lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
/f;folgs dn lj?4 h}ljs dn
a9\bf] hg;+Vof ;Fu} dflg;n] pkef]u ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ vfB j:t'x?sf] cfjZostf a9\b}
uO/x]sf] 5 . of] cfjZostfn] cfk"lt{ ug{ 5f]6f] ;dod} w]/} cGg pTkfbg ug'{kg]{
r'gf}tL klg ylkPsf] 5 . ;f] r'gf}tL kf/ ug{sf] nflu ljleGg /f;folgs dnx?sf]
k|of]un] :yfg kfpFb} uPsf] 5 . ljz]if u/L yf]/} dfqfdf k|of]u ubf{ klg 5f]6f] ;dod}
af]6lj?jfsf] sf/0f /f;folgs dnx? cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| ag]sf 5g\ . cdf]lgof, o'l/of,
kf]6f;, cdf]lgod kmf]:km]6, ;'k/ kmf]:km]6, cdf]lgod ;Nkm]6 cflb g]kfndf
;fdfGotof k|of]udf cfO/x]sf dnx?sf pbfx/0f x'g\, . oL dnx?af6 af]6lj?jfnfO{
cTofjZos kg]{ tTjx? h:t} gfO6«f]hg, kmf]:kmf]/; / kf]6fl;od k|bfg x'G5g\ .
dfgj hfltsf] cfjZostfsf] cfk"lt{ /f;folgs dnaf6 ePtfklg jftfj/0f Pj+
dfgj :jf:Yosf] lgldQ of] Tolt kmfObfhgs x'Fb}g . pj{/e"dLdf k|of]u ul/g] o:tf
dnx?n] ljz]if u/L kfgLsf] ;|f]tx?sf] k|b"if0f u/fpg d'Vo e"ldsf v]Ng]
ub{5g\ . af]6lj?jfnfO{ clws gfO6«f]hg k|bfg ug{ x]t' k|of]u ul/g] dnx?af6,
df6f]df x'g] z'IdhLjx?n] gfO6«]6sf] pTkfbg u5{ h'g df6f]af6 r'xfj6 eO{ e"dLut
kfgLsf ;|f]tx?df -Ogf/, rfkfsn, af]l/ª cflb_ ldl;g k'U5 / kfgLsf] k|b"if0f
u/fpF5 . To;} u/L clws dfqfdf k|of]u ul/Psf dnx?sf] s]xL c+z df6f]df /xg]
u5{ . oL dnsf c+z jiff{ofddf kfgLsf] dfWodaf6 ;txLo kfgLsf] ;|f]tx?df k'Ug]
ub{5g\ . ;f] dnn] k|bfg ug]{ kf]if0faf6 kfgLdf n]p Pj+ cgfjZos emf/x?sf]
ljsf; x'g] ub{5 . o;sf] sf/0f kfgLdf 3'n]/ /x]sf] clS;hgsf] dfqfdf sdL
cfpF5 . o;sf ;fy} o:tf n]px?af6 ljleGg xflgsf/s /;fogx? pTkGg x'G5g\ .
o:tf ;|f]tx?af6 kfgL k|of]u ubf{ :jf:Yodf g/fd|f] c;/kg{ hfG5 . s]xL /;folgs
dnn] df6f]sf] cdnTj a9fpg] klg u5{ h;sf] sf/0f af]6lj?jfnfO{ kmfObf x'g]
;'IdhLjx?sf] plrt a[l4 x'g kfpFb}g . gfO6«f]hg, kmf]:kmf]/; tyf kf]6fl;odnfO{
nlIft u/L agfOPsf dnx?sf] sf/0f kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/Ldf cGo cfjZos vlgh
kbfy{x? h:t} kmnfd (Iron), h:tf (Zinc), DofUg]l;od (Magnesium), d]ª\u]lgh
(Manganese) cflbsf] cefj e}/x]sf] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ xfdLn] plrt ?kdf kf]if0f
k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gf} . kmf]:kmf]/; k|bfg ug]{ s]xL /f;folgs dnx? s]8ldod
(Cadmium), km\nf]/fO8 (Fluoride), qmf]ldod (Chromium), kf/f] (Mercury) h:tf
xflgsf/s tTjx? x'G5g\ h'g af]6lj?jfsf] dfWodaf6 dfgj z/L/;Dd k'Ub5 . o:tf
tTjx? z/L/df hDdf eO ljleGg /f]ux? lgDTofpF5g\ . ctM afnLsf] ljsf;df 6]jf
k'¥ofpg] z'IdhLj / afnLsf] h/fdf x'g] ;DaGwnfO{ klg o:tf tTjx?n] ljuf/
ub{5g\ .
1
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf /f;folgs dnsf gsf/fTds c;/x?af6 aRg] Pp6} dfq
pkfo xf] h}ljs dnsf] k|of]u . ljleGg hLjx?sf] dfWodaf6 k|fs[lts ?kdf
pTkfbg ul/g] dn g} h}ljs dn xf] . jt{dfg ;dodf h}ljs dn, /;folgs dnsf]
t'ngfdf s]xL dxFËf], pTkfbg ug{ ;do nfUg] / w]/} dfqfdf k|of]u ug'{kg]{ sf/0f
Tolt k|of]u ug{ ?rfOb}g . cem af]6lj?jfx?nfO{ o;df ePsf] kf]if0f tTj klg
;lhn} pknAw x'Fb}g . gfO6«f]hg, kmf]:kmf]/; tyf kf]6f]l;od h:tf tTjx? h}ljs
dndf hl6n of}lussf] ?kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . df6f]df ePsf z'IdhLjx?sf]
lqmofsnfksf] dn :j?k logLx? hl6n of}lusaf6 ;/n tTjdf kl/0ft x'G5g\ /
af]6lj?jfnfO{ pknAw x'G5 . To;}n] af]6lj?jfsf] ljsf; /;folgs dnsf] k|of]usf]
t'ngfdf s]xL xb;Dd l9nf] x'g ;S5 . t/ klg ljZjdf ul/Psf s]xL
cg';Gwfgx?df t /f;folgs dns} xf/fxf/Ldf af]6lj?jfsf] ljsf; l56f] ePsf] klg
kfOPsf] 5 . ljleGg kf]if0f tTjx? hl6n of}lussf] ?kdf /xg] x'gfn] g} oL
tTjx?sf] ;lhn} r'xfj6 x'Fb}g h;sf] sf/0f jl/kl/sf kfgLsf] ;|f]tx?sf] k|b"if0f x'g]
;Defjgf g} /xFb}g . o;af6 k|s[ltdf x'g ;Sg] gsf/fTds c;/x? /f]lsG5g\ . To;}
u/L /f;folgs dnsf] t'ngfdf h}ljs dndf ljleGg vlgh tTjx? klg plQs}
kfOG5g\ . To;}n] o;sf] k|of]u u/L pTkfbg ul/Psf] vfBj:t'x?sf] ;]jg ubf{
dflg;df s'g} ljz]if vlghsf] cefj x'Fb}g .
g]kfndf w]/} :yfgdf, ljz]if u/L ufpF3/df j:t'efpx? kfNg] rng cem} klg
oyfjt g} 5 . To;}n] ufpF3/df h}ljs dn ;lhn} pknAw x'g ;S5 . ljleGg kz'
tyf rf}kfofaf6 lgisf;g ePsf] dn g} h}ljs dn xf] / o;nfO{ v]t tyf
s/];faf/Ldf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ zx/ahf/df j:t'efp kfNg] rng x/fO;s]sf]
5 . o;sf] cy{ of] xf]Og ls zx/ahf/df h}ljs dn pTkfbg ug{ ;lsb}g . cem
egf} eg] a9\bf] hg;+Vof ;Fu} a9\b} uPsf] kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{
pkfo g} h}ljs dndf kl/0ft ul/lbg' xf] . 3/af6 lg:s]sf kmf]xf]/d}nfaf6 s'lxg] /
gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/ 5'6\ofO{ s'lxg] kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ dndf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 . h;nfO{
xfdL sDkf]i6 eg]/ a'em\g] u5f}+ . of] sfo{af6 bf]xf]/f] kmfObf x'G5 . klxnf] t
kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg, h;af6 k|s[ltdf kg{ hfg] gsf/fTds c;/x?
