INVESTIGATION OF CADASTRAL AND TOPOGRAPHIC
SURVEY FOR PROVING COLLAPSED LANDS UNDER THE SEA
Prof. ChangKyung LEE, Korea
Key words: collapsed lands, cadastre, cadastral map, topographic map.
ABSTRACT
In this study, 3 groups of parcels that the owners argue the parcels were collapsed were
investigated by cadastral and topographic surveying. Because some mistakes in
registering a land as a new parcel or changing the registration of the parcel may cause
the land seems to be collapsed, the boundary lines, area of each parcel on cadastral map,
and cadastre book were examined carefully to find any error in it. Topographic maps are
good proofs of topography of land at that time when the parcel was surveyed for
registration. In this study, topographic maps surveyed in recent was compared to those
surveyed in 1900s and in 1970s.
As a result of this study, we know that cadastral and topographic survey and its maps
play an important role in proving lands to be collapsed or not.
1. INTRODUCTION
A parcel registered on cadastral book is called collapsed land if it submerged under the
sea surface in high water. Erosion by seawater, collapsing by itself, excavation by man,
and tide rise may cause lands submerged under the sea surface in high water.
According to the law of public water surface management (revised on February 8th,
1999), MMAF(Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries), Republic of Korea, approves
restoration of the collapsed land by the owner if it is verified that the land was collapsed
after it was registered. Geological, physical oceanographic, and cadastral and
topographic survey investigation are necessary to verify that the submerged land in high
water was collapsed.
In this study, 3 groups of parcels that the owners argue the parcels were collapsed were
investigated by cadastral and topographic surveying. Because some mistakes in
registering a land as a new parcel or changing the registration of the parcel may cause
the land seems to be collapsed, the boundary lines, area of each parcel on cadastral map,
and cadastre book were investigated carefully to find any error in it. Topographic maps
are good proofs of topography of land at that time when the parcel was surveyed for
registration. In this study, topographic maps surveyed in recent was compared to those
surveyed in 1900s and in 1970s.
2. THE CADASTRE AND MAP IN KOREA
2.1 The Cadastre and Map in 1910s
There were a lot of problems in land system in Chosun Dynasty( the former government
of Korea). The problems include troubles of ownership between the owner of land and
tenant farmer. We had not had modern cadastral system defining the lot number, the
area, the boundary of a land because any modern land survey hadn’t been done until the
time. The Japanese Government-General of Korea proclaims ‘a law for Chosun Land
Investigation’ in 1912. It consists of cadastral survey, land value investigation, and
topographic survey. In the cadastral survey, a lot number, category, boundary, area, and
the owner of the land were investigated in order to establish land ownership. As results
of the work, land cadastral book and land cadastral map (scale 1:600, 1:1,200, 1:2,400)
were completed all over the country from 1910 to 1918. Also, forestland cadastral book
and forest land cadastral map (scale 1:3,000, 1:6,000) were completed from 1916 to
1924) (Lee, JinHo, 1999).
While modern means of geodetic survey projects in Korea has been commenced since
1910, Japanese made Secret Military Maps for major region of Korean Peninsular at
scale of 1:50,000 by eye measurements from 1894 to 1906(Young-Woo, NAM, 1996).
During the period from 1910 to 1918, baseline measurements, arrangement of
triangulations and level networks for the establishment of geodetic control networks had
been completed all over the country. During this period, 13 base lines measurements
were carried out 400 first-order, 2401 second-order, and 31,646 third-order; in total
34,447 triangulation stations were completely established. On the base of these results,
topographic surveying was carried out using plane table, and National Base Maps at
scale of 1:50,000(Grid: N15’×E10’, 722 sheets) were produced from 1914 to 1918(The
Korean National Committee for IUGG, 1987).
Also, 5 tidal stations were established all around the country and Mean Sea Level was
determined based on those tidal observation data. And then leveling for some part of the
country was carried out referenced to the Mean Sea Level.
2.2 The Cadastre and Map in South Korea after 1945
Unfortunately, most of the triangulation stations and leveling benchmark had been
spoiled or destroyed through the confusion of Korean War from 1950 to 1953. We
began rearrangement of triangulation stations and benchmarks building stone marker
and footing at the original site or nearby in 1957. Then, triangulation and leveling
observations were performed.
Also, many cadastral books and cadastral maps were lost during the Korean War.
Though the lost cadastral books and cadastral maps were restored based on on-site
surveys and fact-finding, those do not contain past record of the lands. In time of
information-oriented society, computerization of cadastral books and cadastral maps
began in 1977(KANG, In-Joon, 1994). Nowadays, most of the cadastral books and maps
in South Korea are managed and served in digital form.
