Proceedings of the National Conference on
Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,
YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012
COMPOUND CASTING - A LITERATURE REVIEW
Rajender Kumar Tayal1, Vikram Singh2 , Sudhir Kumar3 and Rohit Garg4
1
Lecturer, Deptt. of Mech. Engg., Govt. Polytechnic, Sirsa (Haryana), India. email: [email protected]
Associate Professor, Deptt. of Mech. Engg., YMCAUST, Faridabad, India. email: [email protected]
3
Professor, Deptt. of Mech. Engg., NIET, Greater Noida(U.P), India. email: [email protected]
2
4
Principal, Indus Institute of Engg. & Tech., Jind (Haryana), India. email: [email protected]
Abstract
The lightweight construction philosophy is based on the principle of making the best possible use of the material.
Whenever a single material does not satisfy the demands of a specific application, compound structures may
generate a solution. Especially in lightweight construction, a multi-material-mix can provide ideal specific
properties that are suitable for the conditions to which a part is subjected. Typically such combinations of
dissimilar materials provide desired properties in various areas of the single part. Compound casting is a
process, which yields such multimaterial components. The technique is not much old and a few researchers have
worked on it. However, the paper presents a recent reviews of literature on compound casting. In this paper, the
literature on compound casting is reviewed in a way that would help researchers, academicians and
practitioners to take a closer look at the growth, development and applicability of this technique. The review
aims at providing an insight into the compound casting process backgrounds and shows the great potential for
further investigations and innovation in the field. The survey of existing works has revealed several gaps in the
fields of substrate pretreatments, continuous flow behavior of metal during the process, correlation between
mechanical and geometrical part properties, and industrial application of some advanced processes.
Keywords: Compound casting, Literature, Interface
1. Introduction
Vehicle construction and aerospace in particular demand solutions which save as much weight as possible while
fulfilling identical or even greater requirements with regard to component properties, and which can be produced
at low cost. Light weight constructions in the transport industry help to reduce weight and thus save fuel. To
optimize performance, a combination of materials is the most efficient method, because one material is often
insufficient. Light metals are not easy to join, though. Weak links arise at the joints such as rivets, welds or
brazing connections.
In lightweight construction, the light metals magnesium and aluminum are employed to an ever increasing extent
as magnesium and aluminum are the first and second engineering light metals, respectively, and are attractive in
vehicle structure applications for improving energy efficiency. For these reasons, efforts are high to work and
research on efficient and economical methods to process these materials and thus to reduce the component’s
dimensions. Whenever a single material does not satisfy the demands of a specific application, compound
structures may generate a solution. Especially in lightweight construction, a multi-material-mix can provide ideal
specific properties that are suitable for the conditions to which a part is subjected. Typically such combinations
of dissimilar materials provide desired properties in various areas of the single part. Components constructed
using hybrid methods have proven to offer a useful approach. The compound casting is the process which meets
a wide range of requirements within one component by combining different materials. In addition to saving
weight, it has the added advantage of reducing bonding processes.
2. Casting
Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a
hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting,
which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting materials are usually metals or
various cold setting materials. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be otherwise
difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods.
3. Compound Casting
Compound casting is a process through which two metallic materials—one in solid state and the other liquid—
are brought into contact with each other. In this way, a diffusion reaction zone between the two materials and
thus a continuous metallic transition from one metal to the other is formed. This method could join semi-finished
parts with complex structures, simply by casting a metal onto or around a solid shape. However, many
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Proceedings of the National Conference on
Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,
YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012
researchers have used compound casting to join different similar and dissimilar metallic couples such as
steel/cast iron, steel/Cu, steel/Al, Cu/Al, Al/Al, and Mg/Mg, joining dissimilar light metals such as aluminum
and magnesium by the compound casting process is still a relatively unexplored area. In this study, compound
casting as an economic straightforward in situ technique was used to join dissimilar aluminum and magnesium
light metals.
Through the combination of various materials, this compound casting process can help components meet the
most diverse of requirements. And with the hybrid construction process, the material bond is created by recasting
– separate hot or cold bonding/jointing processes are not necessary. This in turn reduces the number of
production steps needed in the manufacturing process.