/f]lsG5g\ eg] csf]{ rflx af]6lj?jfnfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg] dnsf] pTkfbg x'G5 .
sDkf]:6 dn agfpg', s'g} ufx|f] s'/f] xf]Og . o;nfO{ 3/]n' :t/d} klg tof/ ug{
;lsG5 . ;j{k|yd t hDdf ul/Psf kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ s'lxg] / gs'lxg] kmf]xf]]/ u/L
5'6\ofpg' k5{ . s'lxg] kmf]xf]/ cGtu{t sfuhsf 6'qmfx?, sf7sf dl;gf w'nf] tyf
rf]O6fx?, kmflnPsf vfgf, kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/Lsf af]qmfx?, ?vlj?jfsf kftx?
cflb kb{5g\ . To;} u/L gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/ cGtu{t Knfli6s, /a/ 7"nf sf7sf d'9fx?,
lzzf, af]tn, lu§L cflb kb{5g\ . s'lxg] kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ hdLgdf vfN6f] /flv;s]kl5
dflyaf6 df6f]n] k'bf{ plrt x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ lemFuf, nfdv'§] tyf cGo /f]u ;fg]{
2
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
hLjx? ToxfF hDdf x'g kfpFb}gg\ . k'l/Psf] kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ ;do ;dodf sf7 k|of]u
u/L rnfpg' kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ Psgf;n] kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ s'lxg d2t k'U5 .
;fwf/0ftof udL{ofddf 8]9b]lv b'O{ dlxgf / hf8f]ofddf tLg dlxgf;Dddf
kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] s'lxg] sfd ;lsG5 / uf9f v}/f] /Ësf] 7f]; kbfy{df kl/0ft x'G5 .
o;}nfO{ g} sDkf]i6 dn elgG5 . kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] lsl;d, dfqf / afXo tfkqmdn]
sDkf]i6 aGg nfUg] ;dosf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . o;/L pTkfbg ul/Psf] dn ljleGg
kf]if0f tTjx? h:t} gfO6«f]hg, kmf]:kmf]/;, kf]6fl;od, s]lN;od, h:tf kmnfd,
d]ª\u]lgh cflbn] ;';DkGg x'G5 . o;nfO{ xfdL v]t, s/];faf/L tyf km'naf/Ldf afnL
jf af]6lj?jfsf] plrt ljsf;sf] lgldQ k|of]u ug{ ;S5f}+ .
sDkf]i6 agfpFbf ljleGg hLjsf] k|of]u klg ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn k|rngdf cfPsf]
k|ljlw xf] u8\of}nfsf] k|of]u . u8\of}nf k|of]u u/L agfOPsf] dnnfO{ u8\of}nf dn
cyf{t\ Vermicompost elgG5 . ;fwf/0ftof agfOg] sDkf]:6 s} k|ljlwdf u8\of}nf
k|of]u u/L u8\of}nf dn agfOG5 . hDdf ul/Psf] s'lxg] kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ Pp6f
cFWof/f] afs;df /fvL To;df s]xL u8\of}nf yKg' k5{ . ;f] u8\of}nfn] ToxfF ePsf]
kmf]xf]/nfO{ cfkm\gf] cfxf/ agfO cGttM dn pTkfbg ub{5 . u8\of}nfnfO{ afFRgsf]
lgldQ clS;hg rflxg] x'gfn] afs;sf] dflyNnf] efudf ;–;fgf Kjfnx? agfpg'
k5{ . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] dn klg ;fwf/0f sDkf]i6 h:t} ljleGg kf]if0f tTjx?n]
el/e/fp x'G5 / cGo h}ljs dn h:t} af]6la?jfsf] ljsf;sf] lgldQ k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 .
5f]6s/Ldf eGg' kbf{, cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} /;folgs dnsf] pTkfbg /
o;sf] k|of]u rngdf cfPsf] xf] . o;af6 pTkGg x'g] k|lts"n c;/x?af6 hf]lugsf]
lgldQ xfdL;Fu h}ljs dnsf] pTkfbg / o;sf] k|of]u ljsNk :j?k 5Fb} 5 . To;}n]
h}ljs dnsf] k|of]unfO{ k|a4{g ug{ cfjZos 5 h;sf] dfWodaf6 :jR5
jftfj/0fdf :j:Yo hLjg lhpg xfdLnfO{ d2t k'Ub5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
1.
2.
Diwakar J, Prasai T, Pant S.R. and Jayana B.L. (2008) Study on Major
Pesticides and Fertilizers used in Nepal, Scientific World, Vol 6, No. 6 : 7680
Environmental impact of pesticides www.wikipdia.org.
– s]g]y zfxL
3
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
cuf{lgs v]tL M Ps hfgsf/L
kl/roM
kl/roM
bf];|f] ljZjo'4tfsf ljleGg xft xltof/x?sf] ;fy–;fy} h}ljs tyf /;folgs
xltof/x?sf] klg k|of]u ePsf] lyof] .
of] dfgj hflt s} ljgfzsf] lglDt
lj1fgsf] b'?kof]u lyof] . o'4sf] ;dflKt
kZrft ef}lts xltof/x?sf] k|of]u t
s]xL xb;Dd /f]lsof] t/ o;sf] k|bz{g
eg] oyfjt g} /x\of] . csf]{ tkm{ o'4df
zq' k/f:t ug{df k|of]udf cfPsf
/;fogx?sf] dfqfnfO{ ldnfP/ ltg}
/;fogx? sL6gfzssf] ?kdf k|of]u x'g
yfn] . Tof] ;dob]lv xfn;Dddf afnLdf
kmf] M cuf{lgs v]tL
/;fogsf] k|of]u ljleGg ?kdf oyfjt g}
5 . aL;f} ;tfAbL;Dd t ;+;f/sf k|fo ;a} afnLx? cuf{lgs g} lyP . bf];|f] ljZjo'4
kZrft ls;fgx?n] dfgj lgld{t (Synthetic) sL6gfzs ljiffbL / /;fogsf] k|of]u
ug{ yfn] . To;kl5 cuf{lgs v]tL cfhsf] h:tf] ahf/Ls/0fdf kl/0ft x'g k'u]sf]
xf] . cfhef]nLsf cfw'lgs hdfgfsf] v]tLdf afnLnfO{ sfod /fVg / v]taf/Lx?df
hgfj/nfO{ :j:y /fVg ;d]t ldl;Psf] /;fogsf] k|of]u x'G5 . k/Dk/fut 9+uaf6
ul/g] v]tLnfO{ g} j}1flgs ?kdf kl/dflh{t u/L ul/g] cuf{lgs v]tL xfn cfP/ k'gM
w]/}+sf] /f]hfO aGg uPsf] 5 .
h}ljs v]tL To:tf] v]tL xf] h'g v]tLdf cGg kl/qmd0f, xl/t dn, sDkf]i6 / h}ljs
ls6 lgoGq0f h:tf k|ljlwx?sf] k|of]u x'G5 . of] v]tLdf k|fs[lts ?kdf lgld{t dn
jf sL6x?sf] dfq k|of]u ul/G5 h:t} hgfj/x?af6 k|fKt x•Laf6 lgld{t vfgf
(bone meal) jf k[m\ nx?sf] lgldQ kfO/]lyg (pyrethin) h'g ;okqL hftsf]
km[\nx?af6 g} k|fKt x'G5 . t/ o;n] s[lqd ?kdf lgld{t s'g} klg lsl;dsf dn
cflbsf] k|of]unfO{ eg] jlh{t u/]sf] 5 h:t} xdf]{g, hLPdcf] (GMO), PlG6afof]l6s,
gfgf] kbfy{ (nanomaterial) cflb . h}ljs v]tLnfO{ w]/}+ d'n'sx?n] sfg"gL ?kdf g}
nfu' u/]sf 5g\ h'g IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture
Movements) sf] dfkb08 cg';f/ x'g' h?/L x'G5 . of] ;+:yf Ps h}ljs v]tL
;+:yfsf] 5ftf ;+u7g xf] h'g ;g\ !(&@ df :yflkt ePsf] lyof] . USDA n] lbPsf]
kl/efiff cg';f/ “h}ljs v]tL Ps jftfj/0fLo pTkfbsLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL xf]
h;n] h}ljs ljljwtf, h}ljs rqmx? / df6f]sf] h}ljs k|lqmofnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 .”
