Human Biology (BIOL 105)
Learning Objectives for Chapter 1
1. List the characteristics of living things. [1.1, p.2−5]
2. Describe the organization of life from the simplest to the most complex levels. [1.1,
pp.2–4, Fig. 1.2]
3. Determine how human beings acquire materials and energy. [1.1, p.4, Fig. 1.3a]
4. Define reproduction. [1.1, p.4]
5. Outline the stages of human development. [1.1, p.5]
6. Define homeostasis and know how various organ systems contribute to
homeostasis. [1.1, p.5]
7. Describe how animals respond to stimuli. [1.1, p.4−5]
8. Recognize how evolution is responsible for both the unity and the diversity of life.
[1.1, p.5]
9. Recognize how humans fit into the world of living things. [1.2, pp.6–7, Fig. 1.5]
10. Understand how the scientific process is used to gather information and to arrive at
conclusions. [1.3, pp.8–13]
11. Outline the steps of the scientific method. [1.3, pp.8–13, Figs. 1.7, 1.9]
12. Explain why a control group is necessary for laboratory studies. [1.3, pp.11−12]
13. Explain the type of information found in a scientific study. [1.4, p.12, Fig. 1.10]
14. Describe the difference between science and other ways in which human beings
seek order in the natural world. [1.5, p.14]
15. Understand the risks and benefits involved in science and technology. [1.5,
p.14−15]
16. Discuss how all people have a responsibility to the global community to decide how
best to use scientific knowledge for the benefit of all living things, including humans.
[1.5, p.14]
17. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter 1.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 2
1.
Define matter. [2.1, p.20]
2.
Describe an element. [2.1, p.20, Fig. 2.1]
3.
Describe the organization of an atom [2.1, pp.20−21, Fig. 2.2]
4. Explain the nature of isotopes and radioactive isotopes. [2.1, pp.21−22, Figs. 2.3,
2.4]
5. Define a molecule and a compound. [2.1, p.22]
6. List the two basic types of bonds that occur between atoms. [2.1, pp.22–24, Figs.
2.5, 2.6]
7. Describe why water is considered a polar molecule. [2.2, p.25]
8. Understand the importance of hydrogen bonding in water and other molecules. [2.2,
p.25, Fig. 2.7]
9. List the important properties of water molecules. [2.2, pp.25–27, Fig. 2.8]
10. Discuss the general chemical properties of acids and bases. [2.2, pp.29–31, Fig.
2.10]
11. Explain and be able to use the pH scale. [2.2, pp.27−29, Fig. 2.9]
12. Understand the roles buffers play in living things. [2.2, pp.28−29]
13. Describe how molecules of life are built up and broken down. [2.3, p.29, Fig. 2.11]
14. Describe the structure and function of carbohydrates. [2.4, pp.29–31, Figs. 2.12,
2.13]
15. Describe the function and the structure of the various types of lipids. [2.5, pp.31–34,
Figs. 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17]
16. Describe the functions and basic structure of proteins. [2.6, pp.34–36, Figs. 2.18,
2.19]
17. Understand how protein structure illustrates the idea that the shape of a molecule
influences its function. [2.6, p.36, Fig. 2.20]
18. Discuss the structure of nucleic acids, and describe their functions in cells. [2.7,
pp.37–39, Table 2.1, Fig. 2.21]
19. Explain how the function of RNA is related to the function of DNA. [2.7, pp.37−39]
20. Describe the structure and function of ATP. [2.7, p.39, Fig. 2.22]
21. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter 2.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 3
1. List the basic tenets of the cell theory. [3.1, p.44]
2. Explain why cells are limited in size. [3.1, p.44−45, Fig. 3.2]
3. Recognize that different features of the cell are best observed with different types of
microscopes. [3.1, p.45, Fig. 3.3]
4. Outline the evolutionary history of the animal cell including how eukaryotic cells
evolved, and how the endomembrane system and organelles evolved. [3.2, p.46,
Fig 3.5]
5. Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. [3.3, pp.48–51, Figs.