On the other hand, the application of aerial survey has been schemed for the mapping
and various inventory works of national resources on the bases of Korea - The
Netherlands Joint Project for Aerial Survey in 1965. The production of National Base
Map at scale of 1:25,000(N7.5’×E7.5’) and 1:50,000(Grid: N15’×E15’) were completed
by aerial survey in 1974. National Geography Institute started to convert paper map into
digital map in 1993(KIM, WonIk, 1994). All of the maps at scale of 1:25,000 and
1:5,000 are served in digital form in South Korea.
3. CASE STUDY
As the land value grows and the construction technology improves in Korea, the owners
who think their land was collapsed under the sea ask for the government to permit them
restoring the collapsed land into the original state. In order to protect owners’ right,
MMAF, Republic of Korea, revised the law of the public water surface management that
the owner of collapsed land under the sea could restore of the collapsed land if it is
verified that the land was collapsed after it was registered as well as the value of
restored land exceeds the cost of restoration.
Some owners asked to verify their land was collapsed after it was registered. It is very
hard to find the proofs that the land was collapsed under sea after registration. In this
study, only cadastre and topographic map were used to prove the land was collapsed.
Here are 3 case studies.
3.1 Case I
Location: San 2-5, Bockun-Li, Songak-Myun, Dangjin-Gun, Chungcheongnam-Do
Category: Forest
Area in cadastral book: 8,406m2
Date of First Registration: May 25th, 1918
Fig. 1. Boundary on Cadastral Map
Fig. 2. Boundary on Map surveyed in site
Fig. 3. Coastline of Secrete Military Map in 1906
Fig. 4. Coastline of Base Map in 1974
3.2. Case II
Location: 479-1 & 479-19, Guam-Dong, Kunsan-Si, Chonlabuk-Do
Category: home site
Area in cadastral book: 3,308m2
Date of First Registration: June 1st, 1949
µµ±ÙÁ¡(6.12)
º¸Á¶±âÁØÁ¡
8)
.76
4(8
ØÁ¡
±âÁ
Fig. 5. Boundary on Cadastral Map
Fig. 6. Boundary on Map surveyed in site
Fig. 7. Coastline of Base Map in 1918
Fig. 8. Coastline of Base Map in 1974
3.3 Case III
Location: 389 etc., Sinyoung-Li, Poseung-Myun, Pyungtaek-Si, Kyunggi-Do
Category: forest land & rice field
Area in cadastral book: total 59,470m2 of 17 lots
Date of First Registration: from 1910s to 1970s
668-1 ÀÓ
701-18 ´ä
666-1 ´ä
701-4 ´ä
712 ´ä
668-4 ÀÓ
674 ´ä
701-12 ´ä
666-2 ´ä
701-13 ´ä
668-2 ÀÓ
.
669-1 ÀÓ
672-6 ÀÓ
669-5 ÀÓ
701-17 ±¸
673 ´ä
706-1 Àü
672-2 Àü
672-9 ÀÓ
669-2 ÀÓ
864-2 ´ë
864-3 ´ë
706-2 ÀÓ
673-3 ´ä
669-3 ÀÓ
672-1 ÀÓ
864-4 ´ë
671-3 ÀÓ
672-3 Àü
866-3 Àü
673-1 ´ä
671-1 ÀÓ
671 ÀÓ
712-14 ´ä
671-4 ÀÓ
701-16 ±¸
867 Àü
868-1 ÀÓ
.
.
. .
.. .
. ..
.. .
.