4
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
;g\ !(() b]lv g} h}ljs v]tLsf] / To;sf] pTkfbgsf] lglDt ahf/ lgs} a9]sf] 5 .
s[lqd dnvfBx? klxn] ;'k/kmf]:km]6 / Pdf]lgofsf] ?kdf !* cf}+ ztfAbLdf klxnf]
ljZjo'4 tfsf g} aGg yfn]sf] lyof] h'g x]a/ / af]:v (Haber and Bosch) sf]
ljlwaf6 agfOPsf] lyof] . oL klxn] lgdf{0f ul/Psf ck|fs[lts dnx? ;:tf lyP,
zlQmzfnL lyP / Ps d'i7 cfoft ug{ ;lsGYof] . t/ of] s[lqd dnx?sf]
cgGtsfndf w]/}+ a]kmfObfx? 5g\ h:tf] df6f]sf] pa{/f zlQm sd ug]{, df6f] s8f x'g],
e[\Ifo x'g], dfgj :jf:Yodf ;d:of lgDTofpg] cflb .
;/ cna6{ xjf8{nfO{ cuf{lgs v]tLsf] lktf dflgG5 lsgeg] of] k/Dk/fut /
k|fs[lts v]tLdf j}1flgs 1fg tyf l;4fGtx?sf] k|of]u ug]{ klxnf] JolQm pgL g}
lyP . æcuf{
cuf{lgs”
gs eGg] zAbsf] pTklQ s;/L eof] eGg] ;DjGwdf eg] s]xL ljjfb
5 . Ps kIfn] “cuf{lgs v]tL” eGg] zAb n8{ gy{jf]g{n] k|ltkflbt u/]sf lyP eGg]
s'/fdf ljZjf; u5{g\ h;df v]tL k[\0f{?kdf afFr]sf hLjx?sf] x'g'k5{ / csf{ tkm{
s]xL kIfx? eg] cuf{lgs zAb k|fylds df6f]sf] cWoog ug]{ j}1flgsx?af6 cfPsf]
s'/fdf ljZjf; ub{5g\ h;df df6f]sf] pa{/fnfO{ a9fpg] sfo{ u/L v]tLnfO{ a9fjf
lbOG5 . of] l;4fGtnfO{ j}1flgsx? xjf8{ / /f]8]nn] klg dfGotf lbPsf lyP . ;g\
!($) sf] bzsdf cfP/ oL b'a} kIfx?sf l;4fGtx?nfO{ Ps} ;[\qdf afFWg yflnof] .
xfn cfP/ ljsl;t d'n'ssf ls;fgx? pkef]Qmfx?sf] dfu cg';f/ cfly{s ?kdf
;an x'gsf lglDt g} cuf{lgs v]tL tkm{ pGd'v x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .
afnLx?df k|of]u x'g] /;fogx?n] kfgL, jfo' / df6f]nfO{ ljiffQm agfOlbG5g\ .
z/L/nfO{ nfe gug]{ / cg'kof]uL hLjx?nfO{ dfg{sf lglDt k|of]u ul/g] sL6gfzs,
:6]/f]O8 xdf]{g, PlG6afof]l6s / xla{;fO8x? t xfdLn] k|of]u ug]{ vfgfx?df klg
/xg] u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf /;fogx?n] dflg;x?df lztnf h:tf] 3fts /f]u ;d]t
pTkGg ug{ ;Sb5 . :jf:Yosf] b[li6sf]0fn] cuf{lgs vfgfx? w]/}+ g} nfebfos ePsf]
x'gfn] cuf{lgs vfg]s'/fx? k'gM dflg;x?sf] /f]hfOdf kg{ yfn]sf] 5 .
s:tf] vfgfnfO{ cuf{lgs eGg] <
cuf{lgs x'gsf] lgldQ cuf{lgs afnLn] ;+o'Qm /fHosf] s[lif ljefun] sfod u/]sf]
dfkb08 k[\/f u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . oL dfkb08df ;a} afnLx? s[lqd sL6gfzs, s[lqd
dn, ljls/0f / afof]6]Sgf]nf]hL -h}ljs k|ljlw_ sf] k|of]u gu/L pTkfbg ul/Psf]
x'g'k5{ . csf]{ tkm{ PlG6afof]l6s jf l;Gy]l6s j[l4 xdf]{gsf] k|of]u gu/L hgfj/
x'sf{OPdf kz'hGo pTkfbgx? cuf{lgs dflgG5g\ . oL kz'x? aGb 7fFpdf geO{
aflx/L v'nf :yfgdf r/fOPsf] x'g'k5{ .
5
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
cuf{lgs kmnk[mnx?
\mnx?
cuf{lgs tl/sfaf6 pAhfOPsf cGg / kz'x? /;folgs dnflb k|of]u u/]/
pAhfOPsf afnLx? / df;' eGbf klg /fd|f] x'g] ljZjf; s]xL :jf:Yo ljz]if1x?sf]
5 . s]xL vfg]s'/fx? cuf{lgs ?kdf lsGg' cfjZos 5}g t/ s]xL kmnk[m\ nx?df eg]
pRr dfqfdf sL6gfzsx?sf] k|of]u x'g] x'gfn] ltgLx?df cuf{lgs lrGx nfu]sf] 5
jf 5}g eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . :ofp, c+u'/, syn, cf?, ;fu, r]/L
6df6/, cfn', cfofltt s]/fx?, sFfqmf], u'lnof] tyf lk/f] dl/r cflbdf pRr dfqfdf
sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . oL pTkfbgx?df pRr dfqfdf /;fogx?
x'g] x'gfn] cuf{lgs lx;fan] pTkfbg ul/Psf afnLx? lsGg' kb{5 . s]xL
t/sf/Lx?df eg] lgs} sd dfqfdf dfq sL6gfzs ljiffbL / /;fogx?sf] k|of]u
x'G5 . Kofh, eF'Os6x/, cGg, Pef]sf8f], cfFk, lsjL, aGbf, d]jf, s]/f, sfpnL,
a|f]sfpnL, v/a'hf cflbdf eg] t'ngfTds ?kdf lgs} sd dfqfdf dfq ljiffbLx?sf]
k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 . Go'g dfqfdf sL6gfzs ljiffbL /x]sf] kmnk[m\ n / t/sf/Lx?sf]
ljz]iftf eg]sf] ltgLx?sf] af]qmf 5'6fpg ;lsG5 . oL kmnk[m\ n tyf t/sf/Lx?df
afx\o ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf /;fogx? leq;Dd ghfg] x'gfn] To;sf] /fd|f] efu
kfpgsf] lglDt ltgLx?sf] af]qmf lgsfNg' kg]{ x'G5 . oL kmnk[m\ n tyf t/sf/Lx?sf]
leqL /fd|f] efudf clnslt klg /;fog ldl;Psf] x'Fb}g .
cuf{lgs v]tLsf
Lsf kmfObfx?
kmfObfx?
-s_ Go'g dfqfdf /;fogsf] k|of]u
o:tf pTkfbgx?df /;fogsf] k|of]u gePsf] x'gfn] pTkfbgx? cuf{lgs x'G5g\ .
cuf{lgs ?kdf kflnPsf df;'sf ;|f]tx?df klg /;fog ldl;Psf] x'Fb}g . ljleGg
cWoogx?n] b]vfP cg';f/ afnLdf k|of]u ePsf /;fogx?n] pkkrog ;d:of,
xdf]{gn ;d:of / SofG;/ h:tf ljleGg vfnsf :jf:Yo ;d:ofx? pTkGg x'g
;S5g\ .
-v_ hLPdcf] (GMO: Genetically modified) gx'g]
cuf{lgs ?kdf pTkfbg ePsf afnLx? / df;'x? h]g]l6s ?kdf ?kfGtl/t ePsf
x'Fb}gg\ . hLPdcf]x? lhgsf] txdf vfg]s'/fx?sf] ?kfGtl/t ?k x'g\ . of] k|ljlwsf]
dfWodaf6 cGgsf] pTkfbg a9\g hfG5 / vfg] s'/fx?sf] cefj sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
t/ of] If]qdf k[\0f{ ?kdf cWoog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g, k|ljlw cem}+ lglZrGt x'g] txdf
a'lemPsf] 5}g / o;af6 x'g ;Sg] :jf:Yo hf]lvd klg a'lemPsf] 5}g . k[\0f{ ?kdf
cWoog geP;Dd k|fs[lts ?kdf pTkfbg ePsf afx]s s'g} klg vfg]s'/fx? ;'/lIft
dfGg ;lsGg eGg] ts{ w]/}+sf] 5 .
