T
/
Def . Doc. # 1~18
J '.PA~Ef,E
OBSERVATIONS ON AERIAL SO'.lliING BY
'KAVY DEPARTMENT
By Ju.j i Eno'll · to,
sec:- : :i ta ry, y;pvy r-~ :-" rt~~ - 1 .
Sep t r. :nrer 193 7 .
Prohib:ltion on te rro r l.,oll~."1.)lnf .
1.
l3ombi ng v•hich hP s no d i J., ec t .:iil i, '1rY v alt: e
o r sifnificance and is irtend·Jll mt?rely to terrorize
ene~y na tionals is ?rohi bit~d .
~ny 0b jects , ot her
Consequently the bombinb of
th::in military ob jectives, loc rl tea :in ci t i e s , 'lo11".~ s c .:
villages far removed f r o·:t areas of lf.:lnd f i ghtinr is
not legitima t e .
?.
Select ion of bombing tAr gets .
a.
Borrtbing mu s t a lv.: eys be
8
imed ·· t Mili t -- ry
objectives.
It ~ay someti~e~ h ~npen t h?t althou~h the
bombinf is dir9ct ed a t e urll1 t ., ry obje~ t1ve ,
~o
d a mage may be ca\is ed
an un:>.void a ble e rror .
I
Mt' St
be ~xcnsed ns ~n
tant of war .
The r e !'!lay ? l so be
othe r c/.)5ects t nrough
Be t nich an occu :·"er ce
\;P e
roics:o.: le concc
1i-
c~ses wher ' , r.ot''!i tr.s t '1 nc -
i ng thPt the bo'llhing hes
b~er. . cc~ratcly di-
rected at n mili t~ry 0bject1ve , c pmq ge js
caused to otter ob j e cts as P r~tt'ral cons e quence
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Def, Doc. /.~ 1? 13
of the bo~hing .
Sine ~ t~ar c 1s not hing that can
be done to pr event such r est'lt , t he ql'estion of
responsibility trerefore c?nnot Pri se .
b.
The dropping of bombs over any P re~ vnd e r · he
assumrtion th~ t " t~c mi litary obj~ ct ive is rrobRhly
s omewhere c> rot nd thi s Jtl~ cP. 11 , in ca s'1s whe re tt:o
1
militery objec+;ive 1.s rot <'lee rly distin~,-1s11able ,
is in effect indiscriminate bombi ~g , Pnd hence
illegitima te.
c . There may be cr ses v~e re bo~biPf io c~rried out
t!Ilder the erroneous belief that t he ohject se~ected
es the t~rget i s e ~ili tary object ~ ve; an~ if, i n
such c,q,se, the object bombed prov'3 .: to havG been
something other than a m' litnr y ob~ ect iv3 , t he question • ill Rrise as t o ~h ~tr er or ~ o t reasonable <'ere
was exercised i n the selacti on of the ta r r' t .
The ~rnS,;''er to that question "'ill derenr: upon :.-.1:
the c ircumEtancc~ of tt~ cPs ~ , ~~ ~h as thE l~cPt1on
pf t he object bo~bg1 , e t c .
! nd i f f ro~ s~ : h circ~ ~­
stacces it is ad j~d gnd th~t ;h~ ~'~~irp ~F~ cr rri~d
out ···i th r er sonahl ".? c:: r a ( i .
J.
n-~~ .:- st•cn ci ·cn'!ls t :-nc :;
that the e rror could c ot h~v ~ be e~ ~voided by ~
flye r eng~ced in a gene r gl bo~bi~f ~iE sio~ in t he
same positi0n ~nd ~n ~ e r the s~mc ~ond itio~~ d es~~te
the exe rcis e of
ordi~ a r y
PURL: http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/c7c81c/
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Def, Doc. :/;'. 1218
of the bo~hing.
Sine~ t~erc js nothine that can
be done to prevent such rest1 lt, t he qt'est i on of
responsi bility trerefore c?nnot eri se .
b.
