2Climographs Montreal, Quebec City, and Salluit http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Montreal­weather­averages/Quebec/CA.aspx http://www.worldweatheronline.com/quebec­weather­averages/quebec/ca.aspx http://www.worldweatheronline.com/v2/weather­averages.aspx?q=62.2041,­75.6434 Montreal Quebec City Salluit January ­4°C, 80.1mm ­6°C, 89.5mm ­21°C, 18.5mm February ­2°C, 60.1mm ­5°C, 64.5mm ­22°C, 15.4mm March 3°C, 61.3mm 1°C, 68.6mm ­17°C, 18.9mm April 12°C, 75.3mm 9°C, 88mm ­9°C, 24.1mm May 20°C, 99mm 19°C, 88mm ­2°C, 34.9mm June 26°C, 80.5mm 24°C, 108.9mm 6°C, 36.1mm July 27°C, 104.3mm 26°C, 142mm 13°C, 35.8mm August 26°C, 86.9mm 25°C, 101.7mm 11°C ,59.2mm September 22°C, 90.5mm 20°C, 107.6mm 5°C, 69.6mm October 24°C, 92.2mm 12°C, 110.2mm ­1°C, 51.2mm November 7°C, 81mm 4°C, 93.8mm ­7°C, 37.1mm December 0°C, 87.8mm ­3°C, 83.5mm ­15°C, 22.6mm Total Precipitation 999mm 1,146.3mm 423.4mm Advantages Living in two cities (Montreal, Quebec City) Living in Greater Montreal means living green! People living in Greater Montreal has access to 17 large parks, for a total of 2,000 hectares. That’s not including the 1,160 neighbourhood parks providing leisure and recreational areas for family. In addition to that, ski hills and resorts are located less than an hour’s drive from downtown Montréal. This provides inhabitants easy access to skiing and snowboarding. Furthermore, Montréal residents can also take advantage of the many lakes and rivers and go swimming, canoeing, and kayaking. Montréal residents can wander with a peace of mind. Public areas and downtown Montréal are safe to visit. The crime rate is surprisingly low for a major city like Montréal, and has been steadily decreasing since 1990. In fact, Montréal’s homicide rate is the lowest among large North American cities. Montreal ­
Live Green! Access to 17 large parks such as the Mount Royal Park for a total of 2,000 hectares. This doesn’t include the 1,160 neighbourhood parks that provide leisure and recreation areas for the family. ­
ski hills and resorts are located less than an hour’s drive away from Downtown Montreal, inhabitants have easy access to skiing and snowboarding ­
Montréal is a fairly safe city, crime rate is surprisingly low for a major city, has been steadily decreasing since 1990 offer lots of great festivals all year round, for eg the upcoming electronic music festival, Igloofest Rich culture, close to ⅓ of Montréal’s population was born outside of Canada. People can enjoy a diverse range products or cuisine ­
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Quebec City ­
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one of Canada’s least expensive city to live in, housing prices are among the lowest in Canada unique full of history Urban ​
Census metropolitan area (CMA) is an ​
area consisting of one or more neighbouring municipalities situated around a major urban core. A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000 of which 50,000 or more live in the urban core http://www.quebecfirst.com/en/living­in­quebec­city/cost­of­living/ Biomes and ecosystems: Boreal Forest Biome (Taiga) The boreal biome, also known as Taiga, is the largest biome on earth and in Quebec. It cover ⅔ of Quebec. It’s in between the Tundra and Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed forest. Some plants are sedge, shrubs, water smartweed, crowberry, fireweed, moss, sweet gale, wild rose, and creeping juniper. Some trees are white and black spruce, fir larch (coniferous) and white birch, poplar and aspen(deciduous). These forests are heavily disrupted by fire disturbances which help to define numbers of and relationship between living organisms. Bioclimatic (relation between climate, activities and distribution of living organisms) domains: balsam fir­white birch, spruce­moss, spruce­lichen and forest tundra. Some mammals that live in this biome are black bear, white tailed deer, moose, grey wolf, beaver, caribou, red fox, american mix, coyote, lynx, grizzly bear, muskrat, wolverine, weasel, marten, snowshoe hare, red squirrel. Some birds are goose, grey horned owl, pileated woodpecker, great grey owl, red­tailed hawk, bald eagle, osprey, mew gull, red­throated loons, arctic tern, red­breasted merganser, gray cheeked thrush, yellow warbler, common redpoll, white­crowned sparrow, flicker, and spruce grouse (most birds are migratory