3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12]
6. Predict the results of placing a cell in solutions of various tonicity. [3.3, p.49−50, Fig.
3.9]
7. Describe the manner in which molecules other than water enter or leave a cell, both
with and against a concentration gradient. [3.3, pp.50–52, Figs. 3.7, 3.8, 3.10, 3.11,
3.12]
8. Describe the general features and functions of the following cellular structures: cilia
and flagella (p 55), cytoplasm (p 46), cytoskeleton (p 54), endoplasmic reticulum (p
53), Golgi apparatus (p 53), lysosomes (p 53), mitochondria (p 56), nucleus (p 52),
ribosomes (p 52). [Fig. 3.4, p 47; Fig. 3.15]
9. Understand the functioning of a metabolic pathway and the importance of enzymes
within it. [3.6, pp.56−57]
10. Describe a generalized equation for an enzymatic reaction. [3.6, pp.56−57, Fig.
3.17]
11. Understand the process of cellular respiration as an example of cellular
metabolism. [3.6, pp.56−59, Figs. 3.18, 3.19]
12. Describe the conditions under which fermentation occurs. [3.6, p.59]
13. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter 3.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 4
1.
Define a tissue. [4.1, p.66]
2. List the four major types of tissues in the human body. [4.1, p.66]
3. Give examples of the different types of connective tissues. [4.2, pp.66−69, Figs.
4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4]
4. List the characteristics of each of the three types of muscle tissue, and describe the
differences in location and function of each type. [4.3, pp.69−70, Fig. 4.5]
5. State the characteristics and functions of nervous tissue and name the parts of a
neuron. [4.4, pp.70−71, Fig.4.6, Science Focus pp.72−73]
6. Describe the features, functions, and locations of the different types of epithelial
tissues. [4.5, pp.72−74, Fig. 4.7]
7. Describe the structure and function of the regions of the skin and its accessory
structures. [4.7, pp.76−78, Figs. 4.9, 4.10, 4.11]
8. List ways in which you can protect yourself from the damaging effects of ultraviolet
radiation. [4.7, p.78, Fig. 4.10, Health Focus p.82]
9. Describe the body cavities and the membranes that line and cover them. [4.8,
pp.83−84, Fig. 4.13]
10. Define homeostasis, describe how it is maintained, and explain its importance.
[4.9, pp.84−86, Fig. 4.14]
11. Illustrate negative feedback control with the regulation of body temperature. [4.9,
pp.86−87, Figs. 4.16, 4.17, 4.18]
12. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter 4.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 5
1. List the exchanges that occur in the cardiovascular system. [5.1, p.92, Fig. 5.1]
2. Describe how the lymphatic system assists the cardiovascular system. [5.1, p.92]
3. Describe the structure and function of arteries, capillaries, and veins. [5.2,
pp.93−94, Fig. 5.2]
4. Describe external heart anatomy. [5.3, p.94, Fig. 5.3]
5. Trace the path of blood flow through the heart. [5.3, p.96−97, Fig. 5.4]
6. Explain the stages in the cardiac cycle. [5.3, pp.97−99, Fig. 5.5]
7. Explain how the conduction system of the heart controls the heartbeat. [5.3,
pp.97−98, Fig. 5.6]
8. Describe how impulses from the nervous system and hormones control the heart
rate. [5.3, pp.98−99, Fig. 5.6]
9. Describe the waves found in the electrocardiogram. [5.3, p.99, Fig. 5.6]
10. Identify the factors that influence pulse rate and blood pressure. [5.4, pp.99−100,
Figs. 5.7, 5.8, Table 5.1]
11. Describe the forces that drive blood flow in arteries and return blood to the heart
through the veins. [5.4, pp.100−101, Fig. 5.9]
12. Identify the major vessels of the pulmonary circuit. [5.5, p.102, Figs. 5.10, 5.11]
13. Identify the major vessels of the systemic circuit. [5.5, p.103, Figs. 5.10, 5.11]
14. Describe how exchange occurs at the capillaries and how capillary beds are shut
off. [5.6, pp.104−105, Figs. 5.12, 5.13]
15. Explain how tissue fluid is returned to cardiovascular system. [5.6, pp.104−105, Fig
5.13]
16. List disorders of the cardiovascular system, their causes and prevention. [5.7,
pp.105−110, Figs. 5.14, 5.15, 5.16]
17. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter 5.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Describe the functions of blood. [6.1, p.116, Fig. 6.1]
Describe the formed elements of blood. [6.1, p.116]
Explain the functions and composition of plasma. [6.1, pp.116−118, Fig. 6.2]
List the characteristics of red blood cells (RBCs). [6.2, pp.118−119, Fig. 6.3]
Understand how the structure of hemoglobin allows it to carry oxygen and carbon
dioxide. [6.2, pp.118-119, Fig. 6.3]
List several disorders of red blood cells. [6.2, p.121]
List the types of white blood cells, and describe the structure and functions of each.