6
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
-u_ u'0f:t/Lo
cuf{lgs ?kdf pTkfbg ul/Psf kmnk[m\ nx?, t/sf/L / df;'x? kf]lifnf] x'g] /
/;fogsf] sdL x'g] x'gfn] u'0f:t/Lo dflgG5g\ . ljleGg lsl;dsf xdf]{g /
PlG6afof]l6sx?sf] k|of]u u/L x'sf{OPsf kz'x? cuf{lgs tj/af6 v'Nnf ?kdf
x'sf{OPsf kz'x?sf] t'ngfdf a9L tgfjdf x'G5g\ . o;n] df;'sf] u'0f:t/df klg
lgs} km/s kfg{ ;Sb5 . of] s'/f cuf{lgs ?kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] kmnk[m\ nx? /
t/sf/Lx?df klg nfu' x'G5 .
-3_ jftfj/0f d}qL
cuf{lgs ?kdf pTkfbg ul/Psf] kmnk[m\ nx?, t/sf/L / df;'hGo pTkfbgx?
jftfj/0f d}qL klg x'G5g\ lsgeg] tL vfg]s'/fx? pTkfbg ug{ / j[l4 u/fpgsf
lglDt s'g} klg /;fogsf] k|of]u ePsf] x'Fb}g . sL6gfzs ljiffbL, xla{;fO8 /
xdf]{gx?n] s[lif / jftfj/0fhGo gf]S;fgL x'g] u/L gbL, df6f] / xfjf h:tf k|fs[lts
;|f]tx?nfO{ ;d]t b'lift agfpg ;S5g\ .
-ª_ df6f]sf] ;'/Iff
;dy{sx?sf cg';f/ cuf{lgs df6f]sf] u'0f:t/ alnof] x'G5 / o;df kfgL klg /fd|/L
/xG5 . o;n] ;'Vvf df};ddf klg afnL ;k|g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . lr;f] df};ddf klg
cuf{lgs v]tLsf] dfWodaf6 /fd|f] pAhgL ug{ ;lsG5 . v]tLsf] ;a} s'/f df6f]sf]
dflyNnf] Ps ld6/ hltsf] ;txdf ePsf] kf}li6stfdf e/ kb{5 . of] df6f]sf]
dflyNnf] ;txsf] kf}li6stf h'g ?kdf ljsl;t x'G5 Tof] eGbf !) u'0ff a9L l56f]
Ifo x'G5 . o;nfO{ cuf{lgs v]tLn] s]lx xb;Dd eP klg ;Gt'ngdf /fVg ;xof]u
ub{5 .
-r_ h}ljs ljljwtf (Biodiversity)
cuf{lgs v]tLn] h}ljs ljljwtfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpb5 . cf};tdf #)Ü a9L k|hfltsf
hLjx? cuf{lgs v]tL ul/Psf] hldgdf kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf] v]tLn] r/f, k'tnL,
u8\of}nf, dfs'/f, :tgwf/L hgfj/x? ;a}nfO{ k|ToIf ck|ToIf ?kdf c;/ k'¥ofO/x]sf]
x'G5 . sltko emf/kftx?n] nfebfoL ls/fx?nfO{ cfslif{t ub{5 / df6f]sf] pa{/f
a9fpg ;xof]u ub{5 . cuf{lgs v]tLsf] ;xof]un] dflg;x?sf] cfly{s cj:yf t
;'w|G5 g} o;n] df6f]sf] lb3{sflng pa{/fdf klg 6]jf k'¥ofpb5 .
-5_ afnL ljljwtf (Crop Diversity)
afnL ljljwtf cuf{lgs v]tLsf] Ps ljlzi6 ljz]iftf xf] . k/Dk/fut v]tLdf Ps}
:yfgdf Ps} vfnsf] afnLsf] a[xt pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 . afnL lj1fgn] ljleGg
afnLx? Ps} ;fy nufpFbf x'g] kmfObfx? kQf nufPsf] 5, h'g cuf{lgs v]tLdf
a[xt ?kdf k|of]udf NofOG5 . ljleGg lsl;dsf t/sf/Lx?sf] Ps} ;fy v]tL ugf{n]
7
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
a[xt tj/df nfebfoL ls/fkm6\ofª\u|fx?, df6f]sf ls6f0f' / cGo tTjx?df ;xof]u
k'Ub5 h;n] ;du|df df6f]sf] pa{/f IfdtfnfO{ a[l4 ub{5 . o;n] nf]kf]Gd'v k|hfltsf
lhjf0f'x?sf] ;+/If0fdf klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpb5 .
cuf{lgs v]tL k|0ffnLx?
cuf{lgs v]tL ug]{ ljleGg k|0ffnLx? 5g\ .
hLjcfoflds v]tL -Biodynamic Farming_M_M of] Ps /fd|f] cWoog ePsf] v]tL
k|0ffnL xf] h;df cGt/fli6«o ?kdf dfGotf k|fKt cfˆg} v]tL k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ePsf]
x'G5 .
s]xL gug]
gug]{ v]tL (Do nothing farming)M of] k|0ffnLdf lgs} g} l;ldt dfqfsf] dfq
dfgjLo x:tIf]k x'g] ub{5 .
k|m]Gr ;3g tyf h}ljs ;3g k|0ffnL (French intensive and bio-intensive
farming)MM of] k|0ffnLsf] cuf{lgs v]tLdf ljz]if dxTj 5 lsgeg] of] v]tL k[\0f{ ?kdf
of}lus v]tLsf] l;4fGtx?df cfwfl/t x'G5 .
cuf{lgs v]tL k4ltdf j}1flgs 1fg / cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'G5 h;df
k/Dk/fut jftfj/0fLo v]tL k|lqmof klg
;+nUg ul/G5 . ;du|df of] ljlwdf
;s];Dd k|fs[lts jftfj/0f / k|fs[lts
k|sf]ksf] g} k|of]u ul/G5 h:t} s]/fp
hftsf la?jfx? (legumes) df6f]df
ePsf gfO6«f]hgx? lngsf lglDt
/f]lkG5g\ , k|fs[lts ?kdf ls/fx?sf]
gfz ug]{ k/hLjLx? ;nx h:tf afnL
gfz ug]{ ls/fx?sf] lj?4df k|of]udf
cfp5g\ , tyf kf]6fl;od afOsfaf]{g]6
h:tf k|fs[lts tTjx? / s'lxg] vfnsf
t/sf/Lx?sf] af]qmf /f]u tyf emf/x?sf]
lgoGq0fdf k|of]u ul/G5g\ . clg s8f
kmf] M afnL rqm
jftfj/0fdf h'Wgsf lgldQ la?jfx?
h]g]l6s Ol~hlgol/Ëaf6 geO{ la|l8Ë (breeding) k4ltaf6 pTkfbg ul/G5g\ .
8
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
cuf{lgs v]tLsf] lglDt cfjZos s]xL Joj:yfkgx?
cuf{lgs v]tLsf] lglDt s]xL ljz]if s'/fx?df k[\j{ tof/L cfjZos x'G5 . o;
cGtu{t df6f]sf] Joj:yfkg, emf/x?sf] Joj:yfkg, hLjf0f'x?sf] lgoGq0f cflb
s'/fx? kb{5g\ .
-s_ df6f]sf] Joj:yfkg (Soil Management)
cuf{lgs v]tLdf df6f]sf] pa{/f a9fpg ljleGg lsl;dsf k4ltx?sf] k|of]u ul/G5,
h;df afnLsf] rqm, gofF afnLsf] tof/L, hldgsf] ;DofO, sDkf]i6 dnsf] k|of]u,
vghf]tdf /f]s cflb kb{5g\ . df6f]df vg hf]t rflxFbf] eGbf a9L ePdf df6f]
klN6g] ub{5 . o;f] ugf{n] df6f] xfjfsf] ;+;u{df cfpFb5 / df6f]df ePsf
sfaf]{g8fOcS;fO8 36\g] ;Defjgf /xG5 h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ df6f]sf] cuf{lgs
sfaf]{gdf x|f; cfpg ;Sb5 . o;sf] sdLsf] lglDt df6f]nfO{ rflxg] eGbf a9L
dfqfdf klg vGg x'Fb}g . o;f] ugf{n] xl/t u[x Uof;x? sd ug{ ;lsG5 h;n]
jftfj/0f ;Gt'ngdf klg ;xof]u k'–ofpb5 .
df6f]sf] Joj:yfkgdf k|d'v ?kdf cl3Nnf] afnLn]
df6f]df lnO;s]sf] kf}li6s tTjnfO{ k'gM kmsf{pg]
kxn ug'{ kb{5 . of] sfo{sf lglDt dfOsf]/fOhf
(Mychorrhiza) h:tf ;[\Id hLjf0f'x?sf] k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 . oL hLjf0f'x?df x'g] h}ljs rqmn]
df6f]sf] k|fs[lts tTjx? df6f]df g} kmsf{pg d2t
ub{5 . of] k|lqmof lj?jfnfO[ v'jfpg klxn]
kmf] M cuf{lgs s'v'/f kfng
df6f]nfO{ v'jfP h:t} xf] .
