nyu mu n c viii
0
nyu mu n c viii
Dear Esteemed Participants,
Welcome to the Contemporary Australia committee of NYUMUNC VIII! We hope to embark on
a simulation of a world of diplomacy, economy, politics, and so forth from the Australian
perspective.
To give a better background on ourselves, my name is Melisa M. Sajjad, and I will be serving as
your Chair for the duration of the conference. I am studying at the Tandon School of
Engineering, majoring in Business & Technology Management. I have had an extensive Model
UN journey; having attended over 25 conferences during (and after) high school. A Sims
dictator, the architect of many virtual utopias, and a crisis-committee veteran, I am more than
ready and excited for NYUMUNC VIII.
My name is Charles Lian, and I will be your God (aka Crisis Director) for this committee.
Originally from East Brunswick, New Jersey, I am currently studying Finance and Statistics at
NYU’s Stern School of Business. I have been participating in Model UN conferences since my
sophomore year of high school and previously served on staff at both EmpireMUNC and
NYUMUNC, as well as international conferences in New York City. This year, as your previously
stated God I am excited to see how you navigate both the inner-partisan and geopolitical
disputes that come with the Southeast Asian and Oceanian region.
As the world political spectrum shifts, a superpower vacuum has emerged in the West with the
East rapidly furthering progress. The future is in Asia, and you will be the prime instigators and
witnesses of that future. Be warned that your actions can have dramatic impacts and influences
on the state of international relations for years to come. Come excited, eager, and prepared to
participate because the debates that you will be engaging in are what makes NYUMUNC such a
thrilling conference.
Hoo roo for now,
Melisa M. Sajjad
Chair, Contemporary Australia
NYUMUNC VIII
[email protected]
Charles Lian
Crisis Director, Contemporary Australia
NYUMUNC VIII
[email protected]
0
nyu mu n c viii
authority to determine who can stay in
Australia as opposed to the UN maritime
History
laws.
2010: Global financial crisis hits Australia’s
Australia is a nation with Western cultural
nickel industry, though country as a whole is
values, however, due to its proximity to the
relatively untouched. Cyclone Yasi hits and
Eastern world; it is frequently involved with
results in $3.6 billion worth of damages.
affairs in the Pacific Islands, southeastern
2012: Carbon pricing introduced as part of
Asian countries, and the Middle East. In
the Clean Energy Futures Plan to reduce
1851, settlers arrived from all over the world
greenhouse gases. Nine months after it
during the New South Wales and Victorian
gold
rushes. In
1869,
the
began, Australian emissions dropped 6%.
Aboriginal
2016: The beginning of the Timor Sea border
Protection Act was passed. Many Aboriginal
dispute, over resources that both countries
children were removed from their families
claim to be under their territories. Talks in
and communities, leading to a decline of the
the Hague will continue for the next year.
indigenous population. Britain's Statute of
Government
Westminster establishes the independence
of all former colonies of the former British
The Commonwealth of Australia is a federal
Empire. As a result, the United Kingdom
parliamentary
ended all formal ties with Australia.
prohibited
Apart from a constitutional crisis in 1975,
non-European
and a constitutional referendum in 1999,
immigration to Australia, was abolished to
encourage
immigration
Aboriginal-owned
land
from
was
monarchy,
composed of six states and eight territories.
During the 1970s, White Australia Policy,
which
constitutional
Australia has since remained a steady liberal
Asia.
democratic
finally
nation.
Australia’s
federal
government is comprised of three branches:
recognized in the High Court case Mabo v.
the executive, legislative, and judiciary.
Queensland (No. 2). Prior to the case, the
Executive
land was seen as terra nullius ("land
belonging to no one"). During the 1990s, a
Australia’s executive branch consists of the
referendum to amend the constitution and
Head of State and the Federal Executive
formally establish Australia as a Republic
Council. Queen Elizabeth II nominally serves
was introduced and approved by Parliament,
as the Head of State, however, in practice, the
but subsequently defeated by the people.
Governor-General, currently Peter Cosgrove,
August 2001: The Border Protection Bill of
carries out all the functions typically
2001 was introduced to allow Australia the
performed by a Head of State.
0
nyu mu n c viii
The Federal Executive Council is a formal
vote. They serve a maximum of three years,
body that gives legal advice to the Cabinet.
though the House is usually dissolved before
All Ministers are members of the Executive
the term finishes.