A good example of applications in this field is the manufacturing of engine blocks. As a pure sheet steel solution,
it consists of numerous individual parts which are joined to one another. In contrast, the compound casting
solution makes it possible to produce this component as a single piece. The intelligently designed casting made
from aluminium or magnesium alloy ensures the high functional integrity of flanges and bearing carriers, for
instance.
In difficult areas, a carefully positioned insert such as a semi-finished product made of steel or an aluminum
alloy provides the necessary strength. In comparison with conventional die casting, the manufacture of a
compound casting piece requires additional handling, for example manipulation of inserts or perhaps
pretreatment of the surfaces.
3.1. Applications of Compound Casting
Compound casting parts are already used in vehicle construction for parts of the chassis, such as the engine
block, shock strut supports and gearbox casing, as well as bodywork components, for example door frames and
connection supports and as dashboard mounts in the interior. And according to information from the automotive
industry, multi-material components are on the increase. This is proven by compound cast parts such as the 6cylinder magnesium engine with aluminum insert from BMW and other components which are undergoing
development but have not yet been announced. The aircraft industry, too, is relying more and more on compound
cast materials.
3.2. Compound Casting Process
The compound casting process to prepare the Al/Mg couples from commercially pure aluminum and
commercially pure magnesium are as under.
In this process cylindrical inserts with 20 mm diameter and 100 mm height were machined from aluminum and
magnesium ingots. Their surfaces were ground with silicon carbide papers up to 1200 grit, then rinsed with
acetone and placed within a cylindrical cavity of a CO2 sand mold with 30 mm diameter and 80 mm height. Two
series of samples were prepared. In the first series, aluminum ingots were melted in a clay-graphite crucible
placed in an electrical resistance furnace. The molten aluminum was cast around the magnesium inserts at 7000C
under normal atmospheric conditions.
In the second series, magnesium ingots were melted in a steel crucible placed in the same furnace under the
covering flux, to protect magnesium melt form oxidation. The molten magnesium was cast around the aluminum
inserts at 7000C under normal atmospheric conditions. Schematic sketches of the mold used in the casting
process and the prepared Al/Mg couple are illustrated in Fig. 1.
Figure 1 Schematic sketches of (a) the mold used for the casting process and (b) the prepared Al/Mg couple.
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Proceedings of the National Conference on
Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,
YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012
4. Literature Review
A lot of research material is referred to describe the insights of the compound casting process. However 10 major
papers are selected as arranged in descending order of their year of publication in table-1. These selected papers
are studied in detail so that every aspect of the process i.e. from preparation of substrate, pretreatments, pouring
system, solidification behavior, microstructural analysis & mechanical properties can be determined.
Table-1 Depicting title of papers along with year & journal in which published
S.NO
Title of Paper
Year of
Publication
Name of Journal
1.
Dissimilar joining of Al/Mg light metals by
compound casting process
2011
Journal of Materials Science
2.
Mechanical testing of titanium/ aluminium–
silicon interface: Effect of T6 heat treatment
2011
Materials Science and Engineering
A
3.
Aluminium–aluminium compound fabrication
by high pressure die casting
2011
Materials Science and Engineering
A
4.
Interface formation between liquid and solid Mg
alloys—An
approach
to
continuously
metallurgic joining of magnesium parts
2010
Materials Science and Engineering
A
5.
Effect of copper insert on the microstructure of
gray iron produced via lost foam casting
2009
Materials and Design
6.
Light metal compound casting
2009
Science in China
7.
Solidification
processed
Mg/Al
bimetal
macrocomposite: Microstructure and mechanical
properties
2008
Journal of Alloys and Compounds
8.
Interface formation in aluminium–aluminium
compound casting
2008
Acta Materialia
9.
Mechanical testing of titanium/aluminium–
silicon interfaces by push-out
2008
Journal of Materials Science
10.
Effect of continuous cooling heat treatment
on interface characteristics of S45C/copper
compound casting
2004
Journal of Materials Science
These selected papers are studied in detail so that every aspect of the process i.e. from preparation of substrate,
pretreatments, pouring system, solidification behavior, microstructural analysis & mechanical properties can be
determined. Table-2 depicts a detailed review of 10 papers on compound casting process or some other processes
which are very similar to compound casting process. Outcomes of the different reviews along with testing
mechanisms and few observed values are also shown.
