Annals of Applied Sport Science, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 57-66, Autumn 2013
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Original Article
www.aassjournal.com
ISSN (Online): 2322 – 4479
Received: 21/08/2013
Accepted: 29/10/2013
The Relationship between Laboratory, Yoyo, and
Hoff Tests in Determining Aerobic Capacity of
Players of the National Women’s Soccer Team
1
Parvaneh Nazarali, 2Hamid Rajabi, 1Fatemeh Aliabadi
1- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, ElZahra University, Tehran, Iran.
2- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science,
University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran.
ABSTRACT
Aerobic capacity bears importance in soccer. Although laboratory tests are of high credibility to
measure the oxygen consumption among soccer players in laboratory conditions, field tests
simulating the real need of soccer, without requiring complicated equipment, are necessary. The
purpose of the present paper is to study the relationship between Hoff tests, Yoyo intermittent
recovery test, and laboratory tests in determining the aerobic capacity of players of the national
women’s soccer team. Twenty female soccer players have participated in this study. The players
executed the laboratory test on treadmill and determining VO2max with the gas analyzer device,
Hoff, and Yoyo intermittent recovery test of level two in three separate periods with at least a oneday interval. The aerobic capacity, heart rate, and lactate were measured at the end of every three
tests. The lactate level of blood (ICC=0.61) and heart rate (ICC=0.66) had a significant correlation
at the end of both laboratory and Hoff tests. The maximal consumed oxygen of Yoyo and
laboratory tests didn’t have a significant relationship. As for heart rate and blood lactate, no
significant relationship was found at the end of the two tests. Also, no significant correlation was
found between the results of Hoff and Yoyo tests, and they can’t be used interchangeably.
According to these results, it can be said that Hoff test is a valid test which easily evaluates VO 2max,
without requiring the equipment imposing a financial burden on the national team, and whose
physiological pressure is similar to the laboratory test.
Keywords: Yoyo, Hoff, Aerobic Capacity, Blood Lactate, VO2max, Heart Rate.
Corresponding Author:
Parvaneh Nazarali
E-mail: [email protected]
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Laboratory, Yoyo, and Hoff Tests in Determining Aerobic Capacity
INTRODUCTION
One of the important factors in physical
fitness is cardio-respiratory fitness which is
the effective capacity of the heart, vessels,
and respiratory system in delivering oxygen
and nutrients to the working muscles. To
evaluate this capability, measuring the
maximal oxygen uptake or the aerobic
capability (VO2max) during exercise is used
(1).
Although the precise measuring of
aerobic capability is usually done by using
complicated equipment with ventilation
measurements in the laboratory, this method
is not appropriate for evaluating the cardiorespiratory fitness of large populations like a
soccer team which may be evaluated at
different stages of exercise, besides, not
every team does have the equipment to
perform such tests. Therefore, some other
tests such as running in different distances
are used to estimate VO2max in such
circumstances. These tests are viable and
inexpensive, and they take less time, and
they are executable in large groups. An
example of such tests is Yoyo intermittent
test (YYIR) which has been designed to at
two levels including level 1 for amateur
players and level 2 for the professional ones
in order to evaluate the aerobic capacity in
sports like basketball, badminton, and soccer
which have an intermittent nature (2).
On the other hand, athletes perform a
variety of moves from standing to running
with different intensities in sports like
soccer. In these sports, especially soccer,
aerobic and anaerobic performances are
essential to optimally perform the technical
and tactical performance. So, it would be
more acceptable and applicable for the
athletes to use a test which bears the
characteristics of the respective sport and
also estimates VO2max with greater
precision. On the other hand, these special
tests provide the players with a high
motivation level. In this regard, it has
recently been shown that dribbling the ball
along a path can be a way to measure
aerobic capacity of soccer players. One of
these tests whose validity has been verified
in some studies is Hoff test (3). For instance,
Chamari et al. (2005) evaluated two tests of
maximal increment on treadmill and Hoff,
finding out that there was a significant
correlation between VO2max, fatigue period
in incremental test on treadmill, and traveled
distance in Hoff test (4). Also, Nassis et al.
(2009) reported a significant correlation
between Hoff tests and executing multistage
20-meter shuttle test (5). Anyhow, when
Yoyo intermittent recovery and Hoff tests
are chosen as the best field tests to evaluate
VO2max of soccer players (6), it should be
taken into account that in which test the
precision of VO2max estimation is more in
comparison with the laboratory test, and on
the other hand, whether the chosen test
imposes a similar physiological pressure on
body, in comparison with the laboratory
reference test, or not.
