ATHENA
Contrary to EU civilian missions that are directly financed by
the CFSP budget, CSDP military operations are mostly financed
by participating member states on a ‘costs lie where they
fall’ basis. A ­mechanism known as ATHENA was established
in 2004 to provide funds for the common costs of operations.
Those costs include transport, infrastructure, medical services,
lodging and fuel. It is estimated that the ­ATHENA ­mechanism
covers between 10 to 15% of the total cost of an operation.
PESCO - Permanent Structured Cooperation
Introduced by Article 42 (6) of the Treaty on European Union,
modified in Lisbon, and spelt out in more detail in Article 46 and
a dedicated Protocol, this provision makes it possible for some
member states to strengthen their cooperation in military matters
on the basis of criteria related to operational readiness, industrial
cooperation on defence equipment, and expenditure on research
and development (R&D).
Petersberg Tasks
Battlegroups
Battlegroups are high-readiness battalion-size force packages
consisting of 1,500 personnel that can be deployed within 10
days after an EU decision to launch an operation, and that can be
sustained for up to 30 days (extendable to 120 days with rotation).
Berlin Plus
The Berlin Plus agreement refers to a comprehensive package of
arrangements finalised in early 2003 between the EU and NATO
that allows the Union to make use of certain NATO assets and
capabilities for EU-led crisis management operations. ­ALTHEA
in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the only ongoing Berlin Plus
­operation.
CONOPs - Concept of Operations
A Concept of Operations (CONOPS) is an operational planning
document that specifies the aim of a mission or operation and how
it is to be implemented. Together with the Operation Plan (OPLAN), it
is a key document in the planning of a CSDP action – to be drawn up
once a mission or operation has been agreed upon by the Council.
Comprehensive approach
The comprehensive approach refers to the strategically coherent
use of the wide array of policies, tools and instruments – spanning
the diplomatic, security, defence, financial, trade, development
cooperation and humanitarian aid fields – at the disposal of the
Union when tackling external conflicts and crises.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
People, Institutions, bodies
and Agencies
A Glossary for CSDP
Agreed upon in 1992 in the Western European Union (WEU)
framework, the Petersberg Tasks defined the spectrum of military
actions that the EU can undertake in its crisis management
operations. They were then incorporated into Article 17 of the
Amsterdam Treaty (1999) and subsequently amended by the
Lisbon Treaty (2009), to include: ‘joint disarmament operations,
humanitarian and rescue tasks, military advice and assistance
tasks, conflict prevention and peace-keeping tasks, tasks of
combat forces in crisis management, including peace-making and­
post-conflict stabilisation’.
Pooling & Sharing
This concept refers to member-state-led initiatives and projects to
increase collaboration on the full spectrum of military capabilities –
by either using them on a collective basis, or relinquishing some at
national level on the assumption that other EU countries will make
them available when necessary. The European Defence Agency
(EDA) plays an important role in coordinating such increased
cooperation among member states.
SSR - Security Sector Reform
Security Sector Reform (SSR) has become an essential feature of CSDP
missions. Drawing on the link between security and development,
SSR is about reforming the security and justice sector of a fragile
state in order to enhance its effectiveness and accountability. SSR is
considered to be a key tool for the establishment of the rule of law
and good governance.
Western European Union – Heir to the
october 1954Brussels Treaty (1948), the first
European defence institutional
framework
CivCom - Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis ­Management
The CivCom is an advisory body composed of member state representatives
which focuses on the civilian aspect of the CSDP. The Committee drafts
and prepares decisions for the Political and Security Committee.
EUMS - European Union Military Staff
The EUMS is a fully integrated component of the EEAS and is the source of
collective military expertise. It is placed under the direction of the EUMC and
the authority of the HR and draws its military experts from member states.
CMPD - Crisis Management and Planning Directorate
The CMPD is the civilian-military strategic planning structure for CSDP
operations and missions. Within the EEAS, it provides crisis management
expertise, and supports the development of crisis-related concepts and
capabilities.
EU OPCEN - European Union Operations Centre
The EU OPCEN provides support in the field of operational planning and
conduct of specific missions and operations.
CPCC - Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
The CPCC plans and conducts civilian CSDP missions under the political
control and strategic direction of the Politcal and Security Committee. It
provides assistance and advice to the High Representative, the Presidency
and the relevant EU Council bodies.
EDA - European Defence Agency
The EDA, established in 2004, is the EU agency that facilitates defence
cooperation among its member states (the EU-28 bar Denmark) in areas
such as research and technology (R&T), training and procurement.
EEAS - European External Action Service
The EEAS operates as the EU’s diplomatic corps under the authority of
the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. It assists
the HR in conducting the Union’s CFSP with the support of a broad
network of EU Delegations located globally.
ESDC - European Security and Defence College
The ESDC provides strategic-level education in the sphere of the CSDP.
The objective of creating the College in 2005 was to provide member
states with experts in the field, thereby promoting a common European
security culture.
EUMC - European Union Military Committee
The EUMC, composed of member state Chiefs of Defence, is the Council’s
highest-ranked military body. Its task is to direct all EU military activities
and provide the PSC with both expertise and guidance on military
matters.
april 1949
EUSC - European Union Satellite Centre
The EUSC supports the decision-making in the CFSP/CSDP through the
analysis of data from Earth observation satellites. The satellite centre
is a Council agency which operates under the direction of the High
Representative.
HR/VP - High Representative/Vice-President
The High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security­
Policy/Vice-­President of the European Commission (HR/VP) conducts the
Union’s common foreign and security policy. He/she contributes to the
development of that policy, which he/she carries out as mandated by the
Council.
INTCEN - Intelligence Analysis Centre
The EU’s INTCEN was established in 2011 and serves to provide early warning
and situational awareness to the HR and the EEAS through the monitoring
and assessment of international events.