Council and
are formally titled
Judiciary
“The
Honorable.” The governor-general usually
The Australian court system is structured as
presides at Council meetings, but in his or
a
her absence another Minister nominated as
seriousness of the offence different courts
the Vice-President of the Executive Council
will address the cases. There are two basic
is allowed to preside at the meeting of the
types of courts; State courts, which are set up
Council. Senior Ministers make up the
under State laws, and Federal courts, which
Cabinet, which is presided over by the Prime
are set up under Commonwealth laws. The
Minister. The Cabinet decides and forms
Federal Court covers any breach of Federal
major policy and legislative proposals.
law
hierarchy
and
and
hears
depending
cases
on
pertaining
the
to
Legislature
bankruptcy,
The legislature consists of the Parliament
immigration.
and
the
The High Court is the highest court in
Commonwealth, though he or she is
Australia. It is the last court of appeal and
represented by the Governor-General.
presides over cases that have not reached a
The Australian Parliament, also referred to
conclusion,
as
constitutional and Commonwealth matters.
the
the
presiding
Federal
monarch
Parliament
of
or
the
Commonwealth Parliament, is bicameral
trade
and
practices,
cases
and
affecting
Demographics &
and consists of the Senate and the House of
Representatives. The Senate, the upper
Culture
house, holds 76 seats and the members are
directly elected in multi-seat constituencies
Australia’s demographic and cultural profile
by a proportional representation vote.
is shaped by migration. Since its colonization
Members serve six-year terms with one-half
by the British, Australia has seen an influx of
of state membership renewed every three
people
years and territory membership renewed
assimilation of different cultures under
every
British rule developed into an official
three
years.
The
House
of
from
around
Representatives, the lower house, has 150
perspective
seats. The members are directly elected in
multiculturalism,
single-seat
prominent today.
constituencies,
known
as
electoral divisions, by a majority preferential
1
of
the
world.
pluralism,
that
has
The
or
remained
nyu mu n c viii
Australia has a population of 24,252,000,
Australians believe that multiculturalism is
with a growth rate of 1.05% and a life
positive for Australia, and are generally
expectancy of 82.2 years, consistent with the
against racism.
ageing
relatively
Freedom of religion is a constitutional right
developed country. From 1990 to 2010 the
in Australia and almost all of the 22 major
median age increased by 4.8 years.
religions of the world are represented. Even
Immigration accounts for a large portion of
though 64% of its population identifies as
Australia’s cultural diversity. One in four
Christian, church attendance, is no longer a
Australians were born outside of Australia,
priority among the youth. Due to this fact,
while 46% have a parent born outside of
the Church has been increasingly criticized
Australia. As of 2013, overseas migration
for its policies and practices.
accounted
country’s
A large portion of Australians enjoy sports
population growth and the number of
such as football (soccer), netball, tennis, golf,
immigrants from Africa and the Middle East
swimming, field hockey, and cycling. Major
has doubled since 1996. The top five
sporting events include the State of Origin
countries of birth for immigrants living in
and the Melbourne Cup.
Australia are the United Kingdom, New
Women are underrepresented in managerial
Zealand, China, India and Italy. Its major
positions and relegated to
ethnic
(25.9%),
and clerical jobs. In addition, the trend
Australian (25.4%), Irish (7.5%), Scottish
towards a smaller household has placed a
(6.4%), Italian (3.3%), German (3.2%),
somewhat larger cost on mothers, but fathers
Chinese (3.1%), Indian (1.4%), and Dutch
have
(1.2%).
responsibilities.
characteristic
for
groups
60%
are
of
of
a
the
English
Australia is highly urbanized, with 89.4% of
city
(4.5
million
been
taking
more
Economy
its population living in cities. Sydney is the
largest
slowly
administrative
inhabitants),
Australia possesses one of the largest
followed by Melbourne (4.2 million), and
growing economies in the world; ranking
Brisbane (2.2 million), while Canberra has
13th based on an annual GDP of 1,257 billion
423,000 people. People born overseas are
US Dollars and 19th based on PPP.
more likely to live in metropolitan centers
For the last 15 years, Australia has seen an
than native Australians.
unprecedented growth rate of 3.6%, above
Australia’s demographics make it a country
the OECD average of 2.5%. It was the only
more susceptible to address issues of racism
advanced economy not to experience a
and inclusion. Studies show that over 80% of
recession during the 2008-2009 financial
2
nyu mu n c viii
crises. However, due to its position as a
Agreements (FTA) exist between Australia
major exporter to those other advanced
and ASEAN, Canada, Chile, Korea, Malaysia,
economies, Australia’s growth is affected by
New Zealand, Japan, Singapore, Thailand,
economic downturns of its trading partners.
and the United States. Through FTA’s,
The top 5 Australian export markets are
Australia has expanded into international
China, Japan, the United States, the
markets, improved its competitive position,
Republic of Korea, and India, in that order.
and has created effective cost reduction for
Australia
growth
importing
exports,
prospects.
through
stimulates
mining
economic
related
while
telecommunications and banking services,
improving
investment
Military
and manufacturing. According to Credit
Suisse, Australians are some of the richest
The Australian Defense Force (ADF) is
people in the world, with a reported median
divided into three components: The Royal
income of
in 2013.