-v_ emf/kftx?sf] Joj:yfkg
cuf{lgs v]tLdf emf/kftsf] Joj:yfkg eGgfn] k[\0f{ ?kdf emf/kftx? pv]n]/
kmflng'sf] ;f6f] cgfjZos emf/ kftx?sf] a[l4df /f]s eGg] hgfOG5 . o;sf] lglDt
afnL k|lt:kwf{ k4ltsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . cuf{lgs v]tLdf k/Dk/fut, h}ljs, ef}lts,
oflGqs / /f;folgs k4ltsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o;df ck|fs[lts ?kdf lgld{t
lj?jfx? df:g] /;fogx?sf] eg] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'Fb}g . oL k4ltx?df afnLsf] ;lx
5gf}6, Hofbf 3gTj x'g] u/L aLh /f]k0f, 8\ofªx?sf] aLrsf] sd b'/L, rf8f] 6';f
knfcf];\ eg]/ pi0f df6f]df aLh /f]k0f cflb s'/fx?nfO{ dfGotf lbOPsf] x'G5 .
emf/kftx?sf] Joj:yfkgsf] lgldQ ufOa:t'x?sf] r/0f k|lqmofnfO{ klg k|of]udf
Nofpg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu xfF; k|hfltsf s]lx r/fx?nfO{ skf;, syn, ;[\tL{
/ ds} h:tf afnLx?df x'g] emf/kft lgoGq0fdf ;kmntf k[\j{s k|of]udf NofOPsf]
5 . To:t} s]lx wfg v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx?n] emf/kft lgoGq0fsf lglDt xfF; tyf
9
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
df5fx?sf] ;d]t k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ h;n] cgfjZos emf/kftsf ;fy}
ls/fkm6\ofª\u|fx?nfO{ klg lgoGq0f ub{5 .
-u_ cGo hLjf0f'x?sf] lgoGq0f
cuf{lgs v]tLdf emf/kftx? afx]s cGo ljleGg hLjf0f'x?n] ;d]t ;d:ofx?
lgDTofO/x]sf x'G5g\ h:t} M cyf]{kf]8 ju{sf ls/fx?, g]df6f]8x?, kmGhfO jf 9';Lx?
/ ls6f0f'x? . logLx?sf] lgoGq0fdf cuf{lgs v]tLdf ljleGg pkfox? ckgfOPsf
x'G5g\ . ls/fx?sf] lgoGq0fsf] lglDt tL ls/fx?nfO{ cfxf/ agfpg] cGo ls/fx?sf]
k|of]u, nfebfoL hLjf0f'sf] ;+Vof a[l4 x'g] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f, afnL gfz ug]{
ls/fx?sf] hLjg rqm /f]Sg cGo afnL nufpg], Pp6} jftfj/0fdf x's{g ;Sg] b'O{
km/s km/s afnLx?sf] v]tL cflb of] k4ltdf k|of]udf cfpg] pkfox? x'g\ . dfOg'6
kfO/]6 au, lau cfO8 au, n]8L au n];jLË, k|\OË dlG6;, kf/fl;6f]O8 jf:k cflb
nfebfoL ls/fx?sf pbfx/0fx? x'g\ . t/ xfjfsf] axfjn] s]lx dl;gf ls/fx?sf]
rfndf klg c;/ kfg]{ x'gfn] ;fgf ls/fx? nfebfoL ePtfklg TolQ k|efjsf/L eg]
x'bF}gg\ . k|fs[lts ?kdf kfOg] ls6gfzsx?df a]l;n; y'l/+h]lG;;\ -ls6f0f'af6 k|fKt
x'g] tTj_, kfO/]y|d -;o kqL hftsf] k[m\ naf6 pTkfbg x'g] tTj_, l:kgf];fb
-ls6f0f'af6 k|fKt x'g] tTj_, gLd -?vsf] pTkfbg_, /f]6]gf]g -af]8L hftsf] h/faf6
k|fKt x'g] tTj_ cflb k|efjsf/L dflgG5g\ . t/ oL k|fs[lts ls6gfzsx?df klg
s]lx ljjfbx? 5g\ . h:t} /f]6]gf]g, sk/ -tfdf_, lgsf]l6g ;Nkm]6, kfO/]y|d ljjfbdf
d'l;Psf s]lx k|fs[lts ls6gfzsx? x'g\ . /f]6]gf]g / kfO/]y|d ljz]if ljjfbdf
d'l;Psf 5g\ lsgeg] ltgLx?n] cGo s[lqd ls6gfzsx? h:t} :gfo' k|0ffnLdf c;/
kf/L ls6x?nfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnG5g\ . /f]6]gf]g df5fsf] lglDt ljiffQ x'G5 /
:tgwf/Lx?df kfls{G;g /f]u h:tf] ;+s]tx? b]vfpb5g\ . kfO/]y|d lkk]/f]lgn
a'6f]S;fO8;+u k|of]udf NofpFbf lgs} k|efjsf/L ePtfklg ls6 gfz ug{
a'6f]S;fO8sf] k|of]u ug{ lbOb}g . cGo ljleGg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ k|fs[lts ?kdf g}
k|fKt x'g] ePtfklg lgsf]l6g ;Nkm]6, cf;{lgs / :6«fOlSgg h:tf tTjx?nfO{
ls6gfzssf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/Fb}g .
-3_ j:t'efpx?
df;', b[\wsf pTkfbgx? / c08f cflbsf] lglDt j:t'efpx? tyf s'v'/fx? kfNg]
rng k'/fgf] xf] h;n] v]tLdf klg lgs} ;xof]u k'¥ofpb5 . klxn] klxn] 3f]8f tyf
uf]?x? v]t hf]Tg lgs} g} k|of]udf cfpy] . logLx?af6 k|fKt x'g] dnx? klg
v]taf/Ldf g} k|of]u ul/GYof] . of] k'/ftg k|ljlw cuf{lgs v]tLdf k|efjsf/L
dflgG5 . o;n] jftfj/0f, v]tLkftL tyf hgfj/x?s]f hLjg rqmnfO{ k|fs[lts
?kdf g} ;Gt'lnt / lbuf] /fVg ;Sb5 eGg] s'/fdf w]/}+sf] Ps dt kfOG5 .
10
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
-ª_ sDkf]i6sf] k|of]u
cuflg{s v]tLdf sDkf]i6sf] k|of]unfO{ lgs} g} dfGotf lbOPsf] kfOG5 . sDkf]i6 dn
j:t'efpx?sf] g} pTkfbg ePsf] / o;df /;folgs tTjx? s]lx klg gePsf] x'gfn]]
tyf of] k[\0f{ ?kdf h}ljs tj/af6 lgld{t ePsf] x'gfn] o;n] :jf:Yodf k|lts'n
c;/ k'–ofpb}g eGg] w]/}+sf] ts{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . of] ts{sf] w]/}+ c+z ;To eP klg of]
k[\0f{ ;To eg] xf]Og . sDkf]i6df j:t'x?af6 lg:sg] dnx?sf] k|of]un] vfgfdf tL
hgfj/x?sf] cfGb|fdf b]vf kg]{ hLjf0f'x?sf] ;+qmd0f b]vf kg]{ vt/f eg] /lx/xG5 .
tL dWo] Ps E. coli sf] k|hflt klg kb{5 h;n] cuf{lgs vfgfdf 3fts ljiffQsf]
sfo{ ub{5 . of] vt/fnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg USDA cuf{lgs cfwf/e[\t dfkg cg';f/
dnnfO{ klxn] pRr tfkqmddf sDkf]li6ª (thermophilic composting) u/L ls6f0f'
/lxt agfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . olb sRrf dnsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 / afnL df6f];+u
l;w} ;Dks{df 5 eg] afnL s6gL ug'{ cufj} dn !@) lbg k'u]sf] x'g' kb{5 . olb
afnL df6f]sf] ;+;u{df 5}g eg] dn () lbg k'u]sf] x'g' h?/L x'G5 .
