A C o m p a ra tiv e S tu d y o f t h e B lo o d o f C e r t a i n R e p t i l e s
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D w ig h t 1 . R y e rs o n
S u b m itte d i n . p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e
re q u ire m e n ts f o r th e d e g re e o f
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. M a s te r o f S o ie n o e
i n t h e G ra d u a te C o lle g e
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
P age
I n t r o d u c t i o n .................... ............................ ..........................*
*
M a t e r i a l s and M e th o d s.....................................................................
1
4
E x p e r im e n ta l R e s u l t s .............................................
C e l l N um bers, E r y t h r o c y t e M e a s u re m e n ts ,
and H em o g lo b in C o n t e n t ....................................
D i f f e r e n t i a l L e u c o c y te C o u n t s . ...............................
9
23
S i z e s o f L e u c o c y t e s ............ ....................................
29
C e l l D e s c r i p t i o n s . .....................................................
32
P a r a s i t i s m . ..........................................................
37
D i s c u s s i o n .............................................................
Summary and C o n c l u s i o n s . .............................................................
B i b l i o g r a p h y . .................................................................
53
—
1
-
A C o m p a ra tiv e S tu d y o f t h e B lo o d o f C e r t a i n R e p t i l e s
,
IRTRODUCTIOIT
The s t u d y o f th e b lo o d and b lo o d - f o r m in g t i s s u e s o f
in f r a - m a m m a lia n v e r t e b r a t e s h a s r e c e i v e d m ore a t t e n t i o n
d u r i n g th e p a s t few y e a r s t h a n f o r some tim e p r e v i o u s .
T h is re n e w e d i n t e r e s t w as a p p a r e n t l y t h e r e s u l t o f a
d e s i r e f o r new d a t a t o s u p p o r t v a r i o u s t h e o r i e s o f hemo­
p o ie s is .
Of t h e p o i k i l o t h e r m i o v e r t e b r a t e s , t h e R e p t i l i a
r e p r e s e n t a h i g h e r d e v e lo p m e n t p h y l o g e n e t i c a l l y t h a n t h e
A m p h ib ia , b u t m ore w ork h a s b e e n done on t h e h e m a to lo g y
o f th e l a t t e r .
The b lo o d o f o n l y two s p e c i e s o f r e p t i l e s common t o
t h i s s e m i - a r i d r e g i o n o f s o u t h e r n A r iz o n a h a s b e e n s t u d i e d
h e re to fo re .
E d w ard s an d D i l l (1 9 3 5 ) made a s t u d y o f t h e
p h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f r e p t i l i a n b lo o d and r e p o r t ­
e d , among o t h e r m i s c e l l a n e o u s d a t a , e r y t h r o c y t e n u m b ers
an d h e m o g lo b in c o n t e n t o f th e b lo o d o f t h e G i l a m o n s t e r ,
H e lo d e rm a s u s p e o tu m .
J o r d a n and S p e i d e l (1 9 2 9 ) r e p o r t e d
on t h e h e m o p o ie tic a c t i v i t y o f t h e s p l e e n and bone m arrow
o f th e h o rn e d t o a d , P h ry n o so m a s o l a r e , b u t d i d n o t g iv e
d a t a on th e t y p e s o r n u m b e rs' o f c e l l s p r e s e n t i n t h e
c i r c u l a t i n g b lo o d .
•*
2
—
The blo o d , o f s e v e r a l o t h e r s p e c i e s o f r e p t i l e s h a s
b e e n u s e & if o r v a r i o u s s t u d i e s by o t h e r w o r k e r s , b o t h i n
t h i s c o u n tr y an d i n E u r o p e .
A ld e r and H uber (1 9 2 3 ) made
a f a i r l y c o m p le te m o r p h o lo g i c a l s t u d y o f t h e b l o o d o f t h e
fo llo w in g r e p t i l e s : L a c e r ta m u r a l is , L a c e r ta a g l l i s ,
A n g u is f r a g i l l s , T a r e n t o l a m a u r i t a n i c a , an d Emys o r b i c ­
u la ris .
B a k er and k l i n e
(1931) made e r y t h r o c y t e e n u m e r­
a t i o n s f o r a num ber o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e v e r t e b r a t e s i n c l u d ­
i n g tw o s p e c i e s o f s n a k e s and one s p e c i e s o f t u r t l e . ,
I n t h e i r c h e m ic a l s t u d i e s o f r e p t i l i a n b l o o d , D i l l an d
E d w ards g a v e e r y t h r o c y t e n u m b ers o f t h e c r o c o d i l e , G ro c o d i l u s a c u t u s ( 1 9 3 1 ) ; D i l l , E d w a rd s , B o ck , an d T a l b o t t
(1935) f o r th e c h u c k w a l la , S a u ro m a lu s o b e s u s ; and D i l l and
E d w ards (1 9 3 5 ) f o r th e a l l i g a t o r , A l l i g a t o r m i s s i s s i p p i e n s is .
H o p p in g ( 1 9 2 3 ) , i n a c h e m ic a l s t u d y o f th e b lo o d
o f th e a l l i g a t o r
(A llig a to r s p e c ie s ? ) , re p o rte d e ry th ro ­
c y te n u m b ers w h ic h w ere som ew hat h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e g i v e n
b y D i l l and E d w a rd s .
W eigmann (1 9 3 2 ) fo u n d g r e a t e r num­
b e r s o f e r y t h r o c y t e s p e r c u b ic m i l l i m e t e r o f b lo o d i n t h e
w i n t e r p e r i o d t h a n f o r th e r e s t o f th e y e a r i n th e O ld
W orld l i z a r d , L a c e r t a v i v i p a r a J a o q .
S a b r a z e s and M u r a te t
(1 9 2 4 b) r e p o r t e d on t h e l e u c o c y t e s o f t h e b lo o d o f
L a c e r t a m u r a l i s , and fo u n d a g r e a t d e a l o f i n d i v i d u a l
v a r i a t i o n i n r e g a r d t o c e l l t y p e s and p e r c e n t a g e s p r e s e n t .
A f t e r c o n s i d e r a b l e w ork on v a r i o u s r e p t i l e s , vo n W e rz b e rg
(1911) c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e r e w ere no t y p i c a l n e u t r o p h i l e s
—
p r e s e n t i n th e b lo o d i
3 -*
He d i d d e s c r i b e , h o w e v e r, m ononuc­
l e a r ly m p h o id c e l l s w i t h a z u r o p h i l i c g r a n u l e s w h ic h , i n
c e r t a i n s p e c ie s , p o s s e s s e d in d e n te d n u c l e i •
W ith t h i s
v ie w L o e w e n th a l (1 9 3 0 )(1 9 5 1 ) d i d n o t c o n c u r , h a v in g fo u n d
" n e u t r o p h i l e s v e r i t a b l e s R i n f i s h , a m p h ib ia n s , and r e p ­
t i l e s , b u t n o t in b i r d s .
B e c a u se o f th e in c o m p l e t e n e s s o f t h e d a t a o n t h e
h e m a to lo g y o f r e p t i l e s a s a w h o le , and i n p a r t i c u l a r t h o s e
o f th e s e m i- a r id r e g io n o f th e s o u th w e s t, th e p r e s e n t
s t u d y was u n d e r t a k e n t o e s t a b l i s h n o rm a l h e m a t o l o g i c a l p ic tu re s fo r c e r ta in re p re s e n ta tiv e
s p e c ie s .
Ten s p e c i e s o f r e p t i l e s w ere u s e d , w h ic h f a l l i n t o
;
f iv e g e n e r a l g ro u p s : g e c k o s , G ila m o n s te r s , h o rn ed to a d s ,
s n a k e s , and s w if t s .
D e t e r m in a t io n s w ere made o f e r y t h r o -
d y te an d l e u c o c y t e n u m b ers p e r c u b ic m i l l i m e t e r . a n d hemo­
g l o b i n c o n t e n t p e r 100 c u b ic c e n t i m e t e r s o f b l o o d . : The
v a r i o u s b lo o d c e l l s w ere m e a su re d and d e s c r i b e d , a n d
d i f f e r e n t i a l c o u n ts o f t h e l e u c o c y t e s w e re r e c o r d e d .
~
The w r i t e r w is h e s t o e x p r e s s h i s a p p r e c i a t i o n t o
:
D r . G. T . C a ld w e l l, who s u g g e s t e d t h i s p r o b le m , an d u n d e r '
w hose d i r e c t i o n i t
has been c a r r ie d o u t, f o r h is h e lp fu l
s u g g e s t i o n s and a d v i c e .
:
-4 -
liATERIALS AND METHODS
A t o t a l o f 53 a n im a ls c a p t u r e d i n th e v i c i n i t y o f
T u c s o n , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f tw o o f th e h u l l s n a k e s (S -3
an d S -4 ) w h ic h w ere b r o u g h t fro m n e a r P h o e n ix , was u s e d
i n th e s t u d i e s .
When th e a n im a ls w ere k e p t f o r m ore t h a n
a few w eeks t h e y w ere f e d ; t h e s n a k e s an d G i l a m o n s te r s
w ere g i v e n raw h e n 's e g g s , and t h e h o rn e d t o a d s w ere
p l a c e d n e a r a n t h i l l s t o f e e d . . S w i f t s and g e c k o s w ere
n o t f e d , b u t w ere k i l l e d
a s h o r t tim e a f t e r b e in g c a p t u r e d .
The r e p t i l e s u s e d w ere a s f o l l o w s : n i n e g e c k o s , C o leon,yx v a r i e g a t u s ; n i n e G i l a m o n s t e r s , H e lo d e rm a s u s p e c tu m ;
s e v e n t e e n h o rn e d t o a d s , P h ry n o so m a s o l a r e ; e i g h t s n a k e s
i n c l u d i n g t h r e e b u l l s n a k e s , P i t u o p h i s s a y i ; one e a c h o f
t h e A r iz o n a k in g s n a k e , h a m p r o p e l t i s p y r o m e la n a ; r i b b o n
s n a k e , T h am nophis p r o x im a ; r i n g - n e c k e d s n a k e , D la d o p h is
r e g a l l s ; s p o t t e d n i g h t s n a k e , H y p s ig le n a o c h r o r h y n o h u s ;
and a g a r t e r s n a k e , T h am n o p h is m a r c i a n u s ; t e n s w i f t s , i n ­
c l u d i n g s e v e n d e s e r t s c a l y s w i f t s , S o e lo p o r u s m a g i s t e r ;
one g r i d i r o n o r z e b r a - t a i l e d s w i f t , C a l l i s a u r u s v e n t r a l i s ;
an d tw o s m a ll s p e c im e n s o f th e g e n u s S o e l o p o r u s .*
e l e v e n o f th e f i f t y - t h r e e
For
a n im a ls th e d a t a a r e in c o m p le te
i n r e g a r d t o e r y t h r o c y t e and l e u c o c y t e e n u m e r a tio n s and
^ I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f g e n e r a and s p e c i e s made by
D r . G. T . V o r h i e s .
•
5
—
h e m o g lo b in c o n t e n t , and f o r e i g h t a n im a ls th e s m e a rs w ere
u n s a tis f a c to r y f o r a c c u ra te d i f f e r e n t i a l c o u n ts .
H e a r t b lo o d was u s e d e x c l u s i v e l y a s m o st r e p r e s e n ­
ta tiv e
o f th e c i r c u l a t i n g b l o o d .
( g e c k o s , s m a ll s w i f t s ,
The s m a l l e r a n im a ls
and s m a ll s n a k e s ) w ere a n a e s t h e ­
t i z e d w i t h e t h e r , and th e bo d y c a v i t y o p e n e d i n o r d e r t o
d raw b lo o d d i r e c t l y fro m th e h e a r t .
A lth o u g h n o i n c i s i o n s
w ere n e c e s s a r y i n t h e c a s e o f th e l a r g e r a n i m a l s , e t h e r
was u s e d t o m a i n t a i n a s t a n d a r d t e c h n i q u e .
From e a c h o f
t h e s e l a r g e r a n im a ls tw o , o r m o re , s a m p le s o f b lo o d w ere
o b t a i n e d on d i f f e r e n t d a y s .
The b lo o d was draw n i n t o a 2
c u b ic c e n t i m e t e r s y r i n g e c o n t a i n i n g a s m a l l c r y s t a l o f
so d iu m c i t r a t e
to r e t a r d c o a g u la tio n .
c o u ld n o t be u s e d a s t h i s w o u ld d i l u t e
l a r g e s t guage n e e d l e
in to th e v e n tr i c l e
C itra te
s o lu tio n
th e b l o o d .
The
(up t o #22) w h ic h c o u ld be i n s e r t e d
o f t h e h e a r t was u s e d .
The s m a l l e r
n e e d l e s w ere n o t s a t i s f a c t o r y b e c a u s e t h e b lo o d c o u ld n o t
b e draw n t h r o u g h them w i t h s u f f i c i e n t r a p i d i t y t o p r e v e n t
c o a g u la tio n .
S a t i s f a c t o r y s m e a rs c o u ld be made o n ly on v e r y c l e a n
s l i d e s , so v a r i o u s m e th o d s o f c l e a n i n g t h e s l i d e s w ere
trie d .
The m o st s a t i s f a c t o r y was fo u n d t o be t h a t d e v e l ­
o p e d b y S a b in ( 1 9 2 3 ) .
In a d d itio n to a c le a n s in g w ith
a c i d c l e a n i n g s o l u t i o n , t h e s l i d e s w ere g i v e n a h i g h p o l ­
i s h w i t h j e w e l e r 's ro u g e and a s i l k c l o t h .
f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e b e t t e r s u r f a c e o f th e
A s im p le t e s t
s lid e c o n s is te d
-6
o f g e n t l y b lo w in g t h e b r e a t h on th e s l i d e
e v a p o r a tio n o f th e f ilm o f m o is tu r e .
and n o tin g th e
From a w e l l p o l i s h ­
e d s u r f a c e th e m o i s t u r e e v a p o r a t e d e v e n l y ; i m p e r f a e t i o n s
show ed a s s p o t s o r r i n g s d u r i n g e v a p o r a t i o n .
A. s m a ll d ro p o f b lo o d w as p l a c e d on t h e p o l i s h e d
s l i d e fro m th e t i p
o f th e n e e d l e .
The sm e ar was made by
d ra w in g t h e b lo o d a f t e r t h e e d g e o f a s p e c i a l s l i d e o u t
f o r t h i s p u rp o se .
T h is s l i d e was a p p r o x im a te ly t h r e e -
f o u r t h s a s w id e a s t h e s l i d e s up o n w h ic h t h e s m e a rs w ere
m ad e.
T hus t h e e d g e s o f t h e f i l m w ere a v a i l a b l e f o r
s t u d y i n p e rm a n e n t p r e p a r a t i o n s , w h ic h w as d e s i r a b l e
as
many o f th e l e u c o c y t e s w ere fo u n d n e a r t h e e d g e s .
W ith a d i l u t e W rig h t* s s t a i n
( G r u e b i e r Ts) t h e s m e a rs
s t a i n e d w e l l i n tw o t o t h r e e m in u te s a f t e r f i x a t i o n , and
p e rm a n e n t m o u n ts w ere made i n n e u t r a l b a ls a m .
From t h e s e
p r e p a r a t i o n s c e l l s w ere s t u d i e d and l e u c o c y t e s m e a s u re d
w i t h an o c u l a r m ic r o m e t e r .
The e r y t h r o c y t e s w e re mea­
s u r e d i n h a n g in g d ro p p r e p a r a t i o n s made b y m ix in g a d ro p
o f b lo o d w i t h a d ro p o f 0 . 7 $ so d iu m c h l o r i d e
ta in in g n e u tra l re d d y e.
s o lu tio n con­
The d ro p w as t h e n s u s p e n d e d
fro m a c o v e r g l a s s o v e r th e ch am b er o f a d e p r e s s i o n
ch am b er s l i d e .
The c o v e r g l a s s was h e l d i n p l a c e and
s e a le d w ith a v a s e lin e - p a r a f f in m ix tu re .
The c e l l s w ere
a ls o s tu d ie d in s u p r a v i ta ll y s ta in e d p r e p a r a t i o n s ' a c c o rd ­
i n g t o t h e m eth o d o f S a b in (1 9 2 3 ) a s m o d i f i e d b y S c o t t
(1 9 2 8 ).
The v i t a l d y e s e m p lo y ed w ere n e u t r a l r e d , an d a
-7 -
m ix t u r e o f n e u t r a l r e d an d J i n u s g r e e n .
/
. '
The e n u m e r a tio n s o f t h e e r y t h r o c y t e s an d l e u c o c y t e s
••
w ere made w i t h a s t a n d a r d h e m o c y to m e te r w i t h a L evy c o u n t ­
i n g c h am b er ( im p ro v e d K e u b a u e r r u l i n g ) .
Two 1 -1 0 0 d i l ­
u t i o n p i p e t t e s w ere u s e d t o make d u p l i c a t e c o u n t s f o r
e a c h sam p le o f b l o o d .
S i x c o u n ts w ere made fro m e a c h
p i p e t t e , and e i g h t y s m a ll s q u a r e s o f t h e c o u n t i n g c h am b er
w ere c o u n te d i n e a c h i n s t a n c e .
The d i l u t i n g f l u i d , made
b y a d d in g a s m a ll am ount o f n e u t r a l r e d d y e t o a few
c u b ic c e n t i m e t e r s o f 0 .7 $ so d iu m c h l o r i d e s t o c k s o l u t i o n ,
w as f r e s h l y p r e p a r e d and f i l t e r e d b e f o r e u s e .
K eyes ( 1 9 8 9 ) ,
i n h i s w ork on t h e b lo o d o f b i r d s , recom m ended t h a t a
s tro n g f i x a t i v e ,
s u c h a s 2$ osm io a c i d , be u s e d f o r a d i l ­
u t i n g f l u i d so t h a t t h e n u c l e i o f h e m o ly z e d e r y t h r o c y t e s
w o u ld n o t be i n c l u d e d i n t h e l e u c o c y t e c o u n t .
d i l u e n t h a s b e e n fo u n d s a t i s f a c t o r y
The s a l i n e
an d t h e dye made i t
p o s s i b l e t o d i s t i n g u i s h c l e a r l y b e tw e e n e r y t h r o c y t e s and
l e u c o c y t e s , an d t o c o u n t .them fro m t h e same d ro p o f d i l ­
u te d b lo o d .
