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BIOCHEMISTRY
Introduction to Physiology.
Functional Organisation of
the Body.
The idea of Homeostasis.
ANATOMY
PHARMACOLOGY
(structure of the body
and its components)
(the science of drug action)
PHYSIOLOGY
PHYSICS
CHEMISTRY
Foundations of Medicine
Sergey Kasparov
M.D. PhD, Dr. Sci.
Room E9
Our main texts:
abnormal
abnormal
normal
Germann and Stanfield “Human Physiology”
Wildmayer et al. “Vander’s Human Physiology”
10 ed.
PHYSIOLOGY
Further resources:
Boron and Boulpaep “Medical Physiology”
Barrett et al, “Ganong’s review of Medical
Physiology”
If you know how it works you
can repair it!
The main text for this lecture is: Germann & Stanfield
Cells, Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems
Four major types of cells in human body:
How does it work?
1
Nerve cells (neurones):
2
Muscle cells:
Skeletal
(striated)
PHYSIOLOGY
1. Specialised cells which transmit
information in the form of electrical
signals. Their membranes carry
electrical charges.
2. Some neurones have membranes
which can receive information from
the outside environment (light in the
eye, or temperature in the skin).
3. Other neurones may command
muscles (movement), glands (saliva
secretion) etc.
Cardiac
Smooth
1. Elongated cells specialised on
generating mechanical force.
2. Their membranes carry
electrical charges (similar to
nerve cells).
1
3
Epithelial cells (epithelia):
1. Form continuous sheet-like layers
on non-cellular material called
basement membrane.
2. Separate body from the external
environment (also inside the body!)
3. Some epithelial cells can
specifically transport ions, organic
molecules and water from one side
to another.
4. Can form glands – specialised
structures which secrete various
products either to the outside of
the body (exocrine glands) or
endocrine glands (products get into
the bloodstream).
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Organ systems:
Endocrine
Exocrine
1. Nervous
2. Musculo-skeletal
3. Cardiovascular
4. Respiratory
5. Gastrointestinal
6. Urinary
7. Reproductive
8. Immune
9. Endocrine
10.Intergumentary
Fill in the table
The overall body plan
Connective tissue cells:
Cartilage
See Table 1.1 in Germann&Stanfield
Blood
Bone
1. Typically: widely scattered cells embedded in noncellular material – extracellular matrix .
2. In structures such as tendons (which anchor muscles
to the bones) these cells are surrounded by a
meshwork of long molecules which give it mechanical
strength and elasticity.
What is a tissue?
Internal
environment
of the body
The Exchange of Materials between External and
Internal Environment
Tissue is an association of similar cells which perform similar function(s).
What is an organ?
An organ is an association of tissues which combine to perform specific
functions of the body. Organs are the structural units of the body.
Terms to remember:
1. Absorption: intake of various molecules into the blood from the lumen (Example:
water, nutrients in the gastro-intestinal tract)
2. Secretion: transport into the lumen. Example: HCl (hydrochloric acid) and special
other chemicals required for digestion in the stomach or – secretion of H+ ion in
kidney…
2
The Exchange of Materials between External and
Internal Environment
Extracellular fluid constitutes the INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT of the body
Because our cells are extremely sensitive to the
changes in the environment, the body is trying to
keep it very stable (in terms of composition,
temperature, pH etc). This is the basic idea of
HOMEOSTASIS.
Terms to remember-2:
3. Filtration: movement of small molecules through cellular/molecular sieves, such as in
kidneys
4. Reabsorption: some materials may be first filtered/secreted but then retrieved
from the GI tract or kidneys. Example: water in kidneys or some chemicals secreted
by liver
1. Four main types of cells in human body are: nerve cells,
muscle cells, epithelial cells and connective tissue-like cells.
2. A tissue is an association of similar cells which perform
similar function (s). An organ is a an association of tissues
which combine to perform specific functions of the body.
There are ~10 organ systems in the body.
3. There is a continuous exchange of materials between
External and Internal environment. This involves
absorption, secretion, reabsorption, filtration.
4. The bulk of the body water is inside the cells (intracellular
water). The extracellular water is mainly in the interstitial
fluid. Plasma water volume is ~20% of the total
extracellular water.
5. The body keeps the condition of the internal environment
stable (constant, static) = homeostatis! Homeostasis is one
of the key organising principles of the body.
40 %
solids
65%
intra
cellular
35%
extracellular
(more in later lectures)
The key points:
Body Fluid
Compartments-1
60 %
fluids
Homeostasis means maintenance of
constant (static) conditions of the
internal environment
80%
interstitial
20%
plasma
Fizzy… or physi-ology???
Body Fluid Compartments-2
Total body water:
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Interstitial
fluid
For a 70 kg male:
TBW = 42 litres
ICF = 28 litres
Plasma = 3 litres
or ~20% of extracellular fluid
Plasma of
the blood
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