birds). Some amphibians are wood frog, mink frog, blue­spotted salamander (no reptiles). The climate here are short summer with cold long days, long winter with long nights. The average annual temperature just around freezing and the summer 11°C . The precipitation is around 200mm­1000mm( if closer to labrador). The Canadian Shield is the physical geography of the Boreal Biome. It’s mountainous rock, which is billions of years old, but has eroded due to the glaciers and harsh climate. Only 7% of quebec’s population live in the boreal biome which are mostly people from mining, agriculture and forestry. Also Quebec has 3% of the world’s fresh water but represents 0.1 % of the world’s population This biome has wetlands ( intense biodiversity activity, has marshes, ponds, flooded areas), lakes (formed when the streams and river dump their water 1.2 million lakes in boreal), rivers, meadows, forests. Tundra Biome The Tundra biome covers 24% of Quebec and is the coldest biome.​
Only 4% of the population lives in Tundra. The main things to about the tundra is: ­ Extremely cold climate ­ Low biotic diversity ­ Simple vegetation structure ­ Limitation of drainage ­ Short season of growth and reproduction ­ Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic material ­ Large population oscillations (swing) Quebec has both Arctic and alpine tundra. ARCTIC tundra is located in the northern section of Quebec (just above boreal in Quebec). The growing days are around 50­60 days. The average winter ­34°C and average summer 3­12°C. The yearly precipitation 150­250mm. There is also frozen soil permafrost, is located in northern Quebec. There are no no deep rooted vegetation due to cold weather. ­ Plants: low shrubs, sedges, reindeer mosses, liverworts, grasses, about 400 varieties in flowers, crustose, foliose lichen ­ Trees: dwarf birch and arctic willow ­ Mammals: lemming, caribou, arctic hare, squirrel, arctic and red fox, arctic hare, tundra red backed voles,muskoxen, beaver ­ Birds: ravens, snow buntings, falcons, loons, ravens, sandpipers, terns, snow birds, and various species of gulls (mostly migratory), snow goose, Canada goose,, arctic loon, ALPINE Tundra is also part of Quebec. The growing season is about 180 days. There are very little trees, but soil is well drained ­ Plants: tussock grasses, small leafed shrubs, heaths, sphagnum mosses, alpine club moss, mountain cranberry, moss campion ­ Mammals: pika, marmot, sheep, elk, arctic and red fox, caribou, grizzly and black bear, beaver, and tundra red backed vole ­ Birds: grouselike birds, loon, snowy owl, spruce grouse ­ Trees: dwarf birch, arctic willow and black and white spruce Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed forest Biome In the temperate broadleaf and mixed forest biome, almost all of the population lives here. 11.5% mixed forest 6.6% broadleaf They have warm summers and cold winters. The average temperature ­1°C­ 13°C and precipitation is around 400mm­ can do till 1600mm. Snow common up north, decreases south ­ north mixed then south is broadleaf. It has rich fertile soil, dark brown, slightly reddish and acidic. ­ There are Deciduous trees seasonal trees, more evergreen broadleaf species with decrease altitude ­ It has two tree layers which are shrub and herb layer ­ The forests also have humus (leafs that have fallen) feeds the forest floor including moss and trees itself ­ There are also Coniferous trees which are mostly pines, firs, spruces, occur in many special edaphic situations ex. frequent fires or poor soil ­ reptiles and amphibians: salamander, wood frog, mink frog, redbelly snake ­ trees: tulip, Maple, Oak, Beech, Chestnut, Elm, Hickory, birch, white and black spruce, white pine, poplar, eastern red cedar ­ plants: moss, lichen, grasses, wildflower, ​
rhodedendron, buckthorn, sumac, honeysuckle, dogwood​
, cranberry, golden rod ­ animals: southern flying squirrel, red­bellied woodpecker, black rat snake, and gray tree frog, woodland caribou, white tailed deer, moose, arctic hare ­ birds: bluejays, turkey vulture, spruce grouse, great blue heron, white­throated sparrow, mourning dove Vegetation: 20% of Canada’s forests in Quebec= 2% in the world 761,000km​