h}ljs
js k|ljlw lj1fg / cuf{
cuf{lgs v]tL
cuf{lgs v]tLdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] h]g]l6s txdf ul/Psf] kl/jt{gnfO{ dfGotf
glbO klg afnL lj1fgsf n'O; x]x]/f :6«]nf / Pl/on cfNef/]h df]/]N;\n] eg]
6«fG:h]lgs k|ljlwnfO{ dfGotf lbg' cfhsf] ljZj ahf/sf] dfu xf] eGg] s'/fsf]
jsfnt ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . j}1flgs kfd]nf /f]gfN8 klg of] s'/fdf ljZjf; u5{g\ /
of] k|ljlw cuf{lgs v]tL lj?4 gx'g] s'/fdf jsfnt ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . h]g]l6s txdf
kl/jt{g ul/Psf] afnLx?n] s:tf] c;/ k'–ofpg ;Sb5 eGg] s'/fsf] lglZrt lgsf]{n
gePsf] x'gfn] of] ljifodf cem}+ klg dt afFl9Psf] b]lvG5 .
cuf{lgs v]tL ;DaGwL ljjfb / gsf/fTds c;/x?
cS;kmf]8{ ljZjljBfnosf vf]hstf{x?n] &! cf]6f ljleGg lsl;dsf cWoogx?sf]
cfwf/df s] kQf nufP eg] cuf{lgs pTkfbgx? klg slxn] sflxF jftfj/0f d}qL
x'Fb}g . cuf{lgs ?kdf pTkflbt b[\w u]8fu'8L / ;'Fu'/sf] df;'n] xl/t u[x k|efj kfg]{
UofF;x? al9 dfqfdf pTkfbg ub{5g\ . t/ cuf{lgs h}t'g / cGo df;'x?n] sd
dfqfdf dfq xl/t u[x Uof;sf] pTkfbg ub{5g\ . ;fdfGotof cuf{lgs v]tLdf sd
phf{sf] k|of]u eP klg hldg eg] w]/}+ rflxG5 . k|lt PsfO pTkfbgdf cuf{lgs
pTkfbgx?n] Hofbf dfqfdf gfO6«f]hg gfO6«f]; cS;fO8 / Pdf]lgof h:tf Uof;x?sf]
pTkfbg ub{5g\ . cuf{lgs v]tLaf6 sd dfqfdf jftfj/0fdf c;/ kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf
b'O{ dt 5}g t/ o;f] eGb}df j}1flgs k4ltsf] k|of]u u/L jftfj/0f d}qL agfpg
lt/ nfluPg eg] cuf{lgs v]tLsf] klg c;/ eg] sd x'g] 5}g . cuf{lgs v]tLsf]
cfnf]rgf ug]{x? s] s'/fdf ljZjf; /fV5g\ eg] of] v]tLsf] lglDt rflxg] w]/}+
hldgsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ o;n] cGo jgh+un tyf jftfj/0fdf kSs} klg gsf/fTds
c;/ k'Ub5 .
11
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
-s_ kf}li6stfsf] r'xfj6
&! ljleGg cWoogx?n] b]vfP cg';f/ gfO6«f]hg, gfO6«f]S;fO8 / Pdf]lgof h:tf
df6f]df kfOg] cfjZos tTjx? cuf{lgs v]tLdf a9L v]/ hfg] u/]sf 5g\ . of]
v]tLn] df6f]sf] cDnLokgfdf klg a9fjf lbg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . t/ Ps cWoog
cg';f/ eg] gfO6«]ssf] r'xfj6 cuf{lgsdf eGbf k/Dk/fut k4ltdf $ b]lv $=%
u'0ff a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;/L df6f]sf] kf}li6stfdf sdL cfof] / r'xfj6
eO/x]sf] v08df o;n] kfgLdf ePsf cNuLx?sf] a[l4 ug]{ / kmnt M clS;hgsf]
sdL x'g] d[t If]qx? lgdf{0f x'g] qmd a9\g hfG5 . tL afx]s gfO6«]6x? To;} klg
hnr/x?sf] lglDt 3fts x'G5 .
-v_ hd
hdLgsf] k|of]u
cuf{lgs v]tLdf *$Ü a9L hldgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f
kf}li6stfsf] sdL xf] . Tof] afx]s emf/kft, /f]u, sd pTkfbg lbg] hgfj/x? cflbsf]
sf/0fn] klg hdLgsf] cfjZostf x\jfQ} a9\g hfG5 . To;dfly cuf{lgs v]tLn]
h+unL hgfj/x?sf] jf;:Yffg df:g] ;Defjgf k|an ePsf] x'gfn] of] ljifonfO{ klg
uDeL/tf k[\j{s lnOPsf] kfOG5 .
-u_ vfB u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iff
cuf{lgs v]tL / cGo k/Dk/fut v]tLnfO{ t'ngf ubf{ kf}li6stfsf] cfwf/df s]lx
km/s t kSs} klg b]vf knf{ t/ afnL pTkfbg kl5sf] r/0fx?sf] sf/0fn] ubf{
cuf{lgs v]tLaf6 pTkflbt vfB ;fdu|Lx? k[\0f{ ?kdf ;'/lIft 5 eGg] dfGotf eg]
/fVg' x'Fb}g . of] afx]s cuf{lgs v]tLaf6 pTkflbt vfB ;fdu|Lx? :jflbnf x'G5g\
eGg] vfnsf] 7f]; k|df0f klg s'g} glthfn] b]vfPsf] 5}g .
;fef/ ;|f]tx? M
Stinner, D.H (2007). "The Science of Organic Farming". In William
Lockeretz. Organic Farming: An International History
Lotter, D.W. (2003). "Organic agriculture"
Wikipaedia
tyf cGo j]e;fO6x?
- s'zn
DNA Barcoding :
DNA Barcoding Ps
>]i7 / gljg gf/fo0f d'g+sdL{
Ps kl/ro
of}lus k|ljlw xf] h;n] hLjsf] DNA sf] Ps 5f]6f] cfg'j+lzs
lrGx k|of]u u/L s'g} klg hLj Ps ljz]if k|hflt;Fu ldN5 of ldNb}g eGg] s'/fsf]
klxrfg ub{5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] k|ljlwsf] p2]Zo eGg' g} kfl/l:ylts tyf ;+/If0ffTds
12
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
cWoogdf lj:t[t ;Ldf k|bfg ug'{ xf] . DNA Sequence x?nfO{ w]/} cufl8b]lv g}
k|hflt klxrfgsf nflu k|of]u ul/b} cfPsf] 5 t/ ;g\ @))# df ePsf] "DNA
Barcoding" sf] k|:tfj kl5 dfq o;n] dxTjk"0f{ Wofg kfof] . DNA barcodes x?
5f]6f DNA Sequence x? x'g\ hf] $))–*))bp nDafO{sf x'G5g\ . ;kmn DNA
barcode sf nIf0fx? lgDg pNn]lvt 5g\ M
•
ltgLx? rfF8} cg'qmd (Sequencing) ug{ ldNg] kof{Kt 5f]6f x'g'k5{ .
ltgLx? ;a} k|hfltdf ;lhn} klxrfg x'g'k5{ .
•
•
ltgLx? k|To]s k|hfltsf nflu cb\ljQLo qmd k|bfg ug{ kof{Kt x'g'k5{ .
ltgLx? ljZjJofkL x'g'k5{ .
•
Prokaryotes df rNA hLg
/ ITS hLg Sequence nfO{ k|hflt klxrfgsf nflu k|of]u
ul/G5 . hgfj/, r/f / df5fx?df mitochondrial COI hLg / cytochromeob ;fgf]
If]qnfO{ DNA barcodes sf ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . af]6lj?jfx?sf] dfldnfdf & cu|
Plastid DNA If]qx? k|of]udf 5g\ M atpF-atpH spacer, mat k gene, rbcL gene, rpoB
gene, rpoC1 gene, Psbk-PsbI spacer, / trnH-psbA spacer . oL dWo], rbcL-matK sf]
;+of]hgnfO{ lj?jfsf] barcode sf ?kdf pko'Qm dflgG5 sf/0f x'g\ M logLx?sf]
recoverability, cg'qmd u'0fjQf / k|hflt e]befjsf] :t/ .
x'g t Morphological taxonomic klxrfg nfdf] ;dob]lv k|of]udf 5 t/ o;df s]xL
sdLx? 5g\ . k|hflt klxrfgsf nflu sfo{/t ljz]iftfx?df ePsf Phenotypic
plasticity / cfg'j+lzs variability n] ubf{ unt klxrfg tkm{ 8f]¥ofpg ;S5 .
