Geography-informed Energy Conservation
for Ad Hoc Routing
Ya Xu
John Heidemann
Deborah Estrin
Information Science Institute
4676 Admiralty Way, Ste 1001
Marina del Rey, CA 90292
Information Science Institute
4676 Admiralty Way, Ste 1001
Marina del Rey, CA 90292
[email protected]
[email protected]
Comp. Sci. Dept., University of
California, Los Angeles
3713 Boelter Hall
Los Angeles, CA 90095
ABSTRACT
"!$#%'&')(*,+.-/&0# 1(*2436587:9<;=?>A@B
CDEFD)?G
HI0JK0
@LIJIENM$ODINPQC
>JJ
0RPS
TJU8587:9V$J0
W'J%I0
@?LYXLAZ[LA@\I0J%D)]
]
K^W$?>A0QZ[
$E_N
I@NM`
JM`0W'.IDI
II@
?abII0JJ?
LOJc/T'0MII@de$JfgN>W'>SZh
$@
-/&0# 1(*2?UK587:9iEN0
g?0J:DIJ8M`>A0LeJI@jMIM>A?$Bh)
JfLJfEkB6>W'0>`AZ1?
E\?$mlJ/D)?nJ$
08
QJIT\?go
0B
E\?pi?)O0
ENHA]jJkENIC
kIVXI>A0B
@LbJ$Uq587:9rAJj)0M`)j?ZGDIeII0
>CLI@V$bD
I@=M
0$>*lIPS8JE=I>A]G587:9s]W'0
QIENtIHu7%v:whx
?)pwGyzGUb7h)>CLJJu)pJE=I>A]AiJfIJ\Z.587%9{JDIHP
DI?NC=Hp$JIEN\|'}$~d€$}$~>JJk0
@LsDIppIB
ENCt)H‚‚DIY
$I@OM
?$>*Uqƒ
0?W$0
HchJAEKI>A?IJ
?Z/587:9VJI@@$JfhD)]%0RPS
Tu>Z,0ENGA0
H?JJ:M
$M`
B
?>>LukoIJCRL„lIo0…ENM>$c.Z1
B"Z1>AI0
H?JGA
J†LV>H$J=0RPS
Ts>CZ10EN‡0
HJjZ1
uˆY€
ENJo3"M`II@K$D8EN$XA>CRLuMI?0
);U‰ƒ
G@$0I0
g?>A>CLc
587%9J<.0…ENM>A‰ZŠ'&'I(*1+m-/&0# 1(*2?c'QgDIIA^I<M
$M`$J
Z,
%0…)I@=Do>ACZ,0ENoZ<J>CZ,B6tI@$
@uJfLJfENJ‹XLj0…B
M>$CI@
III?I0LIJ0
W$0
@LsPQD>AE\gII@
?MIM>AH]$‡t`>CRLU
1.
ƒ>CAINTRODUCTION
D$Mmc‹$ODIRPn?
TA@DIJkX`0ODI\Z1JNZ%E\L
0Q
JH?
gDeI‡0W'>$MENQ0a„
JU/bC
>JJ:0RPS
TJ
?)\E=>D$Mk
[email protected])HW'%MIM>A?$jAuEN>g]
Lc$ENEN
B
0[?>*cŒ?)YHIH]A)?>ŠW
IENJQI>II@NPQC
>JJok
Ž7%p$IAIJc$DI$EN/I0†Pn?
TJ‘?Z„0W0Jc'?)KJ0IJ
‰0B
PS
TJU
7’IEKX`0
%Z‰
$@jM
>AJoDIHW'KX`0M
$M`JH‡jM
B
WAoEKI>CCB6DI$MuENE=IH?$uPQC
>JJc„DIo0RPS
TJ
H“ DIJ.
0JH?
gDVAJKJIMM`
HXLdDI\w80Z,IJu7%WI0Hzh0B
J?
gD’”<
]•f00J7h@$0Lr3*w%7%z%”m7:;\“ D
$I@D–DOyI—n7hw8wGy
M
?•R0%II0
Qw%7%z%”„7˜0$
g0hw%7:™ €ˆ?B†š$š]B›0B†}$}›$›$U
To appear in the Proceedings of the Seventh Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking(ACM Mobicom),
July 16-21, 2001, Rome, Italy.
[email protected]
œ $ cI|c  ˆc  ›ž6U “ gC$I>>CLjDJ8M
?$>m]
8W>)]Hj
0
ENJ.Z%M)?T'k>$JJ=
g]Jc‰
$@dEN0JJ@$j]W'0
DI$mc/?)
$:>@D œ Ÿ c„› Ÿ c„›}?ž"USyI:$\DI%I0†Pn
TJSPQ>>„Z[X`
0MI>HLHjJI@NX)]0
LB6M`]PS0
HuI0Jc)ENM)?
JYI$MB
EN H?$N?Z„M
?$>)0I0
@?L=IJENM$kJ/>JoENM`
g?
3"JQJ@$@$0JfHZ1?
hZ,
8Pn
TuXL\J$EN8
J?
gDI0
J œ › Ÿ ž,;U
bD‡‡DIoIRPn?
TJ%]
GM>]L'HIJ@kX)]0
LB†M`HPS0
H
IJc8DENM`
g?‡^IJf$¡Z=DIHP¢>EN¡0
@Lb
B
J$
JG]a„0J8JfLJfE£>Z,0ENNIY?W$0
g>>‘M`0
Z,
E\=X`B
ENJ‹0
CH>*US9I
hJI?
$JhJIgD‡?JQJIJ?
:0RPS
TJnPQDI0
0
@LYJGE\MIJ%C
>Lj\>ACZ,0EN=?)‡>CRLc`0I0
@?LYIJ
JY(,IeENM`?
gNEN0
$U “ sII0
Jfg?)VI0
@?LiNIL
Pn=0…ENIHY0…JfI@j$dDIK
I@jM
?$>JoIJ@ENB
>J?Z.ŽjsHW'HŽŒ7hF
00J^I0dJM
H$‚JM`00
IE
g$uPQCDYDIG¤f¥‰¥‰¥b¦$}  U›$›0B›š$š'§M
>ŠPQCDe
0M
Jg]B
W'GEN>JhZ/I
@L‡0$IJENM$ œ ˆ}?ž‰?)
g$uM
$MI@']B
$ œ Ÿ ž"UdsNtI
JfK$>L$JA0
=I0
@?LOJfNNYM)gT'0
gJENJJA?
8
0M$mUKyIgDYJfJoE\HL‡>J>).B
0
@?L˜JJM)]A¨–ƒ‡7h—/B†>W$>8
0
gJENJJAIJc:z “ y©$— “ y
0$U<8Jf)Aj0
@LuIJIENM$?ZŠZ1
%$jDI:
I@
M
?$>JK3"7%v:whxKcwoyzGcwoywhxKcI “ v:z%78;/PQCDY=JENMI>
g?kEN>%PQD0
ssZ1PFIJJ0)˜I]gs?W$0
YOE=>CB
DIMMI?D œ ˆ  žn3"9Š@
k›];U<bCDuDIJ‹I
@LjEN>`Pn8Z,$)
D)]<$BRE\IoM
0$>J/JD=J‰7hv:w%xp?)KwoyzV$JIEN
E=D=>A0JJnI
@LkDI\oM
`M
>JnJIgD\Jnwoywhx{31DI
>0Z,Hc'I]
T8X)]
JŠ=9Š@$
:›];UŠ7pM
M
?$>J<?
S$Jfg>CL
0…M`II@N0
@LM
0B6ENMIA@K
Jc„W$DII@D‡DI0
JQI=
g]NoM)?JJA@N$uDIJ8
JU
¤RDI
hPS
gJc`$BRE\IjM
>AJc)XLuDI0
hW'
LI?
c
?
KEN
.0NoeDI.I
@LYIJENHYXLj
$A@j]W'
B
DI$\M)gT'0JU‰7hJ‹o
JI>CHcI0
@?L\IJ%AJQ$EN)]HNXLk
$B
I@YM
>n]W'0
DI$mUj¤RZ*Hc‘DINE\H•f
KJ$
\ZQ0…
g]B
I0$IJo0I0
@?L0$IJENM$YPnJoZ,
Eª+?1«c<JoM
WCB
$J>CL‚$XJ0
W'H4A˜”„7:ƒ‡78y œ  ¦?ž"Urz:$JuD)HW'e
0>[]W'>CL
>A?
@oX
'H?Jf‹
g@$$U/7%>>„IJ‹uDI?‹
g?I@$:E=IJf/
W'
H?DuM)?T'n=00
ENIhCZŒCQJS.X`%Z,
P‹]
gHu
‹
0W'H
>H>>CLU‰7%>CD$I@DKENJf<ZDIJnMIgT'0J<]
nENENHA?0>L.JfB
H]
gH„c$DILK0$IJENS0
@L.PQCDKDAJ<JENMI>n0I0
@?L=EN>*U
“ DIJnXIJ0
W?jEN?AW?0JnMM
$gDIJSDI?n]W$$Au]W'
DIH]
B
I@U “ D.”m7:ƒ‡78yjM
>‘JI@@$JfJo\ƒ‡7h—/B6>AL0
:MIM
'?D
ENAEN .DIJoJf œ  š?ž"l “ wGƒ‡7¬M
0$>JoPn$>A>JYX`
MMI>HX>u31Z,
h0…ENM> œ  |ž,;U
7%)>‰z%$J=IJIEN=M`]PS0
KIK$>CLPQDsJII@e?)
10
2
with idle energy consumption
20
w/out idle energy consumption
energy consumed (J)
30
3
5
1
nominal radio range
­Q®,¯`°Œ±]²¡æm´‚ç%èm¹`·¸ŠÂ,²‚¶)¼u»Œ¶m¿Œ²b±]²¿Š°Š»Š¿¹)»Š¾$½¬®1»Ö¹)¿qÀ¶¾
±]¶`°ŒÁH®,»Œ¯ŒÌ
0
AODV
å4
1
DSR
DSDV
ad hoc routing protocol
TORA
­Q®,¯)°Œ±]²i³)´jµ.¶`·¸Š¹I±?®1º¶)»¡¶)¼o²»Œ²±]¯)½i¾$¶`»ŠºH°‘·d²¿b¼6¶)±‡¼6¶`°Œ±
¹I¿OÀŒ¶m¾k±]¶`°ŒÁH®1»¯d¸Œ±?¶IÁ¶m¾$¶`Â1º=Ãk®,ÁHÀO¿Š®[Ä/²±]²»„Á8²»Œ²±]¯)½·¶m¿Å
²Â1ºÆfÂ,²¼6Á$NjȑÂ,¹I¾É‚ÈŒ¹I±?ºj¹±?²ÃN®,ÁHÀŒ¶)°ŒÁ‡¾$¶)»ŠºH®1¿Œ²±?®1»Œ¯‚²»Œ²±]¯)½
¾¶`»ŠºH°‘·²¿¬ÃNÀŒ²»qÂ1®,ºÁ²»Š®1»Œ¯ŒÊ\±?®,¯)ÀmÁ$ÇK¯)±]¹½rȊ¹I±?ºs®1»Œ¾'Â1°Š¿Œ²
ÁÀŠ®1º˜¾$¶`»ŠºH°Š·¸ŠÁH®,¶)»<Ë]ÌÎÍ.ÀŒ²rºH®*·e°ŠÂ,¹ÁH®,¶`»¢ÀŒ¹Iº˜ÏIÐÑ»Œ¶m¿Œ²º
®,»q¹’³ÏIÐ)Ð`·VÒÓIÐ)Ð`·Ô¹I±]²¹ÌÖÕ¶m¿Œ²ºO·¶×`²i¹I¾'¾$¶)±?¿Š®1»¯’Á¶
ÁÀŒ²±]¹)»Œ¿Œ¶„·ØÃ.¹½„Ÿ<¶`®1»„Áj·¶m¿Œ²Â†Ì\Í.ÀŒ²d²»²±]¯)½‚·¶m¿Œ²Â‹®1º
Ȍ¹)º²¿4¶`»bÙmÁ²·s·Ú¹I»Š¿‚Û¹ÁÜOÝÓIÐÞÌ
0WA@cQX\?>AJPQDI–# 1ß(†«I1«V?
Y"&#A31D
g$A>0B
IJKE=IJfGX`NM`HPS0
HOIO0I@‡Y00.DINM
JfB
0Ik?Z‹?IENI@uM)gT'0;UKzhJH?
gD œ ˆ}cS›€?ž/JDIHPQJ8D)]
A>A=I0
@?LeJJM)]$dI8X`=@$
HeENM)]
A@u
J0)@\)
0WA@NI
@LYJJAMI?$mU:yENEà?)‡áG] JDHP’A>$â W'â g?IJENC:
g]$Jo]
u›âA›U } Ÿ â›U |YXLENHJ
0B
EN0 œ ˆ$}]ž"c?PQD>A/EN
Š
0ŒJfIJmJDIHP
g]AJŠZ„›â  ⠝ U ŸGœ ›€?ž
?)›âA›U  â›$U § œ š?ž"U<¤†\Lk?ZmDJQHJ0Jc0I0
@?LNJJM)]$uA
A>A‰Jfg?/HGX`/@$
H„UŒbCDGJIgDo0
@LoEN>*c?>>$
D%
I@GM
?$>J‹IJA
Hu0$IJEN‹
$I@DI>CLkD%J?EN
?EN$=Z:I0
@?Lb31PQCDI4dZ1PàM`0
;=?JkJDIHPQppD
@?
0LeX)]
J:9Š@
j›Uo¤R‡DKJ0)]
AuPQCDdENJf:
g]N$c
A>AnENn0$ENMI>00>L=EN)?0J‘JfLJf0E’I0
@?L.$JIENMU
“ D‡Jf)JNX)?JHpi?i0
@LVEN>nD)]NIJA0
JN0B
@LuJJM)]$uAuJ©]
0W'HNM)?T$0Jn?)\[>hEN$cJ@B
@Jf:DI?%I
@L‡MEN H?IJ:EKIJf‹
‡aDI8
g$c„I?
JENM>L\
HI:M)gT'0‹
g?IJENJJ$Y?)\
MAU/”ŠHPn0
@
?aO
g$Aj$J0
W'J:I0
@?LdX`DdAd]W'0
DH?
I@jKI?g
g?IJfZ,0
Hc)Nu[>:Jfg?%I
@L\AJJMI?$uPQDI\Io
g]N
…JfJUYkDI0
0Z,
u0…MI>
\JGD)]=M`HPn
k]PQsDC
g$JSE=IgDk?ZmD‹AENU “ DIJn?MIM
'gD\JSJEN>[]
SoDIQJ
?Z “ wGƒ‡7OZ1?
‘M`HPn0
Š$J0
W$]$ œ  |ž"c$?
‰”„78ƒ‡78y œ  ¦?ž"U<ã:HP‹B
0W'0
Hc„I>AT$.DJ=?MIM
'gDI0JcmPS=ENM>]LZ1?
E\?$eZ,
E
?X`]W'hD8ƒ‡7h—/B6>AL0
SG
$>)
g$.M`HPS0
HUQ31shE\T'QJ
?Z)DI/M`HPn0
<E\?)@ENŠ0$
$>J‘=¤R¥/¥‰¥¦}  UA››n:0$
$>
M`HPS0
HäHU ; “ DI\?MIMI>H]AB%
G
$I@B6>AL0
JGM
]WAkX`0
Z1
E\]$Y?X`$QPQDDI%
g$kJhI?QIHHmU
äg¦$}  U›$›.JIMM`
JQM`HPn0
%JHW@NEN8‡X`?D‡Z,
g?Jf
I0
0RPS
T4Ii$pDIY0RPS
T`Ub:?‡D)]\M`]PS0
I@s`©]a
ƒ‡7h—bJ<•RIJf%>AT$oIoEN]WI@KA)©?h$ENEKIA?$u
gI@
PQCDpD0
NIJUOz “ yI©— “ yVJkJf>>‹IJpVIAœ JfNEkB
EKIA?$VI
JJNDIAIV0
EN)>‹JJ$U ˆ}?ž%JDIHPQJ
DI?‰ENnZ1
n¦$}  U›$›oƒ‡7%—O$)©??aJS\:Z,0P‚EN>>AJ0$IJU<¤R
?DI 0
GPS
gJcŒM`HPn0
I@$`©]aiƒ‡7h—{JG.?a„00GI?
E\>
¦} UA››.$M`0
g]AU
v:YDIGD0
oDI)„c)PnK$XJ0
W'H‡D)]:PQDYDI0
.J:J@$tB
H?SIh
HIII0LKAu?jB6DIQ0RPS
T`cE=>M>AQMI?DIJ
0…Jf<X`0RPSKI0JU “ DIJŠPSnHKM`HPn0
‰akJ$ENn0
ENHB
?hIJSPQDA>hJf>A>„E\?Ag?AI@oII00WC†LU<9I
S0…ENM>Ac
¤Re9Š@
 c„CZS  JoP‹T$$c„IJ8ˆ\I‡|u?
.0…
gIB
$JhZ,
%$ENEKIA?$jX`0RPSs›G?) Ÿ U/sG0t)=é(*1«
-S&'0# 1(*2N?JnIA0
MHNI0W†LNX`0†PnuENE=IH?B
I@\IJU “ DIJQ
$A@kt`>†Ls31DI?.›.) Ÿ H?Y$ENEKB
IH]];SH?jX`%E\gIH\?J‹>AI@=JQLN0
ENHA?:
JhHPnT'U
“ DI0J.XIJ0
W?IJQENW?8DI%RPnNM
E\?
L\
X$J
Z<
hJ@$â
›$U “ DI‰IJ‰ZIMIM>A?$B„IGJfLJfEkB6Z,
E\]A8‹
aIo
g$JhZ1
%0…IHM`
AJ%EN$US:.RL
0L>JŠ]
‰ê)I0IH%XL:MMI>H?KIM`AJI:I
EN?W$EN‹M)]0
J‹NM
J
W'o$ENEKIA?$ut`0>AC†LU
”<
H0$IJŒX`I<>CZ10ENJŒ>>HPOI
@LB6$J$IJ
>A$$XI>AI@U
 U “ DIoIJo?Z‹«`H&.&†`#2?ë\«(Q&«ßg,(*2uk$I?MW'>CL$B
•fIJf/
$A@ot`0>AC†LUŠzh$@8
H)I?I0LKJS?
>A?H
PQD0IJ0
o=M>AHLENK31PQDIdE\L‡J:H
DIH]
<HgD=?DI0
;UŠSJD]PpD]PO%IJSDJ‘AZ1?
E\?$
8I0
H?J%QRL.0L>J/IKo0…I.DI‹>CZ1AEN
ZŠDoI0†Pn
Tu?J%.PQDI$>$U
s<ENMI>HLK#H!g?(*"«=,«HìgëN?(*"«u3*JIgDGJ„Z,
E¡DS5:>X)>
”Š$JC$byLJfE‡c/58”Sy;K?)V0W'jIjENE=IH?B
AYj00
ENIG.JCRLe?)