Although the validity of Hoff and Yoyo
tests, which have been done on male soccer
players, have been verified (2, 4), it is
questioned in women’s soccer, particularly
in Iran where women seem to have lower
physical fitness and skills than men.
Considering the importance of the matter,
the present survey is going to answer these
questions if the results of the laboratory,
Yoyo, and Hoff tests in evaluating VO2max
are related, and if the physiological stress
(heart rate and lactate) imposed on body by
the laboratory, Yoyo, and Hoff tests are
related.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This quasi-experimental study was
performed with one sample test model.
Subject. 20 female soccer players who
had at least 3 years of membership record
and participated in the preparatory camp to
Nazarali, P., et al. (2013). Ann Appl Sport Sci, 1(3): 57-66.
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Laboratory, Yoyo, and Hoff Tests in Determining Aerobic Capacity
take part in the Asian competitions of
Malaysia.
Evaluation of aerobic capability. The
following tests have been used to measure
the aerobic capability:
Yoyo intermittent recovery test of level 2.
Yoyo intermittent recovery test is common
and known to coaches and is used in sports
bearing an intermittent nature, such as
basketball, badminton, and soccer. This test
includes repetitive 2-by-20 shuttle runs
between the starting, turning, and ending
point, which are performable with the
increasing sound of a horn controlled by a
recorder. Behind the starting point and in 5
meters, there is another obstacle at which the
subjects perform a 10-second active break
including slow 2-by-5-meter run after the
starting point between each 2-by-20-meter
run. During the test, when a subject fails to
reach the ending line for two times, the test
will be over. The mileage is recorded at this
time and the results are shown (6).
Eventually, player’s VO2max is calculated by
this formula:
VO2max (ml/min/kg) = mileage of the test  0.0136 + 45.3
Hoff test. Using the endurance tests of
soccer which are a combination of running
forward, backward, and side-to-side with
turning and jumping has become common
among coaches. In year 2002, Hoff made
this test more special through using
dribbling the ball and a field of 290 meter,
which become known as Hoff test. This test
is performed on a flat surface on which
cones and obstacles are placed in certain
distances. Currently, this test is executable
both in 10-minute and 8-minute runs, and
the 8-minute version has been used in the
present survey. The subject directs the ball
forward by dribbling the cones along the
path, then three obstacles are placed with 20centimeter height over which the subject
passes the ball. After that, the subject ends
the route. The subject must be over the
59
longest distance over 8 minutes. Each time
the subject reaches the end of the rout,
he/she must try to run from the starting point
again for the time to be up. The total mileage
is recorded, and VO2max can be calculated
according to that.
The laboratory test. The players warmed
up their bodies through stretching and
exercising for 5 to 10 minutes, and then,
they ran on H/P/COSMED treadmill made in
Germany at 6 km/h for 4 minutes.
Afterwards, 1 km/h was added up to velocity
every minute, and the test continued until the
individual was suffering from exhaustion.
VO2max was measured by the gas analyzer
machine model QUARK B2 made in
Germany. It should be noted that the
machine was calibrated by an expert after
each test. The test was a program defined in
the machine, and the criteria for reaching
VO2max included the player’s exhaustion,
reaching the oxygen consumption diagram
of the subject to minimum which was
displayed on the monitor, reaching the
respiratory exchange ratio to a number over
that 2.1, reaching the heart rate to an amount
over than the maximally predicted heart rate
for the subject. If the individual had two of
the mentioned factors, the test would end,
and his/her maximal oxygen consumption
would be recorded (7).
Method of implementation and data
collection. Before the test, researchers gave
explanations to the players of teams on the
importance and necessity of desired tests and
how to perform them, obtaining written
consents from them. Also, players were
asked to avoid extreme physical activities 24
hours before performing the test, confirming
with the coaches. On the day of test, the
researchers attended the soccer field number
2 in Azadi stadium (national team’s camping
site) at 9 AM and marked the field in
specific areas of Hoff and Yoyo intermittent
recovery test with obstacles. They also
prepared the sound system for the execution
of Yoyo intermittent test. On the day of test,
Nazarali, P., et al. (2013). Ann Appl Sport Sci, 1(3): 57-66.