[6.3, pp.121−122, Fig. 6.6 ]
List several disorders of white blood cells. [6.3, p.123]
Describe the origin of platelets. [6.4, p.123]
List several disorders related to blood clotting. [6.4, p.125]
Describe how antigens on RBCs determine ABO blood type and how a lab
technician determines a person’s blood type. [6.5, p.126, Figs. 6.9, 6.10]
Describe the possible Rh-factor complications of pregnancy and its prevention. [6.5,
pp.126−127, Fig. 6.11]
Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter 6.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 7
1.
Define a pathogen. [7.1, p.136]
2. Outline the three lines of defense the body has against invasion. [7.1, p.136]
3. Describe the anatomy and life cycle of bacteria. [7.1, pp.136–137, Figs. 7.1, 7.2,
7.3]
4. Describe a virus. [7.1, pp.137−138, Figs. 7.3, 7.4]
5. Describe a prion. [7.1, pp.138−139, Fig. 7.5]
6. Describe the functions of the lymphatic system. [7.2, p.139, Fig. 7.6]
7. List the functions of the primary and secondary lymphatic organs. [7.2, p.141, Fig.
7.7]
8. Describe the nonspecific defenses of the body and label each as physical,
chemical, or cellular. [7.3, pp.142–144, Figs. 7.8, 7.9]
9. List the characteristics of an inflammatory response. [7.3, pp.142143, Fig. 7.8]
10. Describe how specific defense works. [7.4, p.144]
11. Compare and contrast B cells and T cells and their functions. [7.4, pp.145–149,
Table 7.1, Figs. 7.12, 7.13, 7.14]
12. Define the clonal selection model. [7.4, p.148, Fig. 7.12]
13. distinguish between active and passive immunity. [7.5, pp.149−151, Fig. 7.14, Fig.
7.15]
14. Define a monoclonal antibody. [7.5, pp.151–152, Fig. 7.16]
15. Outline the steps in an allergic response. [7.6, p.152, Health Focus, Fig 7B]
16. List several disorders of the immune system and their causes. [7.6, p.153, Fig.
7.17]
17. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter 7.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 8
1. Outline the processes that are necessary to the digestive process. [8.1, pp. 158–
159]
2. Trace the path of food through the digestive system from the mouth to the anus.
[8.1, p.158, Fig. 8.1]
3. Describe the features and structures of the mouth that prepare food for swallowing.
[8.2, pp.160–161, Figs. 8.3, 8.4]
4. Discuss the features of the pharynx and esophagus and how food moves through
them. [8.2, p.161, Fig. 8.4]
5. Explain how the stomach is structurally adapted to its function. [8.3, pp.162–164,
Fig. 8.5]
6. Relate the function of the small intestine to its unique structure. [8.3, pp.165−166,
Fig. 8.6]
7. Describe the relationship between food, obesity, diabetes type 2, and
cardiovascular disease. [8.6, p.173]
8. List the three accessory organs of the digestive system and their functions. [8.4,
pp.166–167, Table 8.2, Fig. 8.8]
9. Explain how secretions of these accessory organs aid digestion. [8.4, pp.166–168]
Discuss how digestive secretions are controlled, and list the hormones involved.
[8.4, p.168, Fig. 8.9]
10. Lst the functions of the large intestine. [8.5, pp.168−169, Fig. 8.10]
11. Discuss nutrition and carbohydrates, protein, and fat in the diet. [8.6, pp.171–174,
Tables 8.3, 8.4, Figs. 8.12, 8.13, 8.14]
12. Discuss the vitamin and mineral requirements in the diet. [8.6, pp.175–178, Tables
8.5, 8.7, 8.8]
13. Understand how to use the food guide pyramid to plan nutritious meals. [8.6,
pp.177−179, Table 8.9, Fig. 8.15]
14. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter 8.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 9