The dropping of bombs over any ? r e:- Pnde r · nc
essumrtion th9t " the militsry obj ~ctive is rrobRhly
somewhere ?rot nd thi s plt3.Cf! 11 , in c a .s~s where the
1
military objective is rot rlee rly distin~risnable,
is in effect inc iscriminat e bombing , ?nd hence
illegitimate .
c. There may be crses v~e re bombiPf 1~ cer r ied out
c.n der the erroneous beljef that t he ohject s eiected
as the tar~et i s e military object: ve; enrl if , i n
such c ~se, the object ~ombed prova ~ to have been
so~ething other than a m' litnr y ob~ ect ive , the question will Arise as t o whet~er or . o t reasonable ~ ere
was exercised in the selac1..1on of the t~ rr' t.
The An S'.''er to that question "'ill derenc upon ~1:
thi:? circum~tancc~ of tt.a cPs ~ , ~q:;h as thF- l'"ICPt:ion
pf the obj ect bor.:b~1 , etc .
f.nd i f f r om st·.:h circTn·
etacces it is adjcd g~d th~t ;hn ~?~~irr ~cs crr ri1d
out ···1th r er sonahl '? cr-r~ (i. :? . \I.--1 ~!' st cn ci ·cn'!ls t :-nc · :>
1
that the error cou l d ~ot h~vc be e~ qvoided by ~
flye r eng~ced in a gene r al bo~bi~~ ~i ! sio~ in t he
same positi0n ~nd unee r the s~mo c onctitior. ~ desp~te
t he exercise of
ordir. ~ r y
•
PURL: http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/c7c81c/
.
D,,.F . DOC. #12 1 8
c arF ), th~ l:'owb e r wUl n ot b e ' r l d r r s p,'n t' ''> l f' .
~omb1 n g Of
3.
l and ngi 1tinp: U,...eas r.1nd " rrn"(1~at €'
v1c1n1ty (whe r e b ombf' r s coopP,...a t <' w~th lHt'i~ i.1t•t- l J r ,..~·
and
w' th wars hi rs
c onnonad ing df>f\"n"ea c j t i ·"' s, t~wn e o,...
V ~ J. l!l ~ f' S) •
but Sin c e ,.t 13
ilTpO~S ~bl<
~n
fa ct
t~
Ci S -
tingn1 sh t hem fr ow c otr.ba t nr ts Q'1d 1111 J ~ t 9.r ••
ob,1 e cts, a general or un1-r orm b">r.bing c ~
•" •
1nd1scr1m1nc tc bmr.b1.ng ) is i n r vi t o blc· •
Fut e ven in s~ch ~a s P s, e ffo rt sh ould b r "ad~
to afford 0 vr r y p r ot £ct 1 on ros o1bl e t o
ptta ls, schools (not 1nclli0 1nr
s c ho ~ ls)
n· j l ~t
ond l i bra t'ins; and lln;·
~0. l
~os ­
ry
.. be T'l t "'
be avoide d .
b.
Strips a dj ,11.n1ng r~i l'Vll ' s t 11cn bcdng · 1 ~H"c
for
c.
t ransport~. ng
tro C'ps
rrrains a nd sta ti ons
ll ~~
be ~ n ~
mi.,! t !lr ·.
s 11-
n nr-'3 a t t .l-. .....
for mi lita r y t ra n sporta ti on i:ur rc s c-s 8 "'"'
l i ,. s
~~ u- f'
~n
thf'ms e lvr s milita r y t ~ ~~r t s , ~ nd a ,...eas 1 ~ ID"~ ~a t e l y ad j a c en t
~
t o S'> ch t:ra i ns un a s t :l + 1 ons
3 -
PURL: http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/c7c81c/
i
D"'F. DOC. ~t 121 8
will therflby b f' c on.c r 1 l lt•: r·· t :n·.- ,.. t.s .
Bombing of
4.
a~<' a s
,., e movc ~
far
f l"on l ane
tight 1 ng z on n s •
a.
Bomb
t :i r~ fl t s
"1USt b e c o11fin r d t 0
suppl y d e rots, f 'Jc t or1 E>S <>rig.h·r
f a cturf' of arms , a J'l'lr.:ur.i ti on
111~
in
r'l
IT'1lttarv
S?"lc'i
h~ rb o,... fs c ~ l 1 t1 0 s
(SE'crd~o r i a t
to m1 11ta ry t1s r ).