B lo o d was draw n d i r e c t l y fro m t h e t i p
i n t o th e d i l u t i n g p i p e t t e s .
o f th e n e e d le
A fte r p ro p e r d i lu t i o n
(1 -1 0 0 ),
t h e p i p e t t e s w ere s e a l e d w i t h a r u b b e r b a n d and im m e d ia te ­
l y p l a c e d on a r o t a t i n g d e v ic e a s d e s i g n e d b y B ry a n and
G a r r a y ( 1 9 3 4 ) ..
The p i p e t t e s w ere r o t a t e d f o r a t l e a s t
t e n m in u te s b e f o r e c o u n t i n g t o i n s u r e u n if o r m d i s p e r s i o n
o f th e c e l l s .
I f t h e c e l l e n u m e r a tio n s w ere n o t made
—8 —
w i t h i n tw o h o u r s a f t e r t h e blo o d , was d ra w n , a c lu m p in g o f
t h e th r o m b o c y te s r e s u l t e d i n i n a c c u r a c i e s .
The h e m o g lo b in c o n t e n t was d e te r m i n e d w i t h a B a u so h
and Bomb H e m o g lo b in o m e te r ( im p ro v e d Newcomer m odel)
c o r d i n g t o t h e Newcomer m e th o d .
r e c t l y fro m t h e t i p
o f th e n e e d le
m ak in g o f t h e sm e a rs )
ac­
The b l o o d w as t a k e n d i ­
( im m e d ia te ly a f t e r t h e
an d d i l u t e d i n t h e p i p e t t e w i t h one
p e r c e n t h y d ro c h lo ric a c id .
The s o l u t i o n w as a llo w e d t o
s t a n d f o r a t l e a s t t h i r t y m in u te s b e f o r e r e a d i n g .
The
h e m o g lo b in o m e te r was c la m p e d t o a t a b l e i n g o o d l i g h t .
A f t e r t h e f i r s t r e a d i n g t h e p r is m s w ere d r i e d an d t h e c u p s
i n t e r c h a n g e d f o r a s e c o n d r e a d i n g w h ic h was a v e r a g e d w i t h
th e f i r s t .
.
-
S in c e th e p r e s e n c e o f p a r a s i t e s m ig h t a l t e r t h e b l o o d
p ic tu re s ,
p a ra s ite s .
t h e a n im a ls w ere a u t o p s i e d an d e x a m in e d f o r
F o r t h e p a r a s i t i z e d a n im a ls t h e t y p e s o f
p a r a s i t e s , - t h e i r l o c a t i o n i n t h e b o d y , a n d t h e d e g re e o f
i n f e s t a t i o n w ere r e c o r d e d .
-9 -
BXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
C e l l E iim b e rs, E r y t h r o e y t e M e a s u re m e n ts ,
- and H em o g lo b in C o n te n t
The r e c o r d s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l a n i m a l s , a s shown i n
T a b le I , i n c l u d e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a a s f o l l o w s : d a t e s o f
b l e e d i n g s , n u m b ers o f e r y t h r o c y t e s and l e u c o c y t e s p e r
:
c u b ic m i l l i m e t e r o f b l o o d , - a v e r a g e r a n g e s i n s i z e o f
e r y t h r o c y t e s , and h e m o g lo b in c o n t e n t i n g ram s p a r 100
c u b ic c e n t i m e t e r s o f b l o o d .
B e c a u se o f t h e s m a ll am ount
o f b lo o d i n th e g e c k o s , t h e s e a n im a ls c o u ld be b l e d o n ly
once .
F o r t h e s e a n im a ls * o n ly one d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f
h e m o g lo b in i s g i v e n ; t h e e s t i m a t e o f- 7 g ram s p e r 100
c u b ic c e n t i m e t e r s f o r t h e g ro u p a v e ra g e was made fro m
t h i s c o m p le te a n d s e v e r a l p a r t i a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n s .
A l­
th o u g h m o st o f th e s w i f t s w ere b l e d a s e c o n d t i m e , i t
w i l l b e s e e n t h a t o n ly tw o (L-& and L -1 0 ) g a v e c o m p a ra b le
r e s u l t s on a s e c o n d b l e e d i n g .
A g re a t d e a l o f in d iv id u a l
v a r i a t i o n i s e v id e n c e d b y t h e s e t a b l e s , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e
n u m b ers o f e r y t h r o c y t e s and l e u c o c y t e s p e r u n i t volum e o f
b lo o d .
10
TABIS I
C e l l B u m b ers, E r y t h r o e y t e M e a s u re m e a ts ,
anfl. H e o o g le M n C o n te n t
A n im al
E ry th ro o y te s
(p er on.
mm.)
A v e ra g e R ange I n S i z e
o f E ry th ro e v te s
( i n m io ra )
H e m o g lo - .L e u o o b ln (In
o y te e
gm s. p e r ( p e r o n .
100 o o .)
mm.)
Gtookoa, C o le o n y x v a r i e g a t n a
Gr-5
1 2 -2 7 -0 5
Gr-6
2 ——1 —86
G-7
2— 0 -8 6
G-8 :
.i 3 —2 3 —36
G-9 :
3 —26—36
G -ll
3 -2 6 -3 6
G -12
3 —3 0 —36
4 1 8 ,0 0 0
9 . 1 - 1 1 . 6 x 1 8 .2 - 2 1 .5
1 9 ,0 0 0
4 0 7 ,0 0 0
1 0 . 0 - 1 1 . 5 x 1 8 .0 - 2 1 .0
1 5 ,0 0 0
9 .1 - 1 2 .0 x 1 8 .0 - 2 0 .5
-
7 0 0 ,0 0 0
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7 x 1 7 . 1 - 2 1 . 5
5 0 0 ,0 0 0
1 0 .2 - 1 1 .5 x 1 8 .2 - 2 1 .5
6 .7
2 7 ,6 0 0
4 5 ,0 0 0
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7 : x 1 8 . 2 - 2 1 .5
4 3 0 ,0 0 0
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7 x 1 8 .2 - 2 1 .5
2 1 ,7 0 0
11
IPABLE I
A n im al
E ry th ro c y te s
(p er e u .
mm.)
(o o n tin a e A )
A v e ra g e R ange i n S i z e
o f E ry th ro e y te a
( in m ia r a l
H em oglo-
L euco­
e y te s
g m s. p e r ( p e r o n .
100 e e . ) .
“un.)
b in Tin
G i l a M o n s te r s , H elo& erm a su e p e e tu rn
GM-1
6—* 1 —35 1 ,2 6 5 ,7 2 5
6—- 3 - 3 5 1 ,1 2 9 ,5 0 0
GM-2
8 0 4 ,0 0 0
6**41*35
6—*5*35 1 ,1 1 5 ,0 0 0
GM*3
4 3 2 ,6 5 0
6 * —6*35
6—*7*05
5 9 9 ,2 0 0
Gm.4
1 2 * 2 6 —3 5
7 3 2 ,0 0 0
1 2 * 27*35
8 1 0 ,0 0 0
3 * 11*36
5 2 3 ,0 0 0
3 4 6 ,5 0 0
0 * 1 9 -3 6
GM*5
3 2 5 ,0 0 0
1**8*36
4 2 6 ,5 0 0
2*22*56
3** 9 * 3 6 . 3 4 6 ,0 0 0
GM*6
6 8 5 ,0 0 0
1*11*36
3 2 1 ,2 5 0
3*11*36
GM-7
6 0 0 ,0 0 0
3*24*36
GM*8
3 2 5 ,8 0 0
3 * 00*36
'
0M*9 '
6 2 5 ,0 0 0
4 ——3*36
5
2 7 ,5 0 0
.4—*6*36
,
.
’
1 0 .0 - 1 2 .5 x 1 6 . 7 - 2 2 . 5
1 0 .1
1 0 .0
5 1 ,8 7 5
5 8 ,5 0 0
1 0 . 8 - 1 4 .1 x 1 7 . 5 - 2 2 , 5
9 .9
1 1 .4
2 2 ,6 6 5
4 1 ,0 0 0
1 0 .1 - 1 3 .3 x 1 7 .5 - 2 1 .6
6 .9
7 .0
2 6 ,6 5 0
3 9 ,1 5 0
1 0 . 9 - 1 2 .6 x 1 6 .8 - 2 1 .0
9 ,0
9 .2
5 .4
4 .8
2 7 ,5 0 0
2 0 ,4 0 0
2 5 ,0 0 0
3 0 ,5 0 0
1 0 . 7 - 1 4 .7 x 1 9 . 6 - 2 2 .5
:
5 .0
6 .1
6 .1
2 6 ,5 0 0
2 5 ,5 0 0
3 0 ,5 0 0
1 2 .7 - 1 4 .7 x 1 7 . 6 - 2 3 .5
7 .9
5 .0
3 5 ,9 0 0
1 6 ,8 7 5
1 1 . 8 - 1 3 . 5 x 1 7 .6 - 2 1 .0
7 .2
2 0 ,8 5 0
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7 X 1 7 .1 - 2 1 .6
4 .5
2 1 ,2 5 0
1 1 .4 - 1 3 .7 , x 1 8 . 2 - 2 2 .8
7 .5
5 .8
4 3 ,3 0 0
5 2 ,5 0 0
•
...
■ .
-
-
12
2ABLE I
A n im al
(c o n tin u e d )
E r y t h r o ­ A v e ra g e R ange i n S i* e H em oglo- L e u e o o f E ry th ro c y te s
b in (in
o y te e
c y te s
(p e r ou.
( i n m ie r a )
gm #. p e r ( p e r c u .
mm.)
100 o o .)
mm.)
H o rn ed l o a d s , P h ry n o so m a s o l a r e
2-1
9 0 6 ,0 0 0
9 • 6 —1 2 .8 z 1 4 . 4 - 1 9 . 2
1 0 .3
8 2 2 ,0 0 0
6 4 5 ,0 0 0
1 0 ; 6 - 1 2 .6 z 1 7 . 6 - 2 3 .5
8 .7
6 .1
3 8 ,0 0 0
7 7 5 ,0 0 0
7 1 7 ,0 0 0
1 0 .9 - 1 2 .6 z 1 4 .3 - 2 1 .0
8 .9
7 .6
3 6 ,3 5 0
2 2 ,5 0 0
7 3 4 ,0 0 0
6 8 3 ,5 0 0
6 2 0 ,0 0 0
6 1 4 ,0 0 0
1 0 .0 - 1 2 .6 z 1 5 . 0 - 1 9 . 3
5 .9
6 .1
5 .6
6 .6
3 7 ,0 0 0
2 4 ,4 5 0
'2 5 , 0 0 0
2 5 ,4 5 0
8 6 6 ,0 0 0
9 .2 - 1 2 .6 z 1 4 .3 - 2 1 .5
8 .8
2 1 ,3 5 0
8 6 5 ,6 0 0
9 .2 - 1 3 .3 z 1 5 .0 - 2 0 .8
6 .5
2 8 ,4 3 5
6 9 5 ,0 0 0
1 0 .2 - 1 2 .6 z 1 6 .7 - 2 1 .0
6 .9
2 7 ,8 0 0
6——4 —35 1 ,3 0 6 ,0 0 0
6 - 7 - 3 5 1 ,1 0 2 ,0 0 0
2 -9
: 6 ——6 —35
9 6 0 ,0 0 0
6——7 —35
8 4 1 ,0 0 0
1 0 . 1 - 1 2 . 5 z 1 6 .7 - 2 0 .8
—
1 1 .2
1 1 .0
; •-O
8 .1
7 .9
4 6 ,2 5 0
3 4 ,1 7 5
1 2 -1 2 -3 4
2 -2
4 -6 -3 5
4 -1 3 -8 5
2 -3
4 - 3 7 -3 5
5— —5 —85
2 -4
5— 6 -3 5
5 — 7 .3 5
5 -1 1 -8 5
5 -1 4 -3 5
2 -5
5— 3 1 —35
2 -6
6 2 -3 5
2 -7
6——4 —35
2-8
1 0 . 0 - 1 3 .3 z 1 5 .8 - 2 0 .0
4 5 ,0 0 0
5 4 ,0 0 0
2-10
6——6 —3 5
6 -7 -3 5
7 0 5 ,0 0 0
7 8 5 ,8 5 0
9 . 2 - 1 2 . 5 z 1 6 .7 - 2 0 .0
7L5
7 .5
3 0 ,0 0 0
2 6 ,6 5 0
.1 0 -1 8 -3 5
1 2 -2 0 -3 5
4 ——1 —36
7 0 5 ,0 0 0
4 0 5 ,0 0 0
4 3 5 ,8 5 0
1 1 .4 - 1 3 .7 z 1 7 .1 - 2 1 .7
7 .3
5 .0
5 .1
2 9 ,3 0 0
1 7 ,2 0 0
2 5 ,0 0 0
5 2 0 ,2 5 0
4 6 5 ,6 5 0
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7 z 1 7 . 1 - 2 2 .8
6 .5
4 .5
2 5 ,5 2 5
1 9 ,1 6 5
8 6 5 ,0 0 0
1 1 .4 - 1 3 .7 z 1 7 .6 - 2 1 .5
9 .0
3 2 ,9 0 0
6 3 4 ,0 0 0
4 5 9 ,0 0 0
1 0 .9 - 1 2 .6 z 1 7 .3 - 2 0 . 6
6 .3
5 .2
2 1 ,2 5 0
3 1 ,2 5 0
5 4 5 ,0 0 0
8 0 1 ,5 0 0
1 1 .7 - 1 4 .7 z 1 7 . 4 - 2 1 .5
6 .7
9 .0
2 4 ,1 5 0
3 5 ,0 0 0
5 0 6 ,5 0 0
9 .2 - 1 2 .5 z 1 6 .0 - 2 2 .8
5 .6
3 3 ,3 0 0
2-11
2-12
1 2 -1 1 -3 5
33 0 -3 6
2 -1 3
1 2 -2 1 -3 5
2 -1 4
1 2 -2 6 -3 5
4 — —2 —36
2 -1 5
3 -1 4 -3 6
3 — 26—35
2 -1 6
4 — —2 —36
13-
TABLE I
A n im al
E ry th ro ­
c y te s
( p e r 011 .
mm.)
(c o n ti n u e d )
A v e rag e R ange i n S i z e
o f E ry th ro c y te s
( i n m ie r a )
H e a o g lo - L e u c o ­
c y te s
b in [ in
g a s . p er (p e r ou.
100 c c . )
Snakes
3 —1
p ro p e ltis
p y ro m e la n a
6 7 0 ,0 0 0
1 2 -1 -0 4
S - 2 Thamn o p h is
m a r c ia n u s
7 7 4 ,0 0 0
05
7 1 0 ,0 0 0
0 —2 5 —05
7 4 4 ,0 0 0
4 ——2 —35
6 5 5 ,0 0 0
4 ——0 —05
S -3 P i t u o p h is
sayi
1 -3 5 1 ,5 6 6 ,6 5 0
6 - 6 - 0 5 1 ,0 6 8 ,0 0 0
S—4 P i t —
u o p h is
say i
6 -4 -3 5
9 4 0 ,0 0 0
6 - 5 - 3 5 1 ,1 2 6 ,5 0 0
S -7 P i t u o p h is
gayl
7 7 3 .0 0 0
12 - 30-35
S -8 H y p s ig le n a ochro g h y n c h u s
7 2 3 .0 0 0
4 ——3 —36
7 . 6 ——8*4 z 1 4 .3 —1 6 .0
10.0
8 .4 - 1 5 .1 x 1 6 .8 - 2 0 .1
3 1 ,5 0 0
3 4 ,6 0 0
7 .6
6.6
3 1 ,0 0 0
1 0 .8
1 0 .7
5 3 ,5 0 0
4 8 ,0 0 0
9 .2 - 1 1 .7 x 1 7 .5 - 2 0 .8
8 .0
8.8
5 4 ,3 7 5
5 3 ,5 0 0
1 1 .2 - 1 2 .9 x 1 7 . 2 - 2 1 . 4
7 .3
4 5 ,0 0 0
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7 x 1 7 .1 - 2 3 .9
7 .5
3 2 ,0 0 0
1 0 .0 - 1 4 .1 x 1 6 . 7 - 1 9 . 2
14-
;
A nim al
Iry th ro e y te s
(p er o n,
TABLE I
( o o n t in u e 4 )
A verage B ange i n S i z e
o f E ry th ro c y te s
( i n m io ra )
mm.)
H em oglo- l e u c o ­
c y te s
b i n T in
gm s. p er (p e r o n .
mm.)
100 0 0 .)
S w ifts
Ii—l S e e l —
o p o ru s s p .
1 1 -2 5 = 3 4 2 ,1 1 0 ,0 0 0
1 1 .1 - 1 6 .7
L-B S c e l o p o rn s s p .
7 .9 — 9 .2
2~_9%35
5 4 0 ,0 0 0
L -3 S e e l —
o p o rn s
m a g is te r
4 - 1 8 - 3 5 1 ,3 6 6 ,0 0 0
8 .4 -1 2 .6
4 -2 6 -3 5
7 4 5 ,0 0 0
L -4 S e e l o p o rn s
m a g is ta r
" 6 - - 1 - 3 5 2 ,0 7 4 ,0 0 0
8 .3 - 1 0 .8
6 — 3 - 3 5 1 ,9 2 6 ,0 0 0
L—9 S o e l o p o ru s
ma g i s t e r
32 3 -3 6 1 ,0 4 5 ,0 0 0 9 . 1 - 1 1 . 4
4 1 -3 6 7 7 1 ,2 5 0
L -1 0 S o e l o p o rn s
m a g is te r
,
4 - - 1 - 3 6 1 ,2 0 2 ,5 0 0
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7
4 -4 -3 6
9 8 0 ,0 0 0
1 -1 1 S o e lo p o rn s
m a g is te r
4 --I-3 6
8 4 9 ,1 5 0
1 0 .2 - 1 2 .5
4— 4 -3 6
6 2 9 ,0 0 0
x 1 8 .9 - 1 7 .2
1 8 ,0 0 0
x 1 5 . 0 - 1 7 .5
x 1 4 .3 - 1 8 .5
x 1 6 .7 - 8 0 .8
1 3 .1
7 .8
1 3 .0
8 0 ,6 0 0
5 8 ,7 5 0
10.3
3 9 ,0 0 0
5 5 ,5 8 0
x 1 6 .0 - 1 9 .4
9 .8
6 .7
4 3 ,7 5 0
2 7 ,5 0 0
x 1 7 .1 - 2 0 .5
'
1 2 .0
1 0 .3
4 5 ,0 0 0
2 7 ,5 0 0
x 1 7 .1 - 8 0 .5
7 .2
6.6
3 6 ,2 5 0
2 8 ,7 5 0
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7 x 1 7 .1 - 2 1 .6
1 0 ;5
3 0 ,0 0 0
■
- ■
1—
12
o p o rn s
m a g is te r
4 -1 4 -3 6
8 1 0 ,0 0 0
-1 5
The e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a o f T a b le I a r e e o n s o l l d a t e d i n
T a b le I I w h ie h g i v e s t h e a v e r a g e s o f t h e s e p a r a t e d e t e r . m in a tio n s .m a d e o n e a e h a n im a l ( e x c e p t f o r t h e s w i f t s ) ,
and a ls o th e a v e ra g e s f o r e a e h g ro u p .
