Appendix 2
Phoneme, onset, cluster, nucleus and diphthong type frequencies;
and source word list
Below is a list of 335 lexical items. As a representative sample of words this list forms the basis of a
calculation of phoneme and syllable type frequencies.
Appendix 2 Table 1: Phoneme frequencies found in list.
Obstruents
Sonorants
28
30
74
21
92
37
44
14
44
14
50
38
/p/
/b/
/t/
/d/
/k/
/g/
/f/
/v/
/s/
/z/
/h/
/ƒ/
/m8/
/m/
/n8/
/n/
/N8/
/N/
/l8/
/l/
/R8/
/R/
Vowels
12
33
5
68
4
7
1
60
7
65
/a/
/e/
/i/
/o/
/u/
282
106
122
148
139
Appendix 2 Table 2: Onset types.
No onset
45 (6.0%)
C
657 (88.1%)
CC
44 (5.9%)
total
746 (100%)
Appendix 2 Table 3: Distribution of onset types across syllables.
no onset
C
CC
total
1
syllable 1
23 (6.9%)
294 (87.8%)
18 (5.4%)
3351
syllable 2
16 (5.1%)
274 (87.6%)
23 (7.3%)
313
syllable 3
6 (7.2%)
74 (89.2%)
3 (3.6%)
83
syllable 4
0
14 (100%)
0
14
syllable 5
0
1 (100%)
0
1
The discrepancy in the totals for this column is the result of rounding.
321
Appendix 2 Table 4: Breakdown of possible underlying onset clusters present in list.
/pR/
/pl/
/bR/
/bl/
/bn/
/kR/
/kl/
/kn/
/gR/
/gl/
/fR/
/fl/
/fn/
/vR/
/sn/
/zR/
/zn/
Word initial
0
2
0
0
1
1
1
2
3
2
2
1
2
1
0
0
0
Word medial
3
0
2
2
0
1
2
0
5
3
7
1
0
0
0
0
0
Total
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
8
5
9
2
2
1
0
0
0
Appendix 2 Table 5: Nucleus types:
Monophthong
697 (93.4%)
Diphthong
49 (6.6%)
total
746 (100%)
Appendix 2 Table 6: Breakdown of possible diphthongs found in the list:
ae
ai
ao
au
ei
ou
Total
9
16
6
14
3
1
49
322
The word list
ade
ago
age#
alha
ana
ao
ara
are
aro
au
babao
baesu
bagi
bahai
banhi
belelu
bigo
birho
bnakua
bobona#
boe
bokla
buklo
burusu
busa
dadara
datau
dia
do
dodoli
dogoho
doli
dou
dupa
ehe
elo
fafra
fagalo
fakae
fala
falehe
fate
fika
fila
fitu
flalo
fnahi
fnoto
fodu
here
you (singular)
proceed
split
that (nearby)
this (holding)
I/me
those (nearby)
these (holding)
exist, be, reside
be tired
shark
wing, fin of fish
alstonia scholaris
cave
be smooth
sore
lie down, sleep
be slow
bow
be rotten
be fat (of person)
navel
flame
beard, moustache
blood
chief
be bad
mosquito
blue/green
be lazy
be alive/life
be big
hit (punch)
yes
drift
be fast, hurry
hibiscus tiliaceus
look, see
cutnut
kill
above
turn
thunderbolt
seven
fly
meat/flesh
four
be full
foforu
fog#ra
frin#he
fro
fufugo
fufugonare
fufunu
gai
gaili
garho
gase
gato
gau
ge
gita
gizuna
gogosulu
goinode
gorha
gugura
g#afu
g#aha
g#ahipa
g#ahu
g#auai
g#ausa
g#azu
g#efu
g#ilu
g#laba
g#log#u
g#obi
g#og#orofu
g#onu
g#romo
g#rugu
g#rui
g#ufu
g#uku
g#uli
g#utu
hae
hage
hana
hei
heta
heve
hiba
be new
be sick
work
squeeze
tomorrow
morning
start
we (plural exclusive)
fishhook
scratch
woman
think
you (plural)
and then
we (plural inclusive)
island
dolphin
today
paddle
because
boil
dust
five
stone
bake
be far
betel nut
tree, wood, stick
wind
inside
moon
bay
hundred
mist
make a mistake
cloud
night
garden
smoke
road
skin, bark
louse, flea
where?
go up
eight
who?