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Proceedings of the National Conference on
Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,
YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012
Table 2 Depicting outcomes of the different reviews
Paper
No.
1
2
Material
Al-Mg
Titanium/alu
minium–
silicon
Ti/Al–7Si–
0.3Mg
Process
Compound
Casting
Insert
Moulding
(Aluminizi
ng
followed
by
Insertion
process.)
Major Findings
•
Joining of aluminum and
magnesium by the compound
casting process is possible only
via casting magnesium melt
around the aluminum insert,
while in the case of casting
aluminum melt around the
magnesium insert, a gap is
formed at the interface due to
presence of oxide layers on the
surface of the aluminum melt and
magnesium insert and also
because
of
the
interface
loosening, caused by higher
coefficient of thermal expansion
of the magnesium insert than the
cast aluminum.
•
Formation of the interface in the
compound casting process is
diffusion controlled and the
interface consists of three
different layers.
•
The layers adjacent to the
aluminum and magnesium base
metals are composed of the
Al 3 Mg 2 intermetallic compound
and the (Al 12 Mg 17 + ) eutectic
structure, respectively, and the
middle layer is composed of the
intermetallic
Al 12 Mg 17
compound.
The present paper reports on the
application of a T6 heat-treatment to the
chemically bonded Ti/AS7G bimetallic
assemblies.
• The results obtained after pushout and circular bending tests
highlight the potential of this
joining process for producing
bimetallic castings with high
mechanical strengths.
• As expected, the heat treatment
results in an improvement of the
mechanical properties of the
AS7G matrix itself when applied
to Ti/AS7G assemblies. A
significant increase of the load
level characteristic for damage
onset is observed.
• This result is of particular
interest,
especially
when
compared to iron-based inserts in
equivalent matrixes, for which a
504
Testing Method
•
Scanning electron
microscope (SEM).
•
Energy dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy
(EDS).
•
Wavelength
dispersive
X-ray
spectroscopy (WDS)
detectors.
•
X-ray
diffractometer.
•
Push out test.
•
Vickers
tester.
•
Optical microscopy
(OM).
Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM).
Energy dispersive
spectroscopy (EDS).
Electron
probe
microanalysis
(EPMA).
Classical push-out
test.
Circular
bending
tests
T6-type
heat
treatment
•
•
•
•
•
•
hardness
Proceedings of the National Conference on
Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,
YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012
•
3
Al-Al
Compound
Casting
using high
pressure
die casting
•
•
dramatic weakening of the
interface chemical bond was
noticed after T6 heat treatment.
After T6 treatment, the shape of
the Si particles changes from
angular to round as a result of a
partial re-dissolution at 540◦C.
Moreover, the size and number of
these
particles
decrease
significantly in the vicinity of the
insert/alloy interface due to a
selective migration of Si towards
the Ti insert by solid-state
diffusion.
The fabrication of an aluminium–
aluminium
compound
was
successfully realized by high
pressure
die
casting.
A
permanent activation of an Al
insert’s surface was achieved by
combining zincate treatment and
zinc galvanizing.
The layer reacts during the
casting process and a continuous
metallic transition forms. Width
as well as microstructure of the
transition zone between matrix
and insert varies with varying
initial layer thickness.
•
•
•
•
•
•
4
Mg-Mg
Magnesium
melt (pure
Mg or AJ62)
is cast onto a
solid
magnesium
substrate
(AZ31) i.e
(a)
AZ31/AJ62
and
(b)
AZ31/“Mg”
compounds
Compound
Casting
•
•
•
•
•
•
A pre-treatment technique to
enable the wettability of solid
magnesium
substrates
by
magnesium melts was realized.
By means of laboratory-scale
compound casting experiments
the reproducible production of
all-magnesium compounds was
successfully established.
The newly developed joining
method
eliminates
many
disadvantages of conventional
approaches, considering galvanic
corrosion, welding depth or low
process efficiency.