A f t e r t h e w ith d ra w ­
a l o f t h e f i r s t sa m p le o f b l o o d t h e s w i f t s a p p a r e n t l y h a d
to o l i t t l e
b lo o d t o be c o n s i d e r e d n o r m a l .
T h e re fo re th e
f i r s t d e t e r m i n a t i o n i s g i v e n a s m ore n e a r l y n o rm a l t h a n
th e a v e ra g e s o f th e s e p a r a te d e te r m in a tio n s .
TABLE I I
I n d i v i d u a l a n d G roup A v e ra g e s o f G a l l N u m b e rs,
E r y t h r o c y t e M e a s u re m e n ts , a n d H e m o g lo b in C o n te n t
A n im al
:'. ■
E ry th ro ­
c y te s
(p er ou.
mm.)
. ’*; -
0 -5
Gr-6
G-7
G-8
G -9
G -ll
G -12
4 1 8 ,0 0 0
4 0 7 ,0 0 0
7 0 0 ,0 0 0
5 0 0 ,0 0 0
4 3 0 ,0 0 0
A v e ra g e 4 9 1 ,0 0 0
A v e ra g e R ange i n S i z e
o f E ry th ro c y te s
( i n m iq ra l
G eckos
9 .1 - 1 1 ,6
1 0 .0 - 1 1 .5
9 .1 -1 2 .0
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7
1 0 .2 - 1 1 .5
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1 8 .2 - 2 1 .5
1 8 .0 - 2 1 .0
1 8 .0 - 2 0 .0
1 7 .1 - 8 1 .5
1 8 .2 - 2 1 .5
1 8 .2 - 2 1 .5
1 8 .2 - 2 1 .5
1 0 . 0 - 1 2 . 5 x 1 8 . 0 - 2 1 .2
H em oglo­ L e u c o ­
c y te s
b in ( in
g m s. p e r ( p e r o u .
mm.)
100 c o . )
* ~ -1 9 ,0 0 0
1 5 ,0 0 0
6 .7
2 7 ,5 0 0
4 5 ,0 0 0
2 1 ,7 0 0
7 .0 *
^ E s ti m a t e d fro m one c o m p le te an d s e v e r a l p a r t i a l
d e te rm in a tio n s .
2 5 ,6 4 0
-1 6 -
TABIE I I
E ry th ro ­
c y te s
(p e r e u ,
mm.)
A n im al
(c o n tin u e d )
A v e ra g e Range i n S i s e
o f E ry th re e v te a
( i n m ie r a )
G
O i l a M o n s te rs
c a t-i
GM-2
0M-3
G rM -4
c a t-5
GM-6
OM-7
GrM -8
GrM -9
A v erag e
1
,1 9 7 j 612
9 5 9 ,5 0 0
5 1 5 ,9 2 5
8 0 3 ,5 0 0
3 6 5 ,8 3 3
4 7 2 ,0 8 3
600 ,0 0 0
3 2 5 ,8 0 0
5 7 6 ,2 5 0
6 4 6 ,2 7 8
H em oglo- L eu co ­
c y te s
b in ( in
gm s. p e r ( p e r e u
mm;
100
O
. )
'
x 1 6 .7 - 2 2 .5
x 1 7 .5 - 2 2 .5
x 1 7 .5 - 2 1 .6
1 6 .8 - 2 1 .0
x 1 9 .6 - 2 2 ; 5
x 1 7 .6 - 2 3 .5
x 1 7 .6 - 2 1 .0
x 1 7 .1 - 2 2 .8
x 1 8 .2 - 2 2 .8
1 0 .0 5
1 0 .6 5
6 .9 5
7 .1 0
5 .7 3
6 .4 5
7 .2 0
4 .5 0
6 .6 5
5 5 ,1 8 7
3 2 ,8 3 2
3 2 ,9 0 0
2 5 ,8 5 0
2 7 ,5 0 0
2 6 ,8 8 7
2 0 ,8 5 0
2 1 ,2 5 0
3 7 ,9 0 0
1 0 .8 - 1 3 .6 x 1 7 .7 - 2 2 .2
7 .2 5
3 1 ,1 7 3
1 0 .0 - 1 2 .5
1 0 .8 - 1 4 .1
1 0 .1 - 1 3 .3
1 0 .9 - 1 2 .6
1 0 .7 - 1 4 .7
1 2 .7 - 1 4 .7
1 1 .8 - 1 3 .5
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7
1 1 .4 - 1 3 .7
X
H o rn e d T o ad s
T -l
9 0 6 ,0 0 0
7 3 3 ,5 0 0
T -2
T -3
7 4 6 ,0 0 0
T -4
6 6 2 ;8 7 5
T -5
8 6 6 ,0 0 0
T -6
8 6 5 ,6 0 0
T -7
6 9 5 ,0 0 0
T -8
' 1 ,2 0 4 ,0 0 0
T -9
9 0 0 ,5 0 0
T -10
7 4 5 ,4 2 5
T -ll
5 1 5 ,2 8 3
4 9 2 ,9 5 0 '
T -1 2
8 6 5 ,0 0 0
T -1 3
5 4 6 ,5 0 0
T -1 4
6
7 3 ,2 5 0
T -1 5
5 0 6 ,5 0 0
T -1 6 ■
A v e rag e
7 4 4 ,6 5 4
9 ;6 - 1 2 .8
1 0 .6 - 1 2 ; 6
1 0 .9 - 1 2 .6
1 0 .0 - 1 2 .6
9 .2 - 1 2 .6
9 .2 - 1 3 .3
1 0 .2 - 1 2 .6
1 0 .1 - 1 2 .5
1 0 .0 - 1 3 .3
9 .2 - 1 2 .5
1 1 .4 - 1 3 .7
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7
1 1 .4 - 1 3 .7
' 1 0 .9 - 1 2 .6
1 1 .4 - 1 4 .7
9 .2 - 1 2 .5
%. 1 4 .4 - 1 9 .2
1 7 . 6 - 2 3 .5
1 4 .3 - 2 1 .0
1 5 .0 - 1 9 .3
1 4 .3 - 2 1 .5
1 5 .0 - 2 0 .8
1 6 .7 - 2 1 .0
1 6 .7 - 2 0 ; 8
1 5 .8 - 2 0 .0
1 6 .7 - 2 0 .0
1 7 .1 - 2 1 .7
1 7 .1 - 2 2 .8
1 7 .6 - 2 1 .5
1 7 .3 - 2 0 .6
1 7 .4 - 2 1 .5
1 6 .0 - 2 2 .8
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .0 x 1 6 .2 - 2 1 .0
10 .3 0 ,
7 .4 0 3 8 ,0 0 0
8 .2 5
2 9 ,4 2 5
6 .0 5 2 2 ,8 7 5
8 .8 0 2 1 ,3 5 0
6 .5 0 2 8 ,4 3 5
6 .9 0
2 7 ,8 0 0
1 1 ; 10 4 0 ,2 1 2
8 .0 0 4 9 ,5 0 0
. 7 .5 5 2 8 ,3 2 5
5 .8 0 2 3 ,8 3 3
5 .5 0
2 2 ,3 4 5
9 .0 0 3 2 ,9 0 0
5 .7 5 2 6 ,2 5 0
7 .8 5 2 9 ,5 7 5
5 .6 0 3 3 ,3 0 0
7 .5 2
3 0 ,2 8 0
-1 7
TABLE II (continued)
Animal
E try th p o o y te s
(p e r c u .
mm.)
A v e ra g e Range in S i s e
o f E ry th ro c y te s
( i n m ic r a l
H em oglo-
L eucoo y te s
g a s . p e r (p e r on.
mm.
100 c o .)
b in Tin
Snakes
t o
o
#
r#
1
*
8 7 4 ,4 7 0
r-t
A v erag e
6 7 0 ,0 0 0
7 2 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,3 1 7 ,2 5 0
1 ,0 4 3 ,2 5 0
7 7 3 ,0 0 0
7 2 3 ,3 0 0
1 6 . 8 - 2 0 .1
1 6 .7 - 1 9 .2
1 7 .5 - 2 0 .8
1 7 .2 - 2 1 .4
1 7 .1 - 2 3 .9
10 .0 0
7 .0 5
1 0 .7 5
8 .4 0
7 .3 0
7 .5 0
3 2 ,7 0 0
5 0 ,7 5 0
5 4 ,9 4 0
4 5 ,0 0 0
3 2 ,0 0 0
9 . 6 —1 2 .6 x 1 6 . 1 - 2 0 .2
8 .5 0
4 2 ,8 7 7
x 1 2 . 9 - 1 7 .2
x 1 5 .0 - 1 7 .5
X 1 4 .3 - 1 8 .5
X 1 6 .7 - 2 0 .9
X 1 6 .0 - 1 9 .4
X 1 7 .1 - 2 0 .5
X 1 7 .1 - 2 0 .5
X 1 5 .7 - 1 9 .5
1 3 .1 0
1 3 .0 0
9 .8 0
1 2 .0 0
7 .2 0
1 0 .5 0
1 8 ,0 0 0
8 0 ,6 0 0
4 7 ,2 6 5
4 3 ,7 5 0
4 5 ,0 0 0
3 6 ,2 5 0
3 0 ,0 0 0
9 . 4 - 1 2 . 5 X 1 5 . 7 - 1 9 .5
1 0 .9 3
4 2 ,9 8 0
7* 6——8 *4
8 .4 - 1 5 .1
1 0 .0 - 1 4 .1
9 .2 - 1 1 .7
1 1 .2 - 1 2 .9
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7
M
8 -1
8 -2
8 -3
8 -4
8 -7
8 -8
X
x
x
x
x
S w ifts 1
as
1 -3
1 -4
1 -9
1 -1 0
1 -1 1
1 -1 2
2 ,1 1 0 ,0 0 0
5 4 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,3 6 6 ,0 0 0
2 ,0 7 4 ,0 0 0
1 ,0 4 5 ,5 0 0
1 ,2 0 2 ,5 0 0
8 4 9 ,1 5 0
8 1 0 ,0 0 0
1 1 .1 - 1 6 .7
7 . 9 — 9 .2
8 .4 - 1 2 .6
8 .3 - 1 0 .8
9 .1 - 1 1 .4
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7
1 0 .2 - 1 2 .5
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7
A v e rag e
1 ,2 2 4 ,5 2 5
i F i r s t d e t e r m i n a t i o n s t h a t w ere made f o r e a c h a n im a l a r e
g i v e n (fro m T a b le I ) .
2N ot i n c l u d e d i n a v e r a g e s o f e r y t h r o c y t e n u m b e rs o r
h e m o g lo b in c o n t e n t b e c a u s e d a t a a re i n c o m p l e t e .
-1 8
I n o r d e r t o com pare t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e v a r i o u s
g r o u p s , t h e a v e r a g e s fro m e a c h g ro u p w e re e o m b ln ed i n
T a b le I I I .
The g r o u p s , when a r b i t r a r i l y l i s t e d i n o r d e r
o f i n c r e a s i n g h e m o g lo b in c o n t e n t p e r u n i t volum e o f b l o o d ,
show ed a n i n c r e a s e i n e a c h s u c c e s s i v e g r o u p i n t h e n u m b e rs
o f e r y t h r o c y t e s p e r u n i t volum e o f b l o o d .
The s i z e s o f
t h e e r y t h r o c y t e s , a s g i v e n , r e p r e s e n t t h e m eans o f t h e
a v e ra g e r a n g e s f o r th e g ro u p s .
I t w ill- b e n o te d t h a t
t h e r e was a d e c r e a s e i n t h i s m e a n .s i z e fro m th e G i l a mon­
s t e r s to th e s w i f t s .
The m ean s i z e o f t h e e r y t h r o c y t e s o f
t h e g e c k o s w as som ew hat l e s s t h a n t h a t o f th e G i l a mon­
s te rs ,
and s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r th a n t h a t o f th e h o rn e d to a d s .
S in c e t h e s e m ean d im e n s io n s r e p r e s e n t t h e w id th a n d l e n g t h
o f t h e e r y t h r o c y t e s , i t w i l l be s e e n t h a t th e sh a p e o f t h e
e ry th ro c y te s v a rie d .
-1 9 -
" ... ; • : ■ :
. TABLE I I I
A y e ra g e s o f E r y t h r o o y t e N um bers and. H e m o g lo b in C o n t e n t ,
an d Mean S i z e o f E r y t h r o c y t e s f o r e a c h G roup
G roup
( and
num ber o f
in d iv id u a ls )
E ry th ro c y te s
( p e r o u . mm.)
Mean S i z e o f
E ry th ro c y te s
( i n m ic r a )
H em o g lo b in
(gm s. p e r
v 100 c o . )
G e ck o s————5
4 9 1 ,0 0 0
1 1 .2 5 x 1 9 .6 0
7 .0 0 *
G ila
M o n s te r s — 9
6 4 6 ,2 7 8
1 2 . Ao x 1 9 .9 0
7 .2 5
H o rn ed
T o a d s————16
7 4 4 ,6 5 0
1 1 .6 0 x 1 8 .6 0
7 .5 0
S n a k e s ————6
- 8 7 4 ,4 7 0
1 1 .1 0 x 1 8 .1 0
8 .5 0
S w i f t s ————6
1 ,2 4 0 ,3 3 0
1 0 .9 0 x 1 7 .4 0
1 0 .7 3
* E s t lm a te d fro m one c o m p le te a n d s e v e r a l ; p a r t i a l
d e te rm in a tio n s .
-2 0 -
From a r a t h e r e o m p re h e n s iv e s u r v e y o f r e e e n t l i t e r ­
a t u r e t h e f o l l o w i n g sum m ary h a s b e e n e o m p ile d , a n d i s
p r e s e n t e d a s a b a s i s f o r c o m p a ris o n s w i t h t h e d a t a
o b ta in e d in th e p r e s e n t s tu d y .
In v e s tig a to rs
A ld e r a n d
H u b er
(1 9 2 3 )
B aker and
K lin e
(1 9 3 1 )
D i l l an d
E d w ard s
(1 9 3 1 )
D ill e t a l.
(1 9 3 5 )
A n im al
Humber
of
A n im als
L a o e rta
( Q u ite
a g ilis
a few )
L a o e rta
m u ra lis
A n g u is
f r a g ilis
I 'a r e n t o l a
m a u rita n ie a
Emys
, o rb ic u la ris
C o lu b e r
c o n s tric to r
H e te ro d o n
c o n to rtrix
T errep e n e
C a ro lin a
n u m b e rs o f
E ry th ro ­
c y te s (p e r
c u . mm.)
9 4 5 ,0 0 0
1 ,4 4 7 ,0 0 0
1 ,5 1 6 ,0 0 0
6 0 2 ,0 0 0
5 0 3 ,0 0 0
1
7 7 7 ,0 0 0
1
6 0 3 ,0 0 0
1
6 1 9 ,0 0 0 .
C r o o o d i lu s
a o u tu s
3
8 1 0 ,0 0 0
H e lo d e rm a
s u s p e c tu m
8 ( l o t 1) 7 1 0 .0 0 0
4 ( l o t 2) 6 7 0 ,0 0 0
E d w ard s and S a u ro m a lu s
D i l l (1 9 3 5 )
obesus
8
D i l l and
E d w ard s
(1935)
7 ( l o t 1) 6 4 0 ,0 0 0
7 ( l o t 2) 4 9 0 ,0 0 0
H o p p in g
(1 9 2 3 ?
W eigmann
(1932)
A llig a to r
m is s is s ip p i- e n s is
.
A llig a to r
(s p e c ie s ? )
la o e rta
v iv ip a ra
5
73
S iz e o f
E ry th ro ­
c y te s
( i n m io ra )
1 4 .0 - 1 5 .5
5 . 5 — 7 .0
1 2 .5 - 1 4 .0
5 . 5 — 7 .0
1 7 .0 - 1 8 .5
8 .5 - 1 0 .0
1 5 .5 - 1 8 .5
1 0 .0
1 5 .5 - 1 8 .5
1 0 .0 - 1 2 .5
9 1 0 ,0 0 0
6 1 6 ,0 0 0
tc > 1 ,4 8 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,8 6 8 ,0 0 0
1 ,5 6 3 ,0 0 0
(w in te r)
(sum m er)
x
x
x
x
x
-2 1 -
The d a t a c o n c e r n i n g t h e a v e r a g e e r y t h r o c y t e n u m b ers
a n d h e m o g lo b in c o n t e n t p e r u n i t volum e o f b l o o d , p r e s e n t e d
i n T a b le I I I ,
a r e show n g r a p h i c a l l y i n F i g u r e 1 .
The
g r o u p s o f a n im a ls a r e a r r a n g e d , a s b e f o r e , i n o r d e r o f
i n c r e a s i n g h e m o g lo b in c o n t e n t .
As p r e v i o u s l y n o t e d , th e
n u m b e rs o f e r y t h r o c y t e s a l s o show a n i n c r e a s e , b u t t h e
i n c r e a s e i n e r y t h r o c y t e n u m b ers i s n o t d i r e c t l y p r o p o r ­
t i o n a l t o th e i n c r e a s e i n h e m o g lo b in c o n t e n t o f t h e b lo o d
o f th e d i f f e r e n t g ro u p s .
C o m p arin g t h e en d g r o u p s we se e
t h a t th e r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n e r y t h r o c y t e n u m b e rs a n d hemo­
g l o b i n c o n t e n t a r e r e v e r s e d , t h e c e n t r a l g r o u p s sh o w in g
in te rm e d ia te
s ta g e s .
-22
Geckos
Gila
—
Horned
Monsters loads
Snakes Suifts
F i g . 1 Comparative r e l a t i o n s o f e r y t h r o c y t e s
and h e m o g lo b in per u n i t v o l u m e s , i n f i v e g r o u p s
o f r e p t i l e s , a r ra n g ed i n o r d e r o f i n c r e a s i n g
hem o g lo bin c o n t e n t .
-2 3 -
D i f f e r e n t i a l L e u o o o y te C o u n ts
T a b le IV g i v e s th e d i f f e r e n t i a l l e u c o c y t e c o u n ts f o r
t h e i n d i v i d u a l a n im a ls a s made fro m t h e W r i g h t 's s t a i n e d
sm e ars.