1. Define inspiration, expiration, and ventilation. [9.1, p.186]
2. List the components of the respiratory system and their functions. [9.1, p.186, Fig.
9.1]
3. Describe the structure and functions of the upper respiratory tract. [9.2, pp.187–
188, Fig. 9.2]
4. Describe how food and drink are prevented from entering the lungs during
swallowing and how to help a person with food caught in their respiratory tract. [9.2,
pp.187−188, Fig. 9.3]
5. Describe the structure and functions of the lower respiratory tract. [9.3, pp.189–191,
Figs. 9.5, 9.6]
6. Name and describe the structures in the lungs in which gas exchange occurs. [9.3,
pp.190–191, Fig. 9.6]
7. Understand how breathing is achieved, including inspiration and expiration. [9.4,
pp.191–192, Figs. 9.7, 9.8]
8. Describe the respiratory volumes of the typical adult and how these volumes are
measured. [9.4, pp.192–193, Fig. 9.9]
9. Describe how the respiratory center controls rate and volume of breathing. [9.5,
p.194, Fig. 9.10]
10. Describe how chemoreceptors control the rate and volume of breathing. [9.5,
p.195−196]
11. List the names, symptoms, and causes of various diseases of the respiratory tract.
[9.7, pp.198–200, Fig. 9.12]
12. Understand the benefits of quitting smoking. [Health Focus, pp.201−202, Fig 9.13]
13. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter 9.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 10
1. Define excretion. [10.1, p.208]
2. Trace the path of urine, and describe the general structure and function of each
organ mentioned. [10.1, pp.208–209, Fig. 10.1]
3. List the functions of the urinary system. [10.1, pp.209−210]
4. Describe the macroscopic structure of the kidney. [10.2, p.212, Fig. 10.3]
5. Describe the anatomy of a nephron. [10.2, pp.213–214, Fig. 10.4]
6. Describe the three steps in urine formation, and relate these to parts of a nephron.
[10.3, pp.214–218, Figs. 10.5, 10.6, Table 10.1]
7. Describe how the kidneys maintain the water-salt balance of the blood. [10.4,
pp.218–219, Figs. 10.7, 10.8]
8. Name two major hormones involved in maintaining blood volume, and explain how
they function. [10.4, p.219]
9. Describe a variety of kidney tract medical problems and solutions. [10.5,
pp.222−223, Fig. 10.10]
10. Explain how the kidneys maintain homeostasis of the body’s internal environment.
[10.6, pp.223–225]
11. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter
10.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 11
1. List the functions of the skeleton. [11.1, p.230]
2. Be able to label the structure of a typical long bone. [11.1, pp.230–231, Fig. 11.1]
3. Understand the function of the growth plates and hormones in the development of
bones. [11.2, pp.234−236, Figs. 11.2, 11.3]
4. Explain the process of remodeling of bones. [11.2, pp.234−236, Fig. 11.4]
5. List the sequence of events as a bone repairs a fracture. [11.2, pp.236−237, Fig.
11.5]
6. Distinguish between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. [11.3 and
11.4, pp.237–244, Fig. 11.6]
7. Classify articulations (joints) according to their type. [11.5, pp.245−246, Fig. 11.13]
8. List the different types of synovial joint movements. [11.5, p.246, Figs. 11.13, 11.14]
9. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter
11.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 12
1. List the three types of muscle in the human body. [12.1, p.254, Fig. 12.1]
2. List the functions of skeletal muscle. [12.1, p.254]
3. Describe the basic structure of skeletal muscles. [12.1, p.255, Fig. 12.2]
4. Understand that skeletal muscles work in pairs. [12.1, pp.255−256, Fig. 12.2]
5. Understand how skeletal muscles are named. [12.1, pp.256–258, Fig. 12.4]
6. Name the major muscles of the body, and know their actions. [12.1, p.256, Fig.
12.4]
7. Describe the anatomy of a muscle fiber. [12.2, pp.258–260, Table 12.1, Fig. 12.5]
8. Describe the neuromuscular junction, and explain how impulses are transferred to
the muscle fiber. [12.2, pp.261–262, Figs. 12.6, 12.7]
9. Define “motor unit.” [12.3, pp. 261−262]
10. Explain how whole muscles contract. [12.3, pp.262−263, Fig. 12.7]
11. List the energy sources available within a muscle fiber, and explain the
circumstances in which each is used. [12.3, pp.263–264, Figs. 12.9, 12.10]
12. Explain the difference between fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers. [12.3,
pp.264−266, Fig. 12.11]
13. Understand how to avoid delayed onset muscle soreness. [12.3, p.266]
14. List a number of muscular conditions and diseases. [12.4, pp. 266−269]
15. Describe the role of the muscular and skeletal systems in homeostasis. [12.5,
pp.269–271, Fig. 12.12]
16. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter
12.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 13
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
List the two divisions of the nervous system. [13.1, p.276, Fig. 13.1]
List the functions of the nervous system. [13.1, p.276]
Describe the two types of cells in nervous tissue. [13.1, pp.276−277]
List the three types of neurons. [13.1, p.277, Fig. 13.2]
Draw a neuron and label the three parts. [13.1, p.277, Fig, 13.2]
Explain the function of the myelin sheath. [13.1, p.277, Fig. 13.2]
Explain a nerve impulse including the terms resting potential and action potential.