Australian Navy, the Royal Australian Army,
Australia also has a national poverty rate of
and the Royal Australian Air Force. A fourth,
13.9%. Currently the unemployment rate is
notable sector is the Joint Operations
5.6%, having dropped to a three-year low in
Command (JSOC), a United States led
September 2016.
Special Operations Command. Currently,
Australia is the 19th largest importer and
70,000 individuals are employed in the ADF,
exporter. The service sector comprises
with 14,394 Navy personnel, 30,430 Army
approximately 68% of Australia’s annual
Personnel, 14,385 Air Force Personnel,
GDP, and is primarily driven by tourism,
17,950 Australian Public Service (APS) staff,
education,
and
$233,504 (AUD)
and
banking
and
financial
490
contractors.
the
is
no
minimum
age
services. Australia’s main exports are wheat
conscription,
and wool, as well as natural resources like
requirement for voluntary military service is
iron and gold. The mining sector is based in
17 with parental consent.
Australia’s countryside, while Coastal cities
The Army owns 59 tanks and 2,040 Armored
like Brisbane, Melbourne, Sydney and
Fighting Vehicles (AFVs). The Air Force
Canberra are utilized primarily for residence,
owns 417 aircrafts and the Navy owns 45
art, tourism and port-based trade. Australia
ships.
is also a major shipment junction for
and
There
Foreign Policy
maritime intercontinental shipping.
Australia’s economic alliances span the
As a founding member of the United Nations,
APEC, G20, OECD, and WTO. Free Trade
Australia is ready to provide ADF members
3
nyu mu n c viii
for UN Missions, peacekeeping operations
responsibilities. Today, most aboriginal
and other crisis scenarios.
inhabitants live in urbanized areas, with
Its activity in the UN and the Commonwealth
around 22% still living in remote areas.
of Nations has resulted in formalized
The relationship between aboriginal people
alliances with most of the West. The United
and the Australian government has been a
States, most of the APAC countries, New
mix of colonial aggressions and procedures
Zealand and the Oceania countries remain
to protect aborigines. In 1911, state laws
the key allies for Australia in both security
vested government total control over the
and trade. Australia prides itself on general
lives of indigenous Australians, dictating
democracy and ensuring stability in the
where they could live and be employed. In
APAC and Oceania region. Their goals
1948, the Commonwealth Citizenship and
remain mostly aligned with that of the US
Nationality Act gave Australian citizenship to
and the West, in promoting free trade and
all Australians including Aborigines, though
safe sovereignties.
they still faced discrimination. In 1972, the
Australia is a central player in ensuring the
Department
economies of the Pacific region are stable, as
established, a starting point for several
well as maintaining peace and security across
reconciliation procedures by the Australian
the seas. Australia is a member of the North
government. In June 1975, the Racial
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the
Discrimination
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC),
prohibiting racial discrimination in the
and the Association of Southeast Asian
country. In March 1990, the operations for
Nations (ASEAN) and ASEAN Regional
the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Forum (ARF). Australia’s role in NATO has
Commission began with the goal of involving
increased to Enhancer Partner, giving the
Aboriginals and Torres Strait islanders in the
nation a larger say in decisions.
governing of their community.
Aboriginal Population
Today, Aboriginal people still face major
The indigenous Aboriginal and Torres Strait
poor conditions in the outskirts of towns.
Islander populations are one of the oldest
There are periodic incidents of violence,
continuous cultures in the world and make
particularly towards those in police custody.
up
Australia’s
The Aboriginal people have a higher infant
population. Before 1760, aboriginal societies
mortality rate and suicide rate, and a lower
were all over Australia based on equality and
life expectancy than the rest of the
consensus
population.
approximately
with
2%
defined
of
rights
of
Aboriginal
Act
Affairs
came
into
was
effect,
discrimination and most Aborigines live in
and
4
They
also
make
up
a
nyu mu n c viii
disproportionate segment of the prison
leader in coal exports. Australia is also
population. Current land rights legislation
estimated to have about 140 trillion cubic
has created many legal hurdles preventing
feet of gas reserves and is predicted to be the
Aborigines from obtaining ownership of
world leader in natural gas by 2020.
their ancestral lands.