PMG - Politico-Military Group
The PMG is a Council Working Group that deals with security and defence
issues. It develops strategic concepts, assists in drafting planning documents
and monitors the progress of military and combined civilian/military
operations.
PSC - Political and Security Committee
The PSC convenes at ambassadorial level and its primary role is to help
define policies within the CSDP, prepare a coherent response to crises, as
well as exercise political control and strategic direction of CSDP missions.
The PSC also monitors the international situation in the areas covered by the
CFSP and contributes to the definition of the security policy of the Union.
Maastricht Treaty – Provisions
on Union's responsibilities in terms
of security and the possibility
of a future common defence policy
february 1992
Petersberg Tasks – List of military
june 1992and security priorities later
incorporated within CSDP
Amsterdam Treaty – Creation of
High Representative for CFSP
october 1997
Saint-Malo Declaration –
Franco-British declaration on the
december 1998need to give the EU the capacity
for autonomous action in managing
international crises
Cologne European Council –
Javier Solana becomes first High
Representative for CFSP
june 1999
Nice European Council – CIVCOM,
december 2000EUMC, EUMS, PSC are established
as permanent structures
EUPM BiH – First CSDP civilian
mission launched
january 2003
Berlin Plus Agreement – Package
march 2003of agreements allowing the EU
to draw on some of NATO's
military assets
Operation Artemis – First autonomous
EU-led military operation launched
june 2003
july 2004European Defence Agency created
Lisbon Treaty creates post of High
Representative of the Union for
Foreign Affairs and Security Policy,
Vice-President of the Commission
(HR/VP), and includes common
defence and solidarity clauses
december 2007
december 2009Catherine Ashton becomes first HR/VP
European External Action Service
officially launched
january 2011
European Security
and Defence
#CSDPbasics
ATHENA
Contrary to EU civilian missions that are directly financed by
the CFSP budget, CSDP military operations are mostly financed
by participating member states on a ‘costs lie where they
fall’ basis. A ­mechanism known as ATHENA was established
in 2004 to provide funds for the common costs of operations.
Those costs include transport, infrastructure, medical services,
lodging and fuel. It is estimated that the ­ATHENA ­mechanism
covers between 10 to 15% of the total cost of an operation.
PESCO - Permanent Structured Cooperation
Introduced by Article 42 (6) of the Treaty on European Union,
modified in Lisbon, and spelt out in more detail in Article 46 and
a dedicated Protocol, this provision makes it possible for some
member states to strengthen their cooperation in military matters
on the basis of criteria related to operational readiness, industrial
cooperation on defence equipment, and expenditure on research
and development (R&D).
Petersberg Tasks
Battlegroups
Battlegroups are high-readiness battalion-size force packages
consisting of 1,500 personnel that can be deployed within 10
days after an EU decision to launch an operation, and that can be
sustained for up to 30 days (extendable to 120 days with rotation).
Berlin Plus
The Berlin Plus agreement refers to a comprehensive package of
arrangements finalised in early 2003 between the EU and NATO
that allows the Union to make use of certain NATO assets and
capabilities for EU-led crisis management operations. ­ALTHEA
in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the only ongoing Berlin Plus
­operation.
Comprehensive approach
The comprehensive approach refers to the strategically coherent
use of the wide array of policies, tools and instruments – spanning
the diplomatic, security, defence, financial, trade, development
cooperation and humanitarian aid fields – at the disposal of the
Union when tackling external conflicts and crises.
CONOPs - Concept of Operations
A Concept of Operations (CONOPS) is an operational planning
document that specifies the aim of a mission or operation and how
it is to be implemented. Together with the Operation Plan (OPLAN), it
is a key document in the planning of a CSDP action – to be drawn up
once a mission or operation has been agreed upon by the Council.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
People, Institutions, bodies
and Agencies
A Glossary for CSDP
Agreed upon in 1992 in the Western European Union (WEU)
framework, the Petersberg Tasks defined the spectrum of military
actions that the EU can undertake in its crisis management
operations. They were then incorporated into Article 17 of the
Amsterdam Treaty (1999) and subsequently amended by the
Lisbon Treaty (2009), to include: ‘joint disarmament operations,
humanitarian and rescue tasks, military advice and assistance
tasks, conflict prevention and peace-keeping tasks, tasks of
combat forces in crisis management, including peace-making and­
post-conflict stabilisation’.
Pooling & Sharing
This concept refers to member-state-led initiatives and projects to
increase collaboration on the full spectrum of military capabilities –
by either using them on a collective basis, or relinquishing some at
national level on the assumption that other EU countries will make
them available when necessary. The European Defence Agency
(EDA) plays an important role in coordinating such increased
cooperation among member states.
SSR - Security Sector Reform
Security Sector Reform (SSR) has become an essential feature of CSDP
missions. Drawing on the link between security and development,
SSR is about reforming the security and justice sector of a fragile
state in order to enhance its effectiveness and accountability. SSR is
considered to be a key tool for the establishment of the rule of law
and good governance.
Western European Union – Heir to the
october 1954Brussels Treaty (1948), the first
European defence institutional
framework
CivCom - Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis ­Management
The CivCom is an advisory body composed of member state representatives
which focuses on the civilian aspect of the CSDP. The Committee drafts
and prepares decisions for the Political and Security Committee.
EUMS - European Union Military Staff
The EUMS is a fully integrated component of the EEAS and is the source of
collective military expertise. It is placed under the direction of the EUMC and
the authority of the HR and draws its military experts from member states.
CMPD - Crisis Management and Planning Directorate
The CMPD is the civilian-military strategic planning structure for CSDP
operations and missions. Within the EEAS, it provides crisis management
expertise, and supports the development of crisis-related concepts and
capabilities.
EU OPCEN - European Union Operations Centre
The EU OPCEN provides support in the field of operational planning and
conduct of specific missions and operations.