[13.1, pp.277–279, Fig. 13.3]
Describe the structure and function of a synapse, including transmission across a
synapse and synaptic integration. [13.1, pp.280–282, Figs. 13.4, 13.5]
List the structures of the central nervous system. [13.2, pp.282−283]
Describe the structure and function of the spinal cord. [13.2, pp.283–285, Fig. 13.7]
Describe the general anatomy of the brain, name the major parts, and give a
function of each. [13.2, pp.282, 285–289, Figs. 13.6, 13.8, 13.9, 13.10, 13.11]
Give the location and functions of the limbic system. [13.3, pp.288–290, Fig. 13.12]
Describe the higher mental functions of learning, memory, and language. [13.3,
p.290, Fig. 13.13]
Distinguish between spinal and cranial nerves. [13.4, pp.290–291, Fig. 13.14]
Describe the somatic system and list the features of a path of a spinal reflex. [13.4,
pp.291−292, Fig. 13.15]
Describe the autonomic nervous system. [13.4, pp.292–294, Table 13.1, Fig. 13.16]
17. Describe drug action at a synapse, and discuss the effects of alcohol, nicotine,
cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, and marijuana. [13.5, pp.295–298, Figs. 13.17,
13.18, Table 13.2]
18. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter
13.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 14
1. Identify the various sensory receptors and explain how they are classified according
to the type of stimuli they receive. [14.1, p.304, Table 14.1]
2. Explain how a sensation occurs. [14.1, pp.304−305, Fig. 14.1]
3. Describe the function of proprioceptors. [14.2, p.306, Fig. 14.2]
4. Discuss the general receptors of the skin, including pain receptors. [14.2, pp.306–
308, Fig. 14.3]
5. Describe the senses that rely on chemoreceptors. [14.3, pp.308–309, Figs. 14.4,
14.5]
6. Describe the anatomy of the eye and the function of each part. [14.4, pp.310–312,
Table 14.2, Figs. 14.6, 14.7]
7. Describe the two receptors for sight, their mechanism of action, and the mechanism
for stereoscopic vision. [14.4, pp.312–314, Figs. 14.8, 14.9, 14.10]
8. Identify common abnormalities of the eye. [14.4, p.315, Fig. 14.11]
9. Describe the anatomy of the ear and the function of each part. [14.5, pp.315,317,
Fig. 14.12]
10. Discuss the receptors for hearing and their mechanism of action. [14.5, pp.317–
320, Fig. 14.13]
11. Discuss the receptors for rotational and gravitational equilibrium and their
mechanisms of action. [14.6, pp.320–323, Figs. 14.14, 14.15]
12. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter
14.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 15
1. Understand the similarities and differences between the nervous system and the
endocrine system. [15.1, p. 328, Fig. 15.1]
2. Describe the location of each of the major endocrine glands of the human body and
what product they produce. [15.1, p.329, Fig. 15.2]
3. Understand what types of chemicals are produced by endocrine glands and how
these are transported in the body. [15.1, pp.330–331, Figs. 15.3, 15.4, 15.5]
4. Discuss the differing mechanisms of action for peptide hormones and steroid
hormones. [15.1, pp. 330–331, Figs. 15.4, 15.5]
5. List the hormones produced by the hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary,
and their effects. [15.2, pp.332–335, Figs. 15.6, 15.7, 15.8]