A t o t a l o f 1000 c e l l s was e x a m in e d f o r e a c h
a n im a l e x c e p t i n a few c a s e s i n w h ic h t h e s l i d e s w ere n o t
s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r c o u n t i n g s u c h a l a r g e num ber o f c e l l s .
C o n s i d e r a b l e d i f f i c u l t y w as e x p e r i e n c e d i n a c c u r a t e l y
c l a s s i f y i n g many o f t h e c e l l s .
;
A lth o u g h S l a i n (1 9 2 8 )
fo u n d i t h a r d t o d i s t i n g u i s h b e tw e e n th e f r e e n u c l e i o f
d i s i n t e g r a t e d e r y t h r o c y t e s a n d t h e ly m p h o c y te s i n th e
b lo o d o f b i r d s , l i t t l e
p o in t.
d i f f i c u l t y was e n c o u n t e r e d on t h i s
The d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n b e tw e e n s m a l l and m edium s i z e d
ly m p h o c y te s was n e c e s s a r i l y an a r b i t r a r y o n e , d e p e n d in g
upon th e r e l a t i v e
a m o u n ts o f c y to p la s m p r e s e n t , b e c a u s e
t h e y r e p r e s e n t d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s i n th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e
same c e l l t y p e .
The d i s t i n c t i o n b e tw e e n m o n o c y te s an d
medium s i z e d ly m p h o c y te s d e p en d e d - t o a l a r g e e x t e n t on
th e s e n s i t i v i t y o f th e s t a i n .
"The c y to p la s m o f th e mono­
c y t e s show ed a s l i g h t l y p u r p l e t i n g e i n c o n t r a s t t o th e
c l e a r b lu e o f th e c y to p la s m o f th e ly m p h o id c e l l s .
The
c o u n ts f o r c e r t a i n i n d i c a t e d a n im a ls w ere n o t i n c l u d e d i n
t h e a v e r a g e s b e c a u s e t h e y show ed d e f i n i t e
a b n o rm a litie s .
TABLE IV
D i f f e r e n t i a l L e u o o o y te C o u n ts
( in p e r c e n t)
A n im al
Throm bo­ Lympho­
c y te s
c y te s
( s m a ll)
Lympho­ Mono­
c y te s
c y te s
(m edium)
E o s in o p h ile a
G eck o s
G -5
G-6
G-7
G-8
G -10
G -12
G -13
3 8 .9
8 7 .5
6 6 .9
3 8 .4
7 1 .2
5 7 .2
2 5 .4
2 4 .6
1 .3
0 .4
1 3 .4
5 .8
7 .4
5 .6
B a so —
p h ile s
■-- -
1 2 .0
1 .3
0 .5
7 .8
3 .8
4 .1
7 .0
7 .4
1 .8
2 il
5 .0
1 .8
8 .9
7 .8
3 .5
2 .1
1 3 .6
1 2 .4
6 .0
5 .7
2 6 .6
1 3 .6
6 .3
1 6 .5
2 3 .0
1 1 .4
1 6 .7
2 7 .6
6 .2
4 .8
3 .7
5 .8
7 .4
8 .7
8 .8
1 0 .7
1 1 .4
8 .4
6 .4
9 .6
1 9 .3
4 2 .9
1 7 .4
7 .8
5 8 .6
1 3 .2
2 .9
5 .5
0 .2
1 .0
2 .2
1 .6
0 .4
1 .9
2 .9
G i l a M o n s te r s
GM-1
GM-2
GM-3
GM-4
GM-5*
GM-6
GM-7
GM-8*
GM-9
5 5 .0
6 8 .7
7 1 .8
5 5 .8
3 5 .5
4 2 .8
6 8 .9
1 8 .7
6 0 .1
1 5 .6
1 3 .4
9 .7
9 .1
6 .5
1 7 .9
8 .8
7 .5
7 .6
1 1 .9
1 .2
5 .0
9 .0
5 .5
1 1 .6
4 .4
2 .6
4 .8
*H ot i n c l u d e d i n T a b le V (g ro u p a v e r a g e s ) b e c a u s e o f
a b n o r m a lly l a r g e n u m b e rs o f e o s i n o p h i l e s .
TABLE IV (e o n tin u e fi.)
A n im al
T hrom bo- Lymphoo y te s
o y te s
( s m a ll)
Lympho­ Mono­
c y te s
c y te s
(m edium)
E o s in o p h ile s
B&sop h ile s
H o rn e d T o ad s
T -l
T -£
T -3
T -4
T -5
T-6_
1 -7 1
t-8
T -9
T -1 0
T -ll
T -1 8
T -1 3
1 -1 4
T -1 5
T -1 6
T -1 7 1
8 2 .0
4 0 .7
6 9 .3
4 0 .0
8 2 .6
7 1 .4
6 3 .3
5 0 .1
5 6 .0
4 8 .4
7 4 .7
7 7 .6
8 1 .5
7 4 .6
6 4 .2
3 .5
4 .6 .
2 3 .0
1 0 .4
8 7 .0
5 .3
5 .5
1 7 .1
5 .1
2 8 .4
7 .7
8 0 .9
2 .6
4 .7
3 .8
1 2 .0
9 .4
1 9 .2
5 .6
1 9 .5
6 .4
9 .3
7 .6
1 3 .0
7 .4
1 0 .0
6 .4
1 9 .0
4 .3
0 .7
:.2 .3
3 .8
6 .1
1 0 .0
2 .8
5 .4
5 .0
7 .2
1 .7
3 .1
3 5 .5
2 .7
• 4 .3
3 .3
1 0 .6
4 .4
3 .2
2 .8
5 .9
5 .6
1 5 .0
4 .5
8 .4
8 .1
1 5 .1
1 .8
6 .2
3 9 .4
1 6 .9
1 0 .6
7 .3
1 4 .7
1 5 .9
1 1 .2
7 .3
0 .9
5 .8
6 1 .1
0 .5
3 .0
0 .8
1 .4
1 .0
0 .8
0 .6
2 .0
0 .2
6 .7
1 .1
1 .7
1 .0
0 .8
0 .5
5 .0
1 .2
7 .4
5 .1
4 .1
9 .4
7 .1
2 .9
7 .0
3 .7
2 .8
9 .6
1 .1
0 .3
0 .7
1 0 .9
0 .5
8 .9
1 .9
3 .4
6 .2
Snakes
8 -1
7 0 .2
S -2
6 9 .0
8 -3
5 0 .4
8 -4
4 0 .9
5 0 .0
S -7 v
S -5 2
T ham nophis
p ro x im a 2 9 .2
S —6
L ia d o p h is
6 2 .2
re g a lis
6 1 .5
8 -8
1 7 .0
1 0 .4
3 4 .6
3 3 .8
2 7 .1
1 .4
8 .2
7 .2
1 3 .7
5 .5
1 .2
1 .3
■• - ■
5 6 .9
2 1 .7
1 6 .9
6 .1
6 .0
3 .7
7 .5
•^•ITot i n c l u d e d i n T a b le V (g ro u p a v e r a g e s ) b e c a u s e o f
a b n o r m a lly l a r g e n u m b e rs o f e o s i n o p h i l e a .
% o t i n o l u d e d i n T a b le V (g ro u p a v e r a g e s ) b e c a u s e o f
a b n o r m a lly M a rg e n u m b ers ' o f m o n o c y te s .
26-
TABIE IV (a o n tin u e fl.)
A n im al
Thrbm bo- ly m p h o o y te s
o y te s
( s m a ll)
ly m p h o - Mono­
o y te s
c y te s
(m edium )
.. \ ■■ :
S w ifts
1^3 43 #0
L -4
4 1 .0
Ii—5 0 a l — •
lls a u ru s
v e ritra lls
5 7 .5
1,-7 S e e l o p o ru s
m a g is ta r
5 2 .9
L -9
5 2 .0
1 -1 0
6 1 .0
1 -1 1 *
5 .2
1 -1 2 *
3 5 .0
E o s ln o - ■ B a so ­
p h ile s
p h lle s
1 0 .0
6 .3
9 .3
1 2 .8
4 .6
1 3 .3
2 .5
2 .6
4 .4
2 .9
4 .9
2 7 .6
2 .7
2 0 .7
2 0 .7
1 1 .0
2 2 .6
1 7 .8
1 3 .6
8 .7
1 0 .0
2 5 .4
1 2 .4
1 .7
4 .1
2 .3
1 1 .2
8 .0
6 .5
1 2 .9
9 .5
1 6 .0
1 4 .4
4 .6
1 .6
6 .2
1 9 .6
1 6 .4
i 3 0 .6
2 4 .0
.
*H ot i n c l u d e d i n T a b le V (g ro u p a v e r a g e s ) b e c a u s e o f
a b n o r m a lly l a r g e n u m b ers o f b a s o p h l l e s . •
**27—
C o m p a riso n s o f t h e t o t a l a n d d i f f e r e n t i a l l e u o o o y t e
c o u n ts may be made fro m T a b le V.
A lth o u g h t h e p e r c e n t a g e s
o f th r o m b o c y te s show ed l e s s v a r i a t i o n t h a n t h e p e r c e n t a g e s
o f an y o t h e r c e l l t y p e , l i t t l e
c o r r e l a t i o n i s t o be f o u n d
e i t h e r among c e l l t y p e s o f a s i n g l e g r o u p , o r among c e l l
t y p e s o f th e v a r i o u s g r o u p s .
The m o st o u t s t a n d i n g v a r i ­
a t i o n s t o b e fo u n d i n t h e p e r c e n t a g e s o f c e l l t y p e s w e re
th e o c c u rre n c e o f a h ig h p e rc e n ta g e o f b a s o p h ile s i n th e
g e c k o s , an d a lo w p e r c e n t a g e o f e o s i n o p h i l e s i n th e
sn ak es.
28-
lABUS-V /
G roup A v e ra g e s o f T o t a l a n d D i f f e r e n t i a l
L e u c o c y te C o u n ts
G roup ( and
num ber o f
in d iv id u a ls )
L e u c o ­ Throm bo­
c y te s
c y te s
(p er cu.
mm.)
t
Lympho­
c y te s
(sm « |ll)
Lympho­ Mono­
c y te s
c y te s
(m edium)
*
E o s in o p h ile s
B a so ­
p h ils s
Cr0 G ICOS **•“•*••7
2 5 ,6 4 0
5 5 .0 7
8 .3 7
5 .1 7
4 .9 7
9 .9 8
1 6 .4 4
G ila
M o n s te r s — 7
3 1 ,1 7 3
6 0 .5 7
1 1 .7 3
6 .8 4
7 .0 6
1 1 .7 3
2 .0 7
Horne&
TobcI s ————1.7
3 0 ,2 8 0
6 5 .0 9
1 1 .3 6
8 .2 7
4 .5 3
8 .9 8
1 .7 7
S n slce s— — 7
4 2 ,8 7 7
5 7 .7 5
2 2 .9 8
6 .8 7
6 .3 3
4 .4 0
1 .6 7
S w i f t s -------7
4 2 ,9 8 0
5 1 .2 3
1 8 .5 7
8 .5 8
5 .8 5
1 2 .4 0
3 .3 7
-2 9 -
S i z e s o f L e u c o c y te s
C e l l m e a s u r e m e n ts , a s show n i n T a b le Y 1 , r e p r e s e n t
th e ra n g e s i n s i z e o f th e le u c o c y te s f o r th e in d iv i d u a l
a n im a l s .
T h ese m e a s u re m e n ts w ere made w i t h an o c u l a r
m ic r o m e te r fro m t h e W r i g h t ’ s s t a i n e d s m e a r s .
The r a n g e s
w ere d e te r m in e d fro m t h e m e a su re m e n t o f a l a r g e num ber o f
c e lls .
T a b le V II g i v e s t h e a v e r a g e r a n g e s i n s i z e o f
th e le u c o c y te s f o r th e g ro u p s .
30-
TABIS 71
I n d i v i d u a l R a n g e s o f L e u c o c y te S i z e s
( i n m ic r a j
A n im al
T h ro m b o c y te s
Lym phoc y te s
( s m a ll )
Lymphoc y te s
(medium)
M o n o cy tes
B o s in o p h ile s
B a so ­
p h ila s
G eckos
G-5
G r-6
G-7
G r— 8
G-10
G-1E
G -13
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 1 .4 - 1 4 .8
4 .7 - 5 .7 x 1 2 .5 - 1 3 .7
4 . 7 ^ 6 .8 x 1 1 .4 - 1 4 .8
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 0 .2 - 1 1 .4
4 .7 - 5 .7 x 1 1 .4 - 1 2 .5
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 0 .2 - 1 4 .8
6 .8 - 9 .1 9 .1 - 1 2 .5
9 .1 - 1 1 .4
6 • 8 —8 .0
8 . 0 - 9 . 1 :L 0 .2 - 1 1 .4
8 .0 - 9 .1
9 .1 - 1 0 .2
6 .8 - 8 .0
9 .1 - 1 0 .2
8 .0 - 9 .1 9 .1 - 1 1 .4
9 .1 - 1 0 .2
6 .8 - 8 .0
1 3 .7 - 1 7 .1
1 3 .7 - 1 6 .0
1 3 .7 - 2 0 .5
1 4 .8 - 1 8 .2
1 4 .8 - 1 7 .1
1 3 .7 - 1 6 .0
1 4 .8 - 1 7 .1
1 6 .0 - 2 0 .5
1 7 .1 - 8 1 .6
1 4 .8 - 2 0 .5
1 7 .1 - 2 0 .5
1 6 .0 - 2 0 .5
1 4 .8 - 1 8 .2
1 7 .1 - 2 0 .5
1 0 .2 - 1 7 .1
1 1 .4 - 1 6 .0
1 0 .2 - 1 4 .8
1 1 .4 -1 6 .0
1 1 .4 -1 4 .8
9 .1 - 1 2 .5
1 0 .2 - 1 4 .8
1 3 .7 - 1 9 .4
1 3 .7 - 1 7 .1
1 1 .4 - 2 0 .5
1 4 .8 - 1 9 .4
1 1 .4 - 1 8 .2
1 2 .5 - 2 1 .6
1 1 .4 - 1 7 .1
1 2 .5 - 2 0 .5
1 2 .5 - 1 8 .2
1 3 .7 - 2 0 .5
1 3 .7 - 1 7 . 1
1 8 .2 - 2 2 .5
1 7 .1 - 2 0 .5
1 7 .1 - 1 9 .4
1 5 .9 - 1 9 . 4
1 2 .5 - 1 6 .0
1 6 .0 - 1 9 .3
1 7 .1 - 2 2 .8
1 2 .5 - 1 4 .8
1 1 .4 - 1 2 .5
1 1 . 4 - 1 2 .5
1 4 .8 -1 5 .9
1 2 .5 - 1 3 .7
1 1 .4 - 1 5 .9
1 1 .4 - 1 2 .5
1 2 .5 - 1 3 .7
1 3 .7 - 1 8 .2
1 2 .5 - 1 4 .8
1 0 .2 - 1 2 .5
8 .0 - 1 1 .4
1 0 .2 - 1 2 .5
1 1 .4 - 1 3 .6
1 3 . 7 - 1 7 .2
1 1 .4 - 2 8 .5
1 4 .8 - 1 7 .1
1 3 .7 - 2 2 .8
1 3 .7 - 1 6 .0
1 1 .4 - 2 0 .5
1 2 .5 - 1 6 .0
1 7 . 1 - 1 9 .3
1 3 .7 - 1 4 .8
1 1 .4 - 1 6 .0
1 3 .7 - 1 6 .0
1 1 .4 - 1 4 .0
1 1 .5 - 1 2 .7
1 1 .4 - 1 4 .7
8 .5 - 1 0 . 0
1 2 .5 - 1 4 .8
1 1 .4 - 1 2 . 5
1 6 .1 - 1 9 . 5
1 3 .7 - 1 7 . 1
1 6 .0 - 1 9 . 3
1 3 .7 - 1 8 . 2
1 4 .8 —17«1
1 1 .4 - 1 7 .1
1 2 .5 - 1 7 . 1
1 4 .8 - 1 9 .3
1 3 .7 - 1 6 .0
1 3 .7 - 1 7 . 1
1 4 .8 - 1 9 . 3
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7
8 . 0 ——9 • 1
1 1 .0 - 1 2 .0
8 . 5 ——9 • 1
1 1 .4
1 0 .2
1 1 .4
1 1 .4
1 2 .5 - 1 4 .8
1 2 .5
1 2 .5 -1 3 .7
1 1 .4
1 1 .4
1 1 .4
1 1 .4
1 2 .5
1 1 .4
1 2 .5
G i l a m o n s te r s
GM-1
GM-2
GM-3
GM-4
GM-5
GM—6
GM-7
GM-8
GM-9
6 .8 - 8 .0 x 1 3 .7 - 1 8 .2
5 .7 - 8 .0 x 1 3 .7 - 1 7 .1
8 .0 - 9 .1 x 1 6 .0 - 1 8 .2
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 1 .2 - 1 9 .4
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 4 .8 - 1 5 .9
5 . 7 —6 .8 x 1 1 .4 —1 8 .2
4 .5 - 6 .5 x 1 3 .7 - 2 1 .6
4 .5 - 6 .8 x 1 1 .4 - 1 3 .7
5 .7 - 8 .0 x 1 4 .8 - 1 7 .1
8 .0 - 1 0 .2
8 .0 - ^ 9 .1
9 .1 - 1 0 .2
8 .0 - 1 0 .2
6 .8 - 1 0 .2
6 • 8 --9 • 1
5 . 7 — 8 .0
8 . 0 —1 0 .2
6 . 8 ——9 .0
1 1 .4 - 1 4 .8
1 0 .2 - 1 4 .8
1 0 .2 - 1 4 .8
1 1 .4 - 1 2 .5
1 0 .2 - 1 2 .5
1 1 .4 - 1 3 .7
9 .0 - 1 1 .2
1 0 .2 - 1 1 .4
1 0 .2 - 1 1 .4
H o rn e d t o a d s
T -l
T -2
T -3
T -4
T -5
T -6
T -7
T -8
T -9
T -10
T -ll
T -1 2
T -1 3
T -1 4
T -15
T -1 6
T -17
5 .7 - 8 .0 x 1 4 .8 - 1 8 .2
5 .7 - 7 .8 x 5 9 :0 1 1 4 7 7
5 .0 - 6 .0 x 1 5 .0 - 2 0 .0
4 .5 - 5 .7 x 1 5 .9 - 2 2 .8
5 .7 - 8 .0 x 1 3 .5 - 1 7 .2
6 .8 - 8 .1 x 1 1 .4 - 1 8 .4
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 3 .7 - 1 9 .4
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 4 .8 - 1 7 .1
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 3 .7 - 1 4 .8
3 .5 - 5 .7 x 1 1 .4 - 1 7 .1
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 3 .7 - 1 7 .1
5 .7 - 8 .0 x 1 3 .7 - 1 9 .4
4 .6 - 5 .7 x 1 3 .7 - 1 7 .1
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 2 ,5 - 1 7 .1
5 .7 - 8 .0 x 1 3 .7 - 1 8 .4
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 1 .4 - 1 4 .8
8 , 0 —9 . 1
6 .8 - 8 .0
5 .0 - 7 .5
6 . 8 —8 .0
8 .0 - 9 .1
8 .0 - 9 .1
6 .8 - 9 .1
6 .8 - 9 .1
8 .0 - 9 .1
8 .0 - 9 .1
5 .7 - 6 .8
6 . 8 —8 .0
6 .8 - 8 .0
5 . 6 —6 .8
6 .8 - 8 .0
8 .0 - 9 .1
6 . 8 —8 ,0
9 .1 - 1 2 .5
9 .1 - 1 1 .5
8 . 0 - 1 0 .0
1 0 .2 - 1 1 .4
9 .1 - 1 1 .4
1 0 .2 - 1 1 .4
9 . 1 - 1 3 .7
1 0 .2 - 1 1 .4
1 0 .2 - 1 1 .4
1 0 .2 - 1 2 .5
8 .0 - 1 0 . 2
9 .1 - 1 0 .2
9 .1 - 1 0 .2
8 . 0 ——9 . 1
9 .1 - 1 1 .4
1 0 . 2 - 1 2 .5
9 .1 - 1 1 .4
-5 1 -
TABLE 71 ( c o n t i n u e d )
A n im al
T h ro m b o c y te s
Lym phoc y te s
( s m a ll )
Lymphoc y te s
(medium)
M o n o c y tes
E o s in o p h ile s
B a so ­
p h ile s
1 3 .7 - 1 7 .1
1 1 .4 - 1 7 .1
1 1 .4 - 1 7 .0
1 3 . 7 - 1 7 .1
1 1 .4 - 1 3 .7
1 1 .4 - 1 7 .1
1 0 .2 - 1 7 .1
1 3 .7 - 1 9 .4
1 7 .1 - 2 0 . 5