HI)0LUG31s
IJ58”SyO
=DI
N>H> H?‚EN0DIJ.0
ENI
J†L„lnPn?
Y?>AJ0…MI>
@s0IJCRLV00
EN)]$
D
$@$Dj$ENEKIIH]$IJQ?>$IG?JhZ,
:Pn?
T„U ;
“ DIk587:94MIM
'?DdJ8$K0…?ENMI>K?Z8$&')(*1+Q-S&'0# 1(*2 œ ›  ž
IYz “ —n” œ  §]ž‰$MAW$.Z[
H^I0LgDIA^JU8587:94T$MIJ
DI8t)>CRLu?Z<I0†Pn
T\
H?DIXI>CRL$JfgQPQDI>KI?MI@
IKX`0D)HWA?
8u0…)‡0RPS
T‡>CZ10EN$UGv%DI0
:0…ENMI>J
I>I=X`IJCRLZ1
G>H?>A ?$ œ €?ž"U=ƒ
=@$0
g>>CLc
PnGPQJD‡\J@dJ0>Z[B6$t)@$
I@\I0†Pn?
TJQD)]:…M>$C%
B
)ILKoIJ0
W$%0
@LKPQDI>%M
J0
WI@8DQt)>CRL=Z
IRPn?
T?MIM>AH]$IJU
2. ENERGY-CONSERVING ROUTING ALGORITHM
ï4
A 2
1
1
í2
î3
ï4
1
ð5
ü4
1
r
­h®[¯`°Œ±]²Óm´GÍ.ÀŒ²‡¸Š±]¶)ȑÂ[²I·Ø¶I¼%»¶¿²d²ñm°Š®,×¹)Â,²»Š¾²„Ì
2.1
587%9¡Determining
JJ.>A?$pZ1?node
E\?$equivalence
V?)sWC
)?>S@
AJ.e00
B
EN.GH^IW>$U%ŽH]$eZ1?
E\?$eJHYAd587%9
E\LX`NM
]WAHXLs58”Sy?
=?DI0
.>H]A4JfLJfENJG)
W'>MIENo31Z,
%0…ENMI> œ ›c`€c››0ž,;Un9
Q$
hAC[?>ŠAJ0IJfB
JcŒPSNJJEN=D)]oH?DI=THPQJoJo0
o>H]A
…I?0>CLj
0>[]W'8kD0
QIJU‰¤R‡y0‡ˆU š=PS8
>A?…uDIJ
?JJIENMA\IkJDIHPiDI?n587:9eAJ‰I?‹]a„0HkXLKEN0
g]
>H]$e0
h?
%0W'XLu>A?
@$c)?
>A?H‡
HU
¥<W'oPQCDG>H?$.Z,
E\?c?CŠJŠI?Œ
WA>$‹t)I8H^IWB
?>GI0JoA$DkIRPn?
T`Uk:J8D)]G?
Oõ†H^IWB
?>öNX`0RPSYJ$ENoJhE\LuIhX`GH^IW>‹Z1?
8EkB
EKIA?$uX`0RPSuD0
JU‰9I
Q…I?ENMI>$cj9ŠA@
oˆ.IJ
]
oH^IAJfg?:›oI‹M)]
‹PQCD
g$A.
g@$oJ>@$D>CLj>A]
@$0
DI  ICJUe9I?
=ENE=IH?X`0†PnOJ\›jI|c
J  IOˆY?
\H^IW>HcŒPQD>AuX`0†Pn‚›u?) Ÿ I>CL
Gˆ=Jh0Mg?XI>$U
587%9ø$I
JJJYDIJYM
$XI>EùXL¡AWA@iDIPQD$>V?
PQD0
oIJh?
GAJf
XHuAkJE\?>>%õ†WC
I>m@
AJöU “ D
WC
)?>n@
AsJk0t)HJDDI?Hc‘Z,
=†Pnd$]•?=@?
AJk7
?)j™%c)?>>ŒIJQ‡7–0$ENE=IH]%PQCDY>>mIJQA™
?).W/W'0
JU “ DIJ<>>IJ‘=H?DK@
A=]
nH^IW>ŠZ,
I@Uu¤R587:9ScI0J.…gD)?I@k@
A¤†w8J8Y$]•fJf.DC
†L0L>$Uh9
%0…ENMI>$c)9Š@$
G|\]W'0
>ALJ%WC
)?>Œ@
AJ:$
9Š@
 c'0
H]I@%D
SWC
)?>@
AJ<7Gc?™%c)K—%U$7%?
gI@
K$
h0tIIC$uZ‘WC
)?>`@
AJcI=›8H?j
H?DL\Z  c
ˆc„
%|c„?)  cmˆc„?)‡|NH??>>Œ
HgD Ÿ U “ D0
0Z1?
=J  c
ˆc`?)j|k?
oH^IW>hIu†Pnk?Z‘DIEчJ>MmU
¤†DIu0t)sZhWC
)>/@
Amc‘PSN
H^IC
ND)?=LI
e?•?h@
A‡H?O!ë=ëKé«"!(†GPQCDYH?DDI
HUn¤Ru
H>CB
C†LcŒuI$ú J8
g$j$ENEKIIH]$Y
g@$kJoI?G0
ENIJfB
o?
QW'jJfLENEN
A%:K
gkM
$M)?@']AY0a„0J‹JD
?JjEKI>CCB6M)?Dp
0ê)00$U¨¤R‚
jICA>8JIJJ$mc%PSdJfB
JENYD)?jDIeENE=IH?$‚
g?I@JY00
ENIJfV3*IJfB
C
r
3
ð5
j0….M
J=$
K0
@LB6$J0
WI@d$ODI\
$I@d>CB
@
CDIE‡cŠ587:9ScQòhf"!$#‘óh&'g)(*1+.ô/"&0# 1(*2?Uk¥‰gDO587%9
/IJJŠ>H]$=Z1
E\]$K%JJ0[]‹CJ>CZIPQCD=\õRWC
B
I>/@
Aöc‰PQD0
u>>SJ.V‡M)]
A0I>A?
K@
AOJ^)?
\]
^W$?>A0/PQCD\
0JM`0nGZ1?
P‹?
gI@=MIgT'0JU‘%JSAND
J?ENn@
AKD=0
gI?nPQCDkH?DKDI
‰:0
ENA/PQD
PQ>>8J>M˜?)iDHP÷>$@b36yA  U  ;l8DIJu0
ENAI?$
JKEN0
g]HXLs?MIM>AH]$pIJfLJfE¢AZ1?
E\?$b36y0B
 U ˆ4?)  U Ÿ ;Uѐ:J\DIbM`0
A>>CLbP‹T$M˜)
ghMI>A0JSG0$ENM>AJD\>'uXI>AI@\36yA  U |;U‘
?>J.0$IJA0
‰DIHPb587%9YA0
g?0J‘PQCD=DI‹)
>LI@8$=D
I@=M
0$>Œey0$  U €U
û
B
5
r
r
­Q®,¯`°±?²eýŒ´oç%èm¹`·¸‘Â[²Y¶)¼%׏®,±]ÁH°Œ¹IÂn¯)±?®1¿b®1»˜þuÿj­8Ì
sleeping
after
Ts
receive
discovery msg
from high rank
nodes
active
after Td
discovery
after Ta
­Q®,¯)°Œ±]²Ï„´KÙmÁ¹Á²eÁ±]¹)»ŠºH®,Á®,¶`»Šºu®1»˜þjÿu­8Ì
I@GDIhRPn?
gL@?
$)\M
$MI@$?$jEN>)Z[
H^I>CLNIJu
E\LedD=
$I@uJf)JcmZ1?
G0…ENM>A œ Ÿ c‰› Ÿ ž,;UK¤RyB
$ˆU ¦cŠPSkENM)?
.DIka„0JoZnI$B†00
ENAJf.
g$
M
M)?@'?bIJI@VJDI$]PQ@OEN>*c‹t)II@dD)]jJDI$B
HPQI@eM
M)@$?$VEN>J=‡I?=gD)?I@$\
K$ENMI?
J$J
X`0†PnY587:9OI‡$uDI8
I@kM
>JU
s=JA 0N$
GWC
)?><@
AXIJHd$DkIEN)>Š
g
g?I@$
KU‰7hJJIENhWC
I>„@
AjJQ.J^I?
:PQCDu
‹IJS$‡.JAo?J
JDIHPQ\u9ŠA@
h|U<¤†N
g
SGEN0‰DIht)IC$\?ZWC
)?>
@
A„chDYJfg?IeX`0†Pn4RPnOM`JJXI>YZ*?
DJfjI0Jj
LeRPSY$]•?.@
AJcŒJIgDsJG@?
[™’)—{A9Š@$
N|c
E=Jf:oX`.>A?
@0
oD)?.Uo9I?
o0…ENM>Ac„I  Z/@
A™
II Ÿ Z<@?
[e—bY9Š@$
.|\]
.?hDIoIZ‘Do>AI@
A?@$$I>$I0@=RPSN$]•0:@?
[JU “ DI0
0Z,
$cPno@0Hâ
3  ; 3f›];
Ÿ
3 ;
2.2
¤RK587%9SGAF
cHIJŠstate
]
SGtransitions
$I‰ZD
0/Jfg]JâSßg#A†)1«`c&1ß!+g2)c
' !0(*1+$U/7–Jfg]o
gIJC$‡A@?
gEøJhJDHPQ‡Y9Š@$
Ÿ U
¤RC[?>>LpJNJfg]
jNpDIO&,ß0!+g2VJfg?UibDi
Jfg?.&,ß0!+g2)c:‹
J‘$NCJ‘
g$AG?)=…gD)?I@JSJfB
]W'0
LdENJJ?@$JGtI)?DI0
.JoPQCDIDkJENN@?
[„U
“ DIuAJ0?W$0
LsENJJ?@$uJkIM>u?ZhI\Amc<@?
As[„c<JfCB
E\?8I/AW$‰ENh3g«`(f;c)o‰Jfg?$U<7hJŒJ0
X`H
X`]W'c‰‡INJJ.J.>H?i?)@?
[sJ \e0
ENI
DI:@
AAmU
‚DIIk0
Ju&1ß!+g2eJfg?$c‘CGJ0J.jEN0
oZ,
J0$IJU‹bDDIoEN0
QtI
0JcIDIGGX
$$JfJ:CJ%JfB
0?W$0
LEN0JJ@$.?)0
JhJfg?u'!0(*,+'U “ DIoEN0
hH‡>J
X`KJIMM
JJHdXLYD0
GJ]W'
LeENJJ@JU “ DJ8AEN
8
0B
I0JQD8M
X)?XI>†L?Z<J]W'
LENJJ?@$o>>AJ$mU
‚DI4d‡0
JY'!0(*1+$cnCNJJ\dEN$kW>Id
0t)jDHPà>$I@dDIJkpJfgHLsA–'!0(*1+Jfg]$U47hZ[0
c‘DI\INPQA>>n
0
sV&1ß!+g2sJfg?Ud‚DI>j?0W'$c
D%%M`0
H>>CLN
0B6X
$$HJfJ‹CJnJ]W'0
L\ENJJ?@$8]
0
W>J U
7_Ie’&,ß0!+g24
'!0(*1+dJfg]JuHbgD)?I@$eJfg]e
ßg#A†)1«uPQDI0YhH?e0
ENA8J$ENG?DI0
hH^IW>hI
PQ>>‰D)I>K
I@Uk%J8@$?A?kPQDIgD=PQ>>‰D)B
>K
$I@\D
$@$DdMMI>H?B†M`0)0%
gT@jM
B
0H
GJ0
X`HuDI80…‹J0U%3*:%
gITI@KHX`
?u?
XIC
g]
Lk
g0
I@GZmJ‰GAhPQDAgDNIJSJD$>[
X`u?0W'$c<
KC=OX`NJ>0OYMEN N]W'0
g?>A>SJfLJf0E
>CZ1AENU ;GbDIN
g?IJC$I@KNßg#Ag†I1«)cGhH>JQ>>
M`0)@=EN0
JQIjM`HPn0
J%HPQjJ‹
gU
7–Io‡Dkß#A†),«uJfg]oP‹T$J%MY?Z[0
:Y?MIMI>H]AB
M`IQJ>MEN%Ij
gJIJQX)?T\Y&1ß!+g2)U
2.3
587%9s>HTuning
HW'JQD$GAF
J‹?Z‘E\LNMI?
g?EN00
J‹I>II@‡«`(gcc
c<Iu
g?IT`ckeMMI>H?$JU¤†sDIJ.J0$mc/PSj0B
J
AX`%DIHP˜?)kPQDLkDIJ%M)]
gEN00
JS?
%D$Ju\D%0
B
0587%9’>@$?
DE‡U{7hMIM>AH]$IJ\E\LVPQJDis$MENA 0
DJ‹gDI$0JcZ1
/0…ENM>$c$M`
D)MJ‘
g$@oA0
H?JH=M)?T$0
>JJhZ,
%@
H]0
hI0
@?LJHWI@JU
nß(*1ëN?(†&o«`H&'%'!0(*1+n(*1ëNR«`?(‹H.X`SJ0‘QDI/0…M`0H
/>ACZ,0EN:3g«)# (f;c$J0
W$]W'>CLGJ0‘XLG?JJIENI@‹DI/I
PQ>>8IJfg?>CLi$JIENY0
@L‚?sE\?…E=IE
g?eI>
CkJUdz:]DI0
KD)?sDIJK0$IJ
W$]AW$s«)(cS587%9–IJ0Jk
?MIM
'gDOJ0
X`HOy0$  U |‡XI>A\I0
@?LdIJ@
?0
$JJhIJU
587%9¡J0>A00JKDe&1ß!+2dë\ßßHu,«I(†g+?$#o3;G?Jk‡ICB
Z,
Eà
gIE£W>oX`0RPSY}N?)JENo$JfgHU “ DJ:?MB
M
'?DeHW'[J:A‡Z,
E_JfLIgD
I HJ]W'0
LENJfB
J?@$Jh3"J<IJMC
HKXLKyz:ƒ œ ›Hˆ]ž1;U “ Dn
g@$‹Zhk?>JoX`
ê)I0IHoXLo/
g?IT8hI0$
g?@$/DI@$D>Lo
g?IT'GJŠ
JMIM
JJo>]P‹B"
g?IT'HeIJcŒ>>]PQ@‡DIE£j
gMA>CLe@$
J>0MU‹%Jh‡DI\'!0(*1+.Jfg?GE\LuPQJD‡NgDIJKk>A]
@$0
GNHW'[uX)?)PQAD‡I0
@Lu]W'0
DH$„U
%JS'!0(*1+n&éf(*"«3';`HoX`<CJŒ…M`00H:>CZ10ENh3g«)# (f;U
587%9–IJf$VIJJ d?$ENM>AJDp>'pXI>AI@Jk0B
J
AX`eyA  U |U
oH&uf« ?,«p587:9˜JKgDIJsYE\?…EN NI0†Pn?
T>CZ10B
EN‰XL8J>0@%PQDIgDKJD)?)>‰
$@UŠz%T:J‘00
B
ENH=XL=J0W'0
g>
I>JU‰9ŠC
JfHc7‚IhkDK$!0(*1+%Jfg?QDIJ
D@$DI
8
gTD)?N=p&1ß!+g2YJfg?U “ DIJ:
>AG
J
u^IgT>Lj
HgDYDIGJfg?.H?De@
AY$>CL‡E\gJ:$=?0B
W':IU‰9I
QJnPQCDjD8JEN%Jfg?$c)587:9s@W'JQIJ
PQCDY>$@$0
:0…M`0Hj>ACZ,0ENu3g«)(f;hDI@DI0
h
gT„U “ DIJ%
>
M.IJoPQCDO>AI@0
=…M`00H>CZ1AEN\YIJkt
JfHU‡9ŠCB
I>>CLc‘IkAJ.?
\JHd‡X
HTeJUj¤†GJGM`$JJXI>N‡>0
?MIM>AH]$IJ\gDIJYCa„0
=Iu
gT
I>J\?
gI@
DI0
GHPQsXAJcŒZ,
.0…ENM>$cŠ?MIM>AH]$OE\LYZ*HW'?
.DNB
W'8JQI>„DI0Lu
g‡$hI0
@?LuA‡=JIJ?
hI0†Pn
T`U
:8ßg#Ag†Y&é(*"?«3 ;‘kX`QJ0‰:DI.«)(<Z`DQ0W'
I‹JInDAJ‘J‘DI‹0$IJ
W$]AW$‹JJENM$KZ„CJ<>ACZ,0EN$U
w8udIEN$X>AC†Lc‰D$!0(*1+‡IuE\LOEN]W'\$kDI
@
Ai3*?Z‹
JkDI
kJ.gD)?IKD)?G?DI0
.JoEN]W'k
DIJo@?
[I;U “ DAJGH?>HHW'Nu@
AdPQCD$K?Lp$!0(*1+kI0J
>CD$I@D‡J$EN:I0J%]
oJ>MI@c
HI@=
[email protected]`0>AC†LU
v:I/MM
$gDGDI?ŒJfg?JfH>>CLG
HJDJŠM
XI>E¡AJhJ
J<QIICZ,
E¨
g?)E–ENSX`RPn0=}hI«)(gU “ DIJ‘>A?
@
g@$N?Z!KE\LeZ[sDI]W$kIJ8P‹?T'NIM^ICkH]
>LUk¤R
587:9\DI0
Z1
"<JŠICZ1?
EN>CL8Z,
E–DI<
g@$ œ «)(f©  c,«)(Šž"U
s%>JK$J[0
Q?j?>C0
)]8MM
[email protected]$X>AC†L
Z,
E\?‡eyA  U Ÿ U
2.4
587:9–Load
ENMI>HLJkbalancing
e>A$$VX)?>[?Ienergy
@Jf
g?usage
0@LpJdDI?\?>>‹I0J
E\?A=IMN?)=
III@%$@$DI0
‰Z1?
‹J‰>$@K?J/M`JJXI>$U “ DI
AHGX`DAIkDIJnJnD)]‹>>„IJnNDI%I0†Pn
Tk?
8H^I>>CL
ENM`
g?=IOIe$IjEKIJfKX`jM`0)> HOEN?
uDI
LjZ<DIo?DI0
JU83"7%Y?>
)?W'GJQN$ENM>A>CL0…DIIJf
DI:I0
@?L?Z‘H?D‡oj
jPQDA>GD0
hIJ‹J>MU ;
587:9’JJuD‡Z1>A>HPQI@p>'$‚XI>AI@VJf
g?0@LU’7QZ,0
j
Io
E\IJh‡DIu'!0(*1+GJfg?GZ1?
:EN “ c):DI@$JhCJ
Jfg?‹N&?1ß!g?+2.o@$W'Q8gD)?In8?DI0
/IJ‘PQCDIkDI
JENQ@?
