Recap •  Decide on a text-­‐type •  Formulate a thesis statement that signals both the intent and text-­‐type •  Make sure to include all elements of that text-­‐type •  S=ck to the text-­‐type! •  One idea/thought per paragraph •  Express the purpose of the paragraph in a topic sentence •  Use blank line or indenta=on to signal a new paragraph Paragraphing There are two ways to paragraph a text: blank line . . . Almost everywhere we go today, we are likely to come across a fast-­‐food restaurant of some kind. Only fiLy years ago, they were quite scarce; people ate in their homes or in tradi=onal restaurants. Since the Second World War, however, so called fast food has become increasingly common in the West. What are the reasons? One major factor is the forma=on of a new, mobile lifestyle in the 1940s, -­‐50s and 60s. Technological advances in car produc=on resulted in cheaper products, and along with general economic growth it enabled ordinary people to buy cars, thereby gaining increased mobility. This new way of life brought on a whole range of new phenomena. One of them was the drive-­‐in restaurant, whose business concept partly was, and s=ll is, to serve food quickly at almost any hour. The most famous example is probably McDonald’s, which was established in 1948. Now, people could go where they liked and get their needs fulfilled whenever they liked. . . . or indenta=on Almost everywhere we go today, we are likely to come across a fast-­‐food restaurant of some kind. Only fiLy years ago, they were quite scarce; people ate in their homes or in tradi=onal restaurants. Since the Second World War, however, so called fast food has become increasingly common in the West. What are the reasons? One major factor is the forma=on of a new, mobile lifestyle in the 1940s, -­‐50s and 60s. Technological advances in car produc=on resulted in cheaper products, and along with general economic growth it enabled ordinary people to buy cars, thereby gaining increased mobility. This new way of life brought on a whole range of new phenomena. One of them was the drive-­‐in restaurant, whose business concept partly was, and s=ll is, to serve food quickly at almost any hour. The most famous example is probably McDonald’s, which was established in 1948. Now, people could go where they liked and get their needs fulfilled whenever they liked. You cannot mix the two types... Almost everywhere we go today, we are likely to come across a fast-­‐
food restaurant of some kind. Only fiLy years ago, they were quite scarce; people ate in their homes or in tradi=onal restaurants. Since the Second World War, however, so called fast food has become increasingly common in the West. What are the reasons? One major factor is the forma=on of a new, mobile lifestyle in the 1940s, -­‐50s and 60s. Technological advances in car produc=on resulted in cheaper products, and along with general economic growth it enabled ordinary people to buy cars, thereby gaining increased mobility. This new way of life brought on a whole range of new phenomena. One of them was the drive-­‐in restaurant, whose business concept partly was, and s=ll is, to serve food quickly at almost any hour. The most famous example is probably McDonald’s, which was established in 1948. Now, people could go where they liked and get their needs fulfilled whenever they liked. The ’s-­‐geni=ve -­‐ singular Simply add apostrophe + s ('s) Examples: The child’s book. The girl’s room is nice. John Smith’s car. Peter’s glass is half empty but John’s is half full. Special case: names that end with –s can have either apostrophe + s or just apostrophe. Example: Dickens’s or Dickens’ Another special case: geni?ve of it is its not it’s. The ’s-­‐geni=ve -­‐ plural Add the apostrophe (’) to regular plural forms: The girls' room. The Smiths' car is black. Add 's to irregular plural forms: The children's books. Men's clothes. If there are mul=ple nouns, add an 's only to the last noun: Peter and John's mother is a teacher. The Apostrophe They may look similar on the keyboard, but the apostrophe and the accent are two dis=nct typographical signs. can´t (accent) vs. can’t (apostrophe)
Titles and Capitaliza=on •  Capitalize all words except ar=cles, preposi=ons, coordina=ng conjunc=ons, or to in infini=ves. •  Capitalize the first word of main =tle and first word of the sub=tle, even if it’s one of the above. Ex. Travesty and SaAre: A Historical Analysis of Two Genres from a PerspecAve of Class Subversion Form of numbers •  Numbers are divided into thousands by commas: Ex. 3,000 or 3,000,000, etc. Excep=ons: years as dates (e.g. not in 1978, but in 15,000 years ago), phone numbers, zip codes, etc. In other words: just as in Swedish, but with comma instead of period. Contrac=ons •  Contracted forms—i.e. don’t instead of do not, or it’s instead of it is—is not used in formal wri=ng (read: essays). Cannot vs. can not •  Negated can is cannot not can not. Consider the following: •  He cannot come (he is unable to) •  He can not come (he can choose, or for emphasis) The second case is rare, use cannot. Subject-­‐verb agreement •  Third person singular, present tense = -­‐s: He/she/it/the dog runs. They/you/the dogs run. This is something you must make a habit of checking regularly!