Chapter 10
Measurement of Common
Anaerobic Abilities and
Cardiorespiratory
Responses Related to Exercise
Slide Show developed by:
Richard C. Krejci, Ph.D.
Professor of Public Health
Columbia College 3.26.13
What Will You Learn in this Chapter
•
Important linkages between discipline of
exercise physiology & measurement
•
Current concepts about performing &
evaluating common anaerobic abilities related
to exercise
•
Current concepts about performing common
cardiorespiratory response evaluations related
to exercise
Physiologic Factors that Influence
Exercise Performance
Figure 10.1
Essential Exercise Testing Considerations
•
Laboratory tests: Exercise physiology-related
tests that are very controlled & focused on one
client at a time
• Physiologic variables are measured using invasive &
non-invasive techniques, whereas
• Exercise performances are directly measured
•
Field tests: Exercise physiology-related tests
that are conducted in more practical settings
• Multiple clients can often be tested at one time
• Performance times or distances are measured & related
to estimated physiologic measures
Essential Exercise Testing Considerations
•
Validity: Ability of a selected test to evaluate what
you want it to test
•
Reliability: Ability of a test to repeatedly measure
performance abilities or physiologic variables &
provide the same result
•
Objectivity: Tests that have a defined scoring
system, are administered by trained personnel, &
where at least 2 trained testers score same test &
get similar scores
Essential Exercise Testing Considerations
•
Outcomes of this type of testing can be used
for the following four exercise science
applications:
1. Placement - classify clients by abilities
2. Diagnosis - classify weaknesses, strengths,
& health problems
3. Evaluation of achievement - used to
evaluate improvement & provide feedback
4. Prediction - used to predict future
performance
Essential Exercise Testing Considerations
•
Program evaluation - used to determine
program effectiveness
•
Motivation - used to provide incentives for
improvement
•
Education - used to teach clients to perform
exercise more effectively
Essential Exercise Testing Considerations
•
Normative values: Based on performance of a
group of people & are often expressed as
percentages (within 10th-90th percentile)
•
Criterion-referenced values: Based on an
individual score & are often expressed as
pass/fail or achievement of a health standard
• (BP ≤140/90 mm Hg)
Essential Exercise Testing Considerations
•
Test interpretation: Ability to explain exercise
physiology testing results to your clients is
essential
• Oftentimes ignored or provided superficially
•
If you do not or cannot explain test results &
provide your clients with effective messages to
improve their exercise performance
• You are probably better off not testing at all
Anaerobic Activities
Anaerobic Exercise
Physical activity in which the
body develops an oxygen
deficit.
Examples
• Sprinting, weight lifting
• High intensity activities of
short duration, usually
lasting only about 10
seconds to 2 minutes.
Anaerobic Metabolism
•
Major sources of energy
• Resting levels of ATP
• Phosphocreatine mechanism
• Anaerobic glycolysis
•
Oxygen Deficit
•
Oxygen Debt
• The amount of extra oxygen required by muscle tissue
during recovery from vigorous exercise.