Morphological klxrfgn] u'Kt taxa, h'g w]/} ;d"xdf kfOG5g\ To;nfO{ gh/cGbfh
u5{ . Morphological keys x? Ps ljz]if hLjg r/0f jf lnËsf nflu dfq cS;/
k|efjsf/L ePsf kfOG5g\ . of] dfldnfdf ljz]if1af6 ;xL klxrfg cTofjZos 5 .
Morphological taxonomy sf oL ;Lldttfn] tyf DNA barcoding k|ljlwsf] ;fbuLn]
o;nfO{ nf]slk|otf lbPsf] 5 .
k|hflt lsg lrGg' <
klxrfg cTofjZos 5 lsgsL o;n] n's]sf ljljwtfnfO{ ;"rLs[t ug{ d2t u5{ .
DNA barcoding n] hLj ljljwtfsf] s]Gb|Lo ;"rL k|bfg ub{5 . h'g rfF8} ;xL hLjg
klxrfg ug{ rfxg] hf] s;}åf/f kx'Fr ug{ ;lsG5 . o; k|sf/sf] ;"rLn] xfdLnfO{
klxn]b]lv klxrfg ePsf k|hfltaf6 gofF, klxn] pNn]lvt gePsf k|hfltx?aLr
cGt/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+/If0f k|of;, /f]usf] lgbfg, ldrfxf k|hfltsf] lgu/fgL tyf
cGo ljljw If]qdf o; k|ljlwn] ax'd"No pks/0fsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . Taxonomy
sf nflu klg klxn] hLjs} klxrfg ug{ cfjZos 5 . To;}n] taxonomic klxrfgsf
nflu hLj klxrfg cfwf/e"t s'/f xf] . kof{j/0f lgu/fgLsf] ;'wf/sf nflu klg
kfl/l:yltsLtGq leqsf ;Dk"0f{ hLjx? lrGg cfjZos 5 . s[lifdf sL/fsf]
klxrfgn], pbfx/0fsf nflu, ltgLx?sf] lgoGq0f u/L afnLgfnL gi6 x'gaf6 arfpg
13
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
d2t ug{ ;S5 . To;} u/L nfdv'§], nfOsL/f h:tf ;+qmd0f km}nfpg] hLjx?sf]
klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 / ltgLx?nfO{ x6fpg ;lsG5 . s'g} klg nf]kf]Gd'v k|hflt /Iff
ug{ klg klxnf ltgLx?nfO{ lrGg cfjZos 5 . ;xL klxrfg kl5 dfq ltgLx?nfO{
wfGg] jftfj/0f tyf af;:yfg sfod ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . To;}n] hLjx?sf] ;xL
klxrfg x/]s If]qsf dfG5]x?sf nflu h?/L 5 h:t}M taxonomists, ecologists,
conservationists, foresters, agriculturists, Forensic scientists, eG;f/ / ;Fu/f]w
clwsf/Lx? .
af/sf]8 lsg ug]{ <
k|hflt :t/df j0f{g ePsf cb\ljQLo hLjx? sl/a !=% ldlnog x'g hasL
;+;f/el/ g} k|hflt:t/sf hLjx? !) nfvsf] xf/fxf/Ldf 5g\ . o;/L, ;du|df
'taxonomic 3f6f -cfzf ul/Psf taxa / gfd lbOPsf taxa sf] cg'kft_ nueudf ^
u'gf 5 . Vertebrates sf nflu jt{dfg jl0f{t k|hfltsf] s"n ;+Vof / ;fFRr} g}
hLljt k|hfltsf] ;+Vof hlt g} 5 / ;f] s'/f clwsf+z ck]Iffs[t 7"nf hLjx?df
j0f{g eO;s]sf 5g\ . oxL s'/f !) mm eGbf 7"nf z/L/ ePsf hLjx?df nfu"
x'G5 . t/, k[YjLsf ljzfn ax'dtsf hLjx?sf] z/L/sf] cfsf/ ! ldld eGbf sd 5,
/ oL ;d"xsf nflu hdLgsf af]6lj?jf tyf vertebrates eGbf 'taxonomic 3f6f' w]/}
u'gf g/fd|f] x'g hfG5 .
g]kfndf
Barcoding sf]
;DefjgfM
g]kfn Ps h}ljs ljljwtfsf] wgL /fi6« ePsf]n], jg:klt / kz'sf] ;+Vof k|z:t
5g\ . of] wg cem} n's]sf] cj:yfdf 5 / dfq s]xL k|hfltn] k"0f{ klxrfg kfPsf
5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf DNA af/sf]l8Ë k|ljlw hLjg e]b ug{ / Taxonomic qmddf
ltgLx?nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{ pkof]uL x'g ;S5 . Phylogeny sf] k|of]u u/]/ ;+u|xfno
k|hfltx?sf] barcoding u/L ;DalGwt hLjx?sf] ljsf;jfbL Oltxf; :yflkt ug{
;lsG5 . o;afx]s, hfu?stfsf] sdLsf sf/0f jf sdhf]/ Joj:yf k|jt{gsf sf/0f
w]/} cd"No / nf]kf]Gd'v jg:klt / kz' cGo b]zx?df u}/ sfg"gL 9+udf lgof{t
eO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf lqmofsnfk /f]Sgsf nflu xfdLn] DNA Barcoding sf] k|of]u
u/L tL c+ux? klxrfg ug{ ;S5f} . gSsnL xa{n cf}ifwLx?nfO{ ;SsnL dfgL vl/b
ug]{ pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ 7uL x'gaf6 arfpg klg of] k|ljlw lgs} nfesf/L 5 . t;y{,
Barcoding sf] ;Defjgf ljzfn 5 .
DNA Barcoding df
jt{dfg kl/of]hgfM
/fli6«o k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]ifn] g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg, jg:klt
ljefu, /fli6«o ljlw lj1fg k|of]uzfnf cflb;Fu ldn]/ nf]kf]Gd'v tyf cd"No h+unL
af]6lj?jf / hgfj/x?sf] cGt/f{li6«o sfnf] ahf/L /f]Sgsf nflu / o:tf]
lqmofsnfksf] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg / bf]ifl;l4 ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy DNA Barcoding
14
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
k|ljlwnfO{ pkof]lutfdf Nofpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfnfO{ "The Barcode
of Wildlife Project, Nepal egL gfd lbOPsf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo
Jofkfl/s k|of]usf nflu l;sf/ tyf rf]/L lgsf;L ul/g] @)) j6f nf]kf]Gd'v h+unL
hgfj/ / af]6lj?jfsf k|hfltsf] DNA Barcodes l;h{gf u/]/ ltgnfO{ sfod ug]{
x'g]5 . klxnf] r/0fdf %) j6f hlt To:tf k|hfltx?sf] DNA barcoding ul/g]5 .
h+unL hgfj/ dWo] u}8f, lrt'jf, efn', xfQL, /ftf] kfF8f, ;fns / s:t'/L d[unfO{
a9L k|fyldstf lbOg]5 eg] af]6lj?jfdf of;f{u'Daf, /QmrGbg / ;'gufefnfO{
cTolws dxTjsf ;fy lnOg]5 . DNA Barcoding n] s]xL ldg]6d} s'g} klg k|hflt /
To;sf] d"nsf] klxrfg ug]{ ePsfn] o; k|ljlwn] hkmt ePsf jGohGt' jf
jg:kltsf efux? ;fFRr} g} tf]lsPsf hgfj/ jf af]6lj?jfs} x'g\ jf p:t} b]lvg]
c? g} j:t' x'g eGg] s'/fsf] 7]ufg ub{5 . DNA barcode sf] database ;Fu To:tf
hkmt ul/Psf pTkfbgx?nfO{ gd"gf;Fu t'ngf u/L kfp8/, df;', x8\8L, t]n jf
jf:t'snfsf ?kdf j:t'nfO{ klg s'g s'g jGohGt' jf af]6lj?jfaf6 k|fKt ePsf x'g
egL klxrfg :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . o; k|ljlwn] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df g}
jGohGt' / jg:kltsf k|hfltsf] cj}w Jofkf/df /f]s nufpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
cd]l/sfdf cfwfl/t Consortium of Barcode for life (CBOL), National Museum of
Natural History / Smithsonian Institution n] /fli6«o k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]ifnfO{ DNA
Barcoding sf] ljsf; ug{ ;dy{g ug]{ 5g\ . o; j}1flgs ljlwn] sfg"g Joj:yf
k|jt{g clwsf/Lx?nfO{ jGohGt' / lj?jfx?sf] t:s/x?nfO{ k"0f{ k|df0f pTkfbg u/L
cleof]uL 7x/fpg d2t ub{5 .