1 7 .1 - 2 2 .8
1 4 .8 - 2 2 .8
1 7 .1 - 2 0 . 5
1 6 .0 - 1 9 .4
1 6 .0 - 2 1 .6
1 7 .1 - 2 0 .5
1 7 .1 - 2 0 .5
1 1 .4 - 1 7 .1
1 2 .5
1 4 .8
1 3 .7
1 2 .5 - 1 3 .7
1 1 .4
1 0 .2 - 1 2 .5
1 0 .2 - 1 6 .0
1 2 .5 - 1 3 .7
1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7
1 2 .5 - 1 7 .1
1 1 .4 - 1 8 .2
1 1 .4 - 1 9 .4
1 2 .5 - 1 6 .0
1 1 . 4 - 1 4 .0
1 2 .5 - 1 7 .1
1 1 .4 * 1 6 .0
1 0 .3 - 1 4 .8
1 4 .8 - 2 1 .6
9 .1 - 1 1 .4
1 2 .5 - 1 6 .0
1 1 .4 - 1 7 . 1
1 6 .0 - 1 9 .4
1 3 .7 - 1 7 .1
1 2 .5 - 1 6 .0
1 4 .8 - 1 6 .0
1 2 .5 - 1 7 . 1
1 2 .5 - 1 4 . 8
1 3 .7 - 1 4 .8
9 .1 - 1 1 .4
1 0 .2 -1 3 .7
1 0 .2 -1 3 .7
1 1 .1 - 1 3 .7
8 .0 - 1 2 .5
1 0 .2 - 1 1 .4
1 0 .2 - 1 2 .5
1 0 .2 - 1 2 .5
1 0 .2 - 1 2 .5
Snakes
S -l
S -2
S -3
S -4
S -7
S -5
S -6
S -8 ‘
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 6 .0 - 2 2 .8
5 .7 - 9 .1 x 1 1 .4 - 1 4 .8
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 2 .5 - 1 3 .7
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 3 .7 - 1 7 .1
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 3 .7 - 1 4 .8
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 1 .4 - 1 3 .7
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 0 .2 - 1 3 .7
5 .7 - 8 .0 x 1 1 .4 - 1 4 .8
6 . 8 ——8 .0
6 . 8 ——9 • 1
8 . 0 ——9 • 1
8 .0 - 1 0 .2
8 .0 - 1 0 .2
6 .8 - 2 8 .0
6 .8 — 9 .1
6 .8 - 1 0 .1
9 .1 - 1 0 .2
9 .1 - 1 2 .5
1 0 .2 - 1 1 .4
1 1 .4 - 1 3 .7
1 1 .4 - 1 2 .5
9 .1 - 1 1 .4
1 1 .4 - 1 2 .5
1 0 .1 - 1 2 .5
S w ifts
1 -2
1 -3
1 -4
1 -5
1 —6
1 -7
1*9
1 -1 0
1 -1 1
1 -1 2
4 .6 - 5 .7 x 1 3 .7 - 1 4 .8
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 1 .4 - 1 7 .1
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 0 .2 - 1 4 .8
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 0 .2 - 1 1 .4
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 1 .4 - 1 2 .5
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 2 .5 - 1 8 .2
4 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 3 .7 - 1 7 .1
5 .7 - 6 .8 x 1 0 .2 * 1 3 .7
8 .0 - 9 .1
5 .7 - 9 .1
6 .8 - 9 .1
8 .0 - 9 .1
5 .7 - 9 .1
8 .0 - 9 .1
6 .8 - 9 .1
6 . 8 —8 .0
6 .8 - 8 .0
8 .0 - 9 .1
1 0 . 2 - 1 2 .5
1 0 .2 - 1 4 .8
1 0 .2 - 1 4 .8
9 .1 - 1 0 .2
1 1 .4 - 1 2 .5
9 .1 - 1 1 .4
1 0 .2 - 1 2 .5
9 .1 - 1 0 .2
9 .1 - 1 1 .4
9 .1 - 1 1 .4
TABLE H I
A v e ra g e R a n g e s o f L e u c o c y te S i z e s o f t h e G roups
( i n m ic ra )
G roup
T h ro m b o c y te s
Lympho­
c y te s
( s m a ll)
Lympho­
c y te s
(m edium )
M o n o c y te s
E o s in o *
p h ile s
B aso­
p h ils s
G eckos
5 .3 - 6 .5 x 1 1 .0 - 1 3 .7
G ila
m ons­
te rs
5 .8 - 7 .4 x 1 3 .5 - 1 7 .7
H o rn ed
to a d s 5 .5 - 6 .9 x 1 3 .2 - 1 7 .7
Snakes
5 .7 - 7 .4 x 1 2 .5 - 1 5 .7
S w ifts
5 .4 - 6 .6 x 1 1 .7 - 1 4 .9
7 .3 - 8 .6
9 .3 - 1 1 .0
1 4 .1 - 1 7 .4
1 6 .1 - 2 0 .3 1 0 . 6 - 1 5 . 1
7 .5 - 9 .6
1 0 . 3 - 1 3 .0
1 2 .7 - 1 9 .1
1 6 .8 - 1 9 .7 1 2 . 4 - 1 4 . 4
7 . 0 —8 .3
9 .3 - 1 1 .3
1 2 .3 - 1 6 .7
1 3 .0 - 1 6 .2 1 0 . 5 - 1 1 . 6
7 .3 - 9 .2
1 0 .2 - 1 2 .1
1 2 .1 - 1 6 .9
1 6 .5 - 2 1 .1 1 1 .1 - 1 4 .0
7 .1 - 8 .9
9 .8 - 1 2 .2
1 1 .6 - 1 6 . 1
1 3 .0 - 1 6 .1 1 0 .3 - 1 2 .9
-3 2 -
C e ll D e s c rip tio n s
E ry th ro c y te s
,
The e r y t h r o c y t e s o f a l l t h e a n im a l a s tu d ie d , h a d t h e
same g e n e r a l a p p e a r a n c e .
T hey w ere e l l i p s o i d a l c e l l s ,
w i t h a n u c l e u s a b o u t one t h i r d a s l a r g e a s t h e e n t i r e
c e ll.
The m ean c e l l s i z e o f t h e e r y t h r o c y t e s o f t h e v a r ­
i o u s g r o u p s i s g i v e n i n T a b le I I I .
I n th e s u p r a v i ta l
s t a i n s t h e few m i t o c h o n d r i a w ere g r e e n , a n d t h e few s m a ll
v a c u o l e s w ere r e d .
The c y to p la s m d i d n o t s t a i n b u t r e ­
m a in e d a l i g h t lem o n y e ll o w .
When c o l o r e d w i t h W r i g h t Ts
s t a i n , t h e n u c le u s was d e e p l y b a s o p h i l i c an d t h e c h r o m a tin
a p p e a r e d i n i r r e g u l a r c lu m p s .
The c y to p la s m v a r i e d fro m
g r e e n i s h - y e l l o w t o r e d , d e p e n d in g u p o n t h e i n t e n s i t y o f
t h e s t a i n i n g r e a c t i o n and t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e hemo­
g l o b i n w i t h i n t h e c y to p la s m .
The im m a tu re e r y t h r o c y t e s
w ere e a s i l y r e c o g n i z e d b e c a u s e o f t h e r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e
v e s i c u l a r n u c l e u s , an d t h e p o l y o h r o m a t o p h i l i a o f t h e c y t o ­
p la s m w h ic h p r o d u c e d a g r e e n i s h t i n g e w i t h W r i g h t Ts s t a i n .
T h ro m b o c y te s
;
The th r o m b o c y te s w ere e l o n g a t e d f u s i f o r m o r s p i n d l e
sh aped c e l l s w ith r e l a t i v e l y la r g e n u c le i.
T h e re was
~
u s u a l l y a l o n g i t u d i n a l c l e f t o r g ro o v e e x t e n d i n g t h e
l e n g t h o f t h e n u c l e u s , w h ic h was d e s c r i b e d a l s o b y J o r d a n
(1 9 2 5 ) i n t h e th r o m b o c y te s o f t h e f r o g .
I n th e s u p ra -
-3 3 -
v i t a l s t a i n s a few m it o c h o n d r i a , w ere d i s c e r n e d a n d s m a l l
v a c u o l e s (3 -1 2 ) w e re c o l o r e d a r e d d i s h b ro w n .
As t h e
p r e p a r a t i o n a g e d , t h e v a c u o l e s i n c r e a s e d i n n u m b ers a n d
s i z e , an d t h e e n t i r e
c e l l o f t e n becam e n e a r l y s p h e r i c a l .
The th r o m b o c y te s w ere o f t e n f o u n d i n c lu m p s o r a g g r e g a ­
t i o n s , a p p e a r i n g t o fo rm a s y n c y tiu m .
I n t h e s m e a rs t h e
th r o m b o c y te s w ere n o t d e f i n i t e l y s p i n d l e s h a p e d , b u t t h e
s h a p e s v a r i e d w i t h th e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h ic h t h e sm e a rs
w ere m ad e.
The a v e r a g e r a n g e i n s i z e
(T a b le i l l )
w as
a p p r o x i m a t e ly t h e same f o r a l l t h e g r o u p s s t u d i e d .
The
c y to p la s m w as l i g h t l y b a s o p h i l i c w h ile t h e n u c l e u s , w h ic h
o f t e n show ed t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l g r o o v e , w as d e e p ly b a s o ­
p h i l i c w i t h W r i g h t 's s t a i n .
F i g .9 ) .
:
L y m p h o c y te s
; .
(P la te I , F ig . 2; P la te I I ,
:
=
:
' .
. ";
.;
The ly m p h o c y te s w ere t h e o n ly c e l l s f o u n d i n r e p t i l ­
i a n b lo o d w h ic h w ere m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e
fro m t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s : o f m am m alian b l o o d , a lt h o u g h t h e y
w ere som ew hat l a r g e r .
.The s u p r a v i t a l s t a i n s made v i s i b l e
t h e m i t o c h o n d r i a , an d a c o m p a r a t i v e l y l a r g e num ber ( 3 - 9 )
o f re d d is h g ra n u le s o r v a c u o le s .
The l a t t e r i n c r e a s e d i n
s i z e an d n u m b ers a s t h e p r e p a r a t i o n a g e d .
The n u c l e u s o f
t h e s m a l l e r c e l l s w as r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e a n d u s u a l l y i n d e n t ­
ed o r n o tc h e d .
The m a in m ass o f t h e s c a n t y c y to p l a s m , i n
-3 4 -
w h io h t h e m it o o h o n d r i a w ere fo u n d ., was a o o m n u la te d . o p p o ­
s i t e , th e i n d e n t a t i o n .
I n ' t h e W rig h t
s t a i n e d , sm e a rs t h e
n a o l e a r c h r o m a tin was d is p o s e d , i n i r r e g u l a r a n g u l a r
b l o c k s , w i t h one o r tw o n u c l e o l i d i s c e r n i b l e .
p la s m w as c l e a r , and l i g h t l y b a s o p h i l i c .
F ig s i 1 0 -1 1 ).
The c y t o ­
(P la te I I ,
•
M o n o c y tes
When t r e a t e d w i t h v i t a l s t a i n s , t h e c y to p la s m o f t h e
m o n o c y te s w as s e e n t o b e m ore o r l e s s f i l l e d w i t h l i g h t l y
s t a i n e d v a c u o l e s , w h ic h becam e v e r y l a r g e a n d d e e p ly
c o lo re d a f t e r s e v e r a l h o u r s .
The n u m ero u s s c a t t e r e d m it o ­
c h o n d r i a w ere made e v i d e n t w i t h J a n u s g r e e n .
A n u c le o lu s
was p r o m in e n t w i t h i n t h e h y a l i n e o r g l a s s - l i k e n u c l e u s .
The r a n g e i n s i z e o f t h e m o n o c y te s w as som ew hat g r e a t e r
t h a n t h a t fo u n d i n t h e ly m p h o c y te s (T a b le Y I I ) r
W ith
W r i g h t 's s t a i n e d sm e a rs i t w as p o s s i b l e t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e
b e tw e e n t h e ly m p h o c y te s a n d t h e m o n o c y te s b e c a u s e t h e
n u c l e i o f t h e l a t t e r w ere e c c e n t r i c ; an d o f a k id n e y o r
h o rse -sh o e sh a p e ,
( P l a t e I , F i g s . 2 - 3 ) . The b l u i s h v i o l e t
c y to p la s m o f t h e m o n o c y te s w as a l s o i n d i s t i n c t c o n t r a s t
t o t h e c l e a r b l u e o f t h e ly m p h o c y te s , - ( P l a t e I I , F i g s . 1 0 1 2 ).
I n some o f t h e a n im a ls t h e r e a p p e a r e d c e l l s v e r y
s i m i l a r t o th e m o n o c y te s b u t w i t h v a r y i n g am o u n ts o f m in ­
u t e r e d g r a n u l e s i n t h e c y to p l a s m .
T h ese, g r a n u l e s w ere
u s u a l l y c o n c e n t r a t e d n e a r t h e p e r i p h e r y , b u t w ere c lu m p e d
35-
so m e tim e s o p p o s i t e t h e i n d e n t a t i o n s o f t h e n u c l e i , a n 4
o o o a s i o n a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d t h r o u g h o u t th e c y to p la s m .
The
n u c l e i o f t h e s e c e l l s w ere o f t e n l i k e t h o s e o f t h e mono­
c y t e s , h u t some w ere e x tr e m e l y p o ly m o rp h ic and. s i m u l a t e !
t h e a p p e a ra n c e o f t h e n u c l e i o f m am m alian n e u t r o p h l l e s .
(P la te I I , F ig s . 1 3 -1 4 ).
E o s in o p h ile s
*
: ;:
..
:
. i; ,
:
.
The e o s i n o p h i l e s o f t h e s e r e p t i l e s w e re: som ew hat
l a r g e r t h a n t h o s e o f m an.
In v i t a l s t a in s th e s e c e l l s
w ere e a s i l y r e c o g n i s e d b e c a u s e o f th e c o m p a r a t i v e l y l a r g e
g r a n u l e s w h ic h a p p e a re d t o f i l l th e c y to p l a s m .
T h ese
s t a i n e d s t r o n g l y i n n e u t r a l r e d an d a p p e a r e d a s s h o r t r o d s
o r s p i n d l e s h a p e d b o d i e s o f u n if o r m s i z e .
A f t e r a tim e
t h e g r a n u l e s o f t e n show ed a r a d i a l a r r a n g e m e n t , t h e p e r i ­
p h e r a l o n e s w ere m ore o r l e s s r o u n d e d w h ile t h o s e m ore
c e n t r a l l y l o c a t e d w ere f u s i f o r m w i t h t h e i r a x e s c o n v e r g ­
i n g on a c l e a r a r e a n e a r t h e c e n t e r o f t h e c e l l .
W ith in a
few h o u r s r e d v a c u o l e s a p p e a re d w h ic h i n c r e a s e d i n s i z e on
f u r t h e r s t a n d i n g t o s e v e r a l tim e s th e s i z e o f t h e g r a n u l e s .
T h e se c e l l s e x h i b i t e d a c t i v e a m o e b o id m ovem ent.•
F ig . 1 6 ).
p a c t g ro u p .
(P la te I I ,
The m i t o c h o n d r i a w ere u s u a l l y p r e s e n t i n a com­
W r i g h t Ts s t a i n c o l o r e d t h e e o s i n o p h i l i c g r a n ­
u l e s a c l e a r p i n k o r r e d , b u t t h e sh a p e o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l
g r a n u l e s was u s u a l l y n o t d i s c e r n i b l e .
The n u c l e u s , w h ic h
was r a t h e r d e e p l y b a s o p h i l i c and s e p a r a t e d fro m th e g r a n ­
-3 6 -
u l e s b y a n a rr o w band, o f c l e a r b l u e c y to p l a s m , was o f t e n
b i- or tri-lo b e d .
(P la te I I , F ig . 1 5 ).
B a s o p h i le s
The b a s o p h i l e s o f r e p t i l e s
a re a ls o l a r g e r th a n t h e i r
c o u n t e r p a r t s i n t h e b lo o d o f m an.
