An Introduction to
Ingeborg Auer, Reinhard Böhm, Manfred Ganekind, Barbara Chimani, Wolfgang Schöner, Markus Ungersböck, Anita Jurkovic, Alexander Orlik
Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG), Vienna, Austria
INTRODUCTION
ZAMG’s climate variability working group has created a comprehensive (several hundred single series), multiple (7 climate elements), long (longest series back to 1760), quality improved (thousands of
inhomogeneities and incorrect outliers removed) and completed (original gap rate 5%) dataset of monthly instrumental climate time-series in the “Greater Alpine Region” (GAR, 4°-19°E, 43 °-49d°N). Data were collected
from approximately 20 providers of the 10 countries in the region. The creation of HISTALP was partly funded by several national and international projects and is maintained by ZAMG with the support from the data
providers as a quality orientated climate monitoring activity. Homogenisation and the implementation of major improvements take place about every 5 years.
The data is kept in three different modes: station mode (single station series, original and homogenised), in CRSM-mode (coarse resolution subregional mean anomalies for 5 objectively regionalised main subregions)
and in grid-modes.
Unrestricted access to the data is given on the webpage: www.zamg.ac.at/histalp
1,5
relative
precipitation
0
8
4
1947 1950 1952
3
-0,5
1994
6
1983
-1
black: low-north grey: high
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
120
110
100
90
50
70
2000
1980
1960
1940
single years and 10 yrs lowpass
NW
For three climate elements (air pressure, air temperature and precipitation) different grids have been prepared.
1920
1800
2000
1980
1960
1940
1920
1900
1880
1860
1840
1820
1800
50
single years and 10 yrs lowpass
NE
2 different resolutions are available: 1° and 5 arcmin, with varying parameters. Different orographically modified inverse
distance interpolations were used to create the grids. Details are given in Auer et al., 2007, Efthymiadis et al.2006, Hiebl et
al.2009, Chimani et al, 2011)
GAR-PRECIPITATION 1800-2004: SW
140
130
130
120
110
100
90
80
100
90
80
60
60
-3,5
relative humidity
-4
Fig.4: Temperature- and humidity
evolution (20 years lowpass) in the
CRSM regions “North” and “Highelevation”. Vapour pressure closely
mimics temperature whereas relative
humidity remains stable in the
warming high elevation atmosphere
but decreases in the lowlands
Fig.5: Four CRSM-precipitation series
(annual, 1800-2004) showing the different
evolutions in the four low elevation CRSs.
Remarkable are the contrary long-term
trends of subregions NW and SE, marked in
blue (NW-increasing) and in orange (SEdecreasing).
The middle plot shows the homogeneous
climate subregions for the different climate
elements (thin lines) and the compromise
for all elements (bold line)
2000
1980
1960
1940
1920
1900
1800
2000
1980
1960
1940
1920
1900
1880
1860
1840
1820
1800
1880
50
50
to insurmountable measuring problems there).
110
70
70
sites are not present in the stmod-dataset already, due
120
1860
asl., for precipitation, all series were used (but summit
140
1840
was performed separately for <1500m and >1500m
150
% of 20th. cent. Mean
<600m asl. have been used, for temperature gridding
SE
GAR-PRECIPITATION 1800-2004:
150
1820
% of 20th. cent. Mean
for all 3 parameters. For air pressure, only series
-3
-4
SE
SW
The 1° grids (Fig. 6 ) contain monthly anomaly series
-2,5
-2
60
3. GRIDGRID-MODES
Fig. 6 The two grid1 nets for
temperature (high
and low elevation)
-2
0
-6
80
-1,5
2
1890
140
130
1870
140
4
NE
relative humidity (%)
150
1900
SUM Rauris, 945m
150
1880
1990
2000
2010
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
SUM Kolm-Saigurn, 1600m
GAR-PRECIPITATION 1800-2004:
1860
2000
1980
1960
1940
1920
1900
1880
1860
0
Fig.2: Evolution of the stmod-series
of five main climate elements 17602003
% of 20th. cent. Mean
20
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1913
-2
NW
1850
GAR-PRECIPITATION 1800-2004:
1
SUM Sonnblick, 3105m
1840
0,5
of single year- and low pass filtered series.