6. List the hormones of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and state their functions.
[15.3, pp.336–337, Figs. 15.9, 15.10]
7. Explain how blood calcium level is regulated through the action of hormones. [15.3,
p.337, Fig. 15.10]
8. Describe the hormones of the adrenal medulla and explain how their release is
controlled. [15.4, pp.337−338, Fig. 15.11]
9. List the hormones of the adrenal cortex and their functions. [15.4, pp.338–341,
Figs. 15.11, 15.12]
10. Explain how Addison’s disease and Cushing syndrome develop. [15.4, pp.340−
341, Figs. 15.13, 15.14]
11. Understand that the pancreas is both an exocrine and an endocrine tissue. [15.5,
p.341, Fig. 15.15]
12. Describe the functions of insulin and glucagon. [15.5, p.341−342, Fig. 15.16]
13. Discuss the problems associated with diabetes. [15.5, pp.341–344, Fig. 15.17]
14. List functions of other endocrine glands and their hormones. [15.6, pp.334–335,
Figs. 15.18, 15.19]
15. List hormones derived from other tissues not considered endocrine glands. [15.6,
pp.345−346]
16. Discuss how the endocrine system works with other body systems to maintain
homeostasis. [15.7, pp.346–348, Fig. 15.20]
17. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter
15.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 16
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Outline the human life cycle. [16.1, p.352, Fig. 16.1]
List the functions of the reproductive organs in each of the sexes. [16.1, p.352]
Describe the role of mitosis and meiosis in the human life cycle. [16.1, p.352]
Describe the structure, location, and function of the organs of the male reproductive
system. [16.2, pp.353–356, Table, 16.1, Figs. 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5]
Discuss sperm production and its hormonal regulation. [16.2, pp.354–356, Figs.
16.4, 16.5]
Describe the actions of testosterone, including primary and secondary sex
characteristics. [16.2, p.356]
Describe the structure, location, and function of the organs of the female
reproductive system. [16.3, pp.357–360, Table 16.2, Figs. 16.6, 16.7]
Describe the ovarian and uterine cycles. [16.4, pp.360–364, Table 16.3, Figs. 16.8,
16.9, 16.10, 16.11]
Discuss hormonal regulation in the female, including feedback control. [16.4,
pp.360–364, Figs. 16.9, 16.10, 16.11, 16.12]
Describe the events surrounding fertilization and pregnancy. [16.4, pp.363−364,
Fig. 16.11]
Describe the actions of estrogen and progesterone and their influence on
secondary sex characteristics. [16.4, p.362]
12. Describe the sexually transmitted diseases caused by viruses. [16.6, pp.371–372,
Figs. 16.16, 16.17]
13. Describe the sexually transmitted diseases caused by bacteria. [16.6, pp.372–374,
Fig. 16.18]
14. Know a protozoan and yeast that cause sexually transmitted diseases. [16.6, p.374]
15. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter
16.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 17
1. Describe the process of fertilization, including where and how it occurs. [17.1,
pp.394−395, Fig. 17.1]
2. Name the extraembryonic membranes stating the function of each. [17.2, p.396,
Fig. 17.2]
3. Explain what development processes and stages occur before implantation. [17.2,
pp. 397–398, Table 17.1, Fig. 17.3]
4. List the three embryonic germ layers and what each gives rise to. [17.2, p.399, Fig.
17.5]
5. Describe the structure of the placenta. [17.3, p.401, Fig. 17.7]
6. Trace the path of blood in the fetus and between the fetus and the placenta. [17.3,
p.401, Fig. 17.7]
7. Explain how male and female sex organs develop. [17.3, pp.406–407, Figs. 17.9,
17.10]
8. Describe a woman’s symptoms during pregnancy. [17.4, p.408, Table 17.2]
9. Describe the three stages of birth. [17.4, pp.408–410, Fig. 17.11]
10. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter
17.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 18
1. Describe the normal complement of chromosomes in the human body. [18.1,
p.420, Fig 18.1]
2. Explain how a karyotype is done and the type of information that can be obtained
from one. [18.1, pp.420–421, Fig. 18.2]
3. Understand the parts of the cell cycle. [18.1, pp.421−422, Fig.18.3]
4. Discuss the significance of the process of mitosis. [18.2, pp.422–426, Figs. 18.4,
18.5, 18.6]
5. Understand the importance of the cell cycle and how it is controlled. [18.2, p.426,
Fig. 18.7]
6. Discuss significance of meiosis. [18.3, pp.427–431, Figs.18.8, 18.9, 18.10, 18.11]
7. Describe synapsis, crossing over and independent alignment and relate their
significance. [18.3, pp.427–430, Figs. 18.9, 18.10, 18.11]
8. Describe the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. [18.4, pp.434−435, Fig.
18.13]
9. Explain how changes in chromosome number can occur. [18.5, pp.435−436, Fig.
18.14]
10. Describe Down Syndrome including its causes and symptoms. [18.5, pp.436–437,
Fig. 18.15]