Maritime Border
Today, the Aborigines do not officially have a
representative
party
in
the
Australian
Disputes
government, significantly reducing their
political
power.
Thus,
they
rely
on
The disputes over the Paracel Islands,
associations like the Australian Indigenous
Spratly Islands, Scarborough Shoal, and
Doctors’ Association and the Aborigines
Macclesfield Bank between China and each
Progressive Association to represent their
Southeast Asian nation’s respective claims
right.
can date back to 300 BCE. As the tensions in
Mining Industry
the region rise, the United States joined to
Australia is the 3rd largest supplier of iron
ally, the Philippines. Previous attempts at
ore in the world, supplying 342 million
compromise, such as ASEAN’s Six-Point
metric tons, the 2nd largest producer of
Principles, have been disregarded.
nickel,
of
Thus far, China and the United States have
bauxite/aluminum, the 2nd largest producer
been unable to reach a compromise as both
of gold, and contributes 11% of the world’s
have proven to be on opposite positions.
production of Uranium. 54% of the coal
China has maintained to holding onto its
mined is exported to eastern Asia, which as
Nine-Dash Line, while the United States is
of 2009, equates to 261 million tons in
asserting its right to tread waters. As a result,
exports.
the United States has asked Australia to be a
The most important active mines are: the
mediator for negotiations. With the US and
Olympic Dam, which mines copper, silver,
China being Australia’s first and third largest
and uranium (believed to have the world's
trading partners, it is imperative a solution
largest uranium resource), the Boddington
be reached.
the
largest
producer
resolve the issues under jurisdiction of its key
Gold Mine, the largest gold mine in
The Great Barrier
Australia, and the Mount Isa Mines, the
largest copper mine in Australia.
Reef
Today, coal provides 85% of Australia's
power, and Australia is currently the world
5
nyu mu n c viii
Australia has the third largest ocean territory
into the Reef, as well as any further capital
in the world, spanning 12 million square
dredging in port facilities. Since 2009, it was
kilometers. Ocean territories are important
able to stop the decline in water quality by
to Australians as more than 80% of the
reducing almost a third of the pesticide load,
population resides within 100 km of the
as well as sediment load and total nitrogen
coast. 400 fish and 500 coral species, as well
load by around a tenth, and finally dissolved
as 50 different types of marine mammals live
inorganic nitrogen by 16%. New laws against
in its waters, and four in five of these marine
poaching and agreements with Indigenous
species are endemic to Australia.
communities and local land managers have
The Great Barrier Reef is one of Australia’s
attempted to protect animals in the reef and
greatest natural attractions, stretching for
its water quality. The Australian Government
344,400 square kilometers. The Great
has also highly invested in the area, with a
Barrier
“3,000
$40 million Reef Trust focused on water
individual reef systems, 600 tropical island,
quality, $2 billion projected to be invested in
and about 300 coral cays.” The Great Barrier
research,
Reef Marine Park, created in 1975, has
Queensland Government for the next five
widths of 60 to 250 km, and an average depth
years in initiatives and research on better
of 35 meters in inshore waters. The Great
environmental habits for businesses and
Barrier Reef is essential to Australia’s
industries. The government has also invested
economy, since tourism revenues amount to
$10 million dedicated to buy-back fishing
$6 billion annually and create about 69,000
licenses, and will introduce new net-free
jobs. The Reef is used for both commercial
zones.
and leisure fishing. Unfortunately, it is also
The Environment Protection and Biodiversity
in deep danger.
Conservation Act (1999) states that any
Half of the Great Barrier Reef’s coral cover
projects with the potential to affect the Reef
has been lost in the past 30 years, and what
are subject to a decision by the Australian
remains is threatened by human activity.
Environment
Pollution, tourism, and overfishing put the
government recently launched its 2050 Long-
Great Barrier Reef in danger. Additionally,
Term Sustainability Plan after its 2014
warmer water temperatures as a result of
Outlook showed that action was needed in the
climate change have caused irreversible coral
central and southern inshore areas.
Reef
is
composed
of
bleaching.
and
$100
million
Minister.
The
from
the
Australian
Refugee and Asylum
So far, the government has managed to ban
the disposal of material from capital dredging
Seekers
6
nyu mu n c viii
Japan
Australia implements the policy set out by
the
United
Agency
The relationship between Australia and
Refugee
Japan is based on economic, cultural and
Convention. The Australian Human Rights
security interests. In 2007, the two nations
Commission has recognized the right to
established a Joint Declaration on Security
asylum, declaring that people classified as
Cooperation. The Acquisition and Cross
refugees will not be sent back to their
Servicing Agreement was signed to improve
countries of origin, where their freedoms
defense
may be at risk.