[=oX`0$ENG'!0(*,+K31t)@
Ÿ ;U<zhH?>>D)]SJ/?
gT'Hp0
g@DC
N
E\A@0I0
@?L4>W$>JU4bD
DI‡0W'Y‡gD)?I@$0JuCJ\Jfg?‡‚&1ß!+2IcQuJ\EN
>T'>CLVD)?uC\D)?J\>A0JJ\
0E\II@I
@LpD)4CJNI@$DX`?
IJ:X`0HJ=M
0JIE\X>CLjDK@$DX`
JhPn0
KAYD\ßg#A†$#
1«eJfg]u0$IJ
W@‡I
@L
@jDIN$ú J.AW$kAENU
—S$JH^I>CLc„DIk=DI?8PnJ.AW$kJo>A0JJ.>T'>CLej
B
E\0W'G]Z,0
QDIGJ]W'0
LuMIDIJ$U
“ DI0W'IjJ0J “ YdDW>Is«`(=I4W'
AJ0J
«`?(njCJQAJ0?W$0
L\ENJJ@JU “ DI8$BR?0W':J‹\DI
I0A@DX`
DIsJ«`(8e00
ENIKDIC
.J>MI@dM`
A„U
“ DIk0W'kkJJu«`(%‡jW>=>JJoD)?dDKENK
IJSIMk?>>
E\?II@%I0
@?Lu3g«)# (f;U‘¤R.$
<JAEKI>A?IJ‘PnnJ
«`?(‹d«)# (&%  JNDI?QDIoG$JIENJQDI>CZ<Z‰CJ%0I0
@?L
X`0Z,
GD)?)@=aeN?I?DI0
hI8DI:I@$DX`?
DImU
“ oHW'A.D
g?JDII@c'PQDI0Y«)# (ŒX`ENJ‘>JJ‰DI=%D
JD$>A
3*JLc)ˆ}Jg;Q587:9OJ0JK«)(n=D:Z1>A>S«)# (gU
2.5
587:9¨Adapting
Jk$Mto
=DIhigh
E=mobility
X`0
=Z8JNMI?
M)]I@s
$ ‡Do
$@kNT'MYk0$IJfg?:>W'0>ŒZ<JQD)]%
I]gU “ D=AH?><J)]
jPnI>AeX`=$k?0W'==eH?D
@
AY]oLuEN$Unã%]PSW'0
Hc`JhI0J:EN]W'$cDIG?0W'K
E\Ld>A]W$uCJ.@
AmU “ DIJKE\Ld>HHW'NDINM
A?
=@?
APQD$
d?0W'=$c`
HI@\
I@\t`>CRLU%¤RYJI?
$J8PQCD
DI@DjENXI>†LkDIJnM
$X>A0EqH?j@?
H?>CLuI0
H?J8M)?T$0‹
$M
g?0JU
s<H?G0$ENENI]<DI@$DoENXI>†L:XL%$JA0
I@QDIJmJfLJfEkB
>W'>/X`D)HW
.0…MI>C>CLsV587%9SUŠ¥‰gDOINJfE\?JGDI
EN%CS0…M`0J/.>HHW'hJS@
Ad31Dk('!0(†&N«`H&Qg"&=(*1ë\
G«(f;SI\>)0J/DIJ/AZ1?
E\?$u\D:J]W'0
LNENJfB
J@$U.bDIe?DI0
oK0
kßg#A†)1«‡Jfg]$cD0LYJ>MdZ1?
DI/JE\>>0
‘?Z<«`?(Š?)u«(m:A/DIHPO>$@:C‘H?KJfgLG
ßg#A†)1«uJfg]$U “ DIJ%gD)?I@oJhI?QDI@$8DI:I8
g?IT`l
JhIJoD.J?EN8
gT@k
I>J%\A*)ŠNJ>MJc„XI
D0LuJ>MZ,
%JDI
hEN$U
7OSGJfE\?:«(X)?JHo$.JŒ
JM`H
+%3*JM`H
\X`Q$Xg?IHN
/JfE\?NZ[
$E¬EN$Jfn58”SyK
0W'0
Jg;‰)
D=@?
[eJ $cn«(-, %.+$U “ DAJ:JfE\?KPS
TJ8Pn0>A>ŠZ,
oD
ENXI>CRLdEN>‘PSNIJ‡31D=
gI$EFPnLB6M`AGEN>‘PQD
MIJJg;lIjJfLJf0ENJSPQDI0
:EN?W$ENSJQ>JJQM
H0gX>A%DIJ
W>oE\HL\X`oEN?
oCN0I>C‹kJfE\?U
¤†O
g0
KY0$ENM)]
NDIN0a„=?ZhD\I\ENXI>†LsI?MB
c‰Pn>>nDI587:9˜PQD$NIjENXI>†LV$MApJ
587%9ŒB6X)J.36587:9ŒB6XI;cDI%587:9ePQD\QEN$XA>CRLk$M
?JY587%9ŒB†ENXI>CRLbI?M$’36587%9ŒB†E\;\)‚JJEKI>A?$
O0$ENM)]
YDIC
jM`0
Z1?
E\I0$U¬587:9ŒB6Xb?)˜587%9ŒB†E\dX`0B
DIHW'‹DIQJENQPQDINENXI>CRLkJ/>AHPoU<bDNEN$XA>CRLKJSDA@Dc
587%9ŒB6XPQ>A>/)YDIHW'NZ10PS0
k?0W'\IJ=?)D0
0Z1?
>HPn
j0I0
@?L40$IJENM$pXINDI@DI0
\MIgT'0N>$JJ\
g?0J\J
JDHPQ‡eyAYˆU Ÿ U
2.6
¤†=M
AGAF
MI>$c58interactions
7:9PQ>>
=]W'0with
‰?L.ad
KDhoc
n
$routing
@:M
?$>J
X`0HJ=C8I>CL‡JJ8?MIMI>H]ABh?)‡JfLJfEkB6>W'>AZ1?
E\?B
VeA\H?DV$ú JK†LL0>Ac‰)sJJ]W'0
L
EN0JJ@$0J\?
‡I>CLOX
$$HJfNC
0kI@$DX`?
JU4¤†V>[]0
J00$IJKPnuW$?>)?587:9¡$EKXIIPQCD47hv:whx œ $ žh)
woyz œ Ÿ ž`?@'JfnII@$ENH.7hv:w%x4I=wGyzGU9I
‰X
W†Lc
PSjPQ>>QJ$EN0ENJKJHLrõ6Pnj$ENMI?
587:9{?)V7hv:w%x%öYA
M>AY?Zeõ†PnY0$ENM)]
Y7hv:w%xøPQCDb587%9’PQCD‚IENtIH
7hv:whx:öU
587%9s0JAjG
uIJn$jIu?aYJn)M`)n?Z‘$
D.
I@NM
>JU:¤6ZSkGJ8?0W'>CL‡
$I@NM)?T$0J
PQDsCKAJGM`HPn
Hsa‘c‰587%9˜M`IJoDI\DIk
B
@.M
>`^IgT>CL.
0B"
$A@o
g?N$U “ DIJSE\LKHJ%JEN
MIgT'0/>$JJc>CDII@DuENJfS?Z$NDI‹
$I@GM
?$>JS
H?0
YgD)?I@J.^T>CLUu7%sMEN H?D)].PSND)HW'N.0…B
M>
HkJ/:D)HW'%587:9YZ,
ErDIQ$kD‹
$@oM
0$>)?Z
ENM`II@NJJM`IJc>>HPQA@C:uM
0ENMW'>CLu
0B"
$
?Lu
g]N$U
3.
“ oW$PERFORMANCE
?>)?Q
‰JDENJc'PSntIEVALUATION
Jf/IJQ8JENMI>‹E\]D)ENA>
?)?>LJJ:\00
ENIG?Y[H> HY>W'0>ŒZ‰0
@L$J0
W?B
YAY587:9SUnyIG?)?>LJJ:IhH?M
8Do$ENM>0…†L
¡Z1>>.587:9rJ)]
c:PSdD‚JJE=>A?$‚VJf)L
587%9pa„0Jh$YIRPn?
Tj>CZ1AENc`DIHP¨)uPQDLjC:0$IJ
W'J
0I0
@?Lc'?).PQD0DI
<
<I?<C<A0
H?JJ‰DnIEKX`0
Š?Z)M)?T$0
$MJU‡9Š)?>>LcPn\JDIHPrD)].I0†Pn
Te>CZ10EN\II0
K587%9
JGM
M`
$I><jDNJCRLeZnI=M>]LENHcIePS
…I?ENI\DIJ0IJCWC†LVZ8
NJEKI>A?$JNud0
?
\A
D8
g$A=M
$MI@$?$YEN>m)j^)>CRLjZŠ>A?$mU
3.1
“ K@0QAnalytic
\MIM`0
SX`$performance
IIk$uDIHP‚EKIganalysis
Du587:9dE\HL=0…)N0B
PS
T.>Z,0EN‹Pn‹I…<0$IJA0
/:W'0
L.JENMI>‹?)>CLQEN>*U
7hJJIENGD)]0/sJo]
K0W'I>CLeJf
AXHYd\?
H\PQD
M`$@?
gMIDLVJ 21.Us%$EN)?>S
g$d
g?I@$\Z1?
\HgDVIjJ
.Un7h
gI@=\¥‰^)?  cDIo@
AJ GH?‡X`oJ0:J43
PQDDjAJ‹D8E\?…E=EÖJ o?Z‘=WC
)?>m@?
AmU “ DI8ENAEKI5 E 6
?g>E=X`0
SZ<WC
)?>@?
[j>>Jc87cPS$I>AX`
79, :3 3 1 ;
3"ˆ';
56 7%0
gA@$
NJJIENM$pZ80W'I>CLpAJf
XHVIJc
H?D‡@?
AjPnI>AD)HW'8?hEN$Jf;/<%=7÷I0JcI?
/>: Ÿ >:1
3*|;
IJU
7n:X`0JfHc„JJENA@NJfg?$I?
LYJ%I‡Iu587%94]W'0
DH$„c
$>CL=In‹=H?D=@
AKPQ>>IX`‹?0W'nPQDI>‹DIS
Jf‰J>MmU
y=¥‰^)]Ae|j@AW$J%DKE\]…EKIEàIEKX`0
hAeH?De@?
[„c
DI/I0†Pn?
To>ACZ,0ENSPQ>A>X`/0…)HG?<EN$JfS3?/">@ ;(%3 Ÿ >@1:;
ENJU
“ DIuZ1?
E=I>AeX)?JA>>CLp
ê)0JkDuZ10NDI?KPQD‚587:9–>CB
@$?
CDIE‡cŒDkEN
=I0JcŠDIk>I@$
=0RPS
Te>Z,0EN$c<?)
DIkZ,0Pn
=IEKX`0
GZQWC
)?>/@?
AJc‘DIN>I@$
=0RPS
Td>ACZ,0B
EN$U “ DI\IEKX`0
oZQWC
)?>/@?
AJ.E\I>CLM`0)JGDI
IEN)>
g$\
gJENAJJe
g?I@kI‡DIo$M`@
gMDLYJ $U
¥‰^I?$  @$W'J‹D8IMM`0
B6X`$IIu?Z‘@
AJ U
“ DIK]W'0
DI$dI.‡587%9‚J]W'
LeENJJ@kJoJE\>>*U=7h>CB
DII@Du587:9M`
AH>>CL\J)J/SJ]W'0
LkENJJ@%CZ„DI
InJ‘KDI8&1ß!+2G?
h'!0(*1+‹Jfg?$cDI‰Z,
H^I0I0LoPQ>>IX`
W'0
LK>HPoU/yInD‹X
$$Jf/AJ‰>EN=k$hD$MN]
$)k
I$cJIgD\]W'0
DI$=PQ>>mn?a„0/DIQPQDI>A%JfLJfEÖ0I0
@?L
JJM)]$‡kEKIgDU
¤R‡DoZ1$>>HPQI@J00$IJ%Pn.IJGJE=I>A]AY\
0>[]…Y$
8?JfB
JIENM$IJG?)e0…MI>
u587%9‚M`0
Z1?
E\NEN
K
H>Jf
)C$JU
3.2
¤†jJYSimulation
CN0I>CjVH?Mmethodology
eD0g>J?ZN587%9¬M`
Z1
E\?I
biI>CLA>:EN>*U–9I
\D)]N
HJ‚PnYENMI>EN0
587:9d\DQIJfB  JAEKI>A??
œ ˆ?ž"cW>)]I@GW$]
A?$Jnu
EN]W'ENHc/
g?NYMI?0
b?)i0I0
@?L‚EN0>%?JJ0
X`H
X`>HPoU
¤RO?
g0
=EN$Jf
g?NDI\ê)…XA>CRLZ8587:9ScŠPSENMI>0B
ENH¡587:9ÖA–4JIMJDI‡ZNJfB  U›X)€U_J>H>>CL
ENCtIHG).0…)HoW'0
J$.Z`$GDIS
I@h$
XIH
XLi—‹ƒ2A œ ˆ›0ž cQiAENM
]W'Hi7hv:whx_ENM>A0ENg?$pZ,
$E
DI%7hv:w%x‚J@$0
J œ ›H}]ž"c)?)NGI0
@?LNEN0>`J
AX`\X`B
>HPoUnsG]ggDIHY587%9s\7%v:whx˜N@$08587:9<©?7%v:whxKc?)
587:9dKwGyzi.@$0%587%9<©?wGyz.U'hD\
Ij587:9<©?7%v:whxKc
7hv:w%x.c?587:9<©]wGyzGc]wGyzO$GDISJ?ENSJE=>A?HoJI?
$J‘
ENM)?
nDQM`0
Z1?
E\I0h=
ENJ‰?ZmI0
@?LkJJAMI?$u?)
I]gk0>AW'
L‡^)?>†LU‘s8DIHW'8W'0
CtIHuDI?h$
%@?
g?$
ZDIS—‹ƒ2AKú J‘oDI/
I@‹
M
JŒDC
Œ
J>J œ Ÿ ž"c'?)
D)]o$
GJE=I>A]Ad
0JI>CJoZSIIENCt)He$eDI=M
0$>J
?
o0$IJJfQPQCD‡D0
hMIXI>JDIH\
JI>CJ œ Ÿ cŒ›}c› Ÿ ž"U
—‹ƒ2A¢?>JOM
]W[HiW$?>AA?H4¦$}  U›$›p3  ƒY;\ƒ‡7h—Ñ>[L
J E=>[]$PQCDD8JE=I>A]A‡M)?T@
Ín±]¹ BV¾4¹I»Š¿Ñ·¶Iȑ®1Â1®,Ág½q·¶m¿Œ²Â1º$´e:JkODIJEKI>A?$
NE ]W'0
g@‚4DI
g)$EØPnLB6M`AeEN>GIJH¡A
—‹ƒ2A œ Ÿ ž"Uh:J8?>C0
)]KX`0†Pn0YM)JI@uIjDIYEN]W'
Y
g)$EN>CLOgDIJV>A?$i?\YtI…HOJM`H„UssuB
JA0
=J0W'MIJkAEN0Jâ=}c<ˆ$}c<€$}cn›  }c‰ˆ}$}c‘€$}$}c‰Isš$}}
J0$IJUo9
oH?DeMIIJGENoPn=@I
g?\›H}\J0J8Z/ICA>
M>AEN0JG?)e
g)$EFPnHLB6M`$JUNsk>JYW>)]=RPS
Ca„0
kuEN?W$EN.JM`HJâuICZ1?
E Jf
XI$VX`0B
†Pn0}K)  }?Eu©?J‹?)\IZ,
EqJf
XIX`0†Pnj}.)
›0Eu©?JU‰:JQEN]W':Yj› Ÿ }}EøXLˆ}$}?EàEN00
h?
U
¤†‚EN$JfuJ0)?
sPSdJ Ÿ }
g?IJCJe3*JN
III@
D=
$A@;8?)O›H}j
g]NkIJGA@‡?J.J
0JG)
JTJU<bDjPS80…EN8IGJ†LcPnoW?
L\DI:E=X`0
?Z)JŠZ[
$E Ÿ }hK›}$}%)  }}%PQDI>nT'0MII@%?
%IJfgHU
yE=I>A]A8
g?N‘PnJŒ@I
g?HoXL:0$$JXm
g?Q36—n™Sz:;
J
0JŒJM
$@QD‘
g?N‘
gIEN>L:ENI@8›}‹
g]N‰I0JU
“ D=MIgT'08J .P‹?J Ÿ ›  XLJU “ D=M)?T$0:
g]KP‹?J8J08
D
Na„
oW$?>IJâK›kMIT©]Jc/›}jMITJg©]JoI  }uMITJg©?J8
0W$?>AI?n587:9jJ0IJCWC†L8‹
g?N/>A$$„U<¥‰W$8PQCD  }hMTJg©]J
MIgT'0o
g]$cŠDIk
g]NN>'J.Jf>>/PS>>SX`>HP¬DIk0RPS
T
M)?CRLU‘%gDIJ%.Jf)Lk>A@DSKEN0
g?>CLN>$$uJfLJfB
0ENJ:X`H?IJKI0J:d$YDIKI0†Pn
TJ:?
=…M`00HuX`
0I0
@?LIJf
g?AHmcEN
oJKD)jX)?)PQADIJf
gHmU
oEN>m=
gkPQCDY=IEN)>„
g@$o?Z $Ÿ }kEN0
J‹PQD
X`?DDI%RPn?B"
gHLB6@
IIjM
M)?@'?YEN>IkJD)HP‹B
@kEN>*U
ç%»Œ²±]¯)½Y·¶m¿Œ²Â†´/v:
Œ0I0
@?L8IJIENM$oEN0>$JŒXIJHo$
yENEà?)áG] $ú J%ENH?J
EN0J‹?Z‰›š$š Ÿ 7 “Co“¡ ƒX)©?J
sHW'HŽŒ7hø3*M
0B†¦$}  U›$›H;:PQ
0>A0JJ=Ž7% œ ˆ$}?ž"U “ DI0LeENH?J
H
0$JfJNZ.›$U €] Z1?
k
gJENCHch›U  Z,
N
0W@cS)‚›U }]
Z,
o>JfA@U “ \DIJhPnkIeN$Jf8ZS}U } Ÿ PQDJ>0MB
@UnoD$JoDIC
%EN>JQ
M
Jg?W'.?QDGEN:PS
X`0@'‡DJQPS
T`U‹7h>CDI$@$DDJhDI?
gP‹?
GJhIHP¨JEN0PQD)]
>AmcI0PS0
hW$?>)?IJQZ<EN?
%
0hW'
JAIJQZŒDI:s]W$0B
Ž7%‚?
g\I=$ENMI?XI>QD)]
gPn?
hXLKD0
/W')
J‰JDIHPQJ
W$0
LJEN>A?