The coating, an easily deposited
metallic Zn/MgZn2 layer with
good adhesion, is applied via
combining
chemical,
electrochemical
and
heat
treatments. It leads to a complete
change of the substrate’s surface
reactivity towards Mg melts,
providing excellent wettability.
An area-wide,
continuously
metallurgic, defect-free and welldefined transition between AZ31
505
•
•
•
Optical microscopy.
Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM
Philips XL30).
The EDX system of
the SEM are used
for analysing the
element composition
Hardness
tester
using a Vickers
indenter.
The tensile tests are
performed with the
tensile
testing
machine.
Elongation
is
measured with an
extensometer
Energy-dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy
(EDX).
Scanning electron
microscope (SEM,
Camscan Series 4).
Microhardness.
Differential
scanning
calorimetry
Proceedings of the National Conference on
Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,
YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012
•
5
Copper
wires with
diameters of
0.4, 1, and 2
mm
into
polystyrene
patterns,
followed by
pouring of
gray
iron
melt.
Lost foam
casting
(LFC)
process
•
•
•
•
•
6
Al-Al,
Al-Mg
(a)AlMg1/Al
Si7
(b)
AlMg1/AlC
u7
Compound
Casting
with
Zincate
process
and Zn
galvanizin
g
•
•
substrate and AJ62 magnesium
cast alloy (as well as 99.98%
pure Mg) was achieved.
The coating material has only a
on
the
minor
influence
compounds’ microstructure and
mechanical properties
The melted copper wire dissolved
in the gray iron matrix up to
about 0.9 wt.% and the copper
exceeding the limits of solubility
was dispersed throughout the
matrix. Some copper particles
segregated at the bottom of the
mold due to their high specific
gravity.
The graphite morphology in
reference sample (without copper
insert) was type A flakes. In
samples containing copper wire,
graphite type changed to B, D or
E flakes depending on the
experimental variables.
When the copper insert was
completely or extensively melted,
type D or E flake graphite formed
in the specimen due to the high
undercooling during eutectic
solidification.
When the copper insert was not
melted or was partially melted,
type B flake graphite appeared
inside the Wire Affected Zone
around the copper wire, due to
rather high undercooling during
eutectic solidification.
Different metallic or non-metallic
materials in the form of wire,
particles, and so on, can be
inserted into the polystyrene
patterns during pattern making
stage of lost foam casting
process. This procedure can be
utilized for in-mold alloying,
production of bi-metal and
composite materials, study of
interface between the matrix and
the insert, and investigation of
reaction phases formed at the
interface.
Through
adequate
surface
treatments and coatings, the
AlMg1 substrate’s wettability
was improved in a way that the
couples of Al–Al and Al–Mg
were successfully produced.
Interfaces showed very low (Al–
Mg) to no (Al–Al) formation of
IMPs, and other defects, such as
oxide inclusions, contraction
506
•
•
Optical microscopy.
Scanning electron
microscopes (SEM)
coupled with an
energy
dispersive
spectroscopy (EDS)
system
•
•
•
•
Electron microscopy
EDX investigations
Optical micrographs
Diffusion
simulations
using
DICTRA software
Proceedings of the National Conference on
Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,
YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012
•
•
•
7
Mg shell and
Al core
Disintegrat
ed
melt
deposition
(DMD)
method
and
toppouring
followed
by hot
coextrusio
n
•
•
•
8
Al-Al
Compound
Casting
•
•
•
cavities or cracks.
The combined coating of zincate
treatment and electrolyticallydeposited zinc for Al–Al
compounds
offers
major
advantages compared to other
approaches to joining light
metals.
The zincate treatment is the most
important process step also for
surface preparation of the
substrate for Al–Mg compounds.
This treatment is followed by
electrolytic deposition of an Mn
layer
of
several
microns
thickness to protect the substrate
from liquefaction by the Mg
melt, without sacrificing too
much of wettability.
A thin layer of IMPs forms
during couple production, which
might affect mechanical integrity.
Keeping this interface thin is a
possible way to improve the
compound’s properties.
Mg/Al
macrocomposite
containing Mg shell and Al core
can be synthesized using a
combination of DMD method
and top-pouring, followed by hot
coextrusion.