Information Security Agreement governs the
The increasing number of people illegally
classified information the two nations share
entering Australia via the sea has incited
with one another.
measures for stricter border policy. In 2013,
Australia
the ruling coalition party implemented
economically, evidenced by the Japan-
military-led border control to curb refugees
Australia Economic Partnership Agreement
illegally attempting to enter Australia by sea
(JAEPA). The JAEPA encourages trade and
under Operation Sovereign Border (OSB).
benefits Japanese consumers, farmers, and
The OSB was implemented as a measure to
food producers because prices on Australian
“reduce the number of illegal maritime
food imports decrease, while the choices
ventures to Australia and prevented loss of
increase. Both nations also share ties in
life at sea”, according to the Australian
resources and energy. Australia is Japan’s
Department of Immigration and Border
first purveyor of essential minerals and
Control. The measures of OSB include
energy. Additionally, Australia supplies two-
intercepting and redirecting boats carrying
thirds of Japan’s coal, a fifth of its liquefied
refugees to Indonesia and Manus Island, and
natural imports and more than 60% of its
rejecting any illegal immigrants that arrive to
iron ore imports. Since the 1980s, Japan has
Australia on a boat. Poor humanitarian
been a leading investor in Australia’s export
conditions of the offshore locations for
industry.
refugees are among the criticisms made by
Australia
both national and international platforms,
connected
including by UN Representatives.
agencies work hand in hand to strengthen
(UNHCR)
in
Nations
the
Refugee
1951
UN
International
logistics
and
and
cooperation
Japan
Japan
culturally,
partnerships
between
also
are
as
and
cooperate
also
each
the
the
closely
nation’s
respective
governments. Australia and Japan also
Relations
closely cooperate on education, research,
7
nyu mu n c viii
science, and sports (namely rugby, soccer,
in
baseball).
healthcare
China
include:
renewable
(17%),
energy
mining
(20%),
(9%),
infrastructure (3%), gas and oil (3%), and
agribusiness (3%).
In 1949, when the People’s Republic of China
(PRC) was first established, Australia was
India
one of the countries that did not recognize its
Australia and India’s relationship has not
sovereignty. In 1972, Australia formally
always been friendly, especially in the 2000s,
recognized the PRC as a country and trade
in which India’s attitude towards Australia
partner.
was
After the establishment of many trading
Nevertheless, the two countries share many
policies, China became Australia’s biggest
cultural aspects from the prominence of the
trading partner in coal, iron ore, and natural
English language to their membership in
gas. This relationship helped Australia
important organizations like the G20,
maintain
global
Commonwealth, IORA, ASEAN Regional
economic meltdown in 2008. In 2010-2011,
Forum, and Asia Pacific Partnership on
the trade between the two countries was
Climate and Clean Development, among
estimated to be worth around $105 billion. In
others.
2015,
Trade
Since 2006, Australia has seen twice as much
Agreement was signed, eliminating many
Indian-born immigrants coming into the
tariffs and freeing up trade between the two
country, placing them fourth in the list of the
countries. In 2008, Australia again restated
many nationalities present in Australia.
its support for the one China policy, thus
Australia’s exports of coal, gold, copper ore,
refusing to recognize Taiwan, or the Republic
and agricultural products to India makes
of China (ROC). This good relationship
India Australia’s number one export market,
turned slightly sour when Australia sided
and India exports refined petroleum, pearls
with
and
and gems, and medicaments to Australia.
proceeded to condemn China for its claims in
Australia’s trade with India totaled US$11.45
the South China Sea.
billion in 2013 and 2014.
Chinese investments in Australia have grown
Australia and India’s also share safety
to $15 billion dollars in 2015, the highest
priorities within the Indo-Pacific region, and
since 2008. This investing is spearheaded by
upgraded their relations to the level of
the real estate industry, which makes up for
Strategic Partnership in 2009. Since then,
45% of the money invested at $6.85 billion
they have reached defense agreements and
dollars. Other industries China has invested
have
the
the
a
distance
from
China-Australia
international
the
Free
tribunal
8
characterized
also
developed
by
indifference.
organizations
to
nyu mu n c viii
strengthen ties militarily. In September
“arms embargo, targeted financial sanctions,
2015, the defense ministers from both
and travel bans.” They were lifted in 2012
countries
naval
when democratic reform became prominent
exercises known as the AUSINDEX. The
across the institution. The current sanctions
Australia-Indian Council (AIC), founded in
in place from Australia onto Myanmar are
1992, has worked with other institutes to
primarily
create the Australia-India Strategic Lecture,
exports/imports (specifically for oil, timber,
in which the security and strategic aspects of
and gas), protecting services, and controlling
these bilateral dynamics are studied and
the saleof arms.
established
biennial
in
regards
to
controlling
Thailand
improved.