=$JfJUyM`Ct)H?>>Lc<áG?JfOENH?J
HD\w8@B
Cg?  ƒX`©?Jk¦$}  U›$›PQC
>JJuŽ7%KcŒ$XJ0
WA@0$JfJk?ZK›U š]
31
g?IJENC;cS›U Ÿ 31
W'H;c‘}U § Ÿ 3*>AJf0`;c<}U } $Ÿ 3*J>M);
 }$}$} œ ›H€]ž"cS?)O—SDO0=>*UŠENJ
DIuŽ  ƒX)©?J
sHW'HŽŒ7h‚¦}  U››:H]
gJcXIJ0
WI@o0$JfJ‰Z‘›$U |? 31
g?IJENC;c
›U }? 31
0AW$];c‘}U ¦ˆ? 3*>Jf`;cŠI}U }?|'ˆ? 3*J>M); œ š?ž"UN¤R
?>>‰?Z/DJ.Jf)J:ZS¦$}  U›$›kDI?
gP‹?
cm
g?IJENJJ$dJ Ÿ }ED
›}$}$~¬EN
h0…M`JAW$QDI\>JfII@cPQDI>:J>MA@KJSGL
Z[
g0YZ‘DIJ‹JfHU
¤6oJoENM`$JJXI>=uW>)]=DIKX`D)HW
o?ZSDIKI0†Pn?
TeJ
PQD$>SCZ
g?N‰IJ
o$Œ0
@L8X`0Z1?
/DI‘
g?IJCŠJU
“ %HW'AoDJŠ?
CZ10ŠPS/J0M)?
g]/D‰
g]N/JmZ,
E¡
B
@%J‘?)G@$W'‰
g?N/I0JŠt)C/0
@LU “ g?knIJ
Z,$>>HPQJ8DIGJEN.EN$XA>CRLjEN0>‘Jh
gIJC%IJc„XI%D0L
‡I?G
IO587%9ScŒ
KjDI0LeZ1?
P‹]
g
g?N$Uj™S0HJ\PS
?u
g?NeIJuJM`A>>CLcQPnsj$\DE PQDI
0M`
I@=D8IEKX`0
n?Z‘IJQAuDI8JEKI>A?$31Z1?
%…I?EkB
M>$c‰$
Ÿ }Y\JE=I>A]AV$JAJfJKZ:€$}YIJc Ÿ }‡
g?B
JC:I0J8I›H}k
g?kKJg;Uh:?oD)?%$
8JgDIENGJ
<0…>I/DSM`JJAX>AC†LK?Z`?$ENEN?I@%>AENCHB6I0
@?L
g]NkJG?J8Pn>>*Uk¤†eDJoHJ$cIkdD‡'!0(*,+NJfg]
PS$>[jIHu=XIa„0
hI]gKZ1?
:J>0MII@k0)jJU
s/@$W'/HgD.
g?IJC<IS$@$D.I0
@?LGJ%DI?‘C‘H?K>Jf
Z1?
n?X`$S| Ÿ }oJ)JU<yIQJ<\7hv:w%xi)KwGyzpD)HW'
IJo>JfII@j$Jfg>CLc>><I0J80…MIC
N]Z,0
G| Ÿ }Jo0W'
PQCDIQ
g?NU
y8Pn.0M`)u$e58”/y„cPnoE=JfQEN>Œ58”/yjI
@Lj$B
JIENM$UKskEN>/58”SyJoIJIEN@‡}U |$€?ÔB
IIJ8
M`?
I@EN$cmPQDM`HPn0
GIJ0
W?EN0J8D)?
IJIEN:}U›H€ Ÿ XLk
M`?
I@=0W'0
L\J)j)u}U }ˆ$ˆ?ù
B
M`
@YW'0
L¦‡J)J œ ›H€]ž6UeyIj587%9¡J.I.
H^IC
IJfg<M`J=Z,
E\?c$PS‹$K:58”SyoJf<Z„}U }ˆ$ˆ]
=587:9JEKI>A?$J83"INIS.JENM>A%7hv:w%xb?
‹wGyz‚JEkB
I>A]AIJg;U‘Q8<
Ka58”SyGPQDI=PS‹
=?a\
g$8
HW'$AEN>I@kJ]>>AC.^J‡AENc)?)jX`0HJ.58”Sy
Jf%J%^IC8JE\>>‰3"X`QH^)?>mK
g$kJ>0M‡$Jf;U
ُ°‘··¹I±]½<´Šs<ENM)?
G587:9<©7hv:whxPQCDoI?
E\>'7hv:whx
Ie587:9<©]wGyz¨PQCDeI?
E\>wGyzGUI.0$)I0‡$
:$EkB
M)]
J$K†PnKMID)?JJU<¤R\DIhtI
Jf‹MD)?J$cPn8JE=>A?H Ÿ }
IJKZ,
\š}$}?J‡31RPQuZ:7hv:w%x8©?wGyzÖ>CZ10EN];oeJjDHP
587:9V]a„0JQI0†Pn?
Tj>CZ10EN$c)I]gk>W'0
Lc?)j0I0
@?LJfB
@$Ukv:
8@'?>/eDIJ8MIDIJKAJ%JDIHP{DI?.587%9‚0JoI
HI‰DI‹^)?>†LGZ)$KD/
I@:)oD)]<CŠPQ>A>IJ0
W'
0
@LN0$ENM)]
Hk=?\IIENCt)HN\D%
[email protected]
?$>*U
sKDIe
M`H].D=J?ENk$ENMI?
J$mcŠW?
LI@uDIkIEKX`0
Z<JG3 Ÿ }cm›H}$}c`?)  }$}';cZ1?
:ˆ€$}}J:?Z<JE=I>A]AjEN:
$XJ0
W':PQDI?nPQ>>mD)MM`\PQDIj>>mI0JS
Iu$‹Z‘0I0
@?LU
¤RdDIJGJ)MD)?J$cŠPnNJfILeD]P¬>$@e587:9‚PQ>>S0…I
IRPn?
Tj>CZ1AENU
¤R¡H?D{MD)?J$cos$J[0
V›H€¦$}iJE=>A?$Jc=?>>KE=XB
)]$IJuZ.|OM
>AJ36587:9<©?7%v:whxKcS7hv:w%x.cS587:9<©?woyzGc
wGyz8;cI§KEN]W'EN0SM)]0
IJcm›H}kICA>MI>A0ENJcˆK
g?N
>'Jc`?)  EN]W'ENnJM`0HJG3f›Eu©]Jh)  }?Eu©?Jg;U
“ DI‡
0E\)0
\ZoDAJNJ00$bM
0JJN$
uJE=>A?$i
B
JI>CJUNy0IJGˆU ˆEDˆU Ÿ I>CL \587%9‚M`0
Z1?
E\I0kd0
ENJ
Z/IRPn?
T‡>CZ10EN$cm0
@LeIJ0
W?cmIeI?gu0>AW'
L
^)?>AC†L)0
G>]PÖEN$X>AC†LdPQCDOW?
$Jo
g?NN>'JU‡yB
$JnˆU €EDˆU š.AW'0JfA@$?:587:9eJIJCWCRL=GW?
$J/J0)]
A
M)]
gEN0
Jc)?EN>CL=DA@DNEN$XA>CRL3"ˆU €.;cIhJ†L3"ˆU §$;c
JD)HPQI@hM
M)@$?$KEN>I3"ˆU ¦';c$IG>H]$=
n3"ˆU š';U
3.3
“ DIGtI
GAF
Jf8^IJfextension
$YPS=0…ENof.network
J8DHPr587:lifetime
94?a„J8I0†Pn?
T
>CZ10EN$UrseENH?J
eIRPn?
Ti>CZ10ENJ\DIYZ,
g?0$¡Z
gJCnIJSPQCD\IB6 0
G0
@L\?JnoZ1I0$\?ZmEN$UŠ¤R
DIJ8J00$ePnKt…DKIEKX`0
hZSI0J8? Ÿ }u)YIJA
DIG
g@$k?ZSMIJKENJ8?)YDIGRPSjENXI>†LYJM`HJUos
M
0J‰DS
J>J<Z1?
n7hv:whxpPQCD=
g]N‹>'J/?  }:MTJg©]JU
s\?>Jd0W$?>AI?HwGyzÖID0
G
g?NN>'Jl‰Pn\YI
M
0J/D$J‹
JI>CJ/J‰DI0L.Pn0
QJEN>A?
HUQ3 “ g]NQ>A$$\0J
I?‹JIXJfgA>>CLj?a„0Q0RPS
TN>CZ10ENoX`IJ%DI:0I0
@?L
IJ\uM)?T'SZ1?
P‹]
gI@KAJSE=IgDk>JJnDINDIh$JfnZŠA>AB
EN8>JfII@U ;
¤Rp9Š@$
€YPnjM
J0.DI\
J>JKZ1
N7%v:whxøIV587:9ŒB6X
PQCDoEN]W'EN„Z„›0Eu©?J):
g]N<>'$JŠ]  }‹MTJg©]JU‘587%9ŒB6X
IdB6E\u?
kH^AW>G]GDIJoEN]W'EN%JM`HmU=s=>HHW'
DI8JIJJYZ<DI@DEN$X>AC†Lja„0QkJ0YˆU €U
“ DInt
Jf‘DII@%Pn‹$XJ0
W'nN9Š@
Q€:J‘D)]‘PQDk7%v:whx4>>
7%JoPS\AJ00$VˆU ˆcŠPnNI>CLJIJJGDI=>AHP¬EN$X>AC†L
JI?
NDI
$U‘s8>HHW'%DIoAJ0IJJ$‡?Z‘DI@DEN$X>AC†Lj
J0eˆU €U
“ DI.H?>A0I>A?$dZ"X YE/JDIHPQJ:DI?8?8>HP{.EN]W'GJM`H
3f›Eu©]Jg;c‰X`D4587:9ŒB6XpIV587:9ŒB6E\YD)HW'uX`N|$}'~>HPn
X YE/pDIO7hv:whxqIE\?0
GPQD)]=EN]W'0EN8M)]0
IJu3"CZ[B
Z1
=MIIJkEN];o]
$U “ DI\Ca„0
G
g?N\>'pJ.I
?a„008DIKHW'0
g?@$k0
@Le0$IJENM$YM`
oIKuE=IgDU
“ DIj
HJiJ\>CDII@D4
g?k>'iJkI0
H?JI@cQ]W'
kDI
>$@=JE=>[]$\AENc[>8I
@L\AJJMI?$‡Jf>>mENAI?J
DI%g>I
@LjJJM)]AYDI:PQD$>GJfLJfE‡U
Fraction of survived nodes
1
F
0.8
0.6
AODV
GAF,0
GAF,30
GAF,60
GAF,120
GAF,300
GAF,600
GAF,900
0.4
0.2
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Simulation Time(sec)
Q­ ®,¯)°Œ±]²HGm´{Õ²ÁÃ.¶)±?ÉqÂ1®[¼†²ÁH®*·d²{¾$¶„·d¸Š¹I±?®1º¶`»‰´qþjÿj­¢×º$Ì
ÿI*JLK ¹IÁrÂ,¶Ã »Œ¶m¿Œ²_º¸‰²²¿ùƳ·NMº?Ë{°Š»Š¿Œ²±¬×¹±®[¶`°Šº
¸Œ¹)°Šº²YÁH®1·²`ÌO¨¶×`²·²»„Á$´G³·PMº$NJÁ±]¹QBV¾´Kæи‘É„ÁHº=Mº$Ì
Jm
IoZI0
@?Lo]ŒDI<J?EN‰EN<?ŠX`Š| Ÿ }?JU “ DIJ
JSoZ,I0$\Z„DI\õ†X)?
Löo\H?DN%)=D‹Z*SD)]
7hv:whx‚J/DA@:oIJ0
W'‹0I0
@?LU “ DIJ<
M
J0J‘D
0$Jf%Z‘A$IJ>CLu>JfII@U
587%9i0…IJhI0†Pn
T>ACZ,0EN=IJA0
g?XI>CL„lŠ]Z,0
oš$}$}?JGˆ$}ED
|$}'~øZ‰IJ8]
KJf>><>W'KM`II@NeEN$XI>CRLM)?
U
yI?
$JQPQCD‡JDI?
0
hM)J8ENJQ$JAJf0>CLjD)HW'8X`0
0RPS
T\>CZ10EN:DIjD$J:PQCDj>AI@0
hM)J:EN$U “ DIJ‹J
X`0HJjEN]WI@YIJk]
jX`0
k]k>'pXI>AI@UO—SB
JA0
oDI.0…
EN.HJk?Znuš$}}JGM)?IJ.AENu3*I\EN]W'EN0
I@KDI8JE=>A?$);U/¤†jDAJQH?J$c)@?
A>>JhPQCDe=J@$>
‡EKIJfK
E\i0$IJfg?>Lp?0W'Y?)4JdPQ>A>h0…MIC
Y]
| Ÿ }?JU‹5%
AJ‹PQCDj†PnkJnPQ>>Œ>A?Jf%>I@$
:?)\DIj>>Š
]/D‹JENnENnM
I0A@8DI‹Jfg?
B6JfMJS] Ÿ$Ÿ }?Jn?)k¦ Ÿ }JU
‚DII0JoEN?W$31PQCDMIIJKAEN0J8>JJoD)€$}}Jg;cŠD0L
PQ>>8JEN0ENJNEN]W'DI0JY@
AJjI4JD)]
‡DIY>'mc
DJ‹M
I@kEN?
8@
gI>Œ:Z1>
$U
3.4
%e>GAF
CZ10ENeenergy
JsJ0Z1savings
>8ENHJ
$cQXIujH?bX`es0
)
ENJ
KZQ?0)?><I0
@?Le$JIENMAeX`HJkIk>CZ1kJ
X)?
LcmJ Ÿ }jX`$B"B†=J8?
kIJA
H?Jo@$J
Ÿ }.Z[
JDJU<¤†j?
g0
n=^)CZ,LkDIHP˜E=DN0
@Lj587%9
JHW'0JchPSeAJfH$4$ENMDYENH‚0I0
@?LiIJENM$
M`
%$U
“ %0t)‘DI<ENHo0I0
@?L8IJIENM$8M`0
ŒI$cHPn/JJEN
DI?SJAEKI>A?uJfg]
J/PQCD/‡IJ/PQCD\ICA>)g?>`I
@L
?Z!/VIJo?JRTSc7QZ,0
oENU0c„DI.
E\I@u?g><I
@L
?Z/pI0JoAJRWVgU “ DDkENH?0
@LIJIENM$dM`0
N3?X YE/;SAJâ
XQYE/2, R SL/ Z >:U RTV
3Ÿ ;
8H?>A0I>A?X YE/‡Z1?
%X`?D7hv:whxKc587%9ŒB†XjI587%9ŒB6E\GZ,
?>>nCa„0
0.J0)?
JKI0>AII@YNEN]WI@JM`0HmcŒEN?W$0B
EN0nM)?
YICa„0
0‹
g]No>'mU
3.5
bDA>=GAF
PS=DI]W$effects
=JDIHPQeon
D)].data
587:9idelivery
0$IJ
W'J80
@LcmX`IJ
587:94HJJ8IJ:uJ>Md8E\HL
HKDHP’E\L‡MIgTB
0 J:?
=JJJfZ,I>>CLd>W'0
mc`
HII@k
I@\t`>CRLUQs
D)HW'.J@$Ie587:9OuE\?g?ek$Jfg8>W'0>ŒZ<
I@
t`>CRLc?XIŠPnn…M`00<J$ENSI?gh>$JJ‘PQDIKIJ‘@$h:J>M
J/
$0JSgD)@$$c?)=PS:D)HW'QA0CtIHkJW'0
g?>`HJ0JSPQDI0
IGL)?ENJnE\LuHJoII$I>mI]g=>$JJU
sk0tII=†Pn‡EN0
J8ENHJ
NI]g‡>W'0
LU “ DIktI
Jf
EN0
NJKD\I?gY>W'0
Ld
g?c<PQDIgDOJ.D\
g]YZQDI
IEKX`0
S?ZŒ
0W'H\M)gT'0J/]W'0
nDh?g>„J‹M)?T$0JU “ DI
J)YEN0
GJ:DI.HW'0
g?@$KI?gk
g?IJfZ1
G>ALc)PQDAgDYDI
DI:ENH>ALjZ,
QDIJ8
W'M)?T'JU
¤RGDIJ‘JAcPnnENM)]
Q587:9‡?)K7%v:whxp
A@hDStI
Jf
| Ÿ }Jk?ZQJE=I>A]AsPQDIV?>>‹7hv:w%xÑJK?
u?>AW'U7QZ,0
DIJ<ENQ7%v:whx4Z1>J/G>AW$0
/L=MIgT'0Jl0$IJA0
I@oDI
C
=EN=PnI>AdD0
0Z,
NJT'0PrDJkENH?J
JoO587%9Sú J
Z*HW'?
HU–v:
\@'>%DI0
AJNsJDHP£DI?j587%9{AJ\\J@$tB
H?>CLePn?
JND)7hv:w%xrPQDIs7%v:whx¬AJG0a„00W'$U\¤RdDI
J0˜ˆU §PnYPQ>A>:W$?>)?YDJeEN0
J\?W$0
\DIYPQDI>A
>CZ10ENoZ/587%9SU
s%H>>A?:D8I]g=>AW$0
Lk
g?=)uHW'0
g?@$o>AHLNEN
Z1?
GX`D7hv:w%x.cm587:9ŒB6X)587:9ŒB6E\kZ1?
.>>/Ca„0
8J00B
)]
$JnI0>AII@GhEN?WI@oJM`0HmcEN]W'EN0<MI?0
u?)
Ca„0
0‹
g]No>'mU
7nh>AHP–IoJM`H3f›0Eu©?Jg;cX`De587%9p?)‡7hv:whx–DIHW'8DI
JENkI?g>W'0
LY
g]AY?ZQš$š$~FIeDkJENkENs>AL
$JJY?>A>%M)?IJYENJU “ DI0Jd
J>CJ‡?
eX`IJd]‡>HP
JM`HJcIJ‹
g]
>CLEN]W'J‹hZŒDIC
hW
I>„@
AJU
s:>A]W$8DIGJJJ$‡‡DI@$DEN$XI>CRLNkJ00$eˆU €U
3.6
s‰JIENEffect
E\]
‰of587:high
9ŒB6XGmobility
I.587:9ŒB6E\nonM`0GAF-b
Z1?
E\/and
o0GAF-ma
ENJmZ
IRPn?
T=>CZ10ENQ0…JAc0I0
@?LkJHWA@c?)N?go0>AW'
L
^)?>AC†Lj)0
QDI@$DEN$XI>CRLujDAJQJAU
Õ²ÁgÃK¶)±?É¡Â1®,¼6²ÁH®*·²4²èmÁ²»ŠºH®,¶)»isNW>)]HV587:9‚PQCDO
DI@DI0
%EN]W'EN‹JM`s3  }Eu©]Jg;USbCDYEN?
oEN?W$ENnPn
0…M`0=J‡Ca„0
Jki587:9ŒB6Xp)OB6E\YM`0
Z1?
E\I0$U
¤R‚DeJ)]
$J‡?ZKD@$DbIeEN?WI@OJM`0Hmc:587:9ŒB6X˜?)
