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HIRUNDO
2012
Nature and Weather in Lucan’s Pharsalia
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Nature and Weather in Lucan
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3OLQ\0DLRUNatural History7UDQV+5DFNKDP&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\
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6HQHFDNatural Questions7UDQV7KRPDV+&RUFRUDQ&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
6XHWRQLXVLives of the Caesars7UDQV-&5ROIH&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\
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9HUJLOAeneid.7UDQV+5XVWRQ)DLUFORXJK&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
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/HLJK0DWWKHZLucan: Spectacle and Engagement, 2[IRUG&ODUHQGRQ3UHVV
0F&DUWQH\(XJHQH³&ODVVLFDO:HDWKHU/RUHRI7KXQGHUDQG/LJKWQLQJ´The Classical Weekly9RO1R$SU
6NOHQDU5The Taste For Nothingness$QQ$UERU8QLYHUVLW\RI0LFKLJDQ3UHVV
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%RRN´Classical Philology9RO1R-XO