Myanmar
Both countries share areas of “mutual
Australia and Myanmar have been working
interest, including trade and investment,
together, especially in recent years, to
law enforcement, counter-terrorism,
strengthen
education, security, migration and
through
their
bilateral
“strengthening
government
ties,
partnership
government-to-
growing
trade
tourism,” as well as mutual membership
and
of international and regional
investment and expanding people-to-people
organizations, Thailand is one of the
links.”
first nations Australia began to form a
Australia AID, overseen by the Department
of Foreign Affairs and Trade, is currently
strong, bilateral relationship with in the
deployed in Myanmar. Australia aims to
region.
support Myanmar in accomplishing their
Thailand
receives
goals by funding and providing educational
through
Australian
programs,
negotiating
peace
talks,
targeted at addressing the issues of
monitoring
government
activities
to
human trafficking, labor rights, etc.
decrease
corruption,
and
supporting
Australia
economic growth through trade. The Direct
also
regional
aid
provides
support
programs,
support
to
Thailand in terms of committing to
Aid Program is another developmental
support organizations such as ASEAN
assistance program, which provides relief to
and APEC.
small communities in Myanmar.
The
In 1991, Australia placed autonomous
major
Australian
exports
to
sanctions on Myanmar after the government
Thailand, as of 2015, were crude
refused to accept the results of the 1990
petroleum, gold, coal, and aluminum; the
democratic election, which included an
major imports from Thailand were
9
nyu mu n c viii
automobiles,
equipment,
heating
and
iron,
and
cooling
steel,
the luxuries of a low-tax/reduced-tariff
and
and prohibition-free trade platform.
aluminum structures. Australia ranks 6th
Australia and Vietnam have also formed
for Thailand in terms of major exporting
the Australia - Vietnam Comprehensive
partners, and 11th as an importing
Partnership, which relies on building
partner. In 2005, Australia and Thailand
bonds of respect and mutual interest
signed the Thailand-Australia Free Trade
between the two countries. Along with
Agreement (TAFTA), marking it to
multilateral diplomatic and economic
Thailand’s first free trade agreement
(trade) efforts between the countries,
(and with a developed nation). The
Australia and Vietnam are looking to
TAFTA promotes growing Australian
create
investments in Thailand by providing
businesses
investment
direct
strengthen the economic and civil bond
investors from Australia, as well as
between their respective governments,
granting visas/working permits more
businesses and people.
protection
for
investment
in
the
links
two
between
nations
to
United States
readily.
Vietnam
Australia has shared a strong partnership
Vietnam and Australia view each other
with the United States for the last
primarily as economic allies that act as
century, and holds the U.S. as one of it’s
gateways to profitable business. Vietnam
most
specializes in production and labor, while
Australia has access to intelligence,
Australia specializes in sales/marketing
military strength, and technology. The
and transportation of commerce/goods.
Australia-United States Alliance (ANZUS
Lately, there have increased efforts to
Treaty) was signed in 1951, which
motivate business between the two
originally allowed the U.S. to maintain a
countries, especially on the part of the
military presence in the Pacific Ocean on
Australian embassy in Vietnam. Both
the basis that both agree an attack on
countries are also members of the
Australia would prove detrimental. After
ASEAN - Australia - New Zealand Free
9/11, the treaty was updated to include
Trade
The
security attacks. Both nations are also
AANZFTA provides member states with
members of the Five-Eyes intelligence
Agreement
(AANZFTA).
10
valuable
players
in
ensuring
nyu mu n c viii
community
and
the
Joint
Defense
proximity,
Australia
Facility Pine Gap. The United States is a
strengthening
Papua
supporter of ADF growth, as the ADF is
forces, Fiji’s (Australia had sanctions on
recruited in many U.S. operations and
the nation until 2014), and Tonga.
projects. Australia looks to strengthen its
friendship with the U.S. when making
domestic and international decisions.
New Zealand
Australia acts within the interests of New
Zealand in terms of maintaining security
within the South Pacific. For example,
both were key players in providing relief
to
the
Solomon
economically
Islands.
and
However,
militaristically,
Australia acts independently of New
Zealand.