CPCC - Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
The CPCC plans and conducts civilian CSDP missions under the political
control and strategic direction of the Politcal and Security Committee. It
provides assistance and advice to the High Representative, the Presidency
and the relevant EU Council bodies.
EDA - European Defence Agency
The EDA, established in 2004, is the EU agency that facilitates defence
cooperation among its member states (the EU-28 bar Denmark) in areas
such as research and technology (R&T), training and procurement.
EEAS - European External Action Service
The EEAS operates as the EU’s diplomatic corps under the authority of
the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. It assists
the HR in conducting the Union’s CFSP with the support of a broad
network of EU Delegations located globally.
ESDC - European Security and Defence College
The ESDC provides strategic-level education in the sphere of the CSDP.
The objective of creating the College in 2005 was to provide member
states with experts in the field, thereby promoting a common European
security culture.
EUMC - European Union Military Committee
The EUMC, composed of member state Chiefs of Defence, is the Council’s
highest-ranked military body. Its task is to direct all EU military activities
and provide the PSC with both expertise and guidance on military
matters.
april 1949
EUSC - European Union Satellite Centre
The EUSC supports the decision-making in the CFSP/CSDP through the
analysis of data from Earth observation satellites. The satellite centre
is a Council agency which operates under the direction of the High
Representative.
HR/VP - High Representative/Vice-President
The High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security­
Policy/Vice-­President of the European Commission (HR/VP) conducts the
Union’s common foreign and security policy. He/she contributes to the
development of that policy, which he/she carries out as mandated by the
Council.
INTCEN - Intelligence Analysis Centre
The EU’s INTCEN was established in 2011 and serves to provide early warning
and situational awareness to the HR and the EEAS through the monitoring
and assessment of international events.
PMG - Politico-Military Group
The PMG is a Council Working Group that deals with security and defence
issues. It develops strategic concepts, assists in drafting planning documents
and monitors the progress of military and combined civilian/military
operations.
PSC - Political and Security Committee
The PSC convenes at ambassadorial level and its primary role is to help
define policies within the CSDP, prepare a coherent response to crises, as
well as exercise political control and strategic direction of CSDP missions.
The PSC also monitors the international situation in the areas covered by the
CFSP and contributes to the definition of the security policy of the Union.
Maastricht Treaty – Provisions
on Union's responsibilities in terms
of security and the possibility
of a future common defence policy
february 1992
Petersberg Tasks – List of military
june 1992and security priorities later
incorporated within CSDP
Amsterdam Treaty – Creation of
High Representative for CFSP
october 1997
Saint-Malo Declaration –
Franco-British declaration on the
december 1998need to give the EU the capacity
for autonomous action in managing
international crises
Cologne European Council –
Javier Solana becomes first High
Representative for CFSP
june 1999
Nice European Council – CIVCOM,
december 2000EUMC, EUMS, PSC are established
as permanent structures
EUPM BiH – First CSDP civilian
mission launched
january 2003
Berlin Plus Agreement – Package
march 2003of agreements allowing the EU
to draw on some of NATO's
military assets
Operation Artemis – First autonomous
EU-led military operation launched
june 2003
july 2004European Defence Agency created
Lisbon Treaty creates post of High
Representative of the Union for
Foreign Affairs and Security Policy,
Vice-President of the Commission
(HR/VP), and includes common
defence and solidarity clauses
december 2007
december 2009Catherine Ashton becomes first HR/VP
European External Action Service
officially launched
january 2011
EUISS Publications
As part of its mission to foster a common security culture
for the EU, to help develop and project the CFSP, and to
enrich Europe’s strategic debate, the European Union
Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) regularly releases
publications on the topics and regions at the core of its
work.
The flagship publication of the EUISS is its series of Chaillot
Papers, which are based on focused, in-depth research.
The EUISS also publishes a Yearbook (YES) collecting facts
and figures. Targeted Reports, shorter Briefs and Alerts
are produced on a regular basis.
European Security
and Defence
#CSDPbasics
Common foreign and Security
Policy (CFSP)
Common Security and Defence
Policy (CSDP)
What is it?
What is it?
The CFSP is a framework for the EU’s external action which allows for
the Union’s member states to play a more active role collectively on the
global stage.
The CSDP is an essential component of the European Union’s
­foreign policy toolbox. It provides Europe with an operational
­capacity supported by both civilian and military assets and ­enables
the Union to respond to crises threatening global peace and
­stability.
What is it for?
The four key aims of the Union’s external policies, missions and ­strategies
are to: support stability, promote human rights and ­democracy, spread
prosperity, and support the enforcement of the rule of law and good
governance. The CFSP sets out common guidelines and principles that
define and articulate the EU’s external approach.
What’s new after the Lisbon Treaty?
Since 2009, the EU has witnessed innovative changes. One is a new
­institutional figure, the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and
Security Policy (HR), who is also Vice-President of the European
­Commission. The second is the European External Action Service, which
acts as the ­European Union’s diplomatic corps and supports the HR in
­conducting the CFSP.
What are its tools?
What is it for?
Faced with an increasingly volatile environment, the EU – in ­parallel
with key international organisations such as the UN, NATO and the
OSCE – seeks to contribute to the establishment and maintenance
of peace and stability through CSDP.
What’s new after the Lisbon Treaty?
The CSDP replaced the former European Security and Defence
Policy (ESDP) following the Lisbon Treaty. The most notable Treaty
provisions related to CSDP expanded the Petersberg Tasks, and
­created the EEAS and the position of HR/VP.
What are its tools?
The EU has a broad range of foreign and security instruments at its
disposal to promote international peace and security. Some fall within
the traditional realm of common diplomacy and conflict prevention.
­Others include the launch of civilian missions and military operations
in support of broader political goals (CSDP proper). The EU can also rely
on other tools such as trade and development, which, taken together,
­account for the Union’s ‘external action’ more broadly.