Docu1Tlf'nt No . 2800 ; 27 J ul·· ,
b.
D<.> struction of
and of
th~
ord1na r~
c.
Sff" C
d,..vot~~
S'' C,.,rt
H'~"'7 )
govrr·"1m<'"'t
of f' j c .~ s
-: v ~ -.cl<'f.I
'.a l c·h·c mrst a riC'
' S ).
Whe. n b o't'bi ng any of the t" J'P"" t. s ..,,.. r. t .1 0nr cl
i n (a ) abl..lv E' , every
r oss~ hJ c-
C' f f ort sh"t•J cl
b e> JTl..!l d e n ot t o c a 1ls<" d o"''"' fC t<
COl"'lbatants {'rhh•d I- r • rr
t1ct•lar) and ob,ifCt'!:
pr ot~ct i on
{sue~
ri ~ n -
!''.! t_.O,,.. 'l ]S °' Yl
rnt.'~1 :- "3
t C'
If en
ob~ec t,
r _,,..._
S f"' C'~ 'l l
qs hos p 't ~ ls. E C ~oo ls.
in ca s <' of ob.1<'0t s tha t ha v f b""('n
r1.
g~a
f' Conomi c struc. turi:• mtist b r
(1 . c. ba r ring sotr.f:
.,..~-
·llLru-
tl-.r
suprl1 es , a nd l jne s of c ot'lmu?"l' c a t1on
transporta ti on and
l·· t
1n.'1 "'k' .:i .
t houyh o. l r g 1t1 r.u t r: r.1 il .!.t:. r 7r
t- 'l r gP- t, i s not of
gr,.. ~1 t
1---portanc C' , a nrl
t rt-re is a ppr< he n s ion t hq t th<'
bor:ib1n~
(\f
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PURL: http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/c7c81c/
D,.-F' . Dl'C . # 1?18
·;
S\lCh obj <' Ct Wi ll CS' lS€' E11' •· t (·1~u gr t ~
r" ·. -
cor.lba t n nts o r n '1n- 'Tl1.Jit."\T'" ob .' ·"' Cts , ·i .t
~
b <" tt - r t ha t such b ombin g b <' n ot c c. r ·~ i r. • ont ,
cmC'tion t o c a us f' one to hl'sitati:- t,o a c h i r vc U .<'
?T1nx i muri milita ry rr.sP lt ~ ross 1bl,,. , t.hf' d<'rr~ri ds
of humsn1ty must a t the nam<' t1rr e b<=' st;r ~ c t.ly
c ompli• d with .
l<'v<' n 1n t he r.-uropro n
W:J r ,
tn ·· h 1ch c c
of the str ong urgC' for rf'p ri sa l , t : crr
11
· · 1 t-
"<'.,...r
ha ving un loa d e d t hei r dced l ::- m1ss ' lf's bn c f r s ·- of
th• r~~ r tha t bl ind b o ·rl.· : n~ ~· oulc ca·; s r ;; ,. . t- r
av-r'
in;lur y t o non - c o""lb!lt :int~: .
of!'ic ~ r of the Fr rr ch '. 1r Fore" t c " '< o ~ f w· t:1
or~r rs to b omb ~ulhousP ; but ~ s hr w~ s .,... "t ~ 11
t o ftnd ht s obJ <"c t 1 v~ b< c ~ us r cf clou~ J a nr
t" i s t, h <' r <' tl1rn i:: d t o
-q,. J
fo rt \'1 1th n 11 th<' ·rio::b s
r a t hE r t han ri s l< 1<111 inr. or n-c tmtng n o"l -C C' "· b:.: t ·~ n t c .
C'n ?3 Sc r t ,,. •nbc·r, H ' J4, n :-.tti s'b a 1r
t ook ot'f fr oll! t hr, ~ r b ·rnc
f:'O l
lr -..r .;
t o b omb
- 5 -
PURL: http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/c7c81c/
DF.l'' . DC'C. /'121 8
nusse ld orf and Col oc;nc .
Tl•r y sl:C'C<"S~ ful 1 •·
bombe.d t hE' Ze ppf' l in hangars at ,..nss r l do.,..:- .