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60
Laboratory, Yoyo, and Hoff Tests in Determining Aerobic Capacity
players were present at the field between 10
AM to 13 PM, and they performed
stretching and aerobic exercises for 5 to 10
minutes before tests in order to warm up
their bodies and prevent the possible
injuries. They were asked to do their bests
during the tests, but the purpose of the test
was not revealed to them. The players were
divided into two groups of 11 people to
prevent the possible effect of learning on the
execution of tests. The first group performed
Hoff test, and the second group did Yoyo
intermittent recovery test of level 2. On the
second day of test, groups changed positions
so that every player performs the desired
tests. On the third day, players attended the
National Olympic Academy and they were
given the laboratory test to measure
VO2max, in addition to measuring height
(wall-mounted stadiometer named SECA
made in Germany) and body composition
(by Body Composition Device model In
Body made in Korea). The players did the
laboratory test on treadmill, measuring
VO2max with gas analyzer device, Hoff, and
Yoyo intermittent recovery test of level 2 in
three separate times with at least a one-day
interval. At the end of each three tests, the
heart rate was measured with an Oregon
stethoscope made by PBC, and the lactate
Mean± SD
was measured with lactometer model Lactate
Scout made in Germany.
Statistical Analysis. The data analysis of
research has been conducted at two
descriptive
and
inferential
levels.
Normalizing
data
distribution
was
determined through using KolmogorovSmirnov test. In order to calculate the
relationship between the laboratory test as
the reference test and field tests, and also the
relationship of field tests with one another,
in research’s variables, ICCs (Intraclass
Correlation Coefficients) test was used in
two random and hybrid models. Also, this
link-evaluation was performed in Pearson’s
method. If there was a significant
relationship between the reference test and
each of the field tests in terms of the
maximal aerobic capacity, Bland and
Altman method would be used to make an
agreement between the two tests. It should
be noted that the error rate was considered
P<0.05 in all cases. All statistical operations
were performed with SPSS 16, Excel 2003,
and Med Calc.
RESULTS
The anthropometric characteristics of
subjects are shown in Table 1.
Table1. The anthropometric characteristics of survey’s subjects (20 people)
Age
Weigh
Height
Fat mass Muscle mass
BMI
(year)
(kg)
(cm)
(kg)
(kg)
(kg/m2)
23.2 ± 1.06 57.6 ± 7.49 163.0 ± 5.64 13.7 ± 4.81
24.1 ± 2.98
21.5 ± 2.74
The maximally consumed oxygen in
Hoff test (42.6±4.15 ml/kg/min) was
similar to the laboratory test (43/6±5.23
ml/kg/min), and there was a significant
relationship (ICC=0.83) between the
findings of two tests. Also, there was a
significant relationship between the blood
lactate (ICC=0.61) and heart rate
(ICC=0.66) at the end of the two tests.
There wasn’t a significant relationship
Fat
(%)
23.4 ± 6.05
between Yoyo and the laboratory test in
terms of the maximally consumed oxygen.
Regarding the heart rate and blood lactate,
no significant relationship was found at the
end of the two tests. There wasn’t an
interactively significant correlation between
Yoyo intermittent recovery and Hoff tests
in terms of evaluating the aerobic capacity
of players of women’s national soccer team.
Also, no significant relationship was
Nazarali, P., et al. (2013). Ann Appl Sport Sci, 1(3): 57-66.
Laboratory, Yoyo, and Hoff Tests in Determining Aerobic Capacity
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observed between the blood lactate and
heart rate at the end of Yoyo intermittent
61
and Hoff tests (Table 2).
Table2. relationship of maximal aerobic capacity, blood lactate, and heart rate
Variable
Test
Mean ± SD
ICC
P value
Laboratory
43.6±5.23
0.07
0.213
Yoyo
50.8±2.43
Laboratory
43.6±5.23
Peak aerobic power
0.83
0.001**
(ml/kg/min)
Hoff
42.6±4.15
Hoff
42.6±4.15
0.250
0.136
Yoyo
50.8±2.43
Laboratory
9.5±2.01
-0.07
0.639
Yoyo
11.7±4.64
Laboratory
9.5±2.01
Lactate
0.61
0.001**
(mmol/L)
Hoff
10.4±2.21
Hoff
11.7±4.64
-0.07
0.620
Yoyo
10.4±2.21
Laboratory
183.4±7.60
0.29
0.074
Yoyo
188.2±8.86
Laboratory
183.4±7.60
Heart Rate
0.66
0.001**
(beats/min)