The CSDP is one of the many instruments used to respond to ­current
global crises as part of the EU’s comprehensive approach. Both the
CSDP’s civilian and military missions complement ­development
policy and diplomatic action on the ground. This ensures more
coherent action on the part of the Union, a prime objective of
the Lisbon Treaty. The importance of CSDP was also highlighted
­following the December Council meeting in 2013 in which heads of
state discussed the future of defence in Europe.
What results so far?
What results so far?
The Union has become a major political actor on the international scene;
as such it participates in broad diplomatic and crisis management
­efforts, within its neighbourhood and beyond. The EU has, for example,
played a central role in the establishment of sustainable peace in ­Kosovo
and the Western Balkans, as well as in the negotiations on nuclear
­non-proliferation with Iran. Through its economic and political strength
it has also gradually developed diplomatic and economic sanctions
Since the first mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina was initiated in
­January 2003, the EU has contributed to the stabilisation of fragile
states through over 30 civilian missions and military operations
in such places as the Horn of Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, the
Western Balkans, and the Middle East in cooperation with NATO,
the UN and/or the African Union.
to tackle the violation of international law and human rights.
EU MISSIONS
MAP
CSDP at a glance
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650
VXgdhhi]ZLZhi7Vc`h^cXZDXidWZg'%&(
Since 2009!EULEX
KOSOVO
_jY^X^VaeZghdccZaegdXZhhZY
42!000
property claims.
22
EU member
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d[C6ID
BdgZi]Vc 200 instructors
]VkZWZZcYZeadnZY^cEUTM Mali
^cdgYZgid]ZaegZWj^aY
i]ZBVa^VcVgbZY[dgXZh
Over
EUBAM RAFAH
Palestinian Territories
Since 2005
Approximate number of personnel
(international & local)
EUFOR ALTHEA
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Since 2004
EUPOL
Afghanistan
Since 2007
EUPOL COPPS
Palestinian Territories
Since 2006
100-500
30
third states
have contributed to CSDP
missions and operations
The European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS)
is the Union’s agency dealing with the analysis of foreign,
security and defence policy issues.
EUMM
Georgia
Since 2008
< 100
states are full
1,500
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#
EU battlegroup
42!863
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^c i]Z VgZVh VY_VXZci id6W`]Vo^VVcYHdji]DhhZi^V
The European Union Institute
for Security Studies (EUISS)
EUBAM
Moldova and Ukraine
Since 2005
EUMM ]Vh XdcYjXiZY V idiVa d[
EUPOL COPPS
Palestinian Civil
Police personnel
EUAM
Ukraine
Since 2014
EULEX
Kosovo
Since 2008
500-1,000
EUBAM
Libya
Since 2013
1,000-2,000
EUFOR
RCA
Since 2014
> 2,000
>cXajY^c\7gVo^a!<Zdg\^V!CdglVn!Gjhh^V!Ijg`Zn!VcYi]ZJH
H^cXZ^ihaVjcX]! EU NAVFOR
Operation ATALANTA ]Vh]VYV
EUCAP SAHEL
Mali
Since 2014
100%
success
gViZegdk^Y^c\ZhXdgihidLdgaY;ddYEgd\gVbbZ
L;EkZhhZahYZa^kZg^c\[ddYidi]ZHdbVa^eZdeaZ
EU NAVFOR
Atalanta
Since 2008
MILITARY OPERATIONS
EUTM Somalia:H^cXZ'%&%!:JIBHdbVa^V
EUCAP SAHEL
Niger
Since 2012
]VhXdcig^WjiZYidi]ZigV^c^c\d[Veegdm^bViZan
3,600 Somali soldiers
EUTM
Mali
Since 2013
EUSEC
RD Congo
Since 2005
EUCAP NESTOR
Kenya, Djibouti,
Somalia, Seychelles
Since 2012
EUTM
Somalia
Since 2010
CIVILIAN MISSIONS
The Institute became an autonomous agency of the EU in
January 2002, under the Common Foreign and Security
Policy (CFSP), to foster a common security culture for the
EU, support the elaboration and projection of its foreign
policy, and enrich the strategic debate inside and outside
Europe. Based in Paris, with a Liaison Office in Brussels,
the EUISS is now an integral part of the new structures
that underpin the further development of the CFSP/CSDP.
The Institute’s core mission is to provide analyses and
fora for discussion that can be of use and relevance to the
formulation of EU policy. In carrying out that mission, it
also acts as an interface between European experts and
decision-makers at all levels.
The Institute is funded by EU member states according to a­
GNI-based formula. It is governed by a Board, which
lays down its budgetary and administrative rules and
approves its work programme. The Political and Security
Committee (PSC) exercises political supervision —
without prejudice to the intellectual independence and
operational autonomy of the EUISS.
European Union Institute for Security Studies
100, avenue de Suffren | 75015 Paris | France
www.iss.europa.eu
l^i]V[dXjhdccdc"Xdbb^hh^dcZYd[[^XZghC8Dh
HdjgXZ/:jgdeZVc:miZgcVa6Xi^dcHZgk^XZ!ÈDc\d^c\b^hh^dchVcYdeZgVi^dchÉ!VkV^aVWaZdca^cZVi/]iie/$$lll#ZZVh#ZjgdeV#Zj$XhYe$b^hh^dch"VcY"deZgVi^dch$
©European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2014.
QN-04-14-736-EN-C | ISBN 978-92-9198-246-2 | DOI 10.2815/41790
ATHENA
Contrary to EU civilian missions that are directly financed by
the CFSP budget, CSDP military operations are mostly financed
by participating member states on a ‘costs lie where they
fall’ basis. A ­mechanism known as ATHENA was established
in 2004 to provide funds for the common costs of operations.