In s u p r a v ita l s ta in s
th e s p h e r i c a l g r a n u le s v a r ie d i n s i z e and i n t e n s i t y o f
s t a i n i n g . , an d w ere so n u m e ro u s t h a t t h e y o f t e n o b s c u r e d
th e n u c le u s .
W ith W r i g h t Ts s t a i n th e b a s o p h i l e s p r e s e n t e d
much th e same a p p e a ra n c e a s w i t h t h e s u p r a v i t a l s t a i n s .
The n u c l e u s w as p o o r l y d e f i n e d , a n d much l e s s b a s o p h i l i c
t h a n th e g r a n u l e s .
The l a t t e r w ere r o u n d , o f v a r i o u s
s i z e s i n th e same c e l l ,
an d a l t h o u g h m o st o f th em w ere
d e e p ly b a s o p h i l i c , some h a d a r e d d i s h t i n g e , d e n o ti n g
p o ly o h ro m a to p h ilia .
(P la te I I , F ig . 1 7 ).
PLATE I
E x p la n a tio n s o f F ig u re s
P h o to m ic r o g r a p h s o f
W i g h t 1b s t a i n e d s m e a rs
M a g n i f i c a t i o n , 1566 d i a m e t e r s
F ig . 2
E r y t h r o c y t e ( w i t h i n t r a c e l l u l a r hem og r e g a r i n e ) a n d a t h r o m b o c y te . From a
h o rn ed to a d .
F ig . 3
Two d i f f e r e n t s i z e d m o n o c y te s fro m a
G ila m o n s te r.
F ig . 4
F o u r m o n o c y te s e x h i b i t i n g d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s
o f p h a g o c y t ic p o w e r, The c e n t r a l o n e , w h ic h
i s d i s i n t e g r a t i n g , h a s e n g u l f e d an e r y t h r o ­
c y t e . -From a h o rn e d t o a d .
F ig .
M onocyte (w h ic h h a s e n g u l f e d an e o s i n o p h i l e )
fro m a G i l a m o n s te r .
PLATS I
PLATE I I
E x p la n a tio n s o f F ig u re s
C am era lu o l& a d ra w in g s
F ig . 6
M y e lo b la s t fro m h o rn e d t o a d .
W r i g h t 1s s t a i n e d s m e a r. x l 5 0 0 .
F ig . 7
M y e lo c y te fro m h o rn e d t o a d .
W rig h t Ts s t a i n e d s m e a r. X 1500.
F ig . 8
M y e lo c y te fro m s w i f t .
W r ig h t1s s t a i n e d s m e a r.
x2500.
F ig . 9
T h ro m b o cy te fro m G i l a m o n s t e r .
W r ig h tTs s t a i n e d sm e a r. x 8 5 0 0 .
F i g . 10
M e d iu m -s iz e d ly m p h o c y te fro m G i l a m o n s t e r .
W r i g h t 's s t a i n e d s m e a r. x 2 5 0 0 .
F i g . 11
M e d iu m -s iz e d ly m p h o c y te fro m h o r n e d t o a d .
W r i g h t 's s t a i n e d s m e a r. x l 5 0 0 .
F i g . 12
M onocyte fro m G i l a m o n s t e r .
W r i g h t 's s t a i n e d s m e a r. x 2 5 0 0 .
F i g . 13
M onocyte w i t h r e d g r a n u l e s fro m G i l a
m o n s t e r . W r i g h t 's s t a i n e d s m e a r. x 2 5 0 0 .
F i g . 14
M onocyte w i t h r e d g r a n u l e s fro m h o rn e d
t o a d . W r i g h t 's s t a i n e d s m e a r. x 2 5 0 0 .
F i g . 15
E o s i n o p h i l s fro m G i l a m o n s t e r .
W r i g h t 's s t a i n e d s m e a r. x 2 5 0 0 .
F i g . 16
E o s i n o p h i l s fro m h o rn e d t o a d . H e u t r a l r e d
s u p ra v ita l p re p a ra tio n .
x l5 0 0 .
F i g . 17
B a s o p h i ls fro m G i l a m o n s t e r .
W r i g h t 's s t a i n e d s m e a r. x 2 5 0 0 .
PLATE I I
m
m
V
v:
##
A #
S S8B B 8
#
A
s . 11
%' Vi',
.VA
.
17
P a ra s itis m
I n t e s t i n a l p a r a s i t e s w ere f o u n d ’ i n some a n im a l s ,
b lo o d p a r a s i t e s i n o t h e r s , and b o t h t y p e s i n s t i l l o t h e r s .
H e m o g re g a rin e s ( u n d e te r m in e d s p e c i e s ) , i n t h e c y to p la s m
o f th e e r y t h r o c y t e s , o c c u r r e d i n one h o r n e d t o a d ,
(P la te I
F i g . 2 ) , one G i l a m o n s t e r , and tw o o f t h e b u l l s n a k e s .
The b l o o d o f t h r e e o f t h e s n a k e s a n d tw o o f t h e G i l a
m o n s te r s c o n t a i n e d b l o o d - i n h a b i t i n g n e m a to d e s ( u n d e t e r ­
m in e d s p e c i e s o f m i c r o f i l a r i a e ) .
M u l t f i l a r i a e w ere
fo u n d i n th e a t r i a , p e r i c a r d i a l c a v i t y ,
o f one o f t h e G i l a m o n s t e r s .
s p e c ie s )
an d d o r s a l a o r t a
C e s to d e s ( o f u n d e te r m in e d
w ere r e c o v e r e d fro m t h e s m a ll i n t e s t i n e o f t h e
r i n g - n e c k e d sn a k e an d one h o rn e d t o a d .
H em ato d es w ere
fo u n d i n t h e c o l o n o f t h e g e c k o , t h e s m a ll i n t e s t i n e o f
th e r i b b o n sn a k e and one d e s e r t s c a l y s w i f t , and sto m a c h
o f s e v e r a l h o rn ed to a d s .
O nly tw o s p e c i e s o f t h e s e n em a-
to a d s have b een f u l l y c l a s s i f i e d , O p h id a s c a ris f i l a r i a
fro m t h e r i b b o n s n a k e , a n d P h y s a l o p t e r a p h ry n o so m a fro m
th e h o r n e d t o a d s and t h e s w i f t . *
T h ese r e c o r d s a r e g i v e n i n T a b le T i l l .
The p r e s e n c e
o f an e o s i n o p h i l i a i n c e r t a i n o f t h e p a r a s i t i z e d a n im a ls
has a ls o b een in d ic a te d .
♦ t i p e c i e s d e te r m in e d
by M r. G. A. Hannum.
-3 8 -
5ABIE T i l l
R e c o rd s o f P a r a s i t i s m
A n im al
Type o f
P a ra s ite
L o c a ti o n o f
P a ra s ite
.
D e g re e o f
P a ra s itis m
D e g re e o f
E o s in o p h ilia
G eckos
G—5
G-7
G—8
G-9
N em atode
N em atode
N em atode
N em atode
C o lo n
C o lo n
C o lo n
C o lo n
.
+
++
++
4-
. + •
?
G i l a m o n s te r s
GM-7
GM-9
M ic ro fila ria e
M ic ro fila ria e
A d u lt f i l a r i a e
H e m o g re g a rin e
B lo o d
B lo o d
H e a r t and a o r t a
E ry th ro c y te s
*•
*+
♦«+
H o rn ed t o a d s
T -l •
T -4
T -8
T -9
T -10
T -13
T -17
H e m o g re g a rin e
N em atode
C e s to d e
N em atode
N em atode
N em atode
N em atode
N em atode
E ry th ro c y te s
S to m ach
Duodenum
S to m ach
S to m ac h
S to m ac h
S to m ac h
S to m ach
++
- + '
-+
. '♦
♦
-4
f ++
++
++
4*
++
+ + + "+
Snakes
S -2
S -3
S -4
S -7
8 -5
S -6
N em atode
H e m o g re g a rin e
M ic ro fila ria e
H e m o g re g a rin e
M ic ro fila ria e
M ic ro fila ria e
N em atode
N em atode
S m a ll i n t e s t i n e
E ry th ro c y te s
B lo o d
E ry th ro c y te s
B lo o d
B lo o d
S m a ll i n t e s t i n e
S m a ll i n t e s t i n e
4+++
++
4+
- ++
(o n e worm)
-
S w ifts
L -ll
N em atode
S to m ac h
(o n e worm)
(B a so ­
p h ilia ? )
-3 9 -
DISCUSSIOH
No w o rk h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d h e r e t o f o r e o n th e b lo o d o f
th e g e c k o s .
The d a t a on t h e b lo o d o f t h e s e s m a ll a n im a ls
a r e n o t e n t i r e l y s a t i s f a c t o r y , b u t g iv e an i n d i c a t i o n o f
r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n among t h e g r o u p s s t u d i e d i n r e g a r d t o
e r y t h r o c y t e and l e u c o c y t e n u m b e r s , t h e s i z e s o f e r y t h r o ­
c y t e s and l e u c o c y t e s , an d p e r c e n t a g e s o f t y p e s o f l e u c o ­
c y te s .
The a v e r a g e num ber o f e r y t h r o c y t e s and t h e h e m o g lo b in
c o n t e n t f o r th e G i l a m o n s te r s w ere s l i g h t l y lo w e r t h a n
t h o s e g i v e n by E d w ard s an d D i l l ( 1 9 3 5 ) .
T hey c a l c u l a t e d
t h e h e m o g lo b in fro m th e o x y g e n c o m b in in g pow er o f t h e
b lo o d and g a v e i t
a s a b o u t o n e - h a l f t h a t o f m an, o r p r e ­
su m a b ly a b o u t e i g h t g ra m s p e r 100 c c .
l o t s o f a n im a ls w ere u s e d , t h e f i r s t
I n t h e i r s t u d y two
l o t o b t a i n e d th r o u g h
a d e a l e r i n S an D ie g o , C a l i f o r n i a , i n t h e e a r l y f a l l o f
1932 a n d t h e s e c o n d l o t fro m a d e a l e r i n P h o e n ix , A r i z o n a ,
th e f o l l o w i n g s p r i n g .
t h e y w ere r e c e i v e d ,
The a n im a ls w ere b l e d s h o r t l y a f t e r
so n o n e was u s e d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r .
The lo w e s t e r y t h r o c y t e n u m b e rs and a m o u n ts o f h e m o g lo b in
o f t h i s s t u d y w ere fro m a n im a ls b l e d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r
p e rio d .
T h is seem s t o i n d i c a t e
a lo w e r o x y g e n c o m b in in g
pow er o f t h e b lo o d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r , w h ic h i s l o g i c a l
b e c a u s e t h e a n im a ls w ere i n a m ore o r l e s s i n a c t i v e s t a t e .
No p r e v i o u s w ork h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d on t h e n u m b ers o f
-4 0 -
e r y t h r o o y t e s an d t h e h e m o g lo b in c o n t e n t p e r ' u n i t volum e
o f b lo o d i n t h e h o r n e d t o a d :
The o e l l s o f t h e c i r c u l a t i n g
b lo o d w ere m e n tio n e d o n ly i n c i d e n t a l l y b y J o r d a n and S p e i d e l (1929) i n t h e i r w ork w i t h t h e h o r n e d t o a d .
I h e e r y t h r o c y t e n u m b ers o f tw o s p e c i e s o f s n a k e s , ....
C o lu b e r c o n s t r i c t o r a n d H e te ro d o n o o n t o r t r i x , a s r e p o r t e d
b y B a k e r an d K lin e
(1 9 3 1 ) may be s a i d t o c o r r e s p o n d w i t h
th e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s tu d y w ith in th e ra n g e o f i n d iv id u a l
an d s p e c i e s d i f f e r e n c e s , a l t h o u g h n e i t h e r w ere t h e t e c h ­
n i q u e s o f t h e s e tw o s t u d i e s c o m p a ra b le n o r t h e same
s p e c ie s u se d .
•
The a v e r a g e n u m b ers o f e r y t h r o c y t e s f o r t h e s w i f t s
u sed in t h i s
s t u d y a r e som ew hat lo w e r t h a n r e p o r t e d b y
Weigmann (1 932) f o r t h e O ld W o rld l i z a r d , L a o a r t a v i v i p a r a
J a c q , a l t h o u g h t h e n u m b ers o f two o f o u r s p e c im e n s e x ­
c e e d e d W eigmann ?s a v e r a g e f i g u r e s .
He f o u n d g r e a t e r
n u m b ers o f e r y t h r o c y t e s p e r u n i t v o lu m e, o f b l o o d 'd u r i n g
th e w i n t e r p e r i o d an d c o n c lu d e d t h i s was due t o a d e c r e a s e
i n t h e " w a t e r c o n t e n t o f t h e p la s m a .
T hus t h e i n c r e a s e i n
e r y t h r o c y t e n u m b ers was m e r e ly a r e l a t i v e
o n e ; th e t o t a l
n u m b ers o f e r y t h r o c y t e s p r o b a b l y r e m a in e d c o n s t a n t .
T h ese
r e s u l t s do n o t c o r r e s p o n d w i t h th o s e fro m t h e G i l a m o n s te r
w h ic h may i n d i c a t e , i n t h e s e tw o s p e c i e s o f l i z a r d s ,
f u n d a m e n ta l p h y s i o l o g i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s .
.
-
-
From a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f F i g u r e 1 i t w i l l be n o t e d
t h a t t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f h e m o g lo b in i n t h e e r y t h r o c y t e s
-4 1
o f t h e G i l a m o n s te r s i s
a p p a re n tly g r e a t e r th a n t h a t in
th e e r y t h r o c y t e s o f th e s w i f t s .
in c o n c e n tra tio n i s
T h is a p p a r e n t d i f f e r e n c e
som ew hat c o m p e n s a te d f o r b y t h e s m a l l ­
e r s iz e o f th e c e l l s o f th e s w i f t s .
I n o th e r w o rd s, as
t h e r e l a t i o n s "betw een n u m b ers o f e r y t h r o c y t e s a n d am o u n ts
o f h e m o g lo b in a r e r e v e r s e d i n t h e tw o g r o u p s ( w i t h t h e
h o rn e d t o a d s a n d s n a k e s o c c u p y in g i n t e r m e d i a t e p o s i t i o n s ) ,
th e re i s
a c o r r e s p o n d i n g d e c r e a s e i n s i z e o f th e e r y t h r o ­
c y t e s a s show n i n T a b le I I I .
E . B. K ru m b h aa r h a s s t a t e d ; * The s i z e o f e r y t h r o c y t e s
v a r i e s c o n s i d e r a b l y in :m a m m a ls , a s w e l l a s i n o t h e r o r d e r s ,
f o r re a so n s th a t a re n o t c l e a r .
th e e r y th r o c y te s o f th e body i s
As t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f a l l
assu m ed t o b e p r o p o r t i o n a l
t o th e m e t a b o l i c n e e d s o f t h e a n im a l, i n mammals t h e s i z e
s h o u ld be i n i n v e r s e r a t i o
t o t h e i r n u m b e r; w h ile t h i s
h o l d s t r u e b e tw e e n h o t - and c o l d - b l o o d e d s p e c i e s , i t
n o t seem t o w i t h i n t h e m a m m a lia .” *
(1 9 3 0 )
does
Maximow a n d Bloom
a l s o s t a t e d t h a t i n t h e lo w e r v e r t e b r a t e s t h e num­
b e r s o f e r y th r o c y te s v a ry a c c o rd in g to s p e c i e s , u s u a lly
in v e r s e ly as to s i z e .
C o m p arin g t h e s m a ll s i z e o f t h e
e r y t h r o c y t e s o f man ( 7 .1 4 t o 8 .3 m l c r a a s g i v e n i n C ow dry1 9 2 8 ) , an d t h e i r r e l a t i v e l y
l a r g e n u m b e rs p e r c u b ic m i l l i ­
m e te r ( 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 ) w i t h t h o s e o f th e r e p t i l e s s t u d i e d
(T a b le I I I )
we s e e t h a t t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y s u p p o r t
♦ S p e c i a l C y to lo g y ( E d i t e d by
e
. 7 . Cow dry) 1 9 2 8 . P a g e %w3.
■42—
K ro m b h a a r1s s t a t e m e n t r e g a r d i n g t h e r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n p o i k ilo th e rm ic
s ta te d ,
and h o m io th e rm ie s p e c i e s .
A lth o u g h , a s above
an i n v e r s e r a t i o b e tw e e n sisse an d n u m b ers o f e r y ­
t h r o c y t e s d o e s n o t h o l d t r u e i n t h e M am m alia, T a b le I I I
i n d i c a t e s t h a t i t may h o ld t r u e
r e p t i l e s re p o rte d in t h i s p a p e r.
among t h e g r o u p s o f
.F u r t h e r w ork i s n e c e s ­
s a r y t o e s t a b l i s h t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p , e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e th e
g e c k o s do n o t seem t o c o n fo rm t o t h i s g e n e r a l i s a t i o n , p e r ­
h a p s due t o t h e in c o m p le te d a t a .
It
.
i s i n t e r e s t i n g to n o te t h a t f i e l d o b s e r v a tio n s as
t o t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e a n im a ls s t u d i e d c o i n c i d e w i t h
t h o s e on m e t a b o l i c a c t i v i t y a s i n d i c a t e d b y th e h e m o g lo ­
b in c o n te n t o f th e b lo o d .
The g e c k o s a n d G i l a m o n s te r s
w o u ld c e r t a i n l y b e c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e l e a s t a c t i v e o f t h e
g ro u p s s in c e th e g e ck o s a re l e t h a r g i c
a n im a ls , a t l e a s t
d u r i n g t h e d a y tim e , an d a re s e e n a b ro a d o n ly a t n i g h t .
The G i l a m o n s te r s a r e n o t o r i o u s l y s l u g g i s h i n t h e i r move­
m e n ts fro m p l a c e t o p l a c e , a lt h o u g h t h e y a r e c a p a b le o f
r a t h e r q u ic k m ovem ents o f th e h e a d when s n a p p i n g .
The
l i g h t n i n g - l i k e m ovem ents o f th e s w i f t s and t h e i r a b i l i t y
t o d a r t away a lm o s t a s r a p i d l y a s t h e e y e c a n f o l l o w p r o ­
b a b l y d e n o te t h e h i g h e s t m e t a b o l i c a c t i v i t y o f t h e g r o u p s
in q u e s tio n ;
The h o r n e d t o a d s an d s n a k e s w o u ld o c c u p y
r e l a t i v e l y in te r m e d ia te p o s i t i o n s as i n d i c a t e d .