Hoff
185.3±9.17
Hoff
185.3±9.17
0.258
0.130
Yoyo
188.2±8.86
**: Significance at p≤ 0.01.
DISCUSSION
The results of the study didn’t observe
any interactively significant correlation
between the results of two tests of maximal
increment and Yoyo in terms of VO2max
value. According to the findings of the
present research, it seems that there is no
significant relationship between two tests of
laboratory and Yoyo in terms of
physiological stress. Perhaps, the reason is
the difference between these two tests in
terms of relaxation and recovery. The
maximally incremental test is a test in
which the subject runs continuously, but the
Yoyo test includes active relaxation breaks.
The observed difference in the results of
these tests is probably a reflection of higher
practice intensity in Yoyo intermittent
recovery test (8). The obtained blood lactate
and heart rate at the end of these two tests
claims that no interactive correlation was
seen between the blood lactate after the
laboratory and Yoyo intermittent recovery
test. These findings are inconsistent with
what Nicks et al. (2009) and Krustrup et al.
(2006) found (8, 9). Nicks et al. studied
collegiate female soccer players. The
subjects performed Yoyo test of level 1 and
2 and graded laboratory test until failure.
These researchers found out that VO2max
had a significant relationship with the
execution of Yoyo level 1 and 2.
Eventually, they announced that Yoyo tests
of level 1 and 2 have a strong relationship
with aerobic capacity, a fact which
increased the possibility that these two tests
are the primitive tests of fitness (9). Having
studied on 30 men who had a usual exercise
program and performed the incremental test
on treadmill (ITT), speed tests, and Yoyo
intermittent recovery test of level 2,
Krustrup et al. (2006) found that the
execution of Yoyo intermittent recovery
test of level 2 had a significant relationship
with ITT. They suggested that Yoyo
intermittent test of level 2 could be used to
Nazarali, P., et al. (2013). Ann Appl Sport Sci, 1(3): 57-66.
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Laboratory, Yoyo, and Hoff Tests in Determining Aerobic Capacity
evaluate the capability of performing
intense intermittent exercises in which
energy conversion takes place between an
aerobic state and an anaerobic one. They
also stated that Yoyo intermittent recovery
test of level 2 was a sensitive tool to
distinguish the performance of intermittent
exercises by soccer players in different
seasons and situations of the game (8).
Anyhow, all previous findings of the simple
correlation (Pearson) were used to analyze
their data. However, it has been tried to use
a more precise statistical method in the
present research. Therefore, ICCs method
has been chosen to analyze the findings of
this research. Also, in order for the results
of the present study to be comparable with
the previous studies, the relationship
between the measured variables of this
research has been calculated through
Pearson’s method which indicated a poor
correlation coefficient (r=0.24).
The results indicated that the value of
VO2max obtained from the laboratory test
had a significant correlation with the one
obtained from Hoff test. Also, because of
this significant relationship between Hoff
test, lactate level, and heart rate at the end
of the test, Bland and Altman method was
used to make an agreement between two
tests, which indicated that the findings of
the two tests had a good agreement at
standard deviation of ±2 to/from the mean.
This means that the results of two tests are
95% convergent and in agreement with
each other.
Therefore, the relationship between two
physiological index of blood lactate and
heart rate at the end of two tests increases
the possibility that physiological stresses of
two mentioned tests are similar due to the
natural similarity of these two tests.
Chamari et al. (2005) found consistent
results with those of the present study. They
studied the effect of the endurance training
with ball in 18 male soccer players after 8
weeks of training and found that 8 weeks of
training increased Hoff’s mileage by 9.6%.
They also found that there was a significant
correlation between VO2max and fatigue
time in the incremental test on treadmill and
mileage in Hoff test, having compared these
two tests. They also stated that the existence
of ball in Hoff test brought a high motivation
level to the players, seeming to be effective
in increasing the estimation accuracy of
VO2max (4). Anyhow, the findings of the
present research are inconsistent with those
by Nicks et al. (2009). These researchers
studied collegiate female soccer players and
found that Hoff test didn’t calculate
VO2max well. Their findings increased the
possibility that factors like fitness and sports
specific skills had roles in the performance
of Hoff test, and this in coordination could
be attributed to a lower level of the fitness of
subjects who were collegiate soccer players
(9).