Those costs include transport, infrastructure, medical services,
lodging and fuel. It is estimated that the ­ATHENA ­mechanism
covers between 10 to 15% of the total cost of an operation.
PESCO - Permanent Structured Cooperation
Introduced by Article 42 (6) of the Treaty on European Union,
modified in Lisbon, and spelt out in more detail in Article 46 and
a dedicated Protocol, this provision makes it possible for some
member states to strengthen their cooperation in military matters
on the basis of criteria related to operational readiness, industrial
cooperation on defence equipment, and expenditure on research
and development (R&D).
Petersberg Tasks
Battlegroups
Battlegroups are high-readiness battalion-size force packages
consisting of 1,500 personnel that can be deployed within 10
days after an EU decision to launch an operation, and that can be
sustained for up to 30 days (extendable to 120 days with rotation).
Berlin Plus
The Berlin Plus agreement refers to a comprehensive package of
arrangements finalised in early 2003 between the EU and NATO
that allows the Union to make use of certain NATO assets and
capabilities for EU-led crisis management operations. ­ALTHEA
in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the only ongoing Berlin Plus
­operation.
CONOPs - Concept of Operations
A Concept of Operations (CONOPS) is an operational planning
document that specifies the aim of a mission or operation and how
it is to be implemented. Together with the Operation Plan (OPLAN), it
is a key document in the planning of a CSDP action – to be drawn up
once a mission or operation has been agreed upon by the Council.
Comprehensive approach
The comprehensive approach refers to the strategically coherent
use of the wide array of policies, tools and instruments – spanning
the diplomatic, security, defence, financial, trade, development
cooperation and humanitarian aid fields – at the disposal of the
Union when tackling external conflicts and crises.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
People, Institutions, bodies
and Agencies
A Glossary for CSDP
Agreed upon in 1992 in the Western European Union (WEU)
framework, the Petersberg Tasks defined the spectrum of military
actions that the EU can undertake in its crisis management
operations. They were then incorporated into Article 17 of the
Amsterdam Treaty (1999) and subsequently amended by the
Lisbon Treaty (2009), to include: ‘joint disarmament operations,
humanitarian and rescue tasks, military advice and assistance
tasks, conflict prevention and peace-keeping tasks, tasks of
combat forces in crisis management, including peace-making and­
post-conflict stabilisation’.
Pooling & Sharing
This concept refers to member-state-led initiatives and projects to
increase collaboration on the full spectrum of military capabilities –
by either using them on a collective basis, or relinquishing some at
national level on the assumption that other EU countries will make
them available when necessary. The European Defence Agency
(EDA) plays an important role in coordinating such increased
cooperation among member states.
SSR - Security Sector Reform
Security Sector Reform (SSR) has become an essential feature of CSDP
missions. Drawing on the link between security and development,
SSR is about reforming the security and justice sector of a fragile
state in order to enhance its effectiveness and accountability. SSR is
considered to be a key tool for the establishment of the rule of law
and good governance.
Western European Union – Heir to the
october 1954Brussels Treaty (1948), the first
European defence institutional
framework
CivCom - Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis ­Management
The CivCom is an advisory body composed of member state representatives
which focuses on the civilian aspect of the CSDP. The Committee drafts
and prepares decisions for the Political and Security Committee.
EUMS - European Union Military Staff
The EUMS is a fully integrated component of the EEAS and is the source of
collective military expertise. It is placed under the direction of the EUMC and
the authority of the HR and draws its military experts from member states.
CMPD - Crisis Management and Planning Directorate
The CMPD is the civilian-military strategic planning structure for CSDP
operations and missions. Within the EEAS, it provides crisis management
expertise, and supports the development of crisis-related concepts and
capabilities.
EU OPCEN - European Union Operations Centre
The EU OPCEN provides support in the field of operational planning and
conduct of specific missions and operations.
CPCC - Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
The CPCC plans and conducts civilian CSDP missions under the political
control and strategic direction of the Politcal and Security Committee. It
provides assistance and advice to the High Representative, the Presidency
and the relevant EU Council bodies.
EDA - European Defence Agency
The EDA, established in 2004, is the EU agency that facilitates defence
cooperation among its member states (the EU-28 bar Denmark) in areas
such as research and technology (R&T), training and procurement.
EEAS - European External Action Service
The EEAS operates as the EU’s diplomatic corps under the authority of
the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. It assists
the HR in conducting the Union’s CFSP with the support of a broad
network of EU Delegations located globally.
ESDC - European Security and Defence College
The ESDC provides strategic-level education in the sphere of the CSDP.
The objective of creating the College in 2005 was to provide member
states with experts in the field, thereby promoting a common European
security culture.
EUMC - European Union Military Committee
The EUMC, composed of member state Chiefs of Defence, is the Council’s
highest-ranked military body. Its task is to direct all EU military activities
and provide the PSC with both expertise and guidance on military
matters.
april 1949
EUSC - European Union Satellite Centre
The EUSC supports the decision-making in the CFSP/CSDP through the
analysis of data from Earth observation satellites. The satellite centre
is a Council agency which operates under the direction of the High
Representative.
HR/VP - High Representative/Vice-President
The High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security­
Policy/Vice-­President of the European Commission (HR/VP) conducts the
Union’s common foreign and security policy. He/she contributes to the
development of that policy, which he/she carries out as mandated by the
Council.
INTCEN - Intelligence Analysis Centre
The EU’s INTCEN was established in 2011 and serves to provide early warning
and situational awareness to the HR and the EEAS through the monitoring
and assessment of international events.
PMG - Politico-Military Group
The PMG is a Council Working Group that deals with security and defence
issues. It develops strategic concepts, assists in drafting planning documents
and monitors the progress of military and combined civilian/military
operations.
PSC - Political and Security Committee
The PSC convenes at ambassadorial level and its primary role is to help
define policies within the CSDP, prepare a coherent response to crises, as
well as exercise political control and strategic direction of CSDP missions.