Put as Cologne was h 1adnn f r om v lP• by c~ n1f s
and m~ st, the b omb P!'S fl <='w ·around i t
fOT'
..
an
hour, and ~ti ll not bA1n g a ble to d ... f:"~ni t<"' J ·
1nden t1fy the 1r obj C' ct1ve , they
C !o! mE'
thP1r b osP without droppi rig thf.' boJTbs
ba c ·!'" to
t r c ,, PSC"'
of the fenT' tha t bomb1ng un'1er s•. c r c °'I'C''l T'Pt 2n c f' s
woult" r r s Plt 1n da!tl"\g<' to nC'n - c o···bA t::1'"t s .
0n 10 August , 191?, :rt a l :'t v(ld~ ~r. 11'1 i OPncr .... r
.......
to thf' f ollowing c f fc c-t :
"Pombs w~rc n ot c'1 1ort-"' . b~.: ·111 t 'hc "'1:i "" r s .
A
ra rt
of t heT!' r r t:lir nr c t o thr. i r '...'l ·? sr w ~ t~
thr. 1r bonib s b 0 c a u se of th" . ..prrd - n s1 on t. ~ ·1t ,
o\'fing to C\o rknf' ss , dar.a e-~ v1ould t r-
orctne.ry c~. vlll ans .
!n r t a. l y .
c fl11s!""'
'T~'f.\t !s t he genr ,.,n l
t0
~ulf·
t.ustr1on fl;·er :J , on t hf' co., t.r ' r-· ,
alwa ys r <" sort to illcea l b ombj nr , ~ nfl h ' v0
f" vcn b 0111b~· a re :J1d 0n t~ t:t l s<'ction~ alonf t h ,., -c
e nd Isonzo
0
ivo rs b~ ~oon - 1 1ght, Ptc ., ~ ~c . ~
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PURL: http://www.legal-tools.org/doc/c7c81c/
D~ F .
DOC. # J2 18
Ce rt • fi c a t e \ o thE sourc e o r thr documr n•
a n~
1ts a ut he nt i c i t y .
The 8 - s heet documr nt ent~t 1o d "Mis c e lls 1c ous "bsr ,..v&t.1 C"" S
1.
on .hcri a l 'Bombing " which i s e. t t a c hf'C t o t his CF'""''!° .; f ".c ·i t r
t he f ollowing s e ctions for tLr tr informa ti on .
}feadqua rt e rs of thf' Co~b1n eo t:'ler t . t h"" ?11 ~ ,, n r" •·~,.
(a )
? .... .
~
Soundrons .
(c )
u e-ad.q ua rt Prs o f t hr- 1st- , • hr ')nd
,.. t :...~
'" 'le r, ~ ,..,_-l.n ,.. ri . ~ r
a n~
t hr
Forc c> s.
{d)
}!eadauart Frs of th€ 5th , th1· 5t li
(e )
'H'PB daua rt e -rs
(f)
t: f' ad
(g )
':rhE' 22nd
2.
jg
~· .
~h~s
of a
l
~: ~ (I
the 2 3 rd t.1r
1"') t'<'
docum(' nt was s r.nt out by
c h n ra ct ~ r
f.,o i r. .,...c,.r s ,
of the l3t o nf t hP 2r.,., ')"st :r oy er
qua r t ,., rs of thr 1s t ''.! nd t "1e 2r.c Su hr.-n r · !1 '
a n~
Sr,.-a r r c·1s •
r:- s
v1~:;
(.
"
:nfor 'l'l ... t j on , 'tll it
f ? T'C"'
'rr is docume n t ,czn s, a s pa rt of -y of :'l e !.e 1
j
So , ,~rir ol" :.; .
.
customari J J lia ,,j r~ <!. t }-. ~
c'ocurnr. nt J s a ctun 11 v
.3
') f
~t
O"" j r r;:-~ .
A,,_ .- : ,. s ,
n my C\l3 t ody .
I n Toky o
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DC'C. #121 8
' ''1. tne, ss:
/s/
D',.~J<P!\.. , Ry or.os uk f ( s c-a l )
Chif' f of t r.c S<' Cti on of :,rc h l v r s , 2~<l '"'(w·0b 1 ) \ 7,::. t i on
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