10
-1
vapour pressure
1820
12
1840
is corrected. (Fig.3)
60
1800
5
1
Figs. 4 and 5 show some examples of CRSM-series in the more conventional way
% of 20th. cent. Mean
bright sunshine
1780
2003
0
relative humidity
1760
1913
6
1820
instrumentation (Böhm et al. 2010)
80
40
1816
7
temperature
2
air pressure
100
1978
8
1,5
14
9
1760
1770
1780
number of stations
120
pressure
bias in temperature due to early
cloudiness
140
vapour
(Fig.2). Since 2008 the systematic
temperature
160
and
displayed here).
10
1790
1800
1810
1820
180
16
11
duration,
humidity
200
mean series). The 5th CRS consists of the high elevation mountains (not
12
Grad C
Fig.1: Map of the „Greater Alpine Region“ (GAR)
with the complete network of stmod-hom sites
-4
1990
cloudiness,
13
-3,5
1970
sunshine
climate elements by representative CRSM-series (coarse resolution subregional
14
-3
vapour pressure
-0,5
1950
temperature,
advantage of the common subregions is to allow direct comparisons of different
1983
15
1990
pressure,
1992
1950
16
-2,5
temperature (deg C)
precipitation,
2003
1807
1970
removed, gaps filled). The collected
are
1811
17
-1,5
-2
0,0
1930
18
0,5
1910
pressure, cloudiness and sunshine) resulted in similar principal subregions. The
outliers
parameters
2007) for each of the five leading climate elements (temperature, precipitation,
1950
and
-1
black: low-north grey: high
1890
breaks
stmod-hom
-0,5
A regionalization of the GAR (Fig. 5) based on PCA (for details see Auer et al.,
1930
(detected
as
0
1850
and
0,5
1,0
1870
(with gaps, inhomogeneities and
CENTURY MEAN, 5 SUBREGIONS)
1910
present in the dataset as stmod-ori
(ANOMALIES TO
1
1,5
vapour pressure (hPa)
Fig.3: Example 2: Summer
temperatures 1768-2005 in the
Central Alps (same vertical profile as
Fig.3). The series are a blend of
stmod-hom and CRSM (for CRSM
compare section 2 of this poster)
20TH
temperature
temperature (deg C)
All station mode series (Fig.1) are
outliers)
2,0
2. CRSMCRSM-MODE
1. STATION MODE
single years and 10 yrs lowpass
single years and 10 yrs lowpass
The 5’ grids (Fig.7) are available for absolute temperature, precipitation and solid precipitation. While the beginning for the
available timeseries is not the same for each grid point of the 1°-grid, it is the same in the 5’ grid. To achieve this goal for
temperature, reconstruction of missing data back to 1780 was done using EOFs on the station data anomalies. Absolute
4. HISTALPHISTALP-NEWSLETTERS
values are calculated by blending the anomaly analysis with high resolution climate means (Hiebl et al. 2009) .For precipitation
In seasonal and annual intervals a HISTALP
a refinement of the monthly precipitation data of Efthymiadis (Efthymiadis et al. 2006) was done.
Newsletter is produced, giving information on
Solid precipitation is the result of an temperature depending approximation for the percentage of solid precipitation and the
the recent timespan, embedded into the
precipitation amount.
longterm CRSM-series. As a near realtime
Fig. 8 Mean temperature
anomaly (upper graph)
and
precipitation sum
anomaly (lower graph) of
spring 2011
to the
longterm mean of 19012000 (orange line) for the
western part of Austria
(see plot in the lower
right/upper left corner for
location),
Green point: spring 2011,
red point: warmest /driest
spring, blue spot: coldest
/wettest spring, black
line: 20 year running
mean
update for the international data is not
practicable the Newsletter contains only
Fig.7: Examples for 5’
grid analyses.
Left: absolute
temperature in July
2003, right: amount of
solid precipitation in
December 1974
information about the Austrian part of the
GAR so far..
In Fig.8 examples of the information given in
the Newsletter for Spring 2011 are given.