The PSC also monitors the international situation in the areas covered by the
CFSP and contributes to the definition of the security policy of the Union.
Maastricht Treaty – Provisions
on Union's responsibilities in terms
of security and the possibility
of a future common defence policy
february 1992
Petersberg Tasks – List of military
june 1992and security priorities later
incorporated within CSDP
Amsterdam Treaty – Creation of
High Representative for CFSP
october 1997
Saint-Malo Declaration –
Franco-British declaration on the
december 1998need to give the EU the capacity
for autonomous action in managing
international crises
Cologne European Council –
Javier Solana becomes first High
Representative for CFSP
june 1999
Nice European Council – CIVCOM,
december 2000EUMC, EUMS, PSC are established
as permanent structures
EUPM BiH – First CSDP civilian
mission launched
january 2003
Berlin Plus Agreement – Package
march 2003of agreements allowing the EU
to draw on some of NATO's
military assets
Operation Artemis – First autonomous
EU-led military operation launched
june 2003
july 2004European Defence Agency created
Lisbon Treaty creates post of High
Representative of the Union for
Foreign Affairs and Security Policy,
Vice-President of the Commission
(HR/VP), and includes common
defence and solidarity clauses
december 2007
december 2009Catherine Ashton becomes first HR/VP
European External Action Service
officially launched
january 2011
EUISS Publications
As part of its mission to foster a common security culture
for the EU, to help develop and project the CFSP, and to
enrich Europe’s strategic debate, the European Union
Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) regularly releases
publications on the topics and regions at the core of its
work.
The flagship publication of the EUISS is its series of Chaillot
Papers, which are based on focused, in-depth research.
The EUISS also publishes a Yearbook (YES) collecting facts
and figures. Targeted Reports, shorter Briefs and Alerts
are produced on a regular basis.
European Security
and Defence
#CSDPbasics
Common foreign and Security
Policy (CFSP)
Common Security and Defence
Policy (CSDP)
What is it?
What is it?
The CFSP is a framework for the EU’s external action which allows for
the Union’s member states to play a more active role collectively on the
global stage.
The CSDP is an essential component of the European Union’s
­foreign policy toolbox. It provides Europe with an operational
­capacity supported by both civilian and military assets and ­enables
the Union to respond to crises threatening global peace and
­stability.
What is it for?
The four key aims of the Union’s external policies, missions and ­strategies
are to: support stability, promote human rights and ­democracy, spread
prosperity, and support the enforcement of the rule of law and good
governance. The CFSP sets out common guidelines and principles that
define and articulate the EU’s external approach.
What’s new after the Lisbon Treaty?
Since 2009, the EU has witnessed innovative changes. One is a new
­institutional figure, the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and
Security Policy (HR), who is also Vice-President of the European
­Commission. The second is the European External Action Service, which
acts as the ­European Union’s diplomatic corps and supports the HR in
­conducting the CFSP.
What are its tools?
What is it for?
Faced with an increasingly volatile environment, the EU – in ­parallel
with key international organisations such as the UN, NATO and the
OSCE – seeks to contribute to the establishment and maintenance
of peace and stability through CSDP.
What’s new after the Lisbon Treaty?
The CSDP replaced the former European Security and Defence
Policy (ESDP) following the Lisbon Treaty. The most notable Treaty
provisions related to CSDP expanded the Petersberg Tasks, and
­created the EEAS and the position of HR/VP.
What are its tools?
The EU has a broad range of foreign and security instruments at its
disposal to promote international peace and security. Some fall within
the traditional realm of common diplomacy and conflict prevention.
­Others include the launch of civilian missions and military operations
in support of broader political goals (CSDP proper). The EU can also rely
on other tools such as trade and development, which, taken together,
­account for the Union’s ‘external action’ more broadly.
The CSDP is one of the many instruments used to respond to ­current
global crises as part of the EU’s comprehensive approach. Both the
CSDP’s civilian and military missions complement ­development
policy and diplomatic action on the ground. This ensures more
coherent action on the part of the Union, a prime objective of
the Lisbon Treaty. The importance of CSDP was also highlighted
­following the December Council meeting in 2013 in which heads of
state discussed the future of defence in Europe.
What results so far?
What results so far?
The Union has become a major political actor on the international scene;
as such it participates in broad diplomatic and crisis management
­efforts, within its neighbourhood and beyond. The EU has, for example,
played a central role in the establishment of sustainable peace in ­Kosovo
and the Western Balkans, as well as in the negotiations on nuclear
­non-proliferation with Iran. Through its economic and political strength
it has also gradually developed diplomatic and economic sanctions
Since the first mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina was initiated in
­January 2003, the EU has contributed to the stabilisation of fragile
states through over 30 civilian missions and military operations
in such places as the Horn of Africa and sub-Saharan Africa, the
Western Balkans, and the Middle East in cooperation with NATO,
the UN and/or the African Union.
to tackle the violation of international law and human rights.
EU MISSIONS
MAP
CSDP at a glance
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Since 2009!EULEX
KOSOVO
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42!000
property claims.
22
EU member
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Over
EUBAM RAFAH
Palestinian Territories
Since 2005
Approximate number of personnel
(international & local)
EUFOR ALTHEA
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Since 2004
EUPOL
Afghanistan
Since 2007
EUPOL COPPS
Palestinian Territories
Since 2006
100-500
30
third states
have contributed to CSDP
missions and operations
The European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS)
is the Union’s agency dealing with the analysis of foreign,
security and defence policy issues.