587:9ŒB6E\.JDI$>AD)HW'oCa„0
QX`D)HW
h‡IRPn?
Tj>CZ1AEN
X`H?IJk587:9ŒB6E\kIJJ:DI@$DeEN$X>AC†LY$MAd\T'0Me$B
J0
W?W'j$pM`]PS0
I@abJ=PQD>AY587:9ŒB6Xp@$@?
JJW'>CL
M`HPn0
Je?arI0JU÷sdDI0
Z1
OM>eIRPn?
Tb>Z,0ENOZ
3.7
587%9u…How
0)Jmnetwork
IRPn?
T:>CZ10density
EN<XL:Aaffects
Z[LA@QGAF
H^IW$?>m
B
@oI0J/?).MI@:DIJ‹^W$?>A0‘
I@:AoCa„0
†LL0>A0JU‡7hJ.\IJCRLI0
JJGPn\0…M`0=587%9b
g?T'8Wg@%?ZD:I)>„H^AW>/IJS.0…)
Fraction of survived nodes
1
F
0.8
0.6
AODV
GAF,0
GAF,30
GAF,60
GAF,120
GAF,300
GAF,600
GAF,900
0.4
0.2
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
700
800
900
Simulation Time(sec)
3"';Q587:9ŒB6X
1
Fraction of survived nodes
587%9ŒB6X?)j587:9ŒB6E\oAuDI@Dj:EN][email protected]`H\u†PnkCZ,B
Z,0
%9Š@$
0Jân9Š@$
K§3"';nJ‹Z1?
o587%9ŒB†XI9Š@$
=§3*X`;SJ
Z,
8587:9ŒB6E\U
9Š@
\§3"';8Ie9ŠA@
\§3*X`;%JDI?
.DI=J?EN=gD)]
g00
JfJ
?JkPnJIJJp49ŠA@
€Up9ŠC
JfHcn7hv:whxà>Z,0EN‡JkI?
]a„0HkN?>>)JI?
$JlJ)>Lc587:9Y0…IJ‘DI‹0RPS
T
>CZ1AENGYa„
h@?
JâSD8>JJhM)J8EN$cDo>$I@0
0RPS
T>ACZ,0EN$l‹?)DIC
g>Lc‘
g]N\>'$VJ=kgD)?I@
DoI0†Pn?
Tu>CZ1AEN8NEKIgDU
“ D=Ca„0
I0.X`RPn0e9Š@$
=§3"$;%?)Y9Š@$
=§3*X`;‹J%D)]
587%9ŒB6XH?sT'MEN
kJ.?>AW'kZ,
K>$@$0
GEN$cŒJM`0B
0[?>>L˜‚DdD@$DbEN$X>AC†LiMI?0
mU¬9I
0…ENMI>Y˜9Š@B
j§3"';c‘D0
u?
\Jf>>‹š$}$~ ?ZhI0J=]
uJf>>‹?>AW'u]KD
ENuš$}}J=PQDODI\M)?IJ\ENuJN}U “ D0
uAJK$>LOX`$
|$}'~ J
WW'HpA¡587%9ŒB6E\‚DIYJ?ENYJ)]
¡36ye9Š@B
‹§3*X`;;U “ DS
H?J$c$JŠPS‹JJJHGX`0Z1?
$c'JŠD)]‰587:9ŒB6X
?@$@?
JJW'>CLVM`HPn0
J.Iu?a4Z,
KI
@Ls0$IJ
W$]AsPQDI>
587%9ŒB6E\.IJ0
W?W'0>L\M`HPS0
J‹aYD:IJ‹jD@$DENXI>CB
C†LU
þuÿj­¬²»²±]¯)½iº¹×Œ®1»¯`ºK7n%DI@$DeGEN]W'GJM`Hs3  }?Eu©?Jg;c
587%9ŒB6X‚I‚587%9ŒB†E\dD)HW'D‡JEN|'}'~ >HPn
2X YE/bD)
7hv:whx˜?‹>[email protected])JhEN.3*EN
QD)?jˆ}$}.J$IJg;lI587:9ŒB6X
?)G587%9ŒB†E\/D)JI0
EN0g?>>Lh
HIH0X YE/K>$@hPQCDoJDI?
0
MIJkAENUkbDI0M)?IJ=ENkJ.}c‘587:9ŒB6XDIJ.€$}$~÷>]PS0
X YE/¨DI¡7hv:w%x.cn?)¡587:9ŒB6E\sD)?J Ÿ }$~ª>HPn
[XQYE/¡D)
7hv:whxKU$587:9ŒB6XkJDHPQJ/CJ‰@
H]0
S0I0
@?L=IJ0
W?N$=D
D@$DuEN$XI>CRL=J)]
KPQDIgD\$Z1
ENJ/.
ntI)A@$J/JSPS
•RIJf%0J0
X`H‡X`]W'U
Ju¹IÁ¹=¿Œ²Â1®,×`²±]½uñ°Œ¹IÂ1®,Ág½u7‹DI@DoI<EN]WI@nJM`k3  }Eu©]Jg;
PSkJkJENNCa„0
0IJoX`RPn0s587%9ŒB6X?)587:9ŒB6E\Y3*J
9Š@
e¦';U¡7nN>I@sMIIJ‡ENJY3*EN?
jDI‚ˆ}$}J0$IJg;
587%9ŒB6Xch587%9ŒB†E\cQ?)‚7hv:whx_AsD)HW'jDI‡J?EN
?gu>W'0
L
g?‡?)YENHd>AHLUo7‹:JDI?
0
oM)?IJGEN
3*>JJ<D)?Nˆ$}}8J)Jg;<587%9ŒB†E\%Ik7hv:w%xV
E\kJEN>A?
Hc
XS587:9ŒB6XkDIJ<Pn?
J:?go0>AW'
LK
g]A.?)=>$@$0
nHW'0
g@
>ALU‘7nŒDSEN$JfŠ0…
EN<HJSPQCD=%}QM)?IJSEN$c$587:9ŒB6X
DIJ:e¦ Ÿ ~£?gN>AW$0
L
g]Ac`PQDI>k587%9ŒB6E\kIY7%v:whx
=
H?D\š Ÿ ~uU “ DIhHW'0
g@Q>AL.Z1
n587:9ŒB6XKAJ/}U ˆ Ÿ J$ImU
PQD‡X`?DY587:9ŒB6E\K)j7hv:w%x–?
G]
$II‡}U›€kJ$ImU
587%9ŒB6Xú JNIJ>M4M`$>0LpAJkD
H?J$4Z,
uCJkPn?
J‡X`0B
DIHW?
)
jD@$D‚?
IJfg?jEN$X>AC†LU–e$I
JJ\DIJ
M
$X>A0EØD
P‹LJâitI
JfHcG587:9ŒB6X–E\L˜X`IIJCgXI>O]
D@$DpEN$XI>CRLI)0
=Dj0
KIJCRL„lQy$Imc‰XL
0$IJA0
I@sENXI>†LOpDJ>M4M`$>0LcQ587%9ŒB6E\eJNEN?
?MIM
$M
A]GDIe587%9ŒB6XYDI@$DEN$XI>CRLuJI?
$JU “ DIC
gmc
JhZ*]
‘PnSDIHW'/I>CLGIJA0
KENM)?
J.PQCDIGDIS7%v:whx
>CZ1AENU/yIQRLMA>>CLu587:9eD)?JSE=D=>AI@0
‹>CZ10ENQD)
7hv:whxKc]W'0
‹DJ‹0…)Hu>CZ1AEN.587%9sHM`0
Z1?
EàE=IgD
X`0
KDIO7hv:whxKUmsNIJA
=0…IH>ACZ,0ENJKsD
0…=J00$U9Š)?>>Lc<PSjJD]Pq>A?0
3"9ŠA@
jš3"$;;oDI?N]
D@$DI
%GIJCRL587%9ŒB†XjJhEN?
:
$XIJfQ=MIgT'0Q>$JJU
F
0.8
0.6
AODV
GAF,0
GAF,30
GAF,60
GAF,120
GAF,300
GAF,600
GAF,900
0.4
0.2
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Simulation Time(sec)
3*X`;‹587%9ŒB6E\
­Q®,¯`°Œ±]² \`´
Õ²ÁgÃK¶)±?É Â,®,¼†²ÁH®1·² ¾$¶„·d¸Š¹I±?®1º¶`»‰´
þjÿu­nÅÈSÇ,þjÿu­nÅg·¹£×Œº$Ì ÿILJLK ¹Á’ÀŠ®,¯)À »Œ¶m¿Œ²£º¸<²²¿
ÆæIÐ)·PMº?Ëk°Š»Š¿Œ²±j×¹±®[¶`°Šº\¸Š¹)°Šº²dÁH®*·d²„ÌLJ®[Ä/²±?²»„ÁNÁ±]¹QBV¾
Â,¶)¹I¿ ¿¶m²ºÖ»Œ¶)Á¬¹Ä/²¾ÁÖÁHÀ²÷±]²ºH°ŠÂ,Á$Ì ]»ÚÁÀŒ² Â,²¯)²»Š¿/Ç
^ þjÿu­oÇè<_Ö·²¹)»Šºs±?°Š»Š»Œ®1»Œ¯øþuÿj­TMÿI*JLK Ãk®,ÁHÀช¹)°Œº²
ÁH®*·d²dè<Ì
# data packet received / # data packets sent
`
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
AODV
GAF-b
GAF-ma
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
800
900
Pause time (sec)
3"';Sw8?gk>AW$0
Lj
g]
a
Average Packet Delivery Delay(s)
0.5
AODV
GAF-b
GAF-ma
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Pause time (sec)
700
3*X);n7%W'
g@$8>AL
­Q®,¯)°Œ±]²Nbm´Ju¹IÁ¹¿Œ²Â1®,×`²±]½V¹)ºk¹¼†°Š»Š¾ÁH®,¶`»b¶)¼h¸Š¹)°Œº²dÁ®*·²
¾¶„·¸Š¹±®,º¶`»/´¨þjÿu­nÅÈSÇ[·¹¡×Œº$ÌqÿI*JLK °Š»Š¿Œ²±4·¶×Œ®1»¯
º¸<²²¿ræIÐ`·PMº$̘Ín±]¹QBV¾sÂ[¶)¹)¿r®1ºO³ÐI¸‘É„ÁHº=Mº$ÌcIkÁÀŒ²±sÂ,¶)¹I¿
¿¶m²ºN»Œ¶IÁN¾À¹)»Œ¯)²eÁHÀ²Y±?²ºH°ŠÂ[Á$Ì
IRPn?
T8>CZ10EN$UŒ¤RoDIJŒJ00$c?Pn‰IJ‰JE=>[]$IJ%^IB
Cg?W'>CLt))DIHPq0RPS
T>ACZ,0ENugD)?I@JKPQCDVCa„0
0
IGJCA0JU
sj$
JJ.DIJ=JJXL
I@eEN
uIJ=YDI
JENSJAEKI>A?=JI?
$J<JH=?X`?W$$UŒSgD)@$HGDIn
IEKX`0
SZ[
$E Ÿ }.j›}$}K)  }}KPQDI>8T'0MII@GDI:?
HK$B
JfgHUj5:W'$
GI$ENI>‘
g$Aj
gI@$cŠDAJo0
JM`)Jo
 ›c<|  c/?
k¦?|YIJKs
g?I@$e36yY«I1«d0tIIC$s>A?
k]
¥‰^I?$e€$;U “ DI0
.]
K| Ÿ WC
)?>Œ@?
[J:‡DIJ%?
Hc`JNDI
ENH?sIE=X`
K?ZhI0JKM`0
K@
AsPQ>>n@$YZ,
E ?X`$j›UA›\
 U  ?)e|U |Uk¤Rd
g
oD)HW'KII@DENKj>A.>><I0J
\0…MIC
oPn.0…)uDIGJE=I>A]A‡ENG\ˆ€$}}JU:G$B
JA0
8$I>CLeMIIJ.ENJ8ZS}JG?)eˆ$€}$}?J.Jky0sˆU ˆ
PnjJDIHPnVDI?kMIJjENJ=?Z8}?JNIVš$}$}?JNM
]WA>HPn
IjMIM`0
QX`I)JnZ1?
:0RPS
T\>Z,0EN$c)JKPnoIJA0
%$>CL
DIJoDI0
U‰oD)HW'80W$?>AI?HjX`D‡7hv:whx{?)jwoyz–? Ÿ }
IJSJ0)]
AKIkt))KJAEN>A?
nX`D)HW
HU “ D0
0Z1?
:Pnh$>CL
M`?
:7hv:whx–D0
$U
v:
n@$'?>„AJn.0…IND:>CZ10EN8?ZŒD%0RPS
T\JQGPQDI>A
D
I@DbI0
@?L‚IJ0
W?U4A:>CE\?0>Lc‹DeMMI>H?$
P‹?J.eTIHP¬DIHPÑ>I@‡DI\0RPS
TV0>AW'
=Z,
E\]B
$iZ,
jCHU˜¤R‚
\JE=>[]$cQ
\
g?kYT'MJN$JfgHU
shDI0
Z1
%HuENH?J
:DHPb>$I@GDI%I0†Pn?
TNHj>W'0
Z,
E\?XLeM`0
H?>A>CLEN$IC?
A@uDkM)?T$0G0>AW'
L
g?uZ1
G0W'0
L‡t…YEN.Z,
gENU.Ks?>JENM)?
.DI
EN$C
HYM)?T$0o>AW$0
:
g]AuPQCD7hv:whx’M)?T'o0>AW'
L
g?GkCJ/
E\?>I>CZ10EN$U<¤6Z)DIQEN$C
H=MIgT'0/0>AW'
L
g?d
MIJK
g?E\?H>>CLO]Z,0
.EN*U0c‘PSuOJLDI?.DI
IRPn?
TY>Z,0ENkIJo]8EN
U0U.¤†d?
g0
oj^)?Cg]AW$>CL
t)IDIdU0c<PnuH?4]
XIC
g?
>CLpt)I\D)]kCZQDIuEN$?
H
M)?T$0\0>AW'
LO
g?J  }$~ >JJkD)?pDM)?T$0\0>AW'
L
g?.Z7hv:w%x.cPS%E\?T'Qo‰DI
$U<¤RN
/0…M`0
ENHc$Pn
EN$C
<DI‹MIgT'0/>W'0
LG
g]AGW$0
L\›H}$}?JS=D‹0…)H
IRPn?
Tj>CZ1AENU
¤†8AJ.?>AJA0
0JfA@jjTHP’DIHPrIkJ
WW'J:AdDIK0…B
IH‡0RPS
T‡>CZ10EN$U:s.ENIJf
g].DK.J
WWB
X>AC†L‚XLpENHJ
A@OIYJ
WW$?>%
g?0J?JZ,IIAbZ
EN$UY%ND)]KDj0
H?Jj?ZQDI\IE=X`
GZhIJ.PQ>>
?a„00S
I@8t)>CRLU‘%
E\?>A>CLKDIQ>JJSJ
WW'=IJcDI
Pn?
J\M)gT'0.>W'0
Ld
g?Ujã:HPn0W'0
HcŠPSNHmú .JENMI>CLB
A0RPS
TO>CZ10ENXLsDjZ[
g0$4Z:J
WW'HOIJU
“ DIo
H?J$eJ%DI?hYDI@$DY.JCRLc`kJE\?>>ŒZ,
g?0$eZ
J
WW'HGIJ‘E\LGJf>A>X`n%XI@:IEKX`0
Š?Z)JŠPQDAgDKPQ>>
0>AW'
‰DS
g?kQ?
gI@>CL=PQCDI<>$JI@8
I@%t`0>AC†LU
9Š@$
\š3"';:JDHPQJo$
o
0JI>CGZ‹ENIC
@M)?T$0G0>AW'
L
g?oZ1?
S0W'0
Lu›H}$}?J/Z,
Q587%9ŒB6XNIN587:9ŒB6E\:\8JI?
GZ
›H}}NI0JhJEKI>A?$‡PQCD‡MIJGENo}c)GJM`H  }Eu©]J
IV
g]N‡>'¡›}MITJg©]JUis>JE\]
TsDIjM`$kPQDI0
DIM)gT'0N>W'0
LO
g]As
$MJNEN
DI  }$~ Zo7hv:whx
M)?T$0‰>W'0
Lo
g]U‰9I?
<$ENMI?
J$mc$Pn‹M<7hv:whxVM)gT'0
0>AW'
Lu
g]NAJA8DI%t)@$
8U
9
EF9Š@$
kš3"$;cPSKtI)D)]8
$@$D>Le587:9ŒB6Xd^I$
IMI>J
7hv:w%x¢>CZ10ENO?)¨587:9ŒB6E\s
AM>J‡DIO7hv:whx¢>ACZ,0EN$U
™S0Z,
NDI=
MIJcmDIkMIgT'0G>AW$0
Le
g?
E\?AJo>ENJf
IJfg>CLeENM)?
Yj7hv:w%xrMIgT'0o>W'0
LY
g?U “ DJ
JDIHPQJnDI?nX`?Dj587:9ŒB6Xu)j587:9ŒB6E\o]
:W'0
LkJfgXI>8uB
>W'0
[email protected]]gG
@GDC
n>CZ10EN$U/yIgDkJfgX>AC†Lu>JKJDHPQJ
D)]SDhE=X`0
‰Z?0W'%J/JSE\gHN?nG0$IJfg?
9
1
4 times
7
l
0.6
0.4
network lifetime
data delivery ratio
0.8
e
AODV
GAF-b p/t=0
GAF-ma p/t=0
GAF-b and GAF-ma, p/t = 3600
8
3 times
6
5
4
3
2
0.2
1
AODV
GAF-b
GAF-ma
0
0
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
40
60
80
100
ninra
­Q®,¯`°Œ±]²¢³Ð´ØÕ²ÁÃ.¶)±?É¢Â1®,¼6²ÁH®*·²÷¾ÀŒ¹I»Œ¯)²º{¹)Â[¶`»Œ¯¢ÃN®,ÁHÀ
»Œ¶m¿Œ²¿Œ²»ŠºH®,Ág½Ø¼6¶)±¢þuÿj­nÅÈùÃN®[ÁHÀ ¾$¶`»ŠºÁ¹I»mÁ£·d¶)ȑ®1Â1®[Á½
ÆR¸Š¹I°Šº²ÑÁH®1·²àЄË]ÇVþjÿu­‹Å·¹øÃN®,ÁHÀ¾$¶`»ŠºÁ¹I»mÁ{·¶)ȑ®,Â1®,Ág½)Ç
þjÿu­{ÃN®,ÁHÀb»¶V·¶)ȑ®,Â1®,Ág½)Ǒ¹)»Š¿iÿILJLKeÌ
network lifetime
3"$;SM)?T'‹
g?N]W'0
hI0†Pn?
Tu>CZ1AEN
1
AODV
GAF-b
GAF-ma
IJ?
kGM
0JHdD0
$U=¤RIJf$mcmPn=JIENE\?
