 3-7)
Leaf Apices (Fig. 3-8)
Leaf Bases (Fig. 3-9)
Leaf Margins (Fig. 3-10)
Special Features (Fig 3-11)
Surface Features (Fig 3-12)
Character Variation
Distinguishing Inherited Variation Patterns from Environmentally Induced Variation
Determining the Usefulness of Particular Variables
Convergence and Parallelism
Description of Variation in Quantitative Characters
Graphical Depiction of Character Variation
vi
CONTENTS
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Statistical Analysis of Character Variation
Coding Quantitative Morphological Data for Phylogenetic Analyses
References
Exercises
PART 2
Classification Systems
CHAPTER 4
Systematic Methods and Classification
65
65
65
66
71
73
75
75
77
77
77
81
Classification Is a Living Process
Phylogenetic Classification
Phylogenetic Methodology
Phylogenetics Glossary
Phylogenetic vs. Traditional Classification
Phenetics
Other Methods to Reconstruct Phylogenies
Do We Believe the Phylogenetic Tree?
Phylogenetic Classification
References
Exercises
CHAPTER 5
Floras, Manuals, and Botanical Descriptions:
Tools for the Taxonomist
83
84
87
88
88
89
90
90
91
91
92
95
Construction of Keys
Use of Keys
Interactive Keys
Floras and Manuals
Botanical Descriptions
Sample Treatments
Explanation of Sample Description
Online Resources
Selected List of North American Floras and Manuals
References
Exercises
CONTENTS
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CHAPTER 6
A Brief History of Classification
Artificial Classifications: From Theophrastus to Linnaeus
Classifications Based on Overall Similarities
Charles Darwin, Evolution, and Systematics
Numerical Phenetic Systematics
Traditional or Evolutionary Systematics
Engler and Prantl System
Bessey’s System
Hutchinson’s System
Takhtajan’s System
Cronquist’s System
Thorne’s System
Dahlgren’s System
Phylogenetic Classification
References
Exercises
97
97
98
99
100
102
103
104
106
106
106
109
109
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123
CHAPTER 7
Collecting and Preserving Plants for Study
The Ethics of Plant Collecting
Collecting Plants
Pressing Plants
Identification of Plant Specimens
Labeling Specimens
Final Stages of Processing Specimens
Biodiversity Informatics
References
Exercises
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PART 3
Plant Diversity
CHAPTER 8
Survey of the Vascular Plants
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143
143
Organization of the Survey
Synoptic Keys vs. Identification Keys
Synoptic Key to the Major Taxa of Vascular Plants with Reference
to Chapters in This Book
Tips for Learning Families
References
Exercises
144
146
149
151
CHAPTER 9
Lycopodiophyta and Monilophyta
153
Life Cycles
The Sporophyte Phase
The Gametophyte Phase
Taxonomy
Synoptic Key to the Major Taxa of Living Pteridophytes
/Tracheophyta (in part; /Lignophyta is presented in Chapters 10–15)
/Lycopodiophyta (Phylum Lycophyta; plants with microphylls)
1. /Lycopodiaceae
2. /Isoëtopsida
/Euphyllophyta (plants with megaphylls, includes the /Monilophyta and /Lignophyta)
/Monilophyta (ferns and relatives; sister to the /Lignophyta)
1. /Psilotaceae (Class Psilotopsida)
2. /Ophioglossales (Class Psilotopsida)
3. /Marattiales (Class Marattiopsida)
4. /Equisetum (Class Equisetopsida)
5. /Leptosporangiatae (Class Polypodiopsida)
References
Selaginellaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
/Equisetum
Description
Notes
CONTENTS
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Pteridaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Dennstaedtiaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Dryopteridaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Polypodiaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Exercises
170
170
171
172
173
173
174
175
175
176
177
177
179
CHAPTER 10
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperm Life Cycles (Fig. 10-2)
Synoptic Key to the Orders of Living Gymnosperms
Families of /Acrogymnospermae (Gymnosperms)
1. /Cycadophyta (Cycadales)
2. /Ginkgo (Ginkgoales)
3. /Coniferae (Coniferales)
4. /Gnetophyta (Gnetales)
References
Cycadaceae and Zamiaceae
Cycadaceae–Family Description
Zamiaceae–Family Description
Family Notes
/Ginkgo
Description
Notes
/Pinaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Cupressaceae [Including Taxodiaceae]
Family Description
Family Notes
Exercises
x
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CHAPTER 11
Introduction to the Flowering Plants
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216
218
220
221
225
227
Origin and Relationships of Angiosperms
The Angiosperm Life Cycle
Survey of Flower and Fruit Terminology
The Flower
The Perianth
The Androecium
The Gynoecium
Placentation
Ovary Position and Insertion Points
Nectaries
Inflorescences
Key to Some Common Inflorescence Types
Fruits
Outline of Common Types of Fruits
References
Exercises
CHAPTER 12
Early Evolution of Flowering Plants: Basal Angiosperms,
Magnoliids, and Basal Eudicots
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245
/Angiospermae (Phylum Magnoliophyta), /Apo-Angiospermae
1. /Amborella (Order Amborellales)
2. /Nymphaeales (Order Nymphaeales)
3. /Austrobaileyales (Order Austrobaileyales)
/Mesangiospermae (“core angiosperms”)
/Magnoliidae (The Magnoliids)
4. Order Magnoliales
5. Order Laurales
6. Order Cannellales
7. Order Piperales
/Chloranthaceae
8. Order Chloranthales
/Ceratophyllum
9. Order Ceratophyllales
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/Eudicotyledoneae, /Tricolpatae (in part)
10. /Ranunculales (Order Ranunculales)
11. /Proteales (Order Proteales)
12. /Trochodendrales (Order Trochodendrales)
13. /Buxaceae (Order Buxales)
14. /Gunnerales (Order Gunnerales)
References
Nymphaeaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Magnoliaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Lauraceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Berberidaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Ranunculaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Papaveraceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Exercises
245
245
246
247
247
247
248
250
250
251
252
252
253
254
254
255
256
256
257
258
258
259
260
260
261
263
CHAPTER 13
Rosids
Basal Rosids
1. /Dilleniaceae
2. /Saxifragales (Order Saxifragales)
3. Order Vitales
/Rosidae (Subclass Rosidae)
/Fabidae (Eurosid I)
4. Order Zygophyllales
5. Order Celastrales
6. Order Malpighiales
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7. Order Oxalidales
8. Order Fabales
9. Order Rosales
10. Order Cucurbitales
11. Order Fagales
/Crossosomatales (Order Crossosomatales)