671-2 ´ä
672-4 ÀÓ
878-3 Àü
672-10 ÀÓ
671-9 ´ä
±æ
672-11 ÀÓ
868-6 Àü
878-1 ÀÓ
877-2 Àü
877-1 Àü
868-3 ÀÓ
878-2 ´ë
671-6 ÀÓ
¹ç
670 ´ä
¹ç
671-5 ÀÓ
868-4 ÀÓ
879-1 Àü
670-1 ´ä
¹ç
869-2 ´ë
879 ´ë
868-5 Àü
878-10 Àü
830-1 Àü
870-1 Àü
880 Àü
877-3 Àü
¹ç
870-2 ´ë
¹ç
671-7 ÀÓ
870-9 Àü
871-1 ÀÓ
671-8 ÀÓ
868-2 ´ë
´ë
870-3 876-2
µµ
88211 ´Ô
829-3 µµ
829 Àâ
881-2 Àü
830-3 Àü
881-3 Àü
868-7 Àü
876-1 ´ë
8752 ´ä
875-6 ´ä
878-9 Àü
876-5 ÀÓ
868-10 Àü
875-1 ´ä
872 ÀÓ
877-5 Àü
877-4 ´ë
870 ´ë
671-10 ´ä
¹ç
868-11 µµ
871 ÀÓ
670-2 ´ä
¹ç
829-1 Àü
882-1´ë
876-6 ´ë
874-6 Àü876-8 Àü
870-5 Àü
882-12 ÀÓ
872-1 ÀÓ
³ª´ëÁö
875-5 ´ä
872-2 ÀÓ
¹ç
875-7 ´ä
87410 Àü 874-11 Àü
882-13 ÀÓ
882-18´ë
876-9 Àü
¹ç
¾ç¾îÀå
873 ÀÓ
882-20 ´ë
882-2 ÀÓ
882-23 ÀÓ
876-10 Àü
874-2 ´ä
¹ç
¹ç
876-4 ÀÓ
¹ç
882-8 ÀÓ
882-19 ´ë
883-8 ´ë
¹ç
884 Àü
883-5 ´ë
883-4 ´ë
883-6 ´ë
.
883-11 ´ë
¹ç
883-15 µµ
876-3 ÀÓ
873-1 ÀÓ
¹ç
883-14 ´ë
883-3 ´ë
883-17 Àü
882-9 ÀÓ
882-10 ÀÓ
Fig. 9. Boundary on Cadastral Map
Fig. 10. Boundary on Map surveyed in site
Fig. 11. Coastline of Base Map in 1918
Fig. 12. Coastline of Base Map in 1974
4. DISCUSSION
We could set up some hypotheses to discriminate between collapsed land after
registration and a land registered wrongly. If the record in the cadastral book is
improper, the disagreement of land boundary between cadastral map and the present
state of the land may not mean the collapse of the land. If the cadastral map was made
based on incorrect control networks, the boundary on a cadastral map may disagree with
the boundary in site. If the boundary of topographic map made in the years when the
land was registered is same to it of the map made in recent time, we could say the
boundary of the land was not collapsed.
As a result of cadastre investigation, no distinct errors were found in the records of
cadastral book except the difference of area between cadastral book and cadastral map
exceed the allowable area error (= ±0.02322M×F1/2)(MOGAHA, 1995). Because shrinkage or
extension of map sheet cause some error of area calculation, it is reasonable to consider
that the cadastre does not contain decisive errors.
Because the site surrounding the investigated land have changed its category or its
boundary, it was very hard to compare the boundary on cadastral map with that of
surveyed in site for this study.
Though the scale is not enough to investigate collapsed land, topographic maps made in
different era gave the good evidence. When the maps made in different era were
overlapped, the coastlines along land belong to Case I and Case II shows discrepancy in
some extent. But the coastline along the land of Case II coincide between map made in
1900s and that made in 1974. Based on the comparison between maps made in different
era, it is possible to say the lands belong to Case I and Case II was collapsed under the
sea after registered.
5. CONCLUSION
As a result of this study, we know that cadastral and topographic survey and its maps
play an important role in proving lands to be collapsed or not. The map drawn on paper
is subject to be shrunk or extended, it is highly recommended to digitalize cadastral map
and topographic map. In addition to keep digitalized cadastre, it is desirable to archive
aerial photographs or remote sensing images covering coastal areas periodically.
REFERENCE
KANG, In-Joon, CHANG, Yong-Ku, & PARK, Ki-Tae, 1994, Building of Land Ledge
Database Using Land Information System, Journal of Korean Society of Geodesy,
Photogrammetry, and Cartography, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp 141-146.
NAM, Young-Woo, 1996, Japanese Military Surveys of Korean Peninsular in Meiji Era,
New Directions in the study of Meiji Japan, Proceedings of the Meiji Studies
Conference , E. O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies.
The KOREAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR IUGG, 1987, Report of the Geodetic
Works in Korea for the Period from Jan. 1910 to Dec. 1986 ( National Report to
XIX General Assembly, Vancouver, Canada), pp. 1~2, Compiled by The IAG
subcommittee.
KIM, WonIk, 1994, Scheme of Digital Map Production for GIS in Korea, Surveying,
Vol. 36, pp.12~21, Korean Association of Surveying and Mapping.
LEE, JinHo, 1999, History of Cadastre in Korea, chap. 8~9, Barngil.
MOGAHA, Korea, 1995, An Enforcement Ordinance of Cadastre Law, Paragraph 48.
CONTACT
Prof. ChangKyung Lee
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Kunsan National University
KOREA
Email: [email protected]