: _
A lth o u g h
t h e h o r n e d t o a d s a r e c a p a b l e o f r a t h e r r a p i d m o v em en ts,
t h e s n a k e s a r e c a p a b le o f m ore s u s t a i n e d a c t i v i t y .
-4 3 -
Erom a o y t o l o g i o a l p o i n t o f v ie w t h e r e p t i l i a n e r y ­
t h r o c y t e d i f f e r s fro m t h e m am m alian e r y t h r o c y t e m a in ly i n
th e p o s s e s s io n o f a n u c le u s .
I t d iffe rs
a ls o in s h a p e ,
t h e r e p t i l i a n e r y t h r o c y t e b e in g e l l i p s o i d a l i n c o n t r a s t t o
th e r o u n d , d i s c s h a p e d , e r y t h r o c y t e o f m o st m am m als, and
i n th e p o s s e s s i o n o f m i t o c h o n d r i a .
I n t h e s m e a rs t h e r e
w ere o f t e n e r y t h r o p l a s t i d s o f b o t h r o u n d and o v a l s h a p e s ,
a p p a r e n t l y n o t fo rm e d b y e x t r u s i o n o f t h e n u c l e u s b u t by
c o n s t r i c t i o n o f th e c y to p la s m and c o n s e q u e n t d i v i s i o n .
i t was a l s o q u i t e e v i d e n t t h a t y o u n g e r y t h r o c y t e s
m a tu r e d i n t h e b lo o d s t r e a m b e c a u s e o f t h e d i r e c t t r a n s ­
i t i o n a l s e r i e s fro m t h e r o u n d , p o l y o h r o m a to p h i l i o c e l l s
w i t h l a r g e , v e s i c u l a r n u c l e i , t o t h e d e f i n i t e l y m a tu re
c e lls .
The c h a n g e i n sh a p e fro m ro u n d t o o v a l h a s b e e n
n o t e d b y Maximow an d Bloom (1 9 3 0 ) i n th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f
t h e m a tu re e r y t h r o c y t e s o f r e p t i l e s .
A m ito tic r e p r o d u c ­
t i o n was e v i d e n t t o a s l i g h t e x t e n t , w i t h a l l i n t e r m e d i ­
a te s ta g e s p r e s e n t.
J o r d a n and S p e i d e l (1 9 2 9 ) r e p o r t e d
b i - n u c l e a t e d e r y t h r o c y t e s , i n d i c a t i n g a m i t o s i s , fro m t h e
s p le e n o f th e h o rn e d to a d .
From t h e d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e
e r y t h r o c y t e s e r i e s r e c o r d e d b y A ld e r and H uber (1 9 2 3 )
fro m s e v e r a l s p e c i e s o f a m p h ib ia n s and r e p t i l e s , J o r d a n
an d B a k e r (1 9 2 7 ) fro m t h e f r o g , Dawson (1 9 3 1 d) fro m H eot u r u s , and J o r d a n (1 9 3 2 ) fro m P r o t e u s a n g u i n e u s , a s w e l l
a s fro m t h e above s t a t e m e n t s ,
i t w o u ld seem t h a t d i f f e r ­
e n t i a t i o n and m a t u r a t i o n o f e r y t h r o c y t e s i n t h e c i r o u l a t -
-4 4 -
in g b lo o d o c c u r s i n many o f t h e m em bers o f th e A m p h ib ia
an d R e p t i l i a .
The d i f f i c u l t y i n d i s t i n g u i s h i n g f r e e n u c l e i o f d i s ­
i n t e g r a t e d e r y t h r o c y t e s fro m s m a ll ly m p h o c y te s i n s m e a rs
o f a v ia n b lo o d w as p o i n t e d o u t b y S l a i n
( 1 9 2 8 ) , who u s e d
s u p r a v i t a l t e c h n iq u e i n p r e f e r e n c e t o s t a i n e d s m e a r s ,
little
d i f f i c u l t y h a s b e e n e n c o u n te re d w ith su ch d i s ­
t i n c t i o n s i n r e p t i l i a n b lo o d sm e a rs i f t h e sm e a rs w ere
p r o m p tly an d p r o p e r l y m ad e.
H o w ev er, i f t h e sm e a rs w ere
made o n ly a m in u te o r so a f t e r t h e b lo o d was d ra w n , v a r ­
i a b l e n u m b ers o f p i n k i s h b l o t c h e s r e p r e s e n t i n g d i s i n t e ­
g r a t e d e r y t h r o c y t e s a p p e a r e d i n t h e p e rm a n e n t m o u n ts .
E v en t h e w e l l p r e s e r v e d sm e a rs c o n t a i n e d a few s u c h
b lo tc h e s i n d i c a t i n g t h a t d i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f th e e r y t h r o ­
c y t e s t a k e s p l a c e i n t h e b lo o d s t r e a m .
J o r d a n (1925)
r e p o r t e d t h a t e r y t h r o c y t e s o f th e f r o g may s u f f e r d i s s o ­
l u t i o n i n th e p e r i p h e r a l b l o o d .
The few s m a ll v a c u o l e s
p r e s e n t i n r e p t i l i a n e r y t h r o c y t e s , a s shown b y n e u t r a l r e d
s t a i n i n g , w ere s i m i l a r t o t h o s e d e s c r i b e d i n th e e r y t h r o ­
c y t e s o f t h e b lo o d o f t h e a d u l t d o m e s tic fo w l b y Cook and
D e a r s ty n e
(1 9 3 5 ).
( 1 9 3 4 ) , and i n t h e c h i c k by K e l l y an d D e a r s ty n e
I t seem s p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e y r e p r e s e n t a ty p e o f
” s e g r e g a t i o n a p p a r a t u s '’ a s d e s c r i b e d b y E v a n s and S c o t t
(1 9 2 1 ).
J o r d a n (1 9 2 5 ) fo u n d th e m , w i t h s u p r a v i t a l s t a i n s ,
i n a l l th e b lo o d c e l l s o f t h e f r o g and c o n s i d e r e d th e m , a s
d id S h ip le y
( 1 9 1 9 ) , t o b e r e l a t e d t o t h e f u n d a m e n ta l
-4 5 -
m e ta b o lio a c t i v i t i e s o f th e c e l l s .
H ittis
(1 9 3 0 ) d e s c r i b e ! a ’ s tig m a * o r b r i g h t b lu e
s p o t i n t h e n u c l e a t e d e r y t h r o c y t e s o f c e r t a i n o f t h e lo w e r
v e r t e b r a t e s when t h e c e l l s w ere s u p r a v i t a l l y s t a i n e d w i t h
b r i l l i a n t c re s y l b lu e .
Dawson (1 9 3 1 a ) (1 9 3 1 b) h a s show n
th e s e s p o ts to be p r e s e n t i n th e e r y th r o c y te s o f s e v e r a l
o t h e r o f t h e lo w e r v e r t e b r a t e s i n c l u d i n g t h e h o rn e d t o a d .
He h a s a l s o d e s c r i b e d
(1 9 3 1 c) v a c u o l e s i n a t y p i c a l e r y ­
t h r o c y t e s fro m t h e b lo o d o f K e c tu r u s w h ic h w ere n o t s t a i n a b le e i t h e r s u p r a v i t a l l y o r i n W r i g h t 's s t a i n .
He s u g ­
g e s t e d t h a t th e y may h a v e b e e n d e g e n e r a t i v e i n n a t u r e ,
a l t h o u g h he s t a t e d t h a t s u c h v a c u o l e s u s u a l l y show m ark e d
a ffin ity fo r v ita l dyes.
S u c h 's t i g m a t a *
a p p e a re d i n t h e
e r y t h r o c y t e s o f t h e r e p t i l e s u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y when :
s t a i n e d w i t h n e u t r a l r e d , w h ic h s u g g e s t e d t h a t p e r h a p s
t h e y w ere m e r e ly t h e f i r s t v a c u o l e s o f th e s o - c a l l e d
" s e g r e g a tio n a p p a ra tu s " to a p p e a r .
The n o n - s t a i n a b l e
v a c u o l e s d e s c r i b e d b y D aw son, w ere a l s o s e e n i n t h e e r y ­
t h r o c y t e s o f t h e b lo o d o f c e r t a i n o f t h e r e p t i l e s .
The t h r o m b o c y t e s , a s s t a t e d by Maximow and Bloom
(1930)
a p p a r e n t l y t a k e t h e p l a c e o f t h e b lo o d p l a t e l e t s
o f m am m als.
I t h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d by J o r d a n and S p e i d e l
(1 9 2 4 ) t h a t t h e m i n u t e , m et a c h r o m a tic g r a n u l e s i n t h e
c y to p la s m o f th e th r o m b o c y te s o f t h e u r o d e l e s a re s i m i l a r
t o t h o s e o f t h e h em o g en io m e g a k a r y o c y te s o f m am m als.
was p r o b a b l y w i t h t h i s
i n m ind t h a t t h e y l a t e r
(1 9 2 9 )
It
46-
i d e n t i f i o d t h e th r o m b o c y te s w i t h th ro m b u s f o r m a t i o n i n t h e
h o rn e d t o a d .
Maximow an d Bloom (1 930) i d e n t i f i e d t h e a g ­
g l u t i n a t i o n a n d d i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e th r o m b o c y te s w i t h
t h e f o r m a t i o n o f c e n t e r s o f th r o m b in e l a b o r a t i o n .
.
S u g iy a m a (1 9 2 6 ) d e s c r i b e d t h e th r o m b o c y te s a s d i f f e r ­
e n t i a t i n g fro m .th e same a n c e s t r a l c e l l ty p e a s t h e e r y t h r o ­
c y t e s i n th e c h i c k .
Cook a n d D e a r s t y n e ( 1934) a c c e p t e d
t h i s v ie w a n d s t a t e d t h a t th r o m b o c y te s .w ere v e r y n u m ero u s
i n a v ia n b lo o d .
A lth o u g h t h e y d i d n o t i n c l u d e t h e th ro m ­
b o c y t e s i n th e d i f f e r e n t i a l l e u c o c y t e c o u n t s , t h e y may
h a v e i n c l u d e d them i n t h e t o t a l c o u n t s . ,
Jo rd a n (1 9 3 5 ),
h o w e v e r, i n h i s w o rk on t h e b l o o d o f b i r d s s t a t e d t h a t t h e
th r o m b o c y te s d e v e lo p e d fro m s m a ll ly m p h o c y te s , w h ic h w as
i n a g re e m e n t w i t h h i s . f o r m e r w o rk on u r o d e l e s
S p e i d e l 1 9 2 4 , an d J o r d a n , 1 9 3 2 ) .
( J o r d a n and
A lth o u g h L o e w e n th a l
.
(1 9 2 8 , 1 9 2 9 , 1 9 3 0 , 1931) h a s done a g r e a t d e a l o f w ork on
th e l e u c o c y t e s o f a m p h ib ia n s and r e p t i l e s , he h a s n o t
i n c l u d e d th r o m b o c y te s i n th e d i f f e r e n t i a l l e u c o c y t e
c o u n ts .
S a b r a s e s a n d Mur a t e t
(1 9 2 4 a) d i d n o t i n c l u d e t h e
th r o m b o c y te s i n t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l l e u c o c y t e c o u n ts o f
"
e i t h e r t h e c h a m e le o n , C h am eleo n v u l g a r i s , o r t h e w a l l
l i z a r d , P a c e r ta m u ra lis
(1 9 2 4 b ) .
In th e p r e s e n t s tu d y ,
t h e th r o m b o c y te s w ere c o n s i d e r e d a s l e u c o c y t e s b e c a u s e o f
c y t o l o g i c a l s i m i l a r i t i e s , . a n d w ere i n c l u d e d i n t h e d i f f e r ­
e n t i a l c o u n ts .
A l t h o u g h .t h e g ro u p a v e r a g e s .( T a b l e VI)
show ed t h a t o v e r o n e - h a l f o f th e l e u c o c y t e s w ere " _ .
;
•4 7 -
th r o m b o o y te s , i n s o m e -a n im a ls t h e n u m b ers w ere v e r y s m a l l ,
and. i n one h o r n e d to ad , no t y p i c a l th r o m b o c y te s w ere s e e n .
The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e ly m p h o c y te s o f r e p t i l e s
and o t h e r lo w e r v e r t e b r a t e s a r e f a i r l y w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d .
The ly m p h o c y te s o f a v i a n b lo o d w ere d e s c r i b e d by l e w i s a n d
L ew is (1 9 8 6 )
S e a rs ty n e
S u g iy a m a ( 1 9 2 6 ) , S l a i n
(1 9 3 4 ).
(1 9 2 8 ) ,, and Cook and
T h ese c e l l s o f r e p t i l i a n
an d a m p h ib ia n
b lo o d h av e a l s o b e e n am ply d i s c u s s e d b y J o r d a n a n d by
L o e w e n th a l i n t h e i r v a r i o u s p u b l i c a t i o n s c i t e d .
In adr
d i t i o n , b o t h o f t h e s e w o r k e r s h a v e d e s c r i b e d t h e lym pho­
c y t e s i n t h e b lo o d o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f i s h .
S in c e t h i s
s tu d y was n o t c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e h em o g en io f u n c t i o n s o f
t h e ly m p h o c y te s , t h e r e i s l i t t l e
c o n c e r n i n g t h e ly m p h o c y te s .
to add to th e l i t e r a t u r e
A lth o u g h J o r d a n (1 9 2 5 ) r e ­
p o r t e d o n ly o c c a s i o n a l r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e g l o b u l e s a p p e a r i n g
i n t h e ly m p h o c y te s o f t h e fro m i n s u p r a v i t a l s t a i n s , one
o r two s u c h l a r g e g l o b u l e s w ere p r e s e n t i n a lm o s t e v e r y
ly m p h o c y te e x a m in e d i n t h i s s t u d y a f t e r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n s
w ere s e v e r a l h o u r s o l d .
A ld e r an d H u b er (1 9 2 3 )
s ta te d
t h a t t h e ly m p h o c y te s o f r e p t i l e s w ere n o t c o m p a ra b le t o
t h o s e o f m am m als.
From m o r p h o lo g i c a l a p p e a ra n c e i n t h e
s ta in e d s m e a rs , a s w e ll as in s u p r a v i t a l s t a i n s , th e
ly m p h o c y te s s t u d i e d h e r e w e re a p p a r e n t l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h
t h o s e o f mamm a ls a l t h o u g h t h e y w ere s l i g h t l y l a r g e r .
The s t r i k i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e m o n o c y te s a s
shown i n t h e s u p r a v i t a l p r e p a r a t i o n s w ere t h e f o r m a t i o n
-4 8 -
o f v e r y l a r g e , i r r e g u l a r , d e e p l y s t a i n e d T a o u o le s i n t h e
c y to p la s m .
I t seem ed p r o b a b l e t h a t s u c h r e a c t i o n s w ere
p h a g o c y tic i n n a t u r e , .and c o n s i s t e d o f a c t i v e
In g e s tio n
an d s t o r a g e o f t h e dye r a t h e r t h a n a p a s s i v e s t a i n i n g o f
p r e f o r m e d g l o b u l e s , a s i n d i c a t e d by J o r d a n (1 9 2 5 ) i n t h e
b lo o d c e l l s o f t h e f r o g .
The p h a g o c y t o s i s o f a b n o rm a l
e r y t h r o c y t e s an d o f e o s i n o p h i l s by m o n o c y te s i n v i v o ,
a s i n d i c a t e d i n P l a t e I , F i g s . 4 and 5 , s u p p o r t e d th e
above o b s e r v a t i o n s made i n v i t r o .
T h a t th e m o n o c y te s
may becom e e x t r e m e l y a c t i v e u n d e r c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s was
i n d i c a t e d a l s o b y t h e w ork o f J o r d a n an d S p e i d e l (1 9 2 8 )
on s p l e n e c to m i z e d h o rn e d t o a d s .
C o n f l i c t i n g r e p o r t s a re t o be fo u n d c o n c e r n in g t h e
p r e s e n c e o f p o ly m o r p h o n u c le a r n e u t r o p h i l e s i n t h e b lo o d
of re p tile s .
S u ch c e l l s w ere fo u n d i n a m p h ib ia n s by J o r ­
d a n and S p e i d e l ( 1 9 2 4 ) , J o r d a n ( 1 9 2 5 ) , a n d L o e w e n th a l
( 1 9 2 8 ,1 9 2 9 ,1 9 3 0 ) , b u t i n b i r d s t h e r e p o r t s o f D oan,
C u n n in g h am , and S a b i n ( 1 9 2 5 ) , S u g iy a m a ( 1 9 2 6 ) , S l a i n
( 1 9 2 8 ) , Maximow and Bloom ( 1 9 3 0 ) , Cook an d D e a r s ty n e
( 1 9 3 4 ) , and K e l l y and D e a r s ty n e
( 1 9 3 5 ) , i n d i c a t e t h a t th e
p o ly m o r p h o n u c le a r l e u c o c y t e s w ere e o s i n o p h i l i c r a t h e r t h a n
n e u tro p h ilic .
F o r r e p t i l e s , vo n W e rz b e rg (1 9 1 1 ) c o n c lu d e d
t h a t t y p i c a l n e u t r o p h i l e s w ere n o t p r e s e n t , b u t L o e w e n th a l
( 1 9 3 1 ) , a f t e r h a v in g u s e d s e v e r a l m e th o d s o f s t a i n i n g ,
d is a g re e d .
J o r d a n and S p e i d e l (1924) s t a t e d t h a t no
n e u tro p h ile s o c c u rre d in b ir d s or r e p t i l e s , n o r f i n e l y .
-4 9 -
g r a n a l a r l e u c o c y t e s o f any s o r t ,
a lth o u g h , t h e y d e s c r i b e d
(1 9 2 9 ) a few c e l l s o f t h e h o rn e d t o a d t h a t c o r r e s p o n d e d
w ith th e n e u tr o p h i li c g r a n u lo c y te s o f L a o e r ta m u ra l!s
an d f a r e n t o l a m a u r i t a n i c a , a s d e s c r i b e d b y A ld e r and
H uber ( 1 9 2 3 ) .
S a b r a z e s and Mur a t e t
(1 9 2 4 a) d e s c r i b e d
p o ly m o r p h o n u c le a r l e u c o c y t e s o f th e c h a m e le o n w i t h h o r s e ­
sh o e s h a p e d n u c l e i , b u t " a g r a n u l a t i o n s p e u a p p a r e n t e s " .
T hey s t a t e d i n a r e p o r t on t h e l e u c o c y t e s o f th e b lo o d o f
L a o e rta m u ra lis
(1 9 2 4 b) t h a t t h e y d i d n o t f i n d g r a n u l a r
l e u c o c y t e s o f a p o ly m o r p h o n u c le a r n e u t r o p h i l i c t y p e , b u t
d i d d e s c r i b e m o n o c y te s w i t h a z u r o p h i l i c g r a n u l e s .