Oxygen Deficit and Debt
Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption
•
VO2
• Does not return to
resting values
immediately
•
After mild exercise
• Recovery VO2/time
relationship fits a single
exponential curve after
mild exercise
• More complex double
exponential after
moderate-to-maximal
exercise
Overview of Testing for Anaerobic Power and
Anaerobic Capacity
•
Anaerobic power tests
• Should last 10 seconds or less
• Performed at maximum intensities
•
Table 10.1 contains examples of common
laboratory & field tests to
• Determine anaerobic power abilities of your
clients
Common Laboratory and Field Tests
of Anaerobic Power
Computerized Isometric Dynamometry
Example Using the Wingate Test
P= W/T
Figure 10.2
Anaerobic Lab Tests
•
Anaerobic power The fastest rate that a
person is able to generate force anaerobically
(e.g. Margaria Test)
•
Anaerobic capacity The total work that a
person can perform anaerobically (e.g Wingate
Bicycle Test)
Common Laboratory and Field Tests
for Anaerobic Capacity
Practical Considerations for Anaerobic
Exercise Testing
•
Anaerobic performance depends heavily on:
• Individual’s ability to recruit, rate code, &
synchronize a large number of fast-twitch fibers
rapidly
•
Limiting factors associated with anaerobic
performance include:
• Individual’s genetic (amount of fast-twitch fibers)
• Individual’s training state
• Age
• Sex
Practical Considerations for Anaerobic
Exercise Testing
•
Many of these tests, such as VJ, 40-yd dash, &
some sport-specific assessments
• Do not correlate well with more accepted laboratory
anaerobic measures
•
However, when multiple traditional field tests
are given to clients & results are evaluated
collectively
• They do provide better predictability of
anaerobic performance than any single
test
Overview of Measuring Aerobic Power and
Aerobic Capacity
•
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max):
Measured using general principle of
progressively increasing workloads
• Measuring increase in VO2 until a plateau of
VO2 is achieved (VO2max) that increases no
further despite a continued increase in workload
• See next slide…
Measuring CR Fitness
(VO2 Max test)
Tests of Maximum
Oxygen Uptake
can even be
administered in the
water!
Measurement of Maximal Oxygen Uptake
Figure 10.3
Measurement of Maximal Oxygen Uptake
•
Achievement of VO2max is accompanied by:
• Large increases in venous blood [La-] (10–20
mM)
• Sampled 3 to 5 minutes into recovery
• Respiratory exchange ratio (RER - VO2/VCO2)
greater than 1.1 at time subject is unable to
continue
Measurement of Maximal Oxygen Uptake
•
In laboratory,
traditional method of
measuring amount of
O2 used
• Requires the collection
of a volume of expired
air in a Douglas bag at
1-min intervals
Measurement of Aerobic Capacity
•
•
Assessment of aerobic capacity requires
• Tests that last minimum of 15-20 minutes
Activities:
• Running a fast time for 3 miles
• 1-hour cycling time trial
• Participating in a competitive triathlon that requires
•
high aerobic capacities (≥ 85% of VO2max)
Usually tests of aerobic capacity are:
• Activity specific
• Would most likely be performed as field tests in a time
trial situation
Measurement of Aerobic Capacity
•
Velocity at VO2max (vVO2max): Performance
speed of an athlete
• Such as running at which VO2max occurs
•
Exercise economy: Energy required to perform
work divided by actual energy cost measured
performing the work
•
Critical power: Work rate at which a person can
maintain a constant submaximal power output for
several minutes without fatigue
Practical Considerations for Aerobic Exercise
Testing (Laboratory)
•
Duration of test in young healthy adults should
be:
• > 2 minutes
• No longer than 6-7 min (see next slide…)
•
•
•
Specific to the type of exercise performed by a
client
Assessment of peak performance (testing)
Aging, sedentary lifestyle, and/or
disease risk individuals may
require longer tests
Maximum Oxygen Uptake
Figure 10.10
Incremental Load Exercise Testing
•
Principle of progressively increasing workload
(metabolic rate) at specific time intervals
results in
• Progressive increases in breath-by-breath
respiratory responses until a maximal effort is
achieved or, as in some cases
• Exercise needs to be stopped because of
clinical symptoms
• See next slide…
Clinical Test Termination Criteria (ACSM)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fatigue & loss of gait (or coordination)
Severe dyspnea
Syncope
Elevated blood pressure
ST-segment depression >1.5 mm
Consistent arrythmia
RPE at 19+
Unable to communicate
Measures of Oxygen Uptake and Heart Rate
•
Identification of work rates associated with
ventilation threshold
• Together with equivalent VO2 & HR
• Has led to development of a qualitative
description of work intensities
•
See next slide…
Classification of Work Intensities
Rating of Perceived Exertion Scales
Submaximal Exercise Tests
•
Harvard step test: Developed by Harvard Fatigue
Laboratory to assist army recruiters in identifying fitness of
recruits at recruiting stations before World War II
• Individual is required to step on & off a 20” high step
30x/min until exhaustion is reached or until 5 min has
elapsed
• Immediately after exercise is stopped, subject sits on
step & recovery HR is palpated at wrist for 30 sec
between recovery time of 30 to 60, 90 to 120, & 150 to
180 sec
Submaximal Exercise Tests
•
Master’s Step Test
• A less strenuous clinical modification of Harvard step
test developed by cardiologist Arthur Morris Master
• Used primarily for evaluation of cardiac function &
coronary insufficiency
• Individual ascends & descends two, 9” high steps while
connected to an ECG
Common Aerobic Fitness Tests and
Evaluations
Common Aerobic Treadmill Tests
•
•
•
•
Bruce
Balke
Ellestad
Naughton
Non-Exercise Test (PAR)
Jackson et al. (1990) developed a method to estimate your aerobic capacity by using the Physical Activity Rating (PAR) Scale and your weight and
height. First, find the number (0 to 7) that best describes your level of physical activity as outlined in the following PAR scale.