EUMM
Georgia
Since 2008
< 100
states are full
1,500
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EU battlegroup
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The European Union Institute
for Security Studies (EUISS)
EUBAM
Moldova and Ukraine
Since 2005
EUMM ]Vh XdcYjXiZY V idiVa d[
EUPOL COPPS
Palestinian Civil
Police personnel
EUAM
Ukraine
Since 2014
EULEX
Kosovo
Since 2008
500-1,000
EUBAM
Libya
Since 2013
1,000-2,000
EUFOR
RCA
Since 2014
> 2,000
>cXajY^c\7gVo^a!<Zdg\^V!CdglVn!Gjhh^V!Ijg`Zn!VcYi]ZJH
H^cXZ^ihaVjcX]! EU NAVFOR
Operation ATALANTA ]Vh]VYV
EUCAP SAHEL
Mali
Since 2014
100%
success
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L;EkZhhZahYZa^kZg^c\[ddYidi]ZHdbVa^eZdeaZ
EU NAVFOR
Atalanta
Since 2008
MILITARY OPERATIONS
EUTM Somalia:H^cXZ'%&%!:JIBHdbVa^V
EUCAP SAHEL
Niger
Since 2012
]VhXdcig^WjiZYidi]ZigV^c^c\d[Veegdm^bViZan
3,600 Somali soldiers
EUTM
Mali
Since 2013
EUSEC
RD Congo
Since 2005
EUCAP NESTOR
Kenya, Djibouti,
Somalia, Seychelles
Since 2012
EUTM
Somalia
Since 2010
CIVILIAN MISSIONS
The Institute became an autonomous agency of the EU in
January 2002, under the Common Foreign and Security
Policy (CFSP), to foster a common security culture for the
EU, support the elaboration and projection of its foreign
policy, and enrich the strategic debate inside and outside
Europe. Based in Paris, with a Liaison Office in Brussels,
the EUISS is now an integral part of the new structures
that underpin the further development of the CFSP/CSDP.
The Institute’s core mission is to provide analyses and
fora for discussion that can be of use and relevance to the
formulation of EU policy. In carrying out that mission, it
also acts as an interface between European experts and
decision-makers at all levels.
The Institute is funded by EU member states according to a­
GNI-based formula. It is governed by a Board, which
lays down its budgetary and administrative rules and
approves its work programme. The Political and Security
Committee (PSC) exercises political supervision —
without prejudice to the intellectual independence and
operational autonomy of the EUISS.
European Union Institute for Security Studies
100, avenue de Suffren | 75015 Paris | France
www.iss.europa.eu
l^i]V[dXjhdccdc"Xdbb^hh^dcZYd[[^XZghC8Dh
HdjgXZ/:jgdeZVc:miZgcVa6Xi^dcHZgk^XZ!ÈDc\d^c\b^hh^dchVcYdeZgVi^dchÉ!VkV^aVWaZdca^cZVi/]iie/$$lll#ZZVh#ZjgdeV#Zj$XhYe$b^hh^dch"VcY"deZgVi^dch$
©European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2014.
QN-04-14-736-EN-C | ISBN 978-92-9198-246-2 | DOI 10.2815/41790
ATHENA
Contrary to EU civilian missions that are directly financed by
the CFSP budget, CSDP military operations are mostly financed
by participating member states on a ‘costs lie where they
fall’ basis. A mechanism known as ATHENA was established
in 2004 to provide funds for the common costs of operations.
Those costs include transport, infrastructure, medical services,
lodging and fuel. It is estimated that the ATHENA mechanism
covers between 10 to 15% of the total cost of an operation.
PESCO - Permanent Structured Cooperation
Introduced by Article 42 (6) of the Treaty on European Union,
modified in Lisbon, and spelt out in more detail in Article 46 and
a dedicated Protocol, this provision makes it possible for some
member states to strengthen their cooperation in military matters
on the basis of criteria related to operational readiness, industrial
cooperation on defence equipment, and expenditure on research
and development (R&D).
Petersberg Tasks
Battlegroups
Battlegroups are high-readiness battalion-size force packages
consisting of 1,500 personnel that can be deployed within 10
days after an EU decision to launch an operation, and that can be
sustained for up to 30 days (extendable to 120 days with rotation).
Berlin Plus
The Berlin Plus agreement refers to a comprehensive package of
arrangements finalised in early 2003 between the EU and NATO
that allows the Union to make use of certain NATO assets and
capabilities for EU-led crisis management operations. ­ALTHEA
in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the only ongoing Berlin Plus
operation.
CONOPs - Concept of Operations
A Concept of Operations (CONOPS) is an operational planning
document that specifies the aim of a mission or operation and how
it is to be implemented. Together with the Operation Plan (OPLAN), it
is a key document in the planning of a CSDP action – to be drawn up
once a mission or operation has been agreed upon by the Council.
Comprehensive approach
The comprehensive approach refers to the strategically coherent
use of the wide array of policies, tools and instruments – spanning
the diplomatic, security, defence, financial, trade, development
cooperation and humanitarian aid fields – at the disposal of the
Union when tackling external conflicts and crises.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
People, Institutions, bodies
and Agencies
A Glossary for CSDP
Agreed upon in 1992 in the Western European Union (WEU)
framework, the Petersberg Tasks defined the spectrum of military
actions that the EU can undertake in its crisis management
operations. They were then incorporated into Article 17 of the
Amsterdam Treaty (1999) and subsequently amended by the
Lisbon Treaty (2009), to include: ‘joint disarmament operations,
humanitarian and rescue tasks, military advice and assistance
tasks, conflict prevention and peace-keeping tasks, tasks of
combat forces in crisis management, including peace-making and­
post-conflict stabilisation’.
Pooling & Sharing
This concept refers to member-state-led initiatives and projects to
increase collaboration on the full spectrum of military capabilities –
by either using them on a collective basis, or relinquishing some at
national level on the assumption that other EU countries will make
them available when necessary. The European Defence Agency
(EDA) plays an important role in coordinating such increased
cooperation among member states.