Centre for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN) n] klg e" tyf jg ;+/If0f dGqfno
/ jg:klt ljefu;Fu ldn]/ % j6f cf}ifwLo lj?jfx?sf] klxnf] DNA barcoding
kl/of]hgf k"/f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf DNA barcode k|ljlwsf] :yfkgfn] b'n{e af]6lj?jf
/ h+unL hgfj/x?sf] z/L/sf efux?sf] cj}w Jofkf/ /f]Sg Ps ljzfn ;xof]u
k|bfg ug]{5 .
- sNkgf
5f/] /f]u
(Epilepsy) Ps
;'j]bL
hfgsf/L
dflg;nfO{ czQm u/fpg] ljleGg lsl;dsf /f]ux? x'G5g\ . tL dWo] 5f/]/f]u cyf{t
Epilepsy klg Ps xf] . 5f/] /f]u h;nfO{ sfDg] /f]u jf 5f]Kg] /f]usf gfdn] klg
lrlgG5 . o;nfO{ s;} s;}n] dfgl;s /f]usf] ?kdf lng] ub{5g\ eg] s;}n] b}jL
zlQmsf] dfgj z/L/df k|j]z ePsf] 7fgL o;nfO{ cg]s ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf
k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . jf:tjdf 5f/]/f]u dfgl;s /f]u geP/ Ps lsl;dsf]
dl:tisLo ljs[lt xf] .
15
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
s'g} sf/0fjz dfgj z/L/sf] dl:tisdf v/faL pTkGg eP/ :gfo' sf]ifx?
cgfjZos ?kdf pQ]lht eO{ clgolGqt ?kdf z/L/ sDkg x'g] / d'5f{ kg]{ cyjf
cw{r]t cj:yfdf k'Ug] cj:yfnfO{ xfdL 5f/] /f]u eGb5f}+ . c+u|]hLdf o;nfO{
Plkn]K;L cyjf 'Seizure Disorder' klg elgG5 . xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf o; /f]usf]
af/]df s'g} lglZrt tYof+s gePtf klg cGo d'n'sx?df h:t} g]kfndf klg sl/a
Ps;o hgf dWo] Ps hgfdf e]l6g] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 .
;fdfGotof 5f/] /f]unfO{ b'O{ efudf afFl8Psf] kfOG5 . Ps k|sf/sf] 5f/] /f]udf
ljz]if sf/0f e]l6b}g / o:tf] /f]unfO{ Idiopathic Epilepsy eGb5f} . clwsf+z
lj/fdLx? o; ;d"xsf x'G5g\ . h;df s'g} ljz]if v/faL e]l6b}g . csf]{ y/Lsf] 5f/]
/f]uLx?df eg] dl:tisdf s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] v/faL kfOg] x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf]
/f]unfO{ Secondary Epilepsy elgG5 . a|]g 6\o"d/, dl:tissf] efu ;'Sg] of dg]{,
dl:tis leq x'g] /Qm>fj, dl:tis leq gfDn] sL/fsf] km'n k:g] cflb h:tf o;
lsl;dsf] 5f/] /f]usf] ;Defljt v/faLx? x'g . o:t} lsl;dsf] v/faL ePsf] 5f/]
/f]usf] pkrf/ x'g ;lhnf] x'G5 . 5f/] /f]u ;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg (Chronic) ;d:of
klg k|foM gx'g] x'G5 . t/ s'g} klg sf/0f ljgf b]lvPsf] 5f/] /f]u eg] j+zf0f'ut
sf/0fn] k|efljt x'g] kfOPsf] 5 . ltgLx?sf] pkrf/ TolQsf] ;xh gx'g] ;fy}
ltgsf] bL3{sfnLg c;/ klg x'g] ;Defjgf a9L /x]sf] x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df eg], 5f/] /f]usf sf/0fx? dWo] gfDn] sL/fsf] km'naf6 x'g] 5f/]
/f]u cfhef]ln cTolws dfqfdf b]lvg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . a+u'/sf] df;' /fd|/L gksfO{
vfgfn] dl:tisdf gfDn] sL/fsf] km'n k|j]z ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] gfDn] sL/fsf]
km'n /f]uL a+u'/sf] lb;f dfkm{t k|b"lift kfgL, ;fu;AhL cflbaf6 klg dfgj z/L/df
k|j]z u/L dl:tisdf k'Ug] x'G5 .
z/L/ k'/} cyjf Ps efu dfq} sfDg], sfDg 5f8]kl5 s]xL j]/ ;':tfpg] cyjf a]xf];}
x'g], n8\g], n8]kl5 d'vaf6 lkm+h cfpg], jfGtf x'g], sDkg ePsf] z/L/sf] efu n'nf]
x'g] cflb 5f/] /f]usf nIf0fx? x'g\ . o; /f]un] e]6]sf] a]nf lj/fdL cfuf], kfgL, eL/,
kfvf hxfF klg n8g ;S5 . To;sf/0f klg /f]unfO{ vt/gfs dflgG5 . o; /f]usf
nIf0fx? pkrf/ gkfP;Dd k6s k6s x'g ;Sb5 / k|To]s k6s Ps} lsl;dsf]
nIf0fx? b]vf kg]{ x'G5 . t/ olb km/s nIf0fx? b]vf k/]sf] v08df eg] dfgl;s
/f]usf] sf/0fn] klg x'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] 5f/] /f]usf nIf0fx? dfgl;s /f]u;Fu
5'6\ofpg' h?/L x'G5 .
5f/] /f]u ;?jf /f]u x}g . clwsf+z 5f/] /f]u cf}iflwsf] ;]jgn] lgsf] x'G5 t/ olb
s'g} sf/0f h:t} a|]g 6\o'd/, a|]g x]df]/]hsf] sf/0fn] ePsf] xf] eg] zNolqmof cyf{t\
ck/]zg ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . To;}n] zNolqmof klg 5f/] /f]usf] pkrf/ ljlw xf] .
16
lj1fg n]vdfnf÷c+s $!^ ;fpg @)&#
5f/] /f]usf] pkrf/ cf}iflwaf6 g} z'? ul/G5 . km/s lsl;dsf] 5f/] /f]udf km/s
lsl;dsf] cf}iflw k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . lgoldt ?kdf 5f/] /f]usf] cf}iflw ;]jg ug'{
h?/L x'G5, cj:yf x]/]/ s]xL dlxgfb]lv s]xL jif{ / slxn]sfFxL hLjg e/ g}
cf}iflwsf] ;]jg ug'{ kg]{ klg x'g ;S5 . s]xL jif{ lgoldt cf}iflw ;]jg kl5 klg /f]u
lgoGq0f gePsf] v08df eg] zNolrlsT;f ljsNk x'g ;S5 .
5f/] /f]usf] lgbfgsf ljleGg tl/sfx? ePtf klg xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf eg] nIf0fsf]
cfwf/df, ljleGg hfFrsf] cfwf/df / O=O=hL gfds dl:tissf] ljB'tLo t/+usf]
hfFrsf] cfwf/df ug]{ ul/G5 . t/ oL tLg} s'/fsf] hfFr kZrft\ s]xL v/faL gePtf
klg 5f/] /f]u x'g ;Sg], k|an ;Defjgf x'G5 . 5f/] /f]u j+zf0f'ut klg x'g ;S5 .
olb cfdf / a'af b'j}nfO{ Idiopahic epilpsy 5 eg] afnaRrfx?nfO{ klg 5f/] /f]u
x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . lgoldt ;dodf vfgf vfg], ;'Tg] / ;fdfGo zf/Ll/s
Jofofd ug]{, zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s tgfaaf6 d'Qm /xg], w'd|kfg, dWokfg tyf
cGo dfbs kbfy{sf] ;]jg gug]{, sDKo"6/ tyf 6]lnlehg h:tf] cfFvf / dl:tisnfO{
pQ]lht ug]{ s'/fx?sf] k|of]u nfdf] ;do ;Dd gug]{ h:tf lqmofsnfkx? ubf{ klg
o; /f]unfO{ lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] 5f/] /f]u ePsfx?n] klg
cGo ;fdfGo dflg;x?n] h:t} hLjgofkg ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
– lnlksf sdf{rfo{
;DkfbgM /ldnf /fpt, l;h{gf k|wfg, sDKo"6/M ljZjgfy e§/fO{
17