Mg
based
macrocomposite
containing Mg shell and Al core
is thermally more stable than
monolithic Mg, due to fairly
uniform Al volume fraction and
mechanical interlocking at the
interface.
Millimeter length scale Al
reinforcement in Mg improves
stiffness
and
significantly
increases failure strain and work
of fracture of Mg while 0.2%YS
and UTS are compromised.
Couples of AlMg1 substrate and
various
Al
alloys
were
successfully produced by means
of a laboratory-scale compound
casting process.
A combination of pre-treatments
and Zn coatings drastically
enhanced wettability of the
substrate, generating defect-free
interfaces.
The combined coating of zincate
treatment and electrolytically
deposited Zn offers major
advantages compared to other
507
•
Olympus
metallographic
microscope.
• Hitachi S4300 fieldemission scanning
electron microscope
(FESEM).
• Image analysis using
Scion software.
• Interfacial integrity
was observed using
FESEM
coupled
with
energy
dispersive
X-ray
spectroscopy (EDS).
• The coefficients of
thermal expansion
(CTE) using an
automated
thermomechanical
analyser.
• Optical microscopy.
• Glow
discharge
optical spectroscopy
(GDOS)
• One-dimensional
diffusion
simulations
performed
using
DICTRA software.
Microhardness
measurement.xc
Proceedings of the National Conference on
Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,
YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012
9
10
Titanium(ins
ert)/aluminiu
m–silicon
Ti/Al–7Si
S45C steel
insert to
copper
Insert
moulding
Cast
welding or
compound
casting
•
approaches to joining light metals
Bimetallic specimen test pieces
of an AS-7 matrix locally
reinforced with a titanium insert
that have been produced using an
experimental procedure allowing
the control of both the interfacial
reaction
layer
and
the
metallurgical health of the matrix
(directional solidification).
•
Push-out test and a
variant that is the
circular-bending test
to investigate the
mechanical strength.
•
Characterization of
the interfacial zone
by
Optical
Microscopy (OM),
Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM)
and
Electron
Micropobe Analyses
(EPMA).
•
Finite
Element
Modeling
(FEM)
was performed to
describe the stress
distribution in a
bimetallic
slice
during push-out test
at different load
level.
•
The results obtain under push-out
solicitation highlight the potential
of the joining process for
producing castings with high
mechanical performances.
•
When a chemical bond is
established at the Ti/AS-7
interface an important rise of
mechanical properties for the
bimetallic assembly is observed:
the mean shear strength value is
about 120 MPa whereas it is of
48 MPa for simply fretted
specimens.
•
A three steps failure sequence
proposed is both characterized by
crack propagation from bottom to
top and matrix yielding from top
to bottom.
•
Heat treatment formed reacted
layers in the interface. The layer
near the S45C steel matrix was
the cast welding layer; another
close to the copper matrix was
the irregular layer, and the other
between these two layers was the
middle layer.
•
The microstructure
of the compound
casting
was
observed by OM
(optical microscope)
and SEM (scanning
electron
microscope).
•
EPMA proved that most of the
iron atoms diffused into the
copper matrix and only a few
copper atoms diffused into the
iron matrix during diffusion
occurred between two matrices.
X-ray diffraction showed that the
chemical compounds of the
interface were CuFeO2 and C.
•
The interface phase
was analyzed by Xray diffraction and
the composition was
determined
using
EDS and EPMA
(electron
probe
micro-analysis).
•
•
Furnace-cooling yielded the
largest interface shear strength,
and water quenching yielded the
least.The fractured region was
near the S45C steel matrix in the
cast welding layer.
A push-out test was
used to determine
the interface shear
strength
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Proceedings of the National Conference on
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YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012
5. Gaps in Existing Literature
A limited work is done on compound casting processes till now. In many cases, one material alone does not
satisfy the requirements of lightweight constructions, and dissimilar joining between two metals must be needed.