No significant correlation was found in
the results of Yoyo and Hoff tests in terms of
VO2max value. Also, no significant
relationship
was
observed
between
measuring the level of blood lactate after
Yoyo and Hoff tests. The findings of the
present research are consistent with those by
Nicks et al. (2009) (9), while they are
inconsistent with the reports by Nassis et al.
(2009). Having studied on 19 semiprofessional men and performed three 20meter multi-stage round-trip tests, Nassis et
al. studied Bangs Bo and Hoff. They
reported a significant correlation between
Hoff and the performance of MSRT (5).
Although, a multi-stage round-trip test has
been used in their research, it resembled
Yoyo intermittent recovery test since it was
accompanied by running and body mass
endurance. The results indicated that these
two tests could not be used interchangeably.
The subject can continue running at any
speed he/she desires in Hoff test, doing
things which have been done in trainings
many times. Hence, the individual makes a
good contact with the test and keeps up
Nazarali, P., et al. (2013). Ann Appl Sport Sci, 1(3): 57-66.
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Laboratory, Yoyo, and Hoff Tests in Determining Aerobic Capacity
exercising eagerly until the end of the test. It
also allows the individual to speed up or
slow down wherever he/she needs. This is
right that soccer is a sport with intermittent
runs, but all performed activities are not
limited to running. Yoyo intermittent
recovery test only insists on intermittent
running. On the other hand, it increases
individual’s running speed unrealistically
(10, 11). But, what happens in reality is
different. In the real world of soccer,
individuals adjust their own speed, which the
intensity of work is often below maximum.
It seems that what makes the game continue
within 90 minutes also helps verify this fact,
because it is not possible that the individual
can do the maximal activity for a long time
(12). So, according to the findings of the
present study, it seems that Yoyo
intermittent recovery test is not an
appropriate test to evaluate VO2max at least
in the statistical society, and, like the
previous findings, it insists on the fact that if
a test is used to evaluate VO2max, the closer
it is to the desired sport, the more precise it
will measure the aerobic capacity.
63
CONCLUSION
In the present study, Yoyo overestimates
VO2max rather than the laboratory test. It
seems that there is no significant relationship
between the laboratory and Yoyo test in terms
of physiological stress. No interactively
significant correlation was observed between
blood lactate and heart rate after the
laboratory and Yoyo tests, either. Perhaps, the
reason is the difference between these two
tests in terms of relaxation and recovery. On
the other hand, the observed difference in the
results of these tests may be a reflection of
the higher intensity of work in Yoyo
intermittent test. The results of this study
indicated that Hoff test was able to predict the
aerobic capacity of players in women’s
national team, in comparison with the
laboratory test. Also, the results obtained
from the evaluation of heart rate and blood
lactate had a significant relationship at the
end of two tests. Therefore, it is suggested
that the coaches of women’s national soccer
team of our country use Hoff test to evaluate
the aerobic capacity of female soccer players
in this age range.
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‫آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‪ ،‬ﯾﻮﯾﻮ و ﻫﺎف در ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺗﻮان ﻫﻮازي‬
‫‪65‬‬
‫ﺗﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي ورزش‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اﺻﯿﻞ‬
‫دوره اول‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ﺳﻮم‬
‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ‪1392/05/30 :‬‬
‫صص ‪ ،66-57‬ﭘﺎﯾﯿﺰ ‪1392‬‬
‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش‪1392/08/07 :‬‬
‫ﺗﻮان ﻫﻮازي ﺑﺎزﯾﮑﻨﺎن ﺗﯿﻢ ﻣﻠﯽ ﻓﻮﺗﺒﺎل زﻧﺎن‬
‫‪1‬ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻋﻠﯽ‪2 ،‬ﺣﻤﯿﺪ رﺟﺒﯽ‪1 ،‬ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﯽآﺑﺎدي‬
‫‪ .1‬ﮔﺮوه ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژي ورزﺷﯽ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺖﺑﺪﻧﯽ و ﻋﻠﻮم ورزﺷﯽ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﻟﺰﻫﺮاء‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮان‪ ،‬اﯾﺮان‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﮔﺮوه ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژي ورزﺷﯽ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺖﺑﺪﻧﯽ و ﻋﻠﻮم ورزﺷﯽ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺧﻮارزﻣﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮان‪ ،‬اﯾﺮان‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﮑﯿﺪه‬