The
Newsletter
available)
can
(only
be
German
downloaded
version
from
http://www.zamg.ac.at/klima/Klimawandel/Akt
uelles/
References:
More information:
Auer I, Böhm R, Jurkovic A, Lipa W, Orlik A, Potzmann R, Schöner W, Ungersböck M, Matulla C, Briffa K, Jones PD, Efthymiadis D, Brunetti M,
Nanni T, Maugeri M, Mercalli L, Mestre O, Moisselin J-M, Begert M, Müller-Westermeier G, Kveton V, Bochnicek O, Stastny P, Lapin M, Szalai
Homepage: www.zamg.ac.at/histalp
S, Szentimrey T, Cegnar T, Dolinar M, Gajic-Capka M, Zaninovic K, Majstorovic Z, Nieplova E, (2007). HISTALP – Historical instrumental
Email: [email protected]
climatological surface time series of the greater Alpine region 1760-2003. Int.J. Climatol, 27, 17–46 www.interscience.wiley.com, DOI:
[email protected]
10.1002/joc.1377
[email protected]
Auer I, Böhm R, Jurkovic A, Orlik A, Potzmann R, Schöner W, Ungersböck M, Brunetti M, Nanni T, Maugeri M, Briffa K, Jones P, Efthymiadis D,
[email protected]
Mestre O, Moisselin JM, Begert M, Brazdil R, Bochnicek O, Cegnar T, Gajic-Capka M, Zaninovic K, Majstorovic Z, Szalai S, Szentimrey T,
(2005). A new instrumental precipitation dataset in the greater alpine region for the period 1800-2002. Int. J. Climatol., 25, 139-166
Some data is not available via the Histalp-Homepage! Feel free
Böhm R, Jones JP, Hiebl J, Frank D, Brunetti M, Maugeri M, (2010). The early instrumental warm-bias: a solution for long central European
to ask for those additional data! We will be glad to assist you.
temperature series 1760-2007, Clim.Change,101, 42-67, DOI: 10.1007/s10584-009-9649-4
Chimani B, Böhm R, Matulla C, Ganekind M, (2011). Development of a longterm dataset of solid/liquid precipitation, Adv.Sci.Res, 6, 39-43,
www.adv-sci-res.net/6/39/2011/asr-6-39-2011.html
Acknowledgement: HISTALP was developed and systematically implied under the umbrella of the Austrian nationally funded project
Chimani B, Matulla C, Böhm R, Hofstätter M, (2011). A new high resolution absolute Temperature Grid for the Greater Alpine Region back to
CLIVALP (Austrian FWF, P16076-N06). Further support came from a number of national and international projects ALPCLIM (EU,
1780, Int. J. Climatol., in Review,
ENV4-CT97-06389), ALP-IMP (EU, EVK2-CT-2002-00148), ALOCLIM (GZ. 308.938/3-IV/B3/96, CLIMAGRI (DM 484/7303/2000; DM
Efthymiadis D, Jones PD, Briffa KR, Auer I, Böhm R, Schöner W, Frei C, Schmidli J, (2006). Construction of a 10-min-gridded precipitation data
337/7303/2002; DM 639/7303/2003, e 504/7303/2000), CNR Special Project “Reconstruction of the Past Climate in the Mediterranean
set for the Greater Alpine Region for 1800–2003, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D01105, doi:10.1029/2005JD006120.
area” (02-02/05/97-037681), the Swiss Projects KLIMA90 and NORM 90, the Italian Meteorological Society project CLIMOVEST
Hiebl J, Auer I, Böhm R, Schöner W, Maugeri M, Lentini G, Spinoni J, Brunett M, Nanni T, Tadić MP, Bihari Z, Dolinar M, Müller-Westermeier G,
(Fondazione CRT) and the DHMZ and the Croatian Ministry of Science Project “Climate Variability and Change and Their Impacts”
(2009). A high-resolution 1961-1990 monthly temperature climatology for the greater Alpine region, Meteorol. Z., 18(5), 507-530
(0004003/2003).
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/mz/2009/00000018/00000005/art00004
We particularly acknowledge the friendly formal and informal cooperation with the data providers in the Greater Alpine Region.