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dense forests cover an area In Quebec, forestry is one of the main economic motors. They have 400 prime processing plants and 80,000 jobs. Some examples of trees are Spruces, Firs, Birches, Maples. I will talk more about it in the next topic. The forests provide homes for 200 species of birds, 60 mammal species, and 100 fish species ­ coniferous, boreal, mixed and deciduous forests Minerals: ­ Diamond ­ rare natural occurring mineral ­ Each carbon atom in a diamond is surrounded by four other carbon atoms and connected to them by strong covalent bonds; most durable ­ chemically resistant and hardest known natural substance ­ most popular gemstone ­ DIAMONDS ARE NOT FORMED FROM COAL, just because it’s from carbon doesn’t mean it’s from coal too ­ C (formed by carbon) ­ created 161 km down, in the mantle at high temperatures (1050° C) ­ most diamonds discovered by mantle volcanic eruption ­ colourless ­ transparent ­ used in gemstones, industrial abrasives EXPLAIN THE PICTURE ­ Copper ­ oxidized zones of copper deposits ­ element and mineral ­ hard to find but most wanted ­ conducts electricity, heat ­ conducts electricity and heat, wiring, electrical contacts and circuits, coinage, alloys (brass; copper and zinc, bronze; copper zinc and tin) ­ Cu ­ opaque, metallic copper red ­ Gold ­ expensive because rare and natural occurrence ­ opaque and yellow gold ­ Au ­ element (substance consisting of atoms containing same amount of protons) and mineral (natural occurring substance) ­ metal, doesn’t tarnish ­
jewelry; coinage; bullion; currency backing; an electrical conductor used in computers, circuits, appliances, cell phones, etc.; dental work, gilding. ­ ­ Calcite: ­ is a carbonate ­ common and makeup significant portion in the earth’s crust ­ used for acid neutralization, a low hardness abrasive, soil conditioner, heated for the production of lime ­ transparent, opaque, white, gray, red, blue, green, yellow, brown, orange ­ CaCO​
3 (carbon trioxide) Some other examples are: ­ Adularia ­ Albite ­ Analcime ­ Anatase ­ Andradite ­ Antimony ­ Apophyllite ­ Aragonite ­ Bornite ­ Carletonite ­ Chamosite ­ Chromite ­ Clinochlore ­ Diopside ­ Epidote ­ Fluorapatite ­ Fluorite ­ Grossular ­ Gudmondite ­ Heazlewoodite ­ Kermesite ­ Leucophanite ­ Magnetite ­ Natrolite ­ Pectolite ­ Polylithionite ­ Prehnite ­ Quartz ­ Rhodochrosite ­ Rutile ­ Scolecite ­ Senarmontite ­
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Serandite Siderite Stibnite Stilpnomelane Thomsonite­Ca Titanite Tobermorite Valentinite Vesuvianite Wollastonite Economic activity: Quebec exports 40 percent of its total production, mainly from the forest industry (printing, lumber and paper), mining (aluminium and iron ore), transportation, equipment manufacturing, electricity, engineering know­how, electronic products and telecommunications equipment ­ gross domestic product (GDP) is approximately CAD$363 billion (​
is the value at first of all the finished goods and services produced within a province in this case borders in a specific time period) ​
and its per capita GDP is $44,499 (income per person) ­ economy is dominated by the services sector, which produces about 70% of all goods and services. ­ some assets that boost growth ­ abundant of natural resources ­ hydroelectric power at low production costs ­ strategic geographical location ­ highly educated workforce ­ advanced technology ­ capability to export products to the world ­ Tourism is important in Quebec. So like events and festivals make it a popular city and attract people. Also Tourist Attractions ­ They also have strong agriculture which is mostly around the St. Lawrence They also have a Strong manufacturing and service sectors ­ Produce a variety of products including air traffic control equipment, software, subway trains, helicopters, compact disks, air purifiers and toys ­ Several strong companies in space and aeronautics, telecommunications, energy and transportation. Mining ​
propelled Québec to a leading position among worldwide producers of iron, zinc, nickel, silver, and gold. ­ They also extracted non­metallic minerals, including industrial minerals and construction materials some ex. chrysotile, graphite, ilmenite (titanium ore), mica, salt, silica, sulfur, steatite and peat and examples for Main construction materials include limestone, cement, industrial stone, and clay products, as well as sand and gravel ­
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Forestry is ​
one of the main driving forces behind the economy of Québec. ​