‫ﺗﻮان ﻫﻮازي در ﻓﻮﺗﺒﺎل ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ داراي اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺪازﮔﯿﺮي اﮐﺴﯿﮋن ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﺑﺎزﯾﮑﻨﺎن ﻓﻮﺗﺒﺎل‬
‫در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ وﺟﻮد آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﺎز واﻗﻌﯽ ﻓﻮﺗﺒﺎل را ﺷﺒﯿﻪﺳﺎزي ﮐﻨﻨﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪه ﻧﯿﺎز ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺿﺮورت دارد‪ .‬ﻫﺪف ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﯿﺎن آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي ﻫﺎف‪ ،‬ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﻨﺎوﺑﯽ ﯾﻮﯾﻮ ﺑﺎ آزﻣﻮن آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ در ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺗﻮان ﻫﻮازي ﺑﺎزﯾﮑﻨﺎن ﺗﯿﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻠﯽ ﻓﻮﺗﺒﺎل زﻧﺎن ﺑﻮد‪ 20.‬زن ﻓﻮﺗﺒﺎﻟﯿﺴﺖ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎزﯾﮑﻨﺎن‪ ،‬آزﻣﻮن آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﺮ روي ﻧﻮارﮔﺮدان و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ‪ VO2max‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰور ﮔﺎز ﺗﻨﻔﺴﯽ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎف و ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﻨﺎوﺑﯽ ﯾﻮﯾﻮ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ 2‬را در ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﻣﺠﺰا ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﯾﮏ روز ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ اﺟﺮا ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮان ﻫﻮازي‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﺑﺎن‬
‫ﻗﻠﺐ و ﻻﮐﺘﺎت در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ آزﻣﻮن ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬اﮐﺴﯿﮋن ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﯿﻨﻪ در آزﻣﻮن ﻫﺎف و آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻮد و ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري‬
‫)‪ (ICC=0/83‬ﺑﯿﻦ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي دو آزﻣﻮن ﺑﻮد‪ .‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻻﮐﺘﺎت ﺧﻮن )‪ (ICC=0/61‬و ﺿﺮﺑﺎن ﻗﻠﺐ )‪ (ICC=0/66‬اﻧﺘﻬﺎي دو آزﻣﻮن ﻫﺎف و‬
‫آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري داﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬اﮐﺴﯿﮋن ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﯿﻨﻪ در دو آزﻣﻮن ﯾﻮﯾﻮ و آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬در ﻣﻮرد‬
‫ﺿﺮﺑﺎن ﻗﻠﺐ و ﻻﮐﺘﺎت ﺧﻮن اﻧﺘﻬﺎي دو آزﻣﻮن ﻧﯿﺰ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻣﻌﻨﯽداري ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ دو آزﻣﻮن ﻫﺎف و ﯾﻮﯾﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﺸﺪ و ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮان اﯾﻦ دو آزﻣﻮن را ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻫﻢ ﺑﮑﺎر ﺑﺮد‪ .‬ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﯿﺎن ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ آزﻣﻮن ﻫﺎف آزﻣﻮن ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺪون ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰاﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎر ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ را ﺑﻪ ﺗﯿﻢ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ راﺣﺘﯽ ‪ VO2max‬را ﻣﻮرد ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ و ﻓﺸﺎر ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ‬
‫آن ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ آزﻣﻮن آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫واژﮔﺎن ﮐﻠﯿﺪي‪ :‬ﯾﻮﯾﻮ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎف‪ ،‬ﺗﻮان ﻫﻮازي‪ ،‬ﻻﮐﺘﺎت ﺧﻮن‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﺑﺎن ﻗﻠﺐ‪.VO2max ،‬‬
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‫ ﻧﻮﺳﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل‪:‬‬‫ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻋﻠﯽ‬
‫ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮏ‪[email protected] :‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻋﻠﯽ‪ ،‬پ‪ ،.‬و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران‪ .(1392) .‬ﺗﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي ورزش‪.66-57 :(3)1 ،‬‬
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‫ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﯿﻦ آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‪ ،‬ﯾﻮﯾﻮ و ﻫﺎف در ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬
Downloaded from aassjournal.com at 16:21 +0430 on Saturday June 17th 2017
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