A variety of attempts have been dedicated to joining meals and alloys using different fusion welding and solidstate joining methods such as tungsten inert gas welding, laser welding, friction-stir welding, and vacuum
diffusion bonding. The major problem in these joining processes is the formation of much more intermetallic
compounds with a very high hardness and brittleness between two meats as an interlayer, which is deleterious to
the mechanical properties. However, solid-state joining processes such as friction-stir welding and vacuum
diffusion bonding can achieve relatively higher joining strengths compared to fusion methods, due to elimination
of defects like shrinkage, porosities and inclusions. In addition, long process time and high corresponding
operating cost of the vacuum diffusion bonding and specific requirements for the shape of the substrate in
friction-stir welding may render these solid-state joining processes not easy for practical and industrial
applications. Microstructure and EDX (energy dispersive x-ray) analysis are performed by some scientists
/researchers but Differential Thermal Analysis are not performed. Optimization of process parameters of
compound casting w.r.t. mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness, elongation and impact strength
etc. is not reported in literature till now.
6. Conclusion
It may be concluded from above studies that:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The compound casting process presents a solution for meeting the demands of a specific application,
particularly in light weight constructions.
The compound casting is the process which meets a wide range of requirements within one component
by combining different materials.
It is possible to make light metal compound cast parts using the combination of light metals like Al-Al,
Mg-Mg and Al-Mg, Ti-Al, Cu-steel and Cu- grey cast iron etc.
It is necessary to remove the natural oxide layer for complete diffusion at interface between solid and
melted metal.
The zincate process followed by Zinc electroplating is the best way to remove the effect of oxide layer
at the interface.
Formation of the interface in the compound casting process is diffusion controlled and usually the
interface consists of three different layers.
Heat treatment formed reacted layers in the steel-copper interface. Furnace-cooling yielded the largest
interface shear strength, and water quenching yielded the least.
The heat treatment results in an improvement of the mechanical properties of the AS7G matrix itself
when applied to Ti/AS7G assemblies. A significant increase of the load level characteristic for damage
onset is observed.
7. References
[1] E. Hajjari, M. Divandari,S. H. Razavi,S. M. Emami,T. Homma,S. Kamado,(2011) “Dissimilar joining of
Al/Mg light metals by compound casting process.”, Journal of Material Science 46:6491–6499.
[2] O. Dezellus, M. Zhe, F. Bosselet, D. Rouby, J.C. Viala,(2011) “Mechanical testing of titanium/aluminium–
silicon interface: Effect of T6 heat treatment.”, Materials Science and Engineering A 528, 2795–2803
[3] M. Rübner, M. Günzl, C. Körner, R.F. Singer,(2011) “Aluminium–aluminium compound fabrication by high
pressure die casting.”, Materials Science and Engineering A 528, 7024– 7029
[4] K.J.M. Papis, J.F. Löffler, P.J. Uggowitzer, (2010)“Interface formation between liquid and solid Mg alloys—
An approach to continuously metallurgic joining of magnesium parts.”, Materials Science and Engineering A
527, 2274–2279.
[5] M. Mehdi Hejazi, M. Divandari, E. Taghaddos, (2009)“Effect of copper insert on the microstructure of gray
iron produced via lost foam casting.”, Materials and Design 30, 1085–1092
[6] Konrad J. M. Papis, Joerg F. Loeffler & Peter J. Uggowitzer,(2009) “Light metal compound casting.”,Science
in China Series E: Technological Sciences, vol. 52, no. 1, 46-51
[7] M. Paramsothy, N. Srikanth, M. Gupta,(2008) “Solidification processed Mg/Al bimetal macrocomposite:
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[8] K.J.M. Papis a, B. Hallstedt b, J.F. Lo¨ffler a, P.J. Uggowitzer, (2008)“Interface formation in aluminium–
aluminium compound casting.”, Acta Materialia 56, 3036–3043.
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Proceedings of the National Conference on
Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,
YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012
[9] Olivier Dezellus, Lucile Milani, Francoise Bosselet, Myriam Sacerdote-Peronnet, Dominique Rouby, JeanClaude Viala,(2008) “Mechanical testing of titanium/aluminium–silicon interfaces by push-out.”, Journal of
Materials Science 43:1749–1756
[10]Jin-Shin Ho, C. B. Lin, C. H. Liu,(2004) “Effect of continuous cooling heat treatment on interface
characteristics of S45C/copper compound casting.”, Journal of Materials Science 39, 2473 – 2480
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