.DI
J H?>[?XI>CRLVZ:587%9–?Jk0IJCRLI0
H?JJkV9Š@$
d›}U “ DI
LB†?…J%JD]PQJ%I0†Pn?
Tj>CZ10ENKJ%0tIIHX`]W'GYE=I>CMI>J
Zn7hv:w%x’>CZ10EN$U “ uJDIHP’D.
J>CJoAIM`0)0%Z/DI
IEKX`0
:?ZnJo?)‡DIKJ =?ZS$M`@
g?MIDLdIY
gcmPn
t)I%DI=«)H&ßo1«Y«`?ë=1«)$#mf'&"u?c)
G«1«IfIc)?J
0.8
fraction of survived nodes
20
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
network lifetime
*3 X);/Z,
gAYZ‘J
WAW$HjJQ]W'0
Q0RPS
T\>Z,0EN
­Q®,¯)°Œ±]²gfm´hk°Œ¹)»„ÁH®,¼6½Œ®,»Œ¯»²ÁgÃ.¶)±?ÉÂ1®[¼†²ÁH®*·d²¶×`²±.ÿI*JLKdÌ
Ùm®*·d°ŒÂ,¹IÁH®,»Œ¯³Ð)Ðu»Œ¶m¿Œ²º$Ç`¹Áh¸Œ¹)°Šº²kÁ®*·²kÐmDŽº¸<²²¿dæIÐ`·NMº$Ç
Á0±?¹ BV¾¡Â,¶)¹)¿ ³ÐI¸ŠÉmÁHº=Mº$Ìi]»kjŠ¯`°Œ±]²`Çu»øÁ®*·²º‚·²¹I»ŠºV»
Á®*·²ºk¶)¼%ÿILJLK¢Â1®[¼†²ÁH®*·d²„Ì
>W$>XL587:9sKE\gj
I@=t)>CRLU
%\Z,
g?0$p?W$0
KEN\J=JD]PQVV9Š@$
š3*X`;UesuH
tI)KDI?‰DIn?g>)IEKX`0
<ZmJ
WW'=IJS]
%E\?g?IH
ODIN0$IJfg?k>W'>n
@YEN$Jf.Z:587:9ŒB6XV?)V587:9ŒB6E\
>CZ1AENU “ DIJoJoE\>LdIGjD=>'X)?>AI0N>@$?
CDIE
JHb¨587%9ÖJOD)]Y?>A>oJu
LiVW'0I>CL‚JDI?
DC
>CZ1AENU
¤6ŠJŠ0
JfI@hQI‰D)]ŠZ,
E{9Š@$
nš3"$;c587%9ŒB6X.DIJŒ
W$0
L.@$NI]g80>AW'
L=^I>CRL.kDI@$DKIQJ†LU “ DAJ<J
X`0HJ%DIhDI@Du%JCRLkM
]WAJSEN?
hJ/.0?W$0
JD$>[O?V0W'\\>HHW'JKDN@
AmU “ DJ=]=DA@DOI
IJCJc)587:9ŒB6XE\LNX`:JICgX>Ao0W'j?QDI@DI0
QEN]W'EN0
g]JU
S0…ŠM`0
Z,
ENHoJEN>[]
<I>CLJJŠZ1
<0RPS
T8>CZ1AEN/PQD
 }$}eIJU “ DIJ\
J>J=?
uJENA>A]
kOJD)?M`\d9Š@$
uš
«I1«W,nm !> o >! p >:/
3"€';
PQDI
_AJ\DIY$EN)?>h
g
g?I@$cT/–J\D‡g?>:IEkB
X`0
:Z‰IJcmI o )gpd?
GDIoPQADd?)‡>I@?DeZ<DI
JE=>[]$Y]
HU
9Š@$
8›H}:JD]PQJ‘DI?/587:9‡…0)JDIn0RPS
TG>Z,0EN‹M
?B
M`
)>>CLiDIYI0
JeZGe0IJCRLV
@$?
g>JJuDI
EN$X>AC†L‚M)]0
‚PQDI>7%v:whxKú J\>CZ10ENdT'MJuê)?uZ1
Y>>
JI?
$JU “ DI%@
H]0
hI80IJCRLNX`%IJHN.A0
H?J
IRPn?
Te>ACZ,0ENkZ1
=X`G|‡€jENJN3"M`0)@jDI
EN$X>AC†LKMI?0
);mPQCDNhZ,$
B6Z,$>A=I
HJQkIJCRLUqA:I0
DI@DkEN$XA>CRLc]DnJHW@:
HgDI0J<D‹IMM`0
‘X`$).Z„€%ENJ
Z8I0†Pn
TV>CZ10ENPQD>AYC\I>CLV
HgDIJ\CJN>HPn0
uX`$)„c
|VAEN0JZk7hv:w%xF0RPS
Tb>CZ10EN$c%PQDI–>>oJ‡T$M
Jf>>"U¨3"7%JNJ0
X`HpAiy00$‚ˆU ˆc‹ENXI>†LV>>HPQJj>I@$
>CZ10ENJU ;
3.8
y.Z*]
‹PnResult
oD)HW'%Jsensitivity
DIHPQjDI?h58to
7%9spropagation
HjM
]WA:>I@$model
%>CZ1AEN
PQCDkENIE\>>$JJ‰k?g8>AW$0
LG
g?Jc?)GD)?<DJnX`B
0tJn?
%M
M`
$I>).I%0IJCRLU‘ã%HPnW'
HcDIJhJE=B
>A?$jJf)A0JSIJA0
j.0
ENAJfAhM
M)?@'?EN0>
31DIeRPS
gL@
I)˜EN0>,;UѤRb
H>CRLc:
g$pM
M)@$?$
J=Jf
I@$>CLp]a„0HOXLEKI>CCB6M)?D0a„0J‡31Z1$A@;U43 “ DIJ
EN0>AJQ]
GJ
AX`j‡0g>„jPQC
>JJQ0…X`$TJ‹JIgD‡?J
z%MIMIM`?
œ  €?ž"U ;ÖsjI0…K
WAJCN
NJEKI>A?$JkIJ@
JD)HPQI@NEN>`kJoCZ‘DI:
0JI>CJQDI$>A„U
“ DI%JD)HPQI@=EN>)IJJfJ‹ZRPSKMI?
JU “ DIhtI
JfS$I%J
0.8
Packet Delivery Ratio
0.7
0.6
AODV
GAF-b,1x
GAF-ma,1x
GAF-b,2x
GAF-ma,2x
GAF-b,3x
GAF-ma,3x
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
3600
Pause time
­Q®,¯)°Œ±]²ª³I³)´Ôµ.¶`·¸Š¹I±?®1º¶)»Ø¶)¼˜¸Š¹)¾?É)²Áq¿²Â,®,×`²±?½ ±]¹ÁH®,¶
¼6¶)±OÿI*JLKeÇoþuÿj­nÅȬ¹)»Š¿Öþjÿu­nÅg·¹˜°Š»Œ¿Œ²±OºHÀŒ¹)¿¶ÃN®,»Œ¯
·d¶¿²Â6Ì\þjÿu­nÅÒ)ÇA»r ·²¹)»ŠºNþjÿj­nÅÈb¶I±uÅg·d¹s¹IÁN»‚Á®*·²º
¶I¼:ÿI*JLK¢Â1®,¼6²ÁH®*·²`Ì
T]PQkJSMI?Dk>JJ/EN>*c'PQDIgDkM
H0J‰D‹ENHK
W'H
M`HPS0
‰?<
gNJfg?I$U “ DInMI?DK>AJJ‘J‰J)?>A>CLGENH?J
H
Y™%U “ DIoJ0$)jM)?
Q?ZŠDI:JD)$HPQA@NEN>`
0êI0JnD
W?
A]A–?ZGDIY
W'˜M`HPS0
Y]‡0
g?–JfgI0$U “ D
JDI$]PQ@jEN>Œ0…IJQDIGAH?>‘C
>=EN>uk
D0
Jfg]JfANEN>*â8J8I>CLeM
X)?XI>AJfH?>>LENE=ICB
?8PQDI0‡IH]
QDI8H@$o?Z‘DI8ENE=IH?u
g?I@$U
QJ>0SGJS?Z`RLMIH?>I$g?
SW>I‹PQCDNM)]Dk>$JJ/0…M`B
%ˆU }\)uDIoJD)HPQI@\W[]$Y|U }N‡$
:JEKI>A?$
8tI).$‰D]Pi587%9YPS
TJ‰I)0
<JD)HPQI@oEN>*U‘w8In
D=MI?De>$JJcmPn=…M`008uD)HW'GPn
JkI?gu0>AW'
L‡
g?U
ã%HPnW'
HcI
E\?>`$ND%
$I@GJ‹>JK?a„0\XLkDQM)?D
>JJU%v:
h@$$>ŠJ%=E\?gDe587:9OM)?T$0:>JJh
g]ANPQCD‡D)]
?Z`7hv:whxOI)0
‘JDI$HPQI@%EN>PQDI.I0†Pn?
To>ACZ,0ENnH
X`o…0)mU
‰
0M`H?Ho
JAEKI>A?.XL/•fIJf
MI>A?I@‹RPSB"
gLo@
I)
M
$MI@']$YEN0>)PQDJD)$HPQA@kM
M)?@'?‡EN>*U‘
JENE\?
H\DI:
0JI>ChA9Š@$
N››$U
“ Dkt)@
kJD]PQJoDI?oZ1?
k7hv:whxKc`0$ENM)]
HdPQCDDkJEkB
>A?$VPQCDV†Pn?
gHL@?
$IIpM
$MI@']$pEN>*c<DI\M)?T$0
>W'0
LY
g?‡JG?X`$  }'~øPn
JN)0
8JDI$HPQI@EN>*U
587%9JD]PQJ‰DI‹DIQJ?EN%HPQI@
g$U<ã%HPnW'
HcI)0
‰JD)B
HPQI@eEN>*c‰587:9bJf>>nHE\?gDO7hv:w%x¬M)?T'=>W'0
L
g]hPQCDI.7hv:w%x>ACZ,0EN$UŠbCDG0…)H:>CZ10EN$c'587:9ŒB6X
VE\gs>JJ.D)‚›}'~ M)?T'=>W'0
L
g]0
H?J
PQCDA‚ˆENJNZG7hv:whxøI0†Pn
Tp>CZ10EN‡PQDI>d587:9ŒB6E\
YE\?gD\DI8
J>hPQCDI  ENJQ?Z‰7%v:whx¡I0†Pn
Tu>CZ10B
EN$U “ D8
JI>ChJ‹DI8J?ENGJh9Š@$
N›}U
“ Dd
0JI>C‡JD]PQJuD)]JDI$HPQI@VEN>8J‡gD)?I@
D%
J>C‹$‡587:9PQDAgD\Pn:JDHPnHuA\DI%J0$jˆU §U “ D
JDI$]PQ@dEN>nJK?a„0.DI\MIgT'0K>W'0
L
g?eXI
CJQENM)?0QJhD8JEN8Y7hv:w%x–I‡587%9SU
3.9 Result sensitivity to location error
ƒ‡LNT)J/?ZŒ>H?>A ?$‡JfLJfENJ%3*I>)I@K58”Sy;‰I0>AI
ID0
‹0
?
HU‘s%PS$>[\>T':.THPbDIHP‚DAJ‹
nPS$I>A
?a„00\587%9¡M`0
Z,
E\?I$UdsuYI=X`>W'j587:9˜PQA>>‹X`
?a„00HOXLOEN0
g]j>H]$p0
N?
NXLs>A?
@?
>A?H
0
?
%X`0HJ.?Z‘DIHP¨587:9OJJQ>A?$YZ,
E\]AU
9ŠC
JfHc587%9jPQ>>X`‰
$XIJfŒh?
>A?H.0
‘X`0HJnC‘H?
0J
$>CL?X`$.
0>[]W'NINM`$JC$PQDs?JJA@II@eJ8
@
AJU¨¤6ZG>>:Ju]
eA>L4JDICZ[H‚4DIsßëNdCB
04@?
[V?JJA@IENkPQ>>‹X`u$JAJf0>CLp]a„0H„U “ DI
A)?>m
Q
I0Hj58”Sy\AJ‹0
>A?31Z1?
QI0J
>JfII@‡jDINJEN=J?>>CJg;c‰Je587:9bJDII>AX`k
XIIJf
\58”/yj0
?
HU
sNDIHW'\>C
HLsJDHPQD)]N587%9˜JG
HJ)?XI>CL
XIIJfG
J$ENPQD)?)?
g]/M`JCAGAZ1?
E\?$oDI<J0)?
JŒPQCD
DI@DuENXI>CRLY3  }Eu©?JSJM`HJ/
Q}GM)?IJQENJg;U‘¤RuIC$mc
DI587:9–>@$?
CDIE JkNM`Is$p0
g?j>H?$
Z,
E\?UV9I?
N0…ENM>$c<PQDIpeIj7Ñ
W'0JNJfB
]W'0
LENJJ@uZ[
$E ‡Ij™%c‘j™’E\HLD)HW'\>0Z,KDI
@
AsPQDI
uu7q
JA0J=XIGDIuJ]W'0
LENJJ@jJ0
XL\™’E\LdJfA>>nJDHPQJ.DI?KI\™’JGPQDsDIN@
A
PQDI
NIk7ÖX`>$@$JGUjv:
GJAEKI>A?D)?JGJDIHPQsJIgD
)?
g?0LJQI?%?a„0:587%9sM`0
Z1?
E\I0$U
9Š)?>A>CLc‘PSj]
Ct)A>>CLs
H>H]$p0
KsJE=I>A]B
$JU‰:EN>HN0
QXLN
gIEN>L=
@KDI%>H?$
Z%H?DVIODI\
g@$ œ s Z Yt s YžQ?) œ u Z Yt u Yž
Z1?
LY?Z Ÿ EN0
JUesNDIs
0M`H?=$ .tI
JfKMIDIJuJE= I>A]B
$ePQCDdDAJ:0
HlŒI0JouIJ.DIJKA
00oM`$JC$J
eMI>A=Z‰DIC
:
><>H?$J8Z1?
8DI=587:9‚?>@$
CDE‡U8s
Jf)LDKJ?EN.ENDI>$@L‡IJHYy0IJ8ˆU ˆcˆU |c?)
ˆU Ÿ %H>>[]‹DIn0RPS
TG>Z,0EN$c0
@L.JHWI@o?)=?g
0>AW'
L^I>CRLUŠ%Z1IIjIKJIXJfgA>„W$]
A?$‡\DIJ
EN0
JUV9
N0…?ENMI>$c‰V
ENJ=ZhDII]gd>W'0
LO
g?
II0
:>]PrENXI>CRLc)D0LYX`DY
H?Dš$š$~uUA:I0
:DI@$DdENB
XI>CRLc587%9ŒB†X\DIJ‹¦ Ÿ ~Ö?g.>W'0
LN
g]=?)j587:9ŒB6E\8D)?J
š Ÿ ~?ge>W'0
L
g?U “ DIJ?EN\AJ=[H>nYD)]k
J0eˆU €U
bCDiI?
>A?H40
jMM
$gDII@D‡WC
)>h@
AiJ 587:9sPQ>>Z1>Œ=PS
T`U/oX`>W'8D)]QPnoI>AY0$ENENB
I]%JD\0
?
‹XLN]
tIA>>CL\
HI@G@
A\JA 0$cXI/0…MI>?
B
I@k?Z‘DIJ‹JhZ,
:Pn?
T„U
4.
v:
YRELATED
PS
T¡XIA>AJd¨WORK
>A?¨Pn
T˜Z1?
e
g$b0
@L–ENB
>Jc<DIN
$I@‡M
>AJc‰?)0I0
@?LB†P‹]
jƒ‡7%—’?)
MMI>H?B6>W'>M
0$>JU
ÿu¿‡ÀŒ¶m¾8±]¶`°ŒÁH®1»¯u¸Œ±?¶IÁ¶m¾$¶`Â1º$´S7sIE=X`
„Z
$A@QM
0$>J
D)HW'%X`\M
M`$JH\KM
]WA%EKI>CCB†D$M\ENE=IH?$\
PQC
>JJcI$kDIhIRPn?
TJ œ $ c|c  ˆc  ›ž6U “ gC$I>>CLkDIJ
M
?$>JS?
‹W>)]H==0
ENJ‘?Z„M)?T'<>AJJ‰
g]Jc'
I@
ENJJ?@$N]W'0
DH$„cŠ?)d
N>@D œ Ÿ cS› Ÿ cn›H}]ž"UNskW>B
?N
GM
>AJ.XLYDIJ=EN0
J8Z1?
K0$ENM)]
J$cŠIdPn
$=ENH?J
J<Z„M`HPS0
S0$IJENM$=I=I0†Pn?
TK>CZ10ENn
IJA0
hM`HPn
:IJENM$jJQPn>>*U
™S?D˜—SD)?I@VI “ ?JJA>AJ œ §Hžo?)‚”Š?Ae0j?>"U œ  |ž:D)HW'
0>CLbJ@$@JfHbD)?j$EN@DjJ>0
$0J‡–?¡$
DIuIRPn?
TsX)?JHO$pHW$?>[?XI>0I0
@?LU “ Dj0a„00k?ZhDJ
PS
TuPn$>AeX`o>I@$
8IRPn?
T>CZ10EN$U%v:
%MIM
'?DYJ%
0$IJ
W'/0I0
@?LoXL:M`HPn
A@h
g$JŒa=
g]DI0
mD)?GE\)?@$I@
GtI…HN0
@L\IJENM$mcJ=
nPS
TNENMI>ENJ/DC
a„
HU
ã%I 0>AE\?O0N?>*U‘M
J0k‡J0k?Z:M
>J=Z1?
kENE=ICB
?$dJJ
o0RPS
TJ:XIJHe$YêII@ œ ›|ž"U “ D0Le0…B
?ENI8DIo0I0
@?L‡IJIENM$?Z‘DIJGM
>AJ:IJDIHP
DI?KJIMM
JJI@dIMI>H]\
g?IJENJJ$J=ZQDuJ?ENuI?g
pJ]W$M`HPn0
NJNH?>A0I>A?HOZ,
E eJAENM>0
@LOEN>
3*hIJA0
@kI
@Lj$JIENMjPQDI>8
g$$J%?
oA>];U
A%I>T'%DC
nPn?
T`cPS8IJA0
QEN?
8?
g]8M`HPn0
QEN>J
?)OsDIN
$A@YM
?$>J=
g]DI0
.D)?ê)A@U “ DJ
Ca„0
I0Jo
JI>CGEKIgDCa„0
o$MENA ?$JUks=>J
0$IJA0
\$MAEN H]$IJ=X)J4$pIMW'jt)>CRLODI?N]
JM`0Ct)8NIJo0RPS
TJU
µ.Â1°ŠºÁ²±HÅȊ¹Iº²¿p¹)¿ÅÀŒ¶m¾±]¶`°ŒÁH®1»¯s¸Š±]¶)Á¶m¾$¶`Â,º$´8y$EN:$B6D
0RPS
Te
$A@eMM
'?DJ œ ¦cn›H¦]ž‹ENM>AHL‡>IJf
B†XIJH
MDI>$JMIDLU “ DILOJf
I0
jDB6DIuI0†Pn?