11. Describe the syndromes that result from a change in sex chromosome number.
[18.5, pp.436−437]
12. Explain how changes in chromosome structure can occur and the syndromes that
result. [18.5, pp.437–440, Figs. 18.16, 18.17, 18.18, 18.19]
13. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter
18.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 19
1. Describe the characteristics of cancer cells. [19.1, pp.446–448, Figs. 19.1, 19.2]
2. Describe tumor progression. [19.1, pp.446–448, Fig. 19.2]
3. Define oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes and know how they contribute to
cancer. [19.1, pp.448–449, Figs. 19.3, 19.4]
4. Define the terms oncology, carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, and lymphomas.
[19.1, pp.449–450]
5. Understand the role heredity plays in cancer development. [19.2, p.451, Fig. 19.6]
6. Define mutagen and carcinogen. [19.2, p.451]
7. Understand the various types of environmental carcinogens and the damage they
cause. [19.2, pp.451–452, Fig. 19.7]
8. Explain what good dietary choices for cancer avoidance are. [19.2, p.454]
9. Describe the seven warning signals for cancer abbreviated by the acronym
CAUTION. [19.3, p.454]
10. Give examples of routine screening tests, tumor marker tests, and proposed
genetic tests to diagnose cancer. [19.3, pp.454–457, Table 19.1, Figs. 19.8, 19.9,
19A, 19B]
11. Describe current and possible future approaches to treating cancer. [19.4, pp.457–
459, Figs. 19.10, 19.11, 19.12]
12. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter
19.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 20
1. Distinguish between phenotype and genotype, dominant and recessive, and
homozygous and heterozygous. [20.1, pp.466−467, Fig. 20.1]
2. Understand how gametes carry only one gene for each trait. [20.2, pp.467−469]
3. List a variety of simple recessive and dominant traits in humans. [20.2, p.467, Fig.
20.2]
4. Solve one-trait autosomal genetics problems using a Punnett square. [20.2,
pp.469–471, Figs. 20.3, 20.4]
5. Understand how meiosis creates genetic diversity among gametes. [20.2, p.471,
Fig. 20.5]
6. Solve two-trait autosomal genetics problems using a Punnett square. [20.2,
pp.471–473, Fig. 20.6]
7. Describe several autosomal recessive and dominant disorders. [20.2, pp.475–477,
Figs. 20.10, 20.11, 20.12]
8. Discuss traits inherited with polygenic inheritance and the environmental influence
on such traits. [20.3, pp.479–480, Figs. 20.13, 20.14]
9. Explain what is meant by incomplete dominance and codominance and give an
example of each. [20.3, p.480, Fig. 20.15]
10. Explain what is meant by multiple alleles and give an example. [20.3, pp.480−481,
Fig. 20.16]
11. Explain how ABO blood types are inherited. [20.3, p.481, Fig. 20.16]
12. Show how sex-linked traits are generally inherited on the X chromosome. [20.4,
p.481, Fig. 20.17]
13. Describe several X-linked recessive disorders. [20.4, p.483−84, Figs. 20.19.]
Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter
20.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 21
1. Describe the structure of DNA including how its structure allows it to be the genetic
material. [21.1, pp.490–492, Figs. 21.1, 21.2, 21.3]
2. Understand how DNA replicates. [21.1, pp.491−492, Figs. 21.2, 21.3]
3. List three types of RNA found in cells and their various functions. [21.1, p.493]
4. Review the structure and function of proteins. [21.2, p.494, Table 21.2, Fig. 21.5]
5. Describe the process of transcription and translation as components of gene
expression. [21.2, pp.494–499, Figs. 21.6, 21.7, 21.8, 21.9, 21.10, 21.11, 21.12,
21.13]
6. Understand the nature of the genetic code. [21.2, p.495, Figs. 21.6, 21.7]
7. Understand how mRNA is processed. [21.2, p.496, Fig. 21.8, 21.9]
8. Define the term genomics. [21.3, pp.501−502]
9. Describe both ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy. [21.3, p.503−504, Fig. 21.16]
10. Describe the technique of PCR and its applications. [21.4, pp.505−506, Figs. 21.18,
21.19]
11. List and give examples of biotechnology products. [21.4, pp.506–508, Fig. 21.20]
12. Discuss the importance of transgenic plants, bacteria, and animals. [21.4, pp.506–
510, Figs. 21.21, 21.22, 21.23, 21.24]
13. Read and understand the significance of the Case Study associated with Chapter
21.