be strong/powerful
what
eye
323
hinage
hobo
hotai
hug#ru
huzu
ide
ido
ifra
ika
ikoa
ine
ka
kafli
kaike
kaka
kakade
kakafre
kakau
kaku
kala
kalae
kame
karatahi
katikava
kave
keha
kei
kekredi
keli
kenu
kini
klahe
knaso
knisu
koblo
kofe
kofru
koilo
kokolo
kokorako
kolae
kolan#a
kolu
komhu
korho
korosa
kota
koze
krano#
kubiliki
kue
kuhu
kuku
boat
branch
between
every
push
these (nearby)
mother
pandanus sp.
bathe
be small
this (nearby)
at, to, from, with
lightning
one
grandmother, elder sibling
eagle
spider
crab
banana
hair, feather, leaf
reef
arm
sandfly
bite
ground
go down
some
tooth
egg
be good
in front
hold
be bald
be empty
spit
laugh
be light (in weight)
ash
coconut
type, clan
chicken
spear
sky
snake
fruit, season, year
pull
hole
outside
sing
be dry
rat
grandfather
rub
defecate, faeces
kukuti
kumai
kumai
kunu
kuo
laga
lao
lapi
lase
legu
leg#ohai
lehe
lehen#hau
liha
loge#
lulua
madara
mag#ra
mai
mairi
maku
maliri
mama
manahagi
mane
manei
maneko
maneri
man#a
man#ava
matirihi
mau
mautu
memeha
meruku
mhagu
mhata
mheke
mhoko
mhoto
mhumhui
mimido
mitu
nablo
naboto
naesa
nafunahani
nai
naitu
nakoni
nakon#o
namha
namhari
eel
drink
river, fresh water
knee
break (as stick)
be thin (of object)
go to
tongue
know
behind, after
be thin (of person)
die, be dead
be hungry
louse egg
vagina
vomit
red
fight
come
left
be strong/firm
fat, grease
father
want
man
he, him, she, her, it
pawpaw
they, them
mouth, beak
be hot
spirit
taro
right
bird
flying fox
be afraid/fear
bush
dog
sit
sweat (v)
be wet
penis
seed
six
ten
bamboo sp.
base
rain
put
devil
person
hornbill
love
fish
324
namo
nanafa
nan#ha
naprai
nare
narho
nasona
nasuga
nau
navula
nehu
nene
neu
nhae
nheva
nhorao
niba
nihao
nihau
nomhi
nonolo
nubra
nufi
numha
nunuge
n#hau
ohai
ome
ooe
palu
papana#
papase
parakatu
pari
pau
pepreku
pihu
piriplasu
pleku
pog#la
pohe
poporopau
puka
puka
puku
ragi#
rarata
ravata
rhue
rifu
saeko
safra
saga
saigona
be near
heart
name
sun
day
rope
headland
lobster
village
whale
nose
leg
and
be clean
nine
yesterday
possum
when?
how many?
hear
be straight
burn
yam
bone
earthquake
eat
be tame
copulate
say
two
breathe
turmeric/ginger
be rough
below
head
lip
sugar cane
tie
be soft
be bent
float
clothes
brain
fly
be blunt (of edge)
be short
dance
sand/beach
afternoon
cry
be cold
mango
do something wrong
yellow
evening
sane
sara
sare
sasaeko
seku
seserhu
siakale
siko
siri
sisi
sisito
sodu
soso
su
subro
suga
#
suli
susuki
taba
tabo
tag#la
tag#ra
tahe
tahi
taho
tamo
tana
tanhi
tao
tarametarihi
tatala
tavihi
tege#
tehi
teo
tere
tetena
tetu
tia
tihi
tilo
tini
toga
togu
toikame
toka
tolipogo
tona
tore
totofra
totoi
totoli
tove
tue
breadfruit
there (distant)
there (nearby)
liver
tail
grass
rainbow
steal
smell (active verb)
flower
be hot to the touch
be long
urinate, urine
breast
suck
house
child
sew
board, timber
creep
ear
back
tell
sea
count
grandchild, younger sibling
neck
time
swim
with
be heavy
butterfly, moth
hunt
turtle
many
no, be not
be sharp
sago palm
stand
belly
wash
three
body
thousand
stab
centipede
chop
roof
be dirty
ask
star
fire
lizard
be old
cut
325
tufa
tug#le
tupri
tuta
ufu
uka
vega
viri
visi
vraha
affect (also give)
mountain
be blunt (of point)
be thick
blow
fall
white
tobacco
play, game
vitex cofassus
vuhuku
zag#ra
zaho
zazaho
zogu
zoho
zora
zote
zuzufra
hill
root
go away
walk
drop (itr)
dig
pig
crocodile
black
326