12. Order Crossosomatales
/Geraniales (Order Geraniales)
13. Order Geraniales
/Myrtales (Order Myrtales)
14. Order Myrtales
/Malvidae (Eurosid II)
15. Order Brassicales
16. Order Malvales
17. Order Sapindales
References
Saxifragaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Crassulaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Grossulariaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Hamamelidaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Euphorbiaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)
Family Description
Family Notes
Violaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Salicaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
CONTENTS
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Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Family Description
Family Notes
Rosaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Rhamnaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Moraceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Urticaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Cucurbitaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Fagaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Betulaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Geraniaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Myrtaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Onagraceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Family Description
Family Notes
Malvaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
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Sapindaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Rutaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Anacardiaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Exercises
CHAPTER 14
Asterids
361
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361
362
362
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/Berberidopsidales
1. Order Berberidopsidales
/Santalales
2. Order Santalales
3. Order Unknown
/Caryophyllales
4. Order Caryophyllales
/Asteridae
5. /Cornales (Order Cornales)
6. /Ericales (Order Ericales)
/Gentianidae
/Garryidae
7. /Garryales
/Lamiidae
8. Order Gentianales (APG)
9. Order Lamiales (APG notes Lamiales tree is highly provisional)
10. Order Solanales (APG)
/Campanulidae
/Apiidae
11. Order Escalloniales
12. Order Asterales
13. Order Paracryphiales
14. Order Dipsacales
15. Order Apiales
16. Order Bruniales
CONTENTS
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/Aquifoliales
17. Order Aquifoliales
References
Caryophyllaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Nyctaginaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Chenopodiaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Aizoaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Portulacaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Cactaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Polygonaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Ericaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Polemoniaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Primulaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Rubiaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
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425
426
426
427
431
431
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Asclepiadaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Boraginaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Hydrophyllaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Family Description
Family Notes
Scrophulariaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Solanaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Asteraceae (Compositae)
Family Description
Discussion of Composite Morphology
Variation in Floret and Head Structure
Economic Importance
Synopsis of the Subfamilies and Tribes of Asteraceae
Subfamily Barnedesioideae
Subfamily Mutisioideae
Subfamily Cichorioideae
Subfamily Asteroideae
Campanulaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Caprifoliaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Family Description
Family Notes
Exercises
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CHAPTER 15
Monocots
/Monocotyledoneae
/Acorus
1. Order Acorales
/Nartheciidae
2. /Alismatales (Order Alismatales)
/Petrosaviidae
3. Order Petrosaviales
4. Order Dioscoreales
5. Order Pandanales (sister to Dioscoreales)
/Liliales (sister to /Commelinidae)
6. Order Liliales
7. Order Asparagales
/Commelinidae (sister to /Liliales)
8. Order Arecales
9. Order Poales
10. Order Commelinales
11. Order Zingiberales
References
Araceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Alismataceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Liliaceae
Family Description—sensu lato
Family Notes
Orchidaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Iridaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Arecaceae (Palmae)
Family Description
Family Notes
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Bromeliaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Juncaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Cyperaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Family Description
Family Notes
Grass Classification
Survey of Subfamilies and Tribes of the Poaceae
Subfamily Bambusoideae
Subfamily Oryzoideae
Subfamily Arundinoideae
Subfamily Chloridoideae (Eragrostoideae)
Subfamily Pooideae (Festucoideae)
Subfamily Panicoideae
Economic Importance of the Poaceae
Commelinaceae
Family Description
Family Notes
Exercises
PART 3
Documenting Plant Diversity
CHAPTER 16
Experimental Plant Systematics
515
516
516
517
517
518
518
520
Purposes of Experimental Taxonomy
Biosystematics
Differentiating Environmental Influences from Inheritance
Studies of Gene Exchange, Speciation, and Hybridization
Problems with the Biological Species Concept
Cytogenetic Studies
Hybrid Speciation
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Biochemical Systematics
Micromolecular Studies
Macromolecular Studies
Techniques for Studying Macromolecules
Plant Microcharacters
Modern Technology and the Interpretation of New Characters
Character Analysis
References
Exercises
521
521
521
522
525
525
526
526
529
CHAPTER 17
Revisions and Monographs
xx
531
Nomenclature and Literature Search
Herbarium Studies
Field Studies
Experimental Studies
Preparation and Publication of the Revision or Monograph
The Importance of Monographic Studies
References
Exercises
531
533
535
536
536
536
537
539
Appendix 1: Key to Families of Vascular Plants
Glossary
Index
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