I don't participate regularly in programmed recreation, sports, or heavy physical activity.
0 - I avoid walking or exertion (e.g., I use an elevator instead of stairs; I drive when possible instead of walking.
1 - I walk for pleasure, routinely use stairs, occasionally exercise hard enough to perspire or breathe heavily.
I participate regularly in recreation or work requiring modest physical activity (such as golf, horseback riding, calisthenics, gymnastics, table tennis, bowling, weight lifting,
yard work).
2 - This activity takes 10 to 60 minutes per week
3 - This activity takes more than 60 minutes per week
I participate regularly in heavy physical exercise (such as running or jogging, swimming, cycling, rowing, skipping rope, or engaging in vigorous aerobic activity such as playing
tennis basketball, or racquetball).
4 - I run less than 1 mile per week or spend less than 30 minutes per week in comparable activity.
5 - I run 1 to 5 miles per week or spend 30 to 60 minutes per week in comparable physical activity.
6 - I run 6 to 10 miles per week or spend 1 to 3 hours per week in comparable physical activity.
7 - I run over 10 miles per week or spend over 3 hours per week in comparable physical activity.
Now plug your PAR number into the following equation.
Estimated VO2 max (ml/kg/min) = 56.363
+ (1.921 x PAR)
(0.381 x age in years)
(0.754 x [weight in pounds / 2.2]) / (height in inches x 0.0254) 2
+ (10.987 x gender [female = 0; male = 1])
The standard error for this equation is 5.70 ml/kg/min.
For example consider a 21 year old female who weighs 130 pounds, is 5 feet 4 inches tall, and has a PAR of 4:
Estimated VO2 max (ml/kg/min) = 56.363
+ (1.921 x 4)
(0.381 x 21)
(0.754 x [130/ 2.2]) / (64 x 0.0254)2 222222
+ (10.987 x 0)
56.363
+ 7.684
- 8.001
- 16.860
+0
The answer for this example is :
= 39.186 ml/kg/min
Evaluate your estimated VO2 using the “Estimating Your Aerobic Capacity”
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Categories
Table 10.7
One Mile Walk Test (Rockport)
1.5 Mile Run Test
Astrand-Rhyming
Submaximal Bicycle
Test
Astrand-Rhyming Test Correction
Factors
In Practice: Health/Fitness
What tests would you run?
Carla
How would you interpret the test results?
What type of training would you
recommend and why?
How would you help your client achieve their goal
of completing their first 10K run in 60 min?
In Practice: Medicine
What type of graded exercise tests could
you have your client perform?
Kelsey
What physiological variables could be
measured?
What should be done with a high risk medical
patient?
In Practice: Athletic Performance
Anaerobic tests?
Aerobic tests?
Lauren How is success determined?
Why test your athletes?
What tests would you use to assess football
players at the beginning of the offseason?
In Practice: Rehabilitation
What tests do you run?
How are results interpreted?
Jasmine What equipment is used to assess?
&
Sharlise What type of exercises should be
performed after surgery?
How is progress evaluated?
What should therapists and trainers do to assess
someone with ACL injury?
The End
Slide Show developed by:
Richard C. Krejci, Ph.D.
Professor of Public Health
Columbia College 3.26.13