The South Pacific
The primary concern of the Southern
Pacific region to Australia is maritime
security; Australia acts to ensure that
forces of Pacific Island nations are
strengthened in all measures. One
Australian-led program for this, for
example, is the Pacific Maritime Security
Program, whose partners include Papua
New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Palau, the
Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati,
Samoa, Vanuatu, Fiji, Tuvalu, Tonga,
Cook Islands and the Republic of the
Marshall Islands; another is providing
patrol boats for the nations. In terms of
11
prioritizes
New
Guinea’s
nyu mu n c viii
Bibliography
"(AU) – Mincor's result reflects a return to better days for sulphide nickel". Proactive Investors.
February 18, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
"Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)." Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
September 20, 2016. Accessed October 30, 2016. http://dfat.gov.au/internationalrelations/regional-architecture/asean/Pages/association-of-southeast-asian-nationsasean.aspx.
"Australia Demographics Profile 2016." Index Mundi. October 8, 2016.
http://www.indexmundi.com/australia/demographics_profile.html.
"Australia Economy." World, US, China, India Economy, Investment, Finance, Credit Cards.
Accessed October 29, 2016. http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/australia.
"Australia GDP." Australia GDP | 1960-2016 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast | News.
Accessed October 29, 2016. http://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/gdp.
"Australia Unemployment Rate | 1978-2016 | Data | Chart | Calendar." Trading Economics.
Accessed October 30, 2016.
http://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/unemployment-rate.
"Australia." Countries and Their Cultures. http://www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Australia.html.
"Australian Poverty Rate Hits 13.9 per Cent, ACOSS Report Shows." NewsComAu. October 11,
2014. Accessed October 30, 2016.
http://www.news.com.au/finance/money/costs/australian-poverty-rate-hits-139-percent-acoss-report-shows/news-story/60278ff821b8b1a2e8ab73aef40ecc06.
"Australians and Peacekeeping". War History. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 11 January
2015.
"Bali death toll set at 202". BBC News. 19 February 2003. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
"Border Protection (Validation And Enforcement Powers) Bill 2001." Commonwealth of
Australia Bills. Accessed October 28, 2016.
"Chairman's Statement of the 23rd ASEAN Regional Forum." July 26, 2016. Accessed October
30, 2016. http://dfat.gov.au/international-relations/regionalarchitecture/Documents/chairmans-statement-of-the-23rd-asean-regional-forum.pdf.
"Challenges and Solutions for The Great Barrier Reef - Cool Australia." Cool Australia. February
02, 2016. http://www.coolaustralia.org/challenges-and-solutions-for-the-great-barrierreef/.
12
nyu mu n c viii
"Cyclone Yasi to cost insurers A$3.5 billion - forecaster." Reuters. URL
"Executive Council." AustralianPolitics.com. Accessed October 28, 2016.
http://australianpolitics.com/executive/ministry/executive-council.
"Face the Facts: Cultural Diversity." Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC).
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/face-facts-cultural-diversity.
"Flight from Nauru ends Pacific Solution". The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 February 2008.
Retrieved 26 August 2013.
"Great Barrier Reef." WWF. http://www.wwf.org.au/what-we-do/oceans/great-barrier-reef.
"History of the Australian Dollar." No. 1 Choice of Margin Forex and CFD Traders Worldwide.
Accessed October 30, 2016.
http://www.forexct.com.au/article.aspx?title=history_of_the_australian_doller.
"Key Indicators." Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Government.
http://www.abs.gov.au/.
"Mincor's result reflects a return to better days for sulphide nickel." Proactive Investors. URL
"Mining." Mining. Accessed October 28, 2016.
http://www.industry.gov.au/resource/Mining/Pages/default.aspx.
"Repealing the Carbon Tax." Department of the Environment and Energy. Accessed October 28,
2016.
"Smallpox Through History". Encarta. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009.
"Status of FTA Negotiations." Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. August 08, 2016.
Accessed October 29, 2016. http://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/Pages/status-of-ftanegotiations.aspx.
"The People and Culture of Australia | Study in Australia." International Student.
http://www.internationalstudent.com/study_australia/living_in_australia/peopleculture/.
"Threats to the Great Barrier Reef." Great Barrier Reef Australia.
http://www.greatbarrierreef.com.au/information/great-barrier-reef-threats/.
"UN wraps up East Timor mission". ABC News.
"Working Together Today for a Healthier Reef Tomorrow..." Australian Government - Great
Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/managing-thereef/threats-to-the-reef.
13
nyu mu n c viii
“9pc drop in emissions from power generators". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting
Corporation. 11 February 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013,
http://www.defence.gov.au/Budget/16-17/2016-17_Defence_PBS_Complete.pdf.
AAP. "Richest Nation but Poverty Increasing." The Australian. October 12, 2013. Accessed
October 30, 2016. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest-news/richest-nationbut-poverty-increasing/story-fn3dxiwe-1226738699752.