Lumber, printing and paper production is important. ​
400 primary processing plants throughout the regions, this industry provides ​
approximately 80,000 direct jobs in the forestry and wood processing sectors energy ­ energy a centrepiece of its development ­ plentiful supply of clean and abundant energy 97% of the electricity it produces is from a renewable source (Hydro­Québec) exports ­ Under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the new Canada­European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) (facilitate market access) and made Québec is more than ever open to the world. ­ Foreign markets are one of the basic things for the growth of Québec companies and create jobs. ­ United States is the main destination for most of Québec’s exports but European, Asian, African and Latin American markets have started to become important for the economy. ­ The signing of the Canada­South Korea Free Trade Agreement will also spawn business opportunities for Québec companies. The Agreement will enable Québec to promote and market its mining resources, which are in high demand in Asia, and will also help consolidate the position of Québec’s pork producers in the important South Korean market Environmental Issues: Mining Problems: More than 12 significant oil spills in 2014 alone. mine rehabilitation that has been abandoned and is another problem mining also caused the province to be in about $1.2 billion in debt. However the companies that are guilty are not being charged for their wrongful doing. Solutions: restart the self monitoring system plus budget increase in addition hiring new inspectors to properly enforce laws so the public can be more protected. In addition the coalition suggested requiring to create environmental monitoring committees which would be independent and properly financed. So far these plans are showing good results. ●
Non ­ renewable resources and minerals are also a factor in this mining issue. Quebec does not receive a fair amount of royalties involving mineral extraction they retain 1% ­ 2% from the total value of the minerals extracted . To add to that the people of Quebec brought up the parties previous commitment on increasing value of the minerals taken from the ground and create a policy on secondary processing. They’d also like to be prepared for closing of mines Forestry : Quebec’s main vegetation consists of firs and spruces Quebecs Forest Industry Council (QFIC) released a list of common issues revolving around the forest industry in 2014 the QFIC would like to increase the annual allowable cut which stood at 42 million m3 10 years prior to its state in 2013 which was 28 million m3 / 32% ­
by allowing the annual allowable cut to increase Quebec may receive more money for a renewable resource Wildlife would also be greatly affected if changes are not made to Quebec's forest industry. One of the most affected species as of right now are caribou more specifically Woodland Caribou which is why it is crucial to protect the last few sanctuaries they have including the Montagnes Blanches which is an endangered forest area in the (northern) Lac St­ Jean region. The destruction of these habitats are due to new development in roadbuilding and logging projects which don’t only affect the Woodland Caribou, but also various other woodland creatures. By killing off some of these species a domino effect is placed and although it may please us temporarily we’re in trouble for the long run and fate of humanity. What can be done:​
To fix some of these problems its suggested we cut down on the buliding of roads and try to find another way to get from place to place. It may be more time consuming, but at least some of our most endangered wildlife species will be protected and last a lot longer. However by doing so gas consumption may increase and then of course result in higher rate of global warming along with job cuts because quebecs forest industry is so large Global Warming: Global warming in Quebec isn’t as high compared to other provinces. Infact Quebecs per capita emissions rate is the third lowest in Canada. In addition the amplitude of water sources helps. However Climate Change is affecting many things like wildlife, farming and insurance costs to name a few. Quebec recently held an event to discuss important environmental issues and issues surrounding climate change. Quebec