Such
a z u r o p h i l i c g r a n u l e s h ave b e e n d e s c r i b e d f o r m am m alian
ly m p h o c y te s b y Cowdry ( 1 9 2 8 ) , an d f o r a m p h ib ia n lym pho­
c y t e s by J o r d a n ( 1 9 3 2 ) .
I n W r i g h t ’ s s t a i n t h e r e w ere
p r e s e n t , as n o te d i n th e c e l l d e s c r i p t i o n s , v e ry f i n e r e d
g r a n u l e s i n c e r t a i n m o n o c y tic c e l l s , w h ic h g r a n u l e s w ere
p r o b a b l y t h e same a s t h e
ab o v e w o r k e r s .
‘a z u r o p h i l i c ’ g r a n u le s o f th e
I f s u c h w ere t h e c a s e , i t w o u ld seem
p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e m o n o c y te s w i t h t h e f i n e r e d g r a n u l e s
w ere o f ly m p h o id o r i g i n ,
a n d c o u ld n o t be c o n s i d e r e d a s
ty p ic a l g ra n u la r le u c o c y te s .
I n c e r t a i n s m e a rs c o m p le te
t r a n s i t i o n a l s e r i e s c o u l d be fo u n d fro m ly m p h o c y te s t o
m o n o c y te s , an d t o t h e m o n o c y to id c e l l s w i t h r e d g r a n u l e s
an d p o ly m o rp h ic n u c l e i .
(P la te I I , F ig s . 1 2 -1 4 ).
The e o s i n o p h i l e s o f c e r t a i n r e p t i l e s w ere w e l l d e ­
s c r i b e d b y L o e w e n th a l ( 1 9 0 9 ) ( 1 9 3 1 ) .
10E37S
A lth o u g h A ld e r an d
-5 0 -
H u b er (1 9 23) d e s c r i b e d tw o t y p e s o f e o s i n o p h i l e s i n
r e p t i l e s , one w i t h ro u n d g r a n u l e s and t h e o t h e r w i t h c y ­
l i n d r i c a l g r a n u l e s , an d J o r d a n (1 9 2 4 ) d e s c r i b e d a c o a r s e ­
l y an d a f i n e l y g r a n u l a r e o s i n o p h i l i c
ty p e i n t h e s k a t e ,
J o r d a n and S p e i d e l "(1929) d e s c r i b e d b u t one ty p e i n t h e
h o rn ed to a d .
S a b r a z e s a n d M u r a te t (1 9 2 4 a) d e s c r i b e d t h e
g r a n u l e s o f t h e e o s i n o p h i l e s o f C ham eleo n v u l g a r i s a s b o t h
ro u n d an d r o d - l i k e
i n fo rm .
As -was p o i n t e d o u t i n th e c e l l
d e s c r i p t i o n s , t h e f u s i f o r m g r a n u l e s may ro u n d up i n t h e
s u p r a v ita l p re p a ra tio n s o f liv in g c e l l s ,
so t h a t b o t h
t y p e s o f g r a n u l e s may o c c u r i n t h e same c e l l .
p o s s i b l e t h a t c e l l s w i t h ro u n d g r a n u l e s ,
T hus, i t i s
and c e l l s w i t h
f u s i f o r m g r a n u l e s , m ig h t be c o n s i d e r e d a s d i f f e r e n t t y p e s
o f c e l l s , e v e n th o u g h t h e y b e lo n g e d t o t h e • same c e l l
ty p e ;
:
-
The p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f e o s i n o p h i l e s
m ig h t be i n f l u e n c e d b y h e a v y i n f e s t a t i o n s o f p a r a s i t i c
worms i n h a b i t i n g t h e d i g e s t i v e t r a c t i s
T il.
i n d i c a t e d by T a b le
A lth o u g h an e o s i n o p h i l i a u s u a l l y was fo u n d c o i n c i ­
d e n t w i t h t h e i n t e s t i n a l i n f e s t a t i o n s , s u c h was n o t t h e
c a se w ith th e b lo o d - in h a b itin g p a r a s i t e s .
I n t h i s con­
n e c t i o n an o b s e r v a t i o n o f J o r d a n an d S p e i d e l (1 9 2 4 ) i s o f
in te re s t.
T hey s t a t e d t h a t d u r i n g th e m e ta m o rp h o s is o f
t h e l a r v a l f r o g t h e e o s i n o p h i l e s w ere m ore n u m ero u s t h a n
t h e n e u t r o p h i l e s i n t h e r e g i o n i n w h ic h t h e g u t was b e in g
r e s o r b e d , w h ile i n t h e r e g i o n w h ere t h e t a i l t i s s u e s w ere
51-
b e l n g r e s o r b e d , t h e r e v e r s e w as t r u e .
The s i g n i f i e s an o e o f h a a o p h l l e s i n v e r t e b r a t e b lo o d , i s
u n c e r t a i n , a l t h o u g h t h e i r m o rp h o lo g y h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d b y
many w o r k e r s .
F o r t h e r e p t i l e s , t h e m o r p h o lo g i c a l d e ­
s c r i p t i o n s by J o r d a n an d S p e i d e l ( 1 9 8 9 ) , L o e w e n th a l (1 9 5 0 )
( 1 9 3 1 ) , A ld e r a n d H u b er ( 1 9 8 3 ) , a n d S a b r a z e s a n d M u r a te t
(1 9 8 4 a ) (1 9 8 4 b)
a re s im ila r .
The c o n s e n s u s o f o p i n i o n
p r o b a b l y w o u ld b e t h a t t h e s e c e l l s w ere p r o d u c t s o f a b ­
n o r m a l c h a n g e s i n d e v e l o p in g e o s i n o p h i l e s s i n c e t h e g r a n ­
u l e s w ere o f t e n m e ta c h r o m a tic a n d th e n u c l e u s u s u a l l y l i k e
t h a t o f a d e g e n e ra tin g c e ll..
a n d K e l l y a n d D e a r s ty n e
c h o n d r i a w ere r a r e l y
Gook an d D e a r s ty n e
(1 9 3 5 ) h a v e r e p o r t e d t h a t m it o ­
seen in th e b a s d p h ile s o f fo w ls ,
b u t r e p o r t e d th e p r e s e n c e o f v i t a l l y
an d g l o b u l e s .
(1934)
s ta in a b le g ra n u le s
I n t h i s s t u d y no m i t o c h o n d r i a h a v e b e e n
s e e n i n r e p t i l i a n b a s o p h i l e s an d o n ly r a r e l y w ere t h e r e
any v a c u o l e s s t a i n e d i n n e u t r a l r e d .
The n u c l e i o f t h e
b a s o p h i l e s h av e b e e n c o m p a c t a n d s p h e r i c a l , o r s l i g h t l y
i n d e n t e d , b u t n o t p o ly m o r p h ic .
T hey w ere, d e f i n e d p o o r l y
i n W r i g h t 's s t a i n , so i t w o u ld seem t h a t t h e s e n u c l e i
w ere p r o b a b ly d e g e n e r a t e .
I t w as n o t a b l e fro m t h e d i f f e r ­
e n t i a l l e u c o c y t e c o u n t s t h a t l a r g e n u m b ers o f b a s o p h i l e s
w ere p r e s e n t i n t h e g e c k o s .
S in c e s e v e r a l o f t h e s e
a n im a ls h a r b o r e d i n t e s t i n a l p a r a s i t e s
an d show ed c o i n c i ­
d e n t e o s i n o p h i l i c , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t s u c h 'b a s o p h i l i a '
may i n d i c a t e c e l l r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n th e e o s i n o p h i l e s and
-5 2 -
T a a s o p h ile s .
Im m ature c e l l s , d e n o t i n g v a r i o u s s t a g e s i n t h e
d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n and d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e above d e f i n i t i v e
c e l l t y p e s , w ere fo u n d i n a l l o f th e s l i d e s .
The p r e s e n c e
o f s u c h c e l l s w as p r o b a b l y m ore n o t i c e a b l e i n t h e b lo o d o f
t h e s w i f t s t h a n i n a n y - o t h e r g ro u p s t u d i e d .
S in c e t h i s
p ro b le m d i d n o t i n c l u d e t h e s t u d y o f t h e o r i g i n and d e ­
v e lo p m e n t o f th e b lo o d c e l l s ,
o n ly tw o o u t s t a n d i n g t y p e s
o f im m atu re l e u c o c y t e s a re show n; n a m e ly , a m y e l o b l a s t
fro m t h e b lo o d o f a h o rn e d t o a d , .and m y e lo c y te s fro m th e
b lo o d o f a h o r n e d t o a d an d fro m th e b lo o d o f a s w i f t .
(P la te I I , F i g s . 6 - 8 ) .
A lth o u g h w ide v a r i a t i o n s w ere fo u n d i n th e i n d i v i u a l
b lo o d p i c t u r e s , t h e r e w as c e r t a i n l y no e v id e n c e t o s u p p o r t
t h e s t a t e m e n t o f S a b r a z e s an d M u r a te t (1 9 2 4 b) t h a t s i n c e
t h e b lo o d p i c t u r e s o f r e p t i l e s v a r i e d so g r e a t l y , one
w o u ld h a v e t o c o n c lu d e t h a t e a c h g e n u s , o r e v e n s p e c i e s ,
p o s s e s s e d a s e p a r a t e an d d i s t i n c t h e m a t o l o g i c a l t y p e ,
w h ic h v a r i e d , m o r e o v e r , u n d e r a h o s t o f p h y s i o l o g i c a l and
p a th o lo g ic a l c o n d itio n s .
-5 3 -
SUMARY AND CONCLUSIOKS
1.
D e t e r m i n a t i o n s w ere made o f num ber o f e r y t h r o c y t e s
an d l e u c o c y t e s , a n d am ount o f h e m o g lo b in p e r u n i t volum e
o f b lo o d f o r f i v e g r o u p s o f r e p t i l e s : g e c k o s , G i l a
m o n s t e r s , h o r n e d t o a d s , s n a k e s , an d s w i f t s .
2.
T h e re was a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e am ount
o f h e m o g lo b in and num ber o f e r y t h r o c y t e s p e r u n i t volum e
o f b lo o d i n t h e a n im a ls s t u d i e d .
3.
The u n i t q u a n t i t y o f h e m o g lo b in p r e s e n t show ed a
p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e n o rm a l a c t i v i t i e s i n e a c h
o f th e d i f f e r e n t g ro u p s o f a n im a ls .
4.
The t y p e s o f b lo o d c e l l s w ere s i m i l a r t o t h o s e o f
man w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g e x c e p t i o n s : t h e e r y t h r o c y t e s w ere
n u c l e a t e d ; th r o m b o c y te s w ere fo u n d i n p l a c e o f b lo o d
p l a t e l e t s ; n o t r u e n e u t r o p h i l e s w ere f o u n d .
5.
F o r th e c o r r e s p o n d i n g l e u c o c y t e s , t h e c e l l s i z e s
w ere som ew hat l a r g e r i n r e p t i l e s s t u d i e d t h a n i n m an.
6.
H eavy i n f e s t a t i o n s o f sto m a c h o r i n t e s t i n a l n e m a to d e s
a p p a r e n t l y i n c r e a s e d th e p e r c e n t a g e o f e o s i n o p h i l e s i n t h e
b lo o d s tr e a m o f t h e p a r a s i t i z e d a n i m a l s .
54'
7.
T h ese d a t a f a i l t o s u p p o r t th e c o n c l u s i o n o f S a b r a z e s
an d M u r a ta t (1 9 2 4 b) t h a t e a c h g e n u s , an d p o s s i b l y e a c h
s p e c ie s o f r e p t i l e s , h a s a d i s t i n c t h e m a to lo g ic a l p i c t u r e .
I n s p i t e o f w id e v a r i a t i o n s among i n d i v i d u a l h e m a t o l o g i c a l
p i c t u r e s , t h e r e was a c l o s e r e s e m b l a n c e , i n g e n e r a l i z e d
p ic tu r e s in a l l g ro u p s s tu d ie d .
-5 5 -
BIBHOaRiPHI
A l d e r , A ., an d H u b e r, E . 1 9 8 8 . U n te rs u o h u n g e n u e b e r
B l u t z e l l a n u a d Z e l l b l l d u n g b e i A m p h ib ie n a n d R e p t i l ­
ia n .
F o l i a H a e a a t o l o g i e a , B d. 8 9 , 8 . 1 - 2 2 .
B a k e r , E . a . S . , and K l i n e , L . E . 1 9 3 1 . C o m p a ra tiv e
e r y th r o c y te c o u n ts o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e v e r t e b r a t e s .
P r o c . I n d i a n a A nad. S o l . , 4 1 : 4 1 7 - 4 1 8 .
S la in , D a n ie l.
1 9 8 8 . A s t u d y o f t h e w h i t e b lo o d c e l l s o f
t h e n o rm a l f o w l b y t h e s u p r a v i t a l t e c h n i g u e .
A n a t. R e o . , 3 9 :2 8 5 - 2 9 1 .
B ry a n , W. R . , a n d C a r r e y , W. -E; 1 9 3 4 . A a e o h a n i e a l
d e v ic e t h a t p r o d u c e s u n if o r m d i s p e r s i o n o f b lo o d
c e l l s i n th e d i l u t i n g p i p e t t e .
J . A. I t . A ., 1 0 3 :
1 0 5 9 -1 0 6 0 .
C o o k , F . ¥ . , a n d D e a r s ty n e , R . S . 1 9 3 4 . H e m ato lo g y o f
th e fo w l.
I e o h . B u l l . H o. 4 4 , A g r i o . E x p . S t a . ,
H o r th C a r o l i n a S t a t e C o l l e g e .
C ow dry, E ; 7 .
I n c .* '
1928.
_
S p e c i a l C y to lo g y .
P a u l B . H o e b er
D aw son, A. B . 1931 a .
The r e a c t i o n s o f e r y t h r o c y t e s o f
v e r te b r a te s , e s p e c ia lly f i s h e s , to v i t a l d y es.
B io l. B u l l . , 6 3 :4 8 -7 2 .
._______ _
1931 b . S u p r a v i t a l s t u d i e s o n t h e
e r y t h r o c y t e s o f t h e c a t f i s h , A m e iu ru s n e b u lo s u s
L e s u e u r, w ith s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e to th e I f i t t i s s tig m a .
A n a t. R e o ., 4 9 :1 2 1 - 1 3 2 .
~" • - '•
193 1 o .
The o c c u r r e n c e o f a t y p i c a l
v a c u o l a t e d e r y t h r o c y t e s i n t h e c i r c u l a t i n g b lo o d o f
H e o t u r u s . A n a t. R e o . , 5 0 : 2 3 - 3 1 .
■ [
1981 d .
R e o ., 5 0 : 7 2 - 7 3 .
H e m o p o ie s is i n H e o t u r u s .
A n a t.
D i l l , D. B . , a n d E d w a rd s , H. T .
1 9 3 1 . P h y s i c o c h e m ic a l
p r o p e r t i e s o f c r o c o d i l e b lo o d C r o o o d i lu s a o u t u s ,
C u v i e r . . J . B i o l . C h e m .; 9 0 : 5 1 5 .'"
~~
,
-5 6 -
D i l l , D. B . , an d E d w a rd s , H. I .
1935. P r o p e r tie s o f
r e p t i l i a n b l o o d . IV . The a l l i g a t o r . A l l i g a t o r
B i s s i s s i p p i e n s i s B a u d in .
J • C e l l , an d S o a p .
B h y s io l . ,
2 4 3 -2 5 4 .
.
”
.::
, E d w a rd s , H. T . , B ook, JL. V ., a n d T a l b o t t ,
el. H. 1 9 3 5 . P r o p e r t i e s o f r e p t i l i a n b l o o d .
III.
The o h u o k w a lla , S a n r o m a ln s . o b e s u a B a i r d .
J . C e ll,
an d Comp. P h y s i o l . , 6^:3 7 -4 8 .
D o an , C . A ., C unningham , R. S . , a n d S a b i n , F . R . 1 9 2 5 .
E x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d i e s on t h e o r i g i n and m a t u r a t i o n o f
.a v ia n an d m am m alian r e d b lo o d b e l l s .
C o n trlb . to
E m b ry o l. , C a r n e g ie I n s t . W a s h ., 1 6 ( 8 3 ) : 1 6 3 - 2 2 6 .
E d w a rd s , H. T . , and D i l l , D. B. 1 9 3 5 . P r o p e r t i e s o f,
r e p t i l i a n b lo o d . I I .
The G i l a m o n s t e r , H e lo d e rm a
s u s p e o tu m C o p e. J . C e l l , an d Comp. P h y s i o l .
: & 1 -3 5 .
E v a n s , H. rK . a n d S c o t t , .K . J . 1 9 2 1 . On t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l
r e a c t i o n t o v i t a l d y e s o f th e tw o g r e a t g r o u p s o f
c o n n e c tiv e t i s s u e c e l l s .
C o n t r l b . t o E m b r y o l.,
C a r n e g ie I n s t . W a s h ., 1 0 ( 4 7 ) : 3 - 5 2 .
H o p p in g , A l e i t a .
1 9 2 3 . S e a s o n a l c h a n g e s i n th e g a s e s an d
s u g a r i n t h e b lo o d an d t h e n i t r o g e n d i s t r i b u t i o n i n
th e b lo o d and u r in e o f th e a l l i g a t o r .
A m er. J o u r .
P h y s i o l . , 6 6 :1 4 5 - 1 6 3 .
;
;
J o r d a n , H. E .
1 9 2 5 . A s t u d y o f t h e b lo o d o f t h e l e o p a r d
f r o g b y th e m eth o d o f s u p r a v i t a l s t a i n i n g co m b in ed
w i t h t h e i n j e c t i o n o f I n d i a .in k i n t o t h e d o r s a l lym ph
...........s a c , w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o t h e g e n e t i c r e l a t i o n ­
s h i p s among l e u c o c y t e s . Am er. J o u r . A n a t . , 3 5 : 1 0 5 131.
1 9 3 2 . The h i s t o l o g y o f t h e b lo o d a n d t h e
b l o o d - f o r m i n g t i l s su e s o f th e u r ode l a V P r o t e u s
a n g u i n e u s . Am er. J o u r . A n a t . , 5 1 :2 1 5 - 2 5 3 .
”
f o rm a tio n .
1 9 3 5 . The r o l e o f t h e ly m p h o c y te i n b lo o d
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^
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