TVJNYRPSB
>W$>I0†Pn
T`âŒA.DI/>AHPS0
‰>A0W'>*c'J‘=@$@?
gMDIH>M
H…B
ENCRL40
H]M`00
B"B6M`0
jI0†Pn?
TJU{¤RbH?DbIeZGDI0J
>HPn
B†>W$>I0RPS
TJc]<>AJf/$I‹nJ‰0JA@)]HK8J0
W$
?JnYõR@$?0PnLöGoDIQDI@DI0
/A
HU “ DIJh@']0P‹LNJ/0
0B
]NDINDI@DI0
B6>W'>/I0†Pn?
T„Ujzh$@‡X`0RPSsJGD)]
X`0>AI@.=a„
n>HPn0
B6>W'>„0RPS
TJnJSD
I@DuD%@$?0B
PnLKJU‘—S>IJf0
I@:JDENJ‘]
nZ[KJHoPQD= “ wGƒ‡7
ƒ‡7h—‚M
?$>m=
HI:Do$Jfh?ZŠ
g$AN>JfA@U
—S>Jf0
B6X)JkMM
'?DJ/:/C
>L=$
JJ‘DnI
@L
JJAMI?$\JJI0JSIn8DI‹0$Jf/Z„
g$Ao>JfA@GI=]W'0
B
DH?
@c‰>CD$I@DV “ wGƒ‡7qM
>nDI>MJKJEN$U¤†O$CB
c]DI0L:
I‘D‰0Ps0$JfŠ?ZID0
g?
gDL:Z1?
E\?$mc)
M`JJXI>CLd$C$)?>‘$Jf8XLZ1
0A@j0$ENE=IH]A‡D
I@$D
@$?0PnLJ/W'kZ,
/IJ/DI?‰$>ANC
0>CLkDH?
/H?DN?DI0
HU
7h>CDI$@$D4587:9¡t))J.
III?=IJKPQCDIpHgDpWC
I>
@?
AmcI587:9J‹QG>IJf0
B6XIJHu>@$?
CDIE‡U/™/L\IJ@=?MIMI>CB
?$B†>W$>`Z1?
E\?$u587%9H?ND)HW'QE=D=>AHPS0
QRLK0LB
0>A0JkW'sDIO>Jf0
I@YPQCD4 “ wGƒ‡7£ƒ‡7h—%Us587:9¡>J
JdIdZ1?
ODIOMIgT'0JYZ,
E DOJ$
0pJYb@
D
$@$D4>>‹
M
J0g]W'JNpHgD4@?
AJN4?
g0
N
gDkDIQ0JfAI?$u?>D$@$DNCSJ‰IM=8DQ$kDn
$@
M
>J%KtI)\DI8MI?DU
þ\²¶I¯)±]¹I¸‘ÀŠ®,¾Nÿj¿ÀŒ¶m¾=±]¶`°ŒÁH®1»¯Œ´náoo?).xS?[L%M
JHK
ŽmH?B†Aezh$I@‡3"Ž7%z:;nMIM
'?D‡k>A G>H]A
Z1
E\]$kENM
?W$:M`0
Z,
E\oZŒ
$@kM
?$>JhA
B6DIG0RPS
TJ œ ›H§]ž"U “ DIL‡IJo>H]$dAZ1?
E\?$‡N0B
HJk]W'
DIHe?Z/
I@uAJ0?W$0
LeXL‡>EN@\DKJ?
gD
JMIoZ,
%k0J
j
$$U
587%9¬Ju$ENMI?XI>‡PQCD˜ŽŒ7hz÷?JjCjJuPQCDbD0
j$‚D
I@\M
>AJU8587:9Sú J:MIM
'?DJ%N0
@LJHW@$J8]
?>J=ENMI>ENg?
LKPQCDuD$J:jŽŒ7hz.lŽ7%z‚MEN H?IJ
JhIh?EÑ=
Ho0
@LjJJM)]$U
5%
As>H]AOJ0
We3658ŽŠyI; œ  }]žnM
?WA0J.>H]$VJ0
WJ
XLdIMI>H]A@‡uIú Jo>H]$sjJE\>><JIXJ0o?Z‹D0
JUpbCDVDIuDI>MpZG58ŽŒy„c/eIjH4@$@
g?MIDIH?>>L
Z,
Pn?
gVI]g‡DI\0JfAI?$sPQCDsDjJf)]AO>H?B
Uj7ÖkgDIJJKCJG>H?OJ0
W'0
JGODA
g?
gDLd?Z
@
AJQPQCD‡0
HJ@kJ $USyDj@
AB6X)?JHjMI?
C$‡JQW'0
L
>$J‹8Dn@
AkIJK\587:9SU'yh587:9YJ//:@$@?
gMIDB
H>
$@oM
0$>*cDI0
‹JSoIKZ1?
Q587:9YoM
M)?@'?
>H?sZ1?
E\?$dj?DI0
GJU=5%
AJfLJfE£PQCD@0B
$@?
gMDIKZ1
E\]$YD)?J:Ca„0
:Jod58ŽŠy‡IY587:9SâIC
DI0>AMJ/gDIJI@.>A?$\J0
W'
JSu58ŽŠyKPQDA>hCSD>MIJ<t))I@
Io]W'0
g?@$oe587:9SU
ç:»²±]¯)½„ŹÃ.¹I±]²2O¨ÿuµÖ¸Š±]¶)Á¶m¾$¶`Â1º$´h”„7:ƒ‡78y=J‹.ƒ‡7h—/B†>W$>
M
?$>8PQD0
Y
g$AJM`HPn
‡a¡PQDI0bI‡0W'0>L4
gJfB
ENCI@d
N
0AWI@M)gT'0J œ  ¦c  š?ž"U˜”„78ƒ‡7:ypHW'[JkDI
]W'0
DH?
I@GM
$XI>E’PS:AJ0IJJ‰Ajy0$‡›cXISCSJ/I
$
JJ/DIhM
$X>Eq?ZŒ0
@Lk$JIENM\PQD\IJ‹?
A>$Upy$>IJ=d]W'0
DI?
I@?
\
>WHcSX.Z1?
N
g$J
PQCD‡DI@DA>oM`HPn0
hIJENM$\Pn?
TjJDJ‹PnoM
$M`$J
PQ>>ŒX`oI0JJ?
LU
“ wGƒ‡7˜M
?$>J‹D)HW'hX`uM
M`$JHNG
H%0I0
@?L\$B
JIENM$‚˜JIJ?
‡0RPS
TJ œ  |?ž"Uљ/L4
HI@ODIdRL
0L>\DIJ\M
?$>JkO
g$uA>AB6EN\0
@L$JIENMB
$bZ1?
‡>A?0I0LU{eX`>A0W' “ woƒ‡7¢ƒ‡7%—àM
?$>JPQ>>
W'0
LENM`
g?GZ,
kM`HPS0
B6$Jf
gIHs0RPS
TJUe7h>D$@$D
PnSD)HW'‰IŒL0‘0…?ENAHoIJ/Z)
‰?MIM
$gDIJ‘]W'
“ wGƒ‡7
M
?$>Jc$
‹IJhZŠMIM>A?$B†>W$>`Z1?
E\?$jIu
0IJCRLuH?Z1
DI0
QENM
]W':M`]PS0
h$J0
W?$mU
z%E¡z:?E\)]D)?oI8z%@)‹z%J>JfB6ã8?KW'Jf@']H8DI
M
XI>E’?Z`0
H]A@G80J
=M
XI>E{XLK$]•fIJf@:
gJEN
M`HPn0
:Y$‡DK0RPS
T œ Ÿ ž"Uh¤fH>>CLcIDGM`$>$@?LY
>
H?
Hk0
@LdJNAJkIRPn?
TXLe
$>>A@‡DI
IEKX`0
:?Zn@$DX`
J8?ZnH?DdI$cIeENM
?W$KI0WB
CRL=AuoJM)]
J:0RPS
T`U‘¤†J‰RPS.ENXI>QM
0$>JcŽ¤R “ ?)
Ž¤RŽ “ cJ:JEN>A?
hMM
$gDj‡7%9‘¥S—n7 œ ˆ  žm.>A>%@$DB
X`
/Z,
E\?N$>>0I@GXL.
$@8M
?$>J‹?)k]ENM
OT'0MbJ$ENe>W'>%Z.IE=X`
\Z.I@DX`?
Jj?Z.HgDbI$U
bDA>hPn:X`0>AW$hDI?nDh
g?IJENCSM`HPS0
‹
>`Hj$MB
W'>CL\IJ0
W'%I
@Ld3*M
JE\X>L=DI:A>A%I
@L\JfQH
X`N
HH';GCZQDI\D)]
gPn?
uM
]W[J.II@$DOJMIM`?
Hc
Pne]
Y$0
HpPQCDiD‡ENM)\$4DY$4DI
I@
M
?$>JU/¤RICW'>CLcD:DIMB6XLB†D$Mk
g?IJENJJ$PQCDj
B
Jf
gH4
gJENCjM`HPS0
uE\HLp>H4Z,
g?@$>d
eI
EN$X>AC†LU “ DIjM)?M`0
\0JkI?N@$W'uM)?T'N
MIJk0$ENM)]
CB
J$jPQDY…JfI@k$DG
I@Jc)
%JQDI:$ENMI?
J$
II0
hCa„0
QEN$XA>CRLuEN>*U
¤f¥‰¥‰¥à¦$}  U›$› œ ›š?žGJMIM`
Jj$‚D0RPS
T4$t)@$
g?$mâ
EN$X>AQJ/?
hX
I@$D‰$@0DI0
‰oZ1?
EÖo0RPS
T=kDI
êILUQ¤R¥/¥‰¥b¦$}  U›$›=>JuM
]WAJ%M`]PS0
8E\?)?@$ENh
>J
>>]P£JXI>I@dDI\
gJW'0
kdIJ0
W'u0
@LUV7h>CB
DII@DeD0LYJM`0Z[LeDIHP{N
e?aDIG
g$cmDI0L‡uI
JJJ/JM`0Ct)QM`$>JU<s‹M
$M`$JQDI0J‹M`$>J‹JJENI@
DI\M
JI0u?Z%¦$}  U›$›0B6>T'0$
$>JKZ,
=X)JjIO$I?MW'
H?JJU
vo®1¾$¶)Õ²Á$´Ñ”<$%0M
$M`JJ{@
g]H’0JA@{Z\
g]B
Jc`JE\>>*c`X)]0
L‡M`HPS0
H‡IJc„?)Yƒ‡7h—–?)‡?MIM>AH]B
$eM
?$>J8DI?8ENAEN GM`HPn
o$JIENMA œ  ž"U “ DIL
HIsM`HPS0
d$JIENM–PQCD’iW'
L˜>AHPoc=MMI>H?$B
0M`)S†L=0L>G31DI0
SM)?M`0
nJS/JM`CZ,LcX‰M
B
Jg?IJSJ@$@Jf‹0
ENC/M`>>A@GPQCD\M`0
J/Z Ÿ }8
›H}}JhZ<J0$)Jg;U “ DI0LjM
E\?
>CLuIJo>H?>ŒX)?JoJfg?$J%B
JfHjZŠE=I>CCB6DIMuPQC
>JJQ
$A@cI?JJIEN:Z[
H^I‹?
0$$J.kEN]W'0ENHU “ DIC
KMM
$gDIJ.?
\M
$ENJfB
@cQXI\Pne?
YjP‹]
d?Z.sg>H‚Jf)LVZ.”<$%0
M`HPS0
8IJENM$mUQv:
QPS
TYa„
JhZ[
$EàDIC
J%XLjXI>[B
@=$j0…JfA@kjDI%
$@=M
?$>JhIuXL\E\?T@KJ
?Z‹IMW'.t)>CRLu
HI.M`HPn0
Gd0IJ=.$t)@B
g]$IJU
I=ÁHÀ²±V²èm¹`·¸‘Â[²ºe¶)¼\¹)¿¹I¸ŠÁH®[×`²wj<¿Œ²Â1®,Ág½<´YsuD)HW'uM
WCB
IJ>CLYJ0
X`H‡RPS\>@$?
CDIENJ%DI?%MMI>CLYI?MW'8t`>CRL
esDIN
$I@ œ ˆ  ž6UxA:I>T'u587%9ScŠX`DsDJNM
?$>J
^C
oA@?
g?$jPQDjDI8)
>LI@=$D:
$I@kM
B
0$>*Un™S¥S—n7¡M`]PS0
J‹ZŠI0Jn)0M`)‹ZŠJ†LcPQDI>
7%9‘¥S—n7˜JENM>J/
g]N%GW>)]:%J†L\INAENM>0B
EN0=$MAW$ut)>CRLUds\D)HW'\Z1IIODI?KPQDV>H]A
Z1
E\]$co587:9¬AJ‡XI>eVM
]W[EKIgD‚X`00
I
@L
JHWI@JhDI?QCDI
:™S¥S—n7¨?
%7:9‘¥/—n7.U
y”„7% œ š?ž/D)J%DI=J?ENk@$$>‰J.587%9bI7%9‘¥S—n7Gc`B
J
W'GI0
@?L‡?)0
HJGJfLJfEø>CZ10ENoXLj
II@=ae
0B
III.IJGPQD$kJIXJfgA>>CLO]a„0I@YDI\I0B
WCRLjZ‘D.0RPS
T`U‹¥‰gDey”m7h{IG0[JQPQDI0D0
%
J>0M‚
G•fiDIYXIgTX`I‡XIJHp$‚>H?>%M`$>$@?LiZ,
B
E\]$U‹y”„7%–J>0J%
gAI??
J:IJ@NI0†Pn
Tu$M`>A@L
Z1
E\]$VM
]WAHXL‡@$@
g?MIDIH?>>LB6Z,
ENHp$sD
I@uM
?$>*U.¤RYDAJ:JIJ$cmX`?Dsy”m7hrI587%94gT$
Wg@?Z:@$@?
gMID‡Z1?
E\?$mcnD]PSW'0
Ny”„7%øJ
JNIC
0>CLU
™/I>IJN0/?>"U œ €?ž„]
‹AW'0JfA@$?I@oD‹IJ‹ZmI?MW'nt`>CRL
Z,
‹>H?>A ?$‡JfLJfENJU<5:AW$\8t)>ANZI
@LB6$Jf
gIH
X`sIJc‘JDINJG0…ENA@jPQDI?KRLe0L>N$MENA 0J
0RPS
Tu>Z,0EN$U
5.
kD)FUTURE
HW'KACt)HWORK
jIEKX`0
8?ZQ?
JoZ1?
.Z,
=Pn?
T„Uk7%>CB
D$@$DPSkD)HW'=Jf)H587:9‚)0
oJW'
g>‰>A$$JK?)dJ0B
I?
$Jc`$ICA)?>ŒJJWCRLjI>CLJJ:ZŒDI8
J>JQJ%JC
B
?XI>$U‘hPS$I>A\>AT$hGW>)]8587%9JJCAWCRL=KENXI>†L
EN>JGDI
.DId
g)$E‡UkkJf)HO587:9‚)0
.j
>CB
]W'>CLbJE\>>oIEKX`0
uZG
g?kIJlGZ1
YPn?
TbENA@D
0$IJA0
oDI]W0
%
g?N$U:ŽŒ]
@$0
:
gI@J8?Z/>H]$
o]
M
$XIXI>kZ,
.J$ENK>A> H?$VJgDIEN0JoJJf)JGZn>A]
@$0
:?
.MM
$M
A?$U‹v:DI8?DI0
%D)?)„cPSK]
o0…MI>
@
?>@$
CDENJkA0CZ[LVIu
H)ILPQCDIN
H^IC
I@
>H]$dAZ1?
E\?$mU:9ŠI>>CLc`Pn.$I>CLIJ.NJ0:?ZSMI?
g?EN0B
JGZ,
.JD)HPQI@‡EN>Jc‘a„
GJD)$HPQA@‡EN0>AJG]
?>JNM`$JJXI>$U
7%I)>G0…M>A?
g?$¨Zk0RPS
T˜X`DI]W
d?JYIJ‡Z*?A>
JKAENM`?
gHUYbDO0JKDI\0RPS
TMI?
C$8yàã%HPà
ENC…JŠ?Z)JŒPQCD=Ca„0
ŠM`HPS0
‰?a„ŠDI‰
JI>CJzy “ DJ
0JI>CJ:]
o>AT$>CLjJ0IJCW'oK
g?koEN…„U
9ŠI>>CLc„0…M`0
ENg?$YJ8HuW>AI].DJG
JI>CJ
PQCD‡MDLJH?>DI?
gP‹?
oY?0)?>J0)]
AJU
9$>>]PQ@s7:9‘¥/—n7 œ ˆ  ž‹DIJ=JKD\J$IV$I?MW'Nt`>CRL
?>@$
CDE Pn$ú W'MMI>HVdpDj
$I@UVƒ
jPS
TOJ
^C
HY0…MI>
I@\DI.IMoZS$MAW$.t)>CRLYdD0
0$0…JU¬9I
0…ENM>AchPSYPn$>A˜>T'YVII0
Jfg?)4D
M`
Z1
E\?IkCa„0
kZnJIJI@js0IJ=J0IJ
.0RPS
TJ
PQD‡JJ
J%?
oI>CLu)?XI>HjPQCD‡JENoRLu0L>$U
6.
sQDICONCLUSIONS
]W$%EN$Jf
g?HK$
nMM
'?DkG0
@L=$J0
W?$
Z1?
.$YDI.
$A@U.”ŠHPn
G$JIENMde
8PQC
>JJ
IRPn?
TJoAJoA>AB6EN=$ENI?H„cJ‡587:9iZ,IJo
I@
DI%
g$N?a?JQE=IgDjJQM`$JJXI>$U
587:9$I?MJnJ>0MuEN:XIJH\$\:>H]$‡JH?>A@=XIgT
I=†L0L>JK3"I‡J\
I0A@N
$@põ6t`>†Lö;QPQD
E\LO0
gD)?I@$XI>‡J\]
‡M
0JHUpDI]W$JDIHPQ
D)]‰/M`0
Z,
ENJ/?‰>HJfnJ<Pn>>`?JS?NI
E\?>I=DI‹
I@
M
?$>‹Z,
\M)?T$0N>$JJ\?)O
$j>A?0Lcn?)OL0=kH
JIXJfgA>>CLsIJ0
W$NI0
@?Lc‘?>A>HPQI@dI0†Pn?
T>CZ10ENk
I0
J‡iM
$M`?
ApI‡0IJCRLU “ DAJNJENM>A4õfI
EN
%kENM
]W'8J0
WöNX`0D)HWA?
hZ‰587%9p?)‡I?MW':tB
0>AC†L‡]
.MI?