along with 3 other provinces have already became partners with the Western Climate Initiative ­ by doing this Quebec, Ontario and the state of California joined in a cap and trade system in order to limit carbon emissions. That would be the cornerstone of the 2013 ­ 2020 CCAP (Climate Change Action Plan) which has a budget of $3.3 billion. In order to fight climate change they chose to promote public transit and the electrification of transportation plus intermodal freight transport which will help with the use of energy in most if not all sectors of the economy. Along with that they hope to increase renewable resources, such as the use of wood when building, and smart use of land as stated before plus energy recovery from biomass. Other than the problem of Quebecs green house gas emissions (GHG). Quebec has many sources of renewable energy like wind, geothermal energy, solar generation, biomass, and water turbines which is why it is already ahead in the fight against climate change. Fisheries: Quebec is divided into 29 fishing divisions Quebecs main fish species are shrimp, lobster, snow crabs, groundfish, and scallop. In quebec there are several types of fisheries ­ commercial, aboriginal, and recreational are the main three. Commercial fisheries play a crucial part in the economy of Quebec especially within the maretime regions. In the marine areas Fisheries and Oceans Canada manages commercial fisheries. Some of the main marine species include clam, rock crab, scallop, mackerel, groundfish, red tuna, harp seals and the nunavik beluga. It’s required the department must protect marine resources for economic prosperity of fisheries of this region. Aboriginal fisheries are a large part of Quebec. Fisheries and Oceans Canada also has the mandate to create programs that involve Aboriginal communities into the fisheries due to current treaties and of course ancestral rights of Aboriginals. They must work with Aboriginals to enable them to acquire skills etc in commercial fishery operations. Some of the treaties that are already established that are fixated around aboriginal fisheries are “Nunavik Inuit Comprehensive Land Claims Agreement” and “The James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement” ­
An example of this approach is the marine mammal management in Northern Quebec having made partnership agreements with Nunavik Inuit in order to manage various species. One main mammal would be the Beluga which is an important part of the Inuits ancestry. Recreational fisheries also known as sport fisheries are also managed by Fisheries and Oceans Canada. It involves fishing for marine species. However it’s for pleasure which means only the person fishing is allowed to use his/her catches and is not allowed to sell any products from the fisheries. It’s mainly practised in the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf along with the Saguenay River. Involving Wildlife: Fisheries and Oceans Canada has recently selected areas across Quebec to use as Marine Protected Area(s) in order to protect marine mammals as well as ensured long­term conservation. The St. Lawrence estuary is currently an Area of Interest (AOI) as a MPA under the Oceans Act. It’ll be used to protect year­round marine mammals of the Estuary for example beluga whales, harbour seals and even seasonal mammals like the blue whale. By protecting not only them, but also their food resources and habitats. Krill and capelin are also a large part of the estuary which are of high importance to the survival of many marine mammals. Without this area humans will be affecting various species which include some that are already under the endangered status for Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) or are already/ soon to be placed under the Species At Risk Act (SARA) Acid Rain: Acid rain is the result of sulphur dioxide emissions (so2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) which in turn can be made into dry/moist secondary pollutants for example ammonium nitrate (nh4no3) which can be placed in the atmosphere and reach up to thousands of kilometres. They can be deposited through snow, rain, hail or even fly ash and gases. When the gasses touch water they turn acidic which is where the term is “Acid Rain” is formed. Due to the fact that Quebec is part of the Precambrian Shield it’s one of the hardest hit areas because its water and soil systems can’t fight the high level of acid deposition. Depletion Ozone Depletion: Depletion is a large factor for the world in general. In specific Ozone Depletion is a dangerous thought it affects the environment and all living things. As a result immune deficiencies, cataracts and skin cancer are large problems caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Quebec also has a large sum of phytoplankton due to its various lakes. Phytoplankton which is a main source of oxygen and food for many marine species and is also affected which may result in less food available world wide.