Associated Press. "Australia and Malaysia Sign Asylum Seeker Swap Deal." The Guardian. July
25, 2011. Accessed October 28, 2016.
Attwood, Bain; Foster, Stephen Glynn. Frontier Conflict: The Australian Experience. National
Museum of Australia, 2003.
Australia Military Strength." Global Firepower. Accessed October 30, 2016.
http://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strengthdetail.asp?country_id=australia.
Australia, Lloyd's List. "Brisbane Port Trade Volumes." Lloyd's List Australia - Brisbane Port
Trade Volumes on the Increase. Accessed October 29, 2016.
https://www.lloydslistaustralia.com.au/lla/market-sectors/ports/Brisbane-port-tradevolumes-on-the-increase-537256.html.
Australian Government. "Federation." Digital Transformation Office. March 10, 2016. Accessed
October 15, 2016. http://www.australia.gov.au/about-government/how-governmentworks/federation.
Border Protection (Validation And Enforcement Powers) Bill 2001. Commonwealth Of Australia
Bills. Url
By the Sovereign, as Her Representative in Australia. "The Australian System of Government."
February 19, 2013. Accessed October 15, 2016.
http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practic
e_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_20__The_Australian_system_of_government.
Central Intelligence Agency. "The World Factbook: AUSTRALIA." Central Intelligence Agency.
Accessed October 24, 2016.
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Defense. "Global Operations." Department of
Defense. Accessed October 30, 2016. http://defence.gov.au/Operations/.
Court in The Hague Agrees to Take up Timor Sea Border Dispute." NewsComAu. September 26,
2016. Accessed October 28, 2016.
14
nyu mu n c viii
Davison, Graeme; Hirst, John; Macintyre, Stuart (1998). The Oxford Companion to Australian
History. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553597-9.
Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. "Federal Executive Council Handbook."
Australian Government, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. January 7,
2015. Accessed October 18, 2016. http://www.dpmc.gov.au/pmc/publication/federalexecutive-council-handbook.
Dillon, Paul (9 September 2004). "Blast rocks Jakarta near Australian Embassy". USA Today.
Retrieved 21 March 2007.
Dorey, Fran. "The Spread of People to Australia." Australian Museum. October 30, 2015.
Accessed October 28, 2016. http://australianmuseum.net.au/the-spread-of-people-toaustralia.
Downwonder." The Economist. March 31, 2007. Accessed October 31, 2016.
http://www.economist.com/node/8931798.
Farr, Malcolm. "Turning back the boats? We should listen to the Navy". The Punch. Retrieved
26 August 2013.
Flitton, Daniel. "Australia Rejects Jurisdiction of East Timor's Bid to Broker Maritime Dispute."
The Sydney Morning Herald. August 29, 2016. Accessed October 28, 2016.
Huxley, John (11 February 2009). "Horrific, but not the worst we've suffered". Fairfax Media.
Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
Joseph Gabriel Starke, The ANZUS Treaty Alliance (Melbourne University Press, 1965)
Number, By Catalogue. "Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013."
Australian Bureau of Statistics. June 21, 2012.
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013.
Office of Governor General. "Governor-General's Role." Gg_drupal_admin. April 6, 2016.
Accessed October 15, 2016. http://www.gg.gov.au/governor-generals-role.
Parliament of Australia. "Parliament and Government." August 31, 2016. Accessed October 24,
2016.
http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Work_of_the_Parliament/Forming_and_G
overning_a_Nation/parl.
Root. "Purchasing Power Parity - PPP." Investopedia. December 30, 2015. Accessed October 29,
2016. http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/ppp.asp.
SAS Role in Iraq Revealed. The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 May 2003.
Starke, Joseph Gabriel. "The ANZUS Treaty Alliance." Melbourne University Press, 1965.
15
nyu mu n c viii
Statement by Australian Ambassador, UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY 56th
SESSION, 27 November 2001.
Teeter, Preston; Sandberg, Jorgen (2016). "Constraining or Enabling Green Capability
Development? How Policy Uncertainty Affects Organizational Responses to Flexible
Environmental Regulations". British Journal of Management.
Tisdell, Clem. Australian Environmental Issues: An Overview. PhD diss., The University of
Queensland. Brisbane. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:121816/VOL_30.pdf.
William, Sydney Australia. "The Australian Court System," The Australian Legal System, Law
and the Media: Civics and Citizenship, SOSE: Economy and Society Year 8, QLD.
Accessed October 24, 2016. http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-58_u-496_t-1353_c5204/qld/sose-economy-and-society/law-and-the-media-civics-and-citizenship/theaustralian-legal-system/the-australian-court-system.
16