SSR - Security Sector Reform
Security Sector Reform (SSR) has become an essential feature of CSDP
missions. Drawing on the link between security and development,
SSR is about reforming the security and justice sector of a fragile
state in order to enhance its effectiveness and accountability. SSR is
considered to be a key tool for the establishment of the rule of law
and good governance.
Western European Union – Heir to the
october 1954Brussels Treaty (1948), the first
European defence institutional
framework
CivCom - Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management
The CivCom is an advisory body composed of member state representatives
which focuses on the civilian aspect of the CSDP. The Committee drafts
and prepares decisions for the Political and Security Committee.
EUMS - European Union Military Staff
The EUMS is a fully integrated component of the EEAS and is the source of
collective military expertise. It is placed under the direction of the EUMC and
the authority of the HR and draws its military experts from member states.
CMPD - Crisis Management and Planning Directorate
The CMPD is the civilian-military strategic planning structure for CSDP
operations and missions. Within the EEAS, it provides crisis management
expertise, and supports the development of crisis-related concepts and
capabilities.
EU OPCEN - European Union Operations Centre
The EU OPCEN provides support in the field of operational planning and
conduct of specific missions and operations.
CPCC - Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability
The CPCC plans and conducts civilian CSDP missions under the political
control and strategic direction of the Politcal and Security Committee. It
provides assistance and advice to the High Representative, the Presidency
and the relevant EU Council bodies.
EDA - European Defence Agency
The EDA, established in 2004, is the EU agency that facilitates defence
cooperation among its member states (the EU-28 bar Denmark) in areas
such as research and technology (R&T), training and procurement.
EEAS - European External Action Service
The EEAS operates as the EU’s diplomatic corps under the authority of
the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. It assists
the HR in conducting the Union’s CFSP with the support of a broad
network of EU Delegations located globally.
ESDC - European Security and Defence College
The ESDC provides strategic-level education in the sphere of the CSDP.
The objective of creating the College in 2005 was to provide member
states with experts in the field, thereby promoting a common European
security culture.
EUMC - European Union Military Committee
The EUMC, composed of member state Chiefs of Defence, is the Council’s
highest-ranked military body. Its task is to direct all EU military activities
and provide the PSC with both expertise and guidance on military
matters.
april 1949
EUSC - European Union Satellite Centre
The EUSC supports the decision-making in the CFSP/CSDP through the
analysis of data from Earth observation satellites. The satellite centre
is a Council agency which operates under the direction of the High
Representative.
HR/VP - High Representative/Vice-President
The High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security­
Policy/Vice-President of the European Commission (HR/VP) conducts the
Union’s common foreign and security policy. He/she contributes to the
development of that policy, which he/she carries out as mandated by the
Council.
INTCEN - Intelligence Analysis Centre
The EU’s INTCEN was established in 2011 and serves to provide early warning
and situational awareness to the HR and the EEAS through the monitoring
and assessment of international events.
PMG - Politico-Military Group
The PMG is a Council Working Group that deals with security and defence
issues. It develops strategic concepts, assists in drafting planning documents
and monitors the progress of military and combined civilian/military
operations.
PSC - Political and Security Committee
The PSC convenes at ambassadorial level and its primary role is to help
define policies within the CSDP, prepare a coherent response to crises, as
well as exercise political control and strategic direction of CSDP missions.
The PSC also monitors the international situation in the areas covered by the
CFSP and contributes to the definition of the security policy of the Union.
Maastricht Treaty – Provisions
on Union's responsibilities in terms
of security and the possibility
of a future common defence policy
february 1992
Petersberg Tasks – List of military
june 1992and security priorities later
incorporated within CSDP
Amsterdam Treaty – Creation of
High Representative for CFSP
october 1997
Saint-Malo Declaration –
Franco-British declaration on the
december 1998need to give the EU the capacity
for autonomous action in managing
international crises
Cologne European Council –
Javier Solana becomes first High
Representative for CFSP
june 1999
Nice European Council – CIVCOM,
december 2000EUMC, EUMS, PSC are established
as permanent structures
EUPM BiH – First CSDP civilian
mission launched
january 2003
Berlin Plus Agreement – Package
march 2003of agreements allowing the EU
to draw on some of NATO's
military assets
Operation Artemis – First autonomous
EU-led military operation launched
june 2003
july 2004European Defence Agency
Lisbon Treaty creates post of High
Representative of the Union for
Foreign Affairs and Security Policy,
Vice-President of the Commission
(HR/VP), and includes common
defence and solidarity clauses
december 2009
November 2014
The European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS)
is the Union’s agency dealing with the analysis of foreign,
security and defence policy issues.
The Institute became an autonomous agency of the EU in
January 2002, under the Common Foreign and Security
Policy (CFSP), to foster a common security culture for the
EU, support the elaboration and projection of its foreign
policy, and enrich the strategic debate inside and outside
Europe. Based in Paris, with a Liaison Office in Brussels,
the EUISS is now an integral part of the new structures
that underpin the further development of the CFSP/CSDP.
The Institute’s core mission is to provide analyses and
fora for discussion that can be of use and relevance to the
formulation of EU policy. In carrying out that mission, it
also acts as an interface between European experts and
decision-makers at all levels.
The Institute is funded by EU member states according to a­
GNI-based formula. It is governed by a Board, which
lays down its budgetary and administrative rules and
approves its work programme. The Political and Security
Committee (PSC) exercises political supervision —
without prejudice to the intellectual independence and
operational autonomy of the EUISS.
december 2007
Catherine Ashton becomes HR/VP
European External Action Service
The European Union Institute
for Security Studies (EUISS)
january 2011
Federica Mogherini becomes HR/VP
European Union Institute for Security Studies
100, avenue de Suffren | 75015 Paris | France
www.iss.europa.eu
© European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2014.|
QN-04-14-736-EN-N ISBN: 978-92-9198-245-5 DOI: 10.2815/41615