­ one way to help in the prevention would be lowering greenhouse gas emissions while trying to use reusable energy sources. Work Cited World Weather Online ­ ​
http://www.worldweatheronline.com Locals Only ­ https://lokalzonly.wordpress.com/2012/05/29/7­reasons­you­should­live­in­montreal/ Lahistoria Conmaps ­ ​
www.lahistoriaconmapas.com Montreal International ­ ​
http://www.montrealinternational.com/ Quebec ­ ​
https://www.mern.gouv.qc.ca/english/international/forests.jsp UQAM ​
https://carbbas.uqam.ca/en/about­the­chair/the­boreal­biome­of­quebec.html CFS: ​
http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/35713.pdf Enviornment Canada: ​
https://www.ec.gc.ca/eau­water/default.asp?lang=En&n=3E75BC40­1 The Canadian Encycopedia: ​
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec/ Soils of Canada: ​
http://www.soilsofcanada.ca/ Moving in Canada­ ​
http://movingincanada.com/Quebec/Economy.htm Quebec­ ​
http://www.gouv.qc.ca/en/LeQuebec/Pages/%C3%89conomie.aspx Geology­ ​
http://geology.com/minerals/calcite.shtml Geology­ ​
http://geology.com/minerals/diamond.shtml Geology­ ​
http://geology.com/minerals/gold.shtml Geology­ ​
http://geology.com/minerals/copper.shtml Canada’s biodiversity website­ http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/ecozones/taigashield/taigashield.htm Canada’s biodiversity website­ http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/ecozones/southernarctic/southernarctic.htm Canada’s Biodiversity website­ http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/ecozones/borealshield/borealshield.htm Untamed Sciece­ ​
http://www.untamedscience.com/biology/biomes/temperate­deciduous­forests/ Tree in a box­ ​
http://www.treeinabox.com/douglas­fir/ wiki­ ​
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce wiki­ ​
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Native_Copper_(mineral).jpg wiki­ ​
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch Southern Living­ ​
http://www.southernliving.com/home­garden/gardens/maple­trees Healthy helper­ ​
http://healthyhelperblog.blogspot.ca/2015/02/diamond­mineral.html Minerals Education Coaliation­ ​
https://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals/gold Mini Me Geology­ http://www.minimegeology.com/home/mgeo/page_44_8/calcite_mineral_rhombic.html Montreal Gazette­ http://montrealgazette.com/news/local­news/stop­mining­asbestos­quebec­environmental­group
s­say Logging and Sawmilling Journal­ http://forestnet.com/LSJissues/july_august_2012/uncertainty.php BC Renewable Energy Blog­ http://www.bcenergyblog.com/2009/05/articles/transmission­1/hydroquabec­canadas­power­exp
ort­king/ CBC­ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/high­levels­of­nickel­traced­to­company­in­port­of­que
bec­1.1402607 Wiki­ ​
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_forest_of_Canada Canadian Wildlife Federation­ http://www.hww.ca/en/wild­spaces/arctic­tundra.html?referrer=https://www.google.ca/ ForestREplot­ ​
http://www.forestreplot.ugent.be/about.html Mining ­ ​
www.miningwatch.ca ​
www.investquebec.com forestry­ ​
www.cifq.com ​
www.greenpeace.org fishery ­ ​
www.mffp.gouv.qc.ca ​
www.qc.dfo­mpo.gc.ca global warming ­ ​
www.theweathernetwork.com ​
www.theclimategroup.org Acid rain ­ ​
www.ec.gc.ca ​
www.mddelcc.gouv.qc.ca ​
www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca Depletion ­ ​
www.canada.com ​
www.mddelcc.gouv.qc.ca ​
www.ec.gc.ca Images: Oil spill ­ ​
rogerannis.com caribou ­ ​
thegreenpages.ca gold/silver ­ ​
therealasset.co.uk trees ­ ​
www.powerstreefarm.com global warming ­ ​
breakingenergy.com wind turbines ­ ​
www.populationeducation.org fish ­ ​
wasabi.org crab ­ ​
www.mexfish.com acid rain ­ ​
en.wikipedia.org phytoplankton ­ ​
www.sanibelseaschool.org greenhouse gas ­ ​
www.gcxafrica.co.za