>[]
>CL‡ENM`
g?h?JhDoIE=X`
JnZ<EKX`HB
0W0J%?)\DI8
g?k?Z‰WJ‹KDE\J‹A0
H?JJU
7.
“ DInACKNOWLEDGMENTS
D
JŠPS$I>A.>AT'‰%DIIT8D‹—‹ƒ2A‚ƒ$)]
D.
JH]
D
@
IMYPQDIgDeM
]W[J%D=YDI.I0†Pn
T0…IJ$YZ,
oJfB
 Ip?AI@d0@
g?Usj?>JD)?ITs—SD)?
>Jk”Š0
TAJc
y?ENC
ŠzGU]woJ‘?).ƒ‡DJDNƒ‡]
)‹Z1
<M
]WAA@hDC
Œ
WJH
7hv:w%xAENM>ENg?$%‹IJUŠw%
HU‘yENC
ŒzGUw8JŠ?)Gƒ‡?DIJD
ƒ‡?
I.?IJfPS0
JS
/^IJf$JS?X`$‰Dh0g?A>J‰Zm$M`
g?$
Z‰7hv:whxKU
8.œ ›ž.”‘REFERENCES
UI™n?DI>)uxKUKU”‘$E\IXIDImUz%$?
Hâ/7%
AB6XII>A@=z%9ŒB†XIJHuIJ0
h>H]AeIj
ggTA@
JfLJf0E‡U¤†g{nH!g&1«ßKfì8(,I|}"~|g«ìH!ë=cM)?@$J
§$§ Ÿ D§?¦|c “ >CBR7hWAW`c¤RJf
g?>*c„ƒ‡]
D  }$}}U
œ  ž.9SU)™S0IIHcIw=UI—S>A?
T$$c$UI™%U)¥‰WJcI7GUIã%$MM`0
Hc
7.UQ$$Jc`?)wKUIŽmHJT`U)”‰I0Hâ/¥<E=X`HH\EN$XA>
I0†Pn
TI@U|}€{%gß«`#:‰ë=ëKé«I"!(*"?«Iß
‚H'Eƒ01«`c)|I3 Ÿ ;â ¦„D)› Ÿ cmv:HU›š$š'§U
œ ˆ]ž.Ž‰U™/
J>AmcIwKUI¥<Jf
cákU9)>>*c)y„U9Š>]L„cUIã%AE\?Ic
7.Uã:>E.Lc”‘Uã:I@c)y„UIƒ]—nI$cIákUIx/?
gDIc
…=U †:mc)?)jã.U@…SmUI7%WJ‹‡IRPn?
T\JAEKI>A?U
|}"‡‰ë%)é(†c)ˆ$ˆ3 Ÿ ;⠟ š„D€'§cƒ‡HL  }}$}U„¥<…MI)H
W'0
J$YHW>AX>A.?JWA8yI— “ z¨š$š?BR§?}  Xe]
ˆŠ‰‰.‹ŒŽ=‘(’“’q•”.–.—  ˜„™š=ˆ›ˆ@=œŠ.œŠžŸ@ =¡Q¢™¢.™££Š¢¤ˆ@‰E¥8¦ U
œ |?žU)™‰
Dmc)w=U™%U8$$DIJ$mc)?)wKUI7GU`ƒ‡?>C $U “ D
L)?ENA%J$
o
$@=M
?$>mZ1?
:ENXI>o$D
I0†Pn
TJU$|(L§"¨;W§-#©¨Qóhô§ª
&fìg(«#66( ì¬#6ëk«„(«#†&ß­#Ž®°¯@±(&'(?ª1c‘v:$X`0
G›Hšš$šUIs?
T\A
M
$@?
JJU
œ Ÿ žU)™‰
Dmc)w=UIƒ‡>C $cIw=U$$DIJ$mc…KUã%cI
U80DWUI7–M`0
Z,
E\oENM)?
J‡Z<EKI>CCB†D$M
PQ
0>A0JJ8$uDIo0RPS
T\
$@kM
?$>JU)¤†
{‹fH!&1«ßKfì8(,I8óq‚²@|}"~|g«I(†g«`?(*"«`#
‰«HìH«`!g=«x‚.³0*#AL‰?ë:)é(*1«j«)&*G(?)/´?,«c
M)@Jh¦ Ÿ Dš'§cmv:0X`0
Hc›š$š¦U
œ €]žGKU™SI>JcQUã:A0E\ImcIjw=U¥<Jf
AmU`58”/yB6>JJQ>HP
$Jfh$g?
%>H?>A ?$eZ1?
%W$0
LuJE\>>ŒWJU$|}"
{%gß«`$#"‰ë=ëKé«"!(*"«ßT‚H'µƒ,«„c)§3 Ÿ ;⠝ ¦„Dˆ?|cv:0HU
 }$}}U
œ §HžU B†ã.U`—SDI@NIŽ‰U “ ?JJA>AJU„¥<I0
@?L0$IJ
W@
$@kjPQC
>JJ8B6DIo0RPS
TI@UI¤†g{nH!g&?1«ß
fì8(,I|}~|g«HìH!ëKcIMI@J $ Dˆ›c “ >7%WW`c¤†Jf
g>*c
‡ƒ ?
HU  }}$}U)7h—‹ƒY©?¤f¥‰¥‰¥QU
œ ¦]ž0…=U B†Ž‰U)—SD)?I@N?)—%U BR—%UIã:JUzh$A@k
PQC
>JJg©?ENXI>=B6DIo0RPS
TJ‹WAkL)?EN8@
IM
IJf
IAU‚³0*#AT.(?)/(?ß.«)&kóS'`# "!(**«IcM)?@$J
 §µDˆ$§cmƒ‡L  }$}}U
œ š]žG™%U)—SDImcIákU'?ENA0J$cIãKU™n?>[?T
AJD)?c`?)
zGU`ƒ?
AJU`yMIâ‰7h0
@LB60N0A0h?
g)]$
>@
CDIEàZ1?
%M`$>$@?LE\?0)8YDI:PQC
>JJ
IRPn?
TJUI¤†w§`u'{nH!g&?1«ßKfì8(,I:óq‚² |}"
|g«I(†g«`?(*"«`#:‰«Hì«`!g=?«g‚d³0*#A*‰ë:)é(*1«j«)&
G(?)S?´?1«c`M)?@$ “ kMIM`?
Hc$I>CLc  }$}›$U
œ ›}?žKy„UzGUw8Jc)—%U`¥‹U)”Š0
TIJcII¥‹U„ƒUz%HL
HU
”Š0
Z,
E\oENM)?
J‡Z‘†PnkB†E\?)N
$A@
M
?$>JQZ1?
8DI80RPS
TJU)¤†g{nH!g&1«ß.Rìo(,
|}"~|g«ìH!ë=cM)?@$JhˆED)›  c “ >7%WW`c¤RJf
g0>"c`ƒ‡?
gD
 }}$}U
œ ››0ž.Ž‰Uw8DI0
†LcákUIy`U8UI”<AJf
Hc`I‡Ž‰UI¥‹U`5:DI$*U`—SW$0…
M`$JC$Y0JfAE\]$‡jPQC
>JJ%JIJ?
hI0†Pn
TJU¤R
{nH!g&?1«ßKfì8(,I|}~|g«HìH!ëKcM)@JG›H€ ŸŸ DI›H€$€ˆc
7%>A?JT$c)7hM
>  }$}›$U)¤R¥/¥‰¥‹U
œ ›  žGw=U¥<Jf
AmcIzGUI5:]WIImcQUIã%AE\?Imc)y„UáoIE\]
HU
:…Q0
L\gD)>>@$JânyH?>AXI>G?
g)]AY
JJ
%I0†Pn
TJU¤Rx{‹fH!&1«ß.fìo(,I8óq‚²@|}"
|g«I(†g«`?(*"«`#:‰«Hì«`!g=?«g‚d³0*#A*‰ë:)é(*1«j«)&
G(?)S?´?1«c`M)?@$J  €$ˆ„D  §?}cy?>$cOJDI@c
Aoy7.c7%@U„›Hšš$šU„7h—‹ƒU
œ ›ˆ?žKy„UI9Š>HLI„cIx.UQ'XIJc„—%U)Žc)y„UIƒ]—n?I$c`?)
Ž‰U8¶`D)@UI7¡
>AX>.EKI>CHJfQZ[
gEN0PS
T\Z1
>@$DB"Pn@$DhJJJ$J8?)?MIM>AH]$Y>W'>„Z,
g?ENI@U¤R
{nH!g&?1«ßKfì8(,Ioóq‚¸·@|?ò0¹"‚x‚ecMI@$0J%ˆ?|  Dˆ Ÿ €c
—nEKX
A@$c)ƒ‡JJgDIJ0Jc)7%@Um›Hš$š Ÿ U)7%—‹ƒU
œ ›0|žo{Uz.Uã%I >E\?cãKUáoI>T`c)?)jã.U)™S>AT
JDIIU
7:MAW$8M
?$>JQZ1
%Z,
E\?YJJEN)]$‡
PQC
>JJ:J0IJ
h0RPS
TJUI¤†g{nH!g&1«ßKfì8(,I
óq‚² |}~|g«I(†g«`(**«`$#"‰«HìH«`!g=«x‚.³0*#A
‰ë%)é(*1«u«`&º.(?)/(?1«c`M)?@$Jo›]§ Ÿ DI›H¦ Ÿ cm7%@$IJfHc
›Hšš$šU
œ › Ÿ ž.”ŠU8$D)?IJJc “ UIŽŒ]
JJ$mc)KUã:E\mc™%U„ƒ> ?
T`c
I‡ƒUIw8@$
E\?
T`UIyI?
B6XIJHM`
Z1
E\?I
I>CLJJ%?ZŠ
$A@kM
?$>JhZ1
hENXI>G$B6D
IRPn?
TJUI¤†g{nH!g&?1«ßKfì8(,Ioóq‚d² |}"
|g«I(†g«`?(*"«`#:‰«Hì«`!g=?«g‚d³0*#A*‰ë:)é(*1«j«)&
G(?)S?´?1«c`M)?@$Jo›š Ÿ D  }€cm7%@$JfHcm›š$ššU
œ ›€?žKvKUáGJfmU)¥<I0
@?Lu$JIENMU¥ “ ãhBŽ¶„
AgDc)yPQJJ
9IH0
g>m¤RJfC8?Z “ gDII>$@LUI7%W>AX>G?
ˆŠ‰‰°‹Œ}=.(’„›»‘Ž”.‰.ˆ¼‘(½„ˆ @˜­¾Q¢Š“=‰@”=› °¿Š” “°”¢°¿Q½„ˆ 
À ¢°‰°ˆŠ‰.—À °”°›@”.¿Á.Â@ʽ.š=› “„—=¥ ‹Š‰@’.š=›¤ˆ@‰E¥8¦.Ä c  }$}›$U
œ ›H§]ž…=U B†™%UáoNIj.UIx/ALUŽH]$B†?[H
$I@
3"ŽŒ7hz8;SjEN$XI>G$uDIo0RPS
TJUI¤†g{nH!g&1«ßKfì
(,Ioóq‚d² |}"~|g«(†«)(*"«)$#"‰«ìH«)!g=«x‚³0*#A
‰ë%)é(*1«u«`&º.(?)/(?1«c`M)?@$Jh€$€ED§ Ÿ U„7h—‹ƒcm›Hš$š¦U
œ ›¦?ž.”ŠUIá8
JD)cKUx/ALc)ƒU`—SDI?0
*•R$c`?)
w=UI”<
gDIUI7–0>AJf0
B6X)?JH‡MM
$gDZ1?
h
I@=A
LIEN:0RPS
TJUmóq‚¸· |?ò¹"‚x‚Ł‰ë%)é(†
‰ëKë=é«I"!(**«IßT¨Q+H6¬)<c)MI@Jhˆ'§  Dˆ$§¦c‘›š$š$§U
œ ›Hš]ž.ŽŒ7%{ƒ‡7%{ygII]
gJh—S$ENENC:ZŠDo¤f¥‰¥/¥
—S$ENMI0
%y0ARL„UTÆu10#Aßgß;NJóWȂ&1éëqóh!!gßß
‰«I(*f$#"‚‡óN?«`&
{S2?ß"!$#$Ǐ2dÉ{"ÊÌË8
·$!0 -S!(**«Ic›Hš$ššU`¤R¥/¥‰¥‚yg¦}  U››$cŠ›š$š$šN¥‰C$mU
œ  }]žU)Žm*c$U'I?"cIw=Uw=U)—S$cIwKUIáG]
@$0
Hc))
z.UIƒ
JU„7¡JH>A?XI>G>A?$eJ0
W8Z1?
h@$@
gMDI
$D8
$@U¤Rg{nH!g&1«ß=Rìo(,8óq‚² |}
|g«I(†g«`(*"?«`$#:‰?«HìH«`!g=«2‚.³0*#AL‰?ë:)é(*1««`&
.(?)/(?1«cIM)?@$JG›  }„D)›ˆ$}cm7%I@IJfHc  }}$}U
œ  ›žGxKU”‘?
TjI‡y„U)—S
JU “ ENM`
g?>>LB6
g0
Hj
I@
>@$?
DE¢3 “ v:z:7:;SW'0
J$d›8Z1I0$I>JM`Ct)H]$U
|(L§"¨;W§-#?©T¨Qóhô§ª
&fìg(«#66( ì¬#6ëk«„(«#"(6°#6ß"!µ#}®„ÍQ±A(&'(«ª1c‘v:$X`0
G›Hšš$šUIs?
T
AM
$@?
JJU
œ $ žK—%U)”Š0
TIJUI7:uDIoYE\?)uJfgoW'
3"7%v:whxo;<
$@U$|g«I(†g«„(«#©oRì(?ª
&fìg(«#66( ì¬#6ëk«„(«#†'H&+„#Ž®­Î$±A(&'(*cM)?@$J%ˆ„DI›  c„v:0X`0
›Hš$ššc s?
T‡M
$@
JJU
œ  ˆ]žK—%U)¥‹U)”Š
TJ%?)‡”ŠU™SDI@Pn?HU`ã%@$DI>CLjLIEN
Jf)]$B6JH^IJfg?I0B6W'00
Q
$I@‡3*wGyw%x8;
Z1
hENXI>o$ENM0
JU¤Rx{‹fH!gg&,«ßKfì8(,I8óq‚
· |?ò0¹"‚2‚ecM)@J  ˆ|„D  |$|c`7%I@IJfG›š$š|U`7˜
WAJ
W'0
J$‡?ZŠDIoMIM`0
QJhHW$?>[?XI>.? ˆŠ‰‰°‹Œ}=.(½“<
—=¥Q–‘Ž”°–.— =‹Š¿Šš™.”@½=‰@“.µ¥$½­¥¦=‹ ¢=‹Š”.¿ “.Š Š’„Á ½.šE¥¥£.ϑ¤‹Q“ U
œ  |?žK5KU8UI”Š.Iu{UUáGJ0
HU)¥‰EKX`HIA@KD
A0
0Hâ‘PQC
>JJ:@?
g?H0RPS
T\JJ
JU
‰ë=ëKé«"!(*"«ßGfì8(,Ioóq‚Yc|$ˆ3 Ÿ ;⠟ ›¬D Ÿ ¦cƒ‡L  }}$}U
œ $Ÿ žGz.Uz%E\I?DI‡?)uz.Uz%J>JfB6ã8?U “ $M`$>@L
$
$>mZ<EKI>CDIMuPQC
>JJ%I0†Pn
TJ‹JA@=
gJENC
M`]PS0
%$]•fIJfEN0HU¤†g{nH!g&?1«ßKfì8(,I|}"
|g«HìH!ëKcIMI@$0Jh|$}|„D|›ˆcƒ‡]
D  }$}}U
œ  €]ž “ U`y`UIz%MM)M`?
HU‚
0>A0JJ%ENE=IH?IJâ<”‘
IMI>J
)uM
g?0$U{n«(*"!gÊo$#1# ªÐ'·`'&'&'0¨Q1+zª-.¬)
Ñß022®ŠÒ¬Î8Ó°Ô$c)zhM
He›Hš$ššU
œ  §HžGãKUIygDI> 0
I$c`y`UI—nJI
Hc)zGUIzQ
H
AgT`c)
xKUQ'0$XIJU`z “ ”‹â)7˜
gJM`
hM
?$>mZ1
Q
H?>CB6EN
MIM>A?$mU)z%9Š—¨›H¦¦$šcI¤f¥ “ 9Sc$'?Um›Hšš$€U
œ  ¦]žKy„U)yI@D‡I‡—%UIz:?@$D)HW'0)
gU”m7:ƒ‡78y`âI”ŠHPS0
8Pn?
E=I>CCB†0JJQM
0$>PQCDjJA@)?>A>I@NZ,
:$jD
I0†Pn
TJU`óq‚Ձ‰ë:)é(†d‰ëKë=é«I"!(**«x¨h+H6¬)<c
 ¦3"ˆ$;⠟ D  €c$>CLd›š$š¦U
œ  š]žKy„U)yI@DcIƒUc))—%U)z%@D)HW'I
gU”ŠHPn
BRPn?
$@kEN$X>AGDIo0RPS
TJU¤Rg{nH!g&1«ß.fì
(,I8óq‚²@|}"~|g«I(†g«`?(*"«`#:‰«Hì«`!g=?«g‚d³0*#A
‰ë:)é(*1«j«)&*G(?)/(?1«cIM)@JG›H¦›zD)›š$}cv:$X`0
Hc
›Hš$š¦U
œ ˆ$}]žKƒU`yENEàIjzGUãKUáG? $U)ƒHJ
I@\Iu
HI@
I0
@?L\$JIENMAj?ZŠ0RPS
T\
Z*0J‹D)?)B†D>A
WJU$|}:|=<‡§I«ß'!0(*"«ß.«Ö‰ë=ëKé«"!(*"«ßc
¥/¦}?B†™:3"¦';⛛ $Ÿ D)››Hˆ›cŠ7hI@U›š$š'§U
œ ˆ›ž “ DI.—‹ƒ2Arƒ)?
gDY”‘
?•R0HU “ DI.—‹ƒ2A{EN)?
gD
M
]•f0JQPQC
>JJ%)jEN$XI>CRLu0…JAjkJU
ˆŠ‰‰.‹ŒŽ=‘¥8š=› ¢=¿ ½„ˆ(½.“qŽ”.–.— U
œ ˆ  ž…=UQ†:mcQUIã%AE\?ImcI?)uw=U)¥<Jf
UI7:MW'
0
@LB6$J0
WI@=
I@=Z,
hE=>CAD$M$jD
IRPn?
TJU “ 0DIH>z%0M`
“ zQB  }$}}?B Ÿ$ §c
Aoy—‹©?¤†Z1?
E\?$YyJQ¤RJf$cIv:0HU  }$}}U
7%W>AX>G?
»‰.‹‘Œ}°»‰°‹(’“’<Ž”.–.— ’“’.׊‹—ÀQ“.=‰Š¿@×ØÙڐ¤‹Š–Š» U