Cervantes et al., 2016. JoNSC 4, pp.4-11
An overview of the Mammal Collection of Instituto
de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
México
Fernando A. Cervantes*, Julieta Vargas-Cuenca, and Yolanda
Hortelano-Moncada
Colección Nacional de Mamíferos, Departamento de Zoología,Instituto de Biología,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-153, Ciudad Universitaria, CP
04510 CDMX, México
Received: 31/08/2016
Accepted: 10/11/2016
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Citation: Cervantes, F.A., Vargas-Cuenca, J., and Hortelano-Moncada, Y., 2016. An overview of the Mammal Collection
of Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Journal of Natural Science Collections, 4, pp.4-11.
Abstract
Colección Nacional de Mamíferos (CNMA) is an important Mexican mammalian collection that
meets international standards of curatorial procedures and follows domestic and international
regulations. It holds the largest number of museum mammalian specimens from México
of any Mexican biological collection, and keeps representatives of nearly 90% of Mexican
taxa. Skins, skulls, skeletons, fluid-preserved specimens, and frozen tissues are the main
preservation types. Most taxonomic representatives are small mammals such as mice,
bats, shrews, and lagomorphs from almost every major political division of México, and
ecosystems of temperate and tropical affinity. CNMA holdings contain important voucher
specimens such as extinct taxa, endemic species, and unique specimens. Taxonomic
and geographic data for most specimens are available online and also in digital file format
including images. CNMA specimens actively contribute to environmental education and
teaching through routine activities of its faculty, staff, and students. CNMA is successfully
contributing to the inventory of mammals from México.
Keywords: Curation, CNMA, UNAM, Colección Nacional de Mamíferos, Mexico, biodiversity
Introduction
Colección Nacional de Mamíferos is one of the most
important mammalian collections in México and Latin
America, and dates from the mid-20th century (Figure
1; Cervantes, 2016). It is hosted by Instituto de Biología
(IB) of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
(UNAM) in Mexico City (Hortelano-Moncada et al.,
2006), and its formal collection acronym has been
CNMA since 2003 (Consejo Interno, 2003; Zambrano
and Reynoso, 2003). The international standards of
curation procedures of CNMA have been recognized
by the Systematic Collections Committee of the
American Society of Mammalogists (ASM), granting
a Certificate of Accreditation to the CNMA in 1975,
1983, and 1995 (Figure 2). CNMA is included in a list
of accredited collections in the Western Hemisphere
that was compiled by the Systematic Collections
Figure 1. Panoramic view of the mammal collection (Colección
Nacional de Mamíferos, CNMA) of Instituto de Biología,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, in Mexico City.
© by the authors, 2016. Published by the Natural Sciences Collections Association.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view
a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
4
Cervantes et al., 2016. JoNSC 4, pp.4-11
Figure 2. Certificate of Accreditation granted to Colección Nacional de Mamíferos
(CNMA) by the Systematic Collections Committee of the American Society of
Mammalogists in 1975, 1983, and 1995.
Figure 3. CNMA in the National Register of Scientific Collections issued by the
environmental branch of the Mexican goverment (Secretaría del Medio Ambiente
y Recursos Naturales).
Figure 4. Register of National Biologial Collections of Instituto de Biología,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, including Colección Nacional de
Mamíferos (CNMA), as a CITES site.
5
Cervantes et al., 2016. JoNSC 4, pp.4-11
Committee (Hafner et al., 1997). In addition, faculty, The Collection
staff and students at CNMA follow the guidelines of
CNMA holds nearly 48,000 catalogued museum
the ASM for the use of wild mammals in research
specimens of mammals, which include representatives
and education (Sikes et al., 2016), mainly relating
of all the mammalian orders reported for México (Table
to vouchering of specimens and ancillary materials.
1; Boisserie et al., 2005; Ramírez-Pulido et al., 2015;
CNMA policy agrees with ASM’s that deposition of
Guevara et al., 2015). Small mammals such as rodents
specimens in collections maximizes benefits from
and bats are the mammal groups with the highest
each catalogued specimen, ensures access to data
number of species in México (together comprising
by any user, and provides vouchers for individuals or
70.4% of the total of 550 Mexican mammal species,
species used in published research.
including land and marine forms; Ceballos and ArroyoCabrales, 2012). Unsurprisingly, they comprise the
In addition, to comply with domestic regulations on
bulk (45,495 out of 47,295 specimens = 96.2%) of
collecting permits and biological collections of México,
holdings at CNMA, along with carnivore, rabbit, and
CNMA is formally entered in the National Register of
shrew specimens. Recent listings at CNMA indicated
Scientific Collections, compiled by the environmental
that nearly 90% of mammal species reported for
branch of the Mexican government (Secretaría del
México have representatives therein.
Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT))
under the register number DF.MA.022.0497, issued
Preserved mammal specimens at CNMA include
on 17 April 1997 (Figure 3). As expected, many of
stuffed skins, tanned skins, skulls, complete skeletons,
the specimens of CNMA are on the international
individual bones including bacula of mice, horns,
list of threatened and endangered species of the
antlers, tissues frozen at -75°C, and fluid-preserved
Convention on International Trade in Endangered
specimens. Other ancillary materials of CNMA include
Species (CITES), whose trade is closely regulated by
plaster casts of footprints, collected mostly in the
national and international agencies. In order to export
field. The source of specimens that arrive at CNMA is
and import specimens for research purposes, CNMA
mainly research projects, either from research groups
needs a special certification from CITES. In México,
at UNAM or other Mexican institutions. Moreover,
such recognition is issued by SEMARNAT (local
Mexican environmental authorities commonly hand
administrative authority of CITES), which accredited
over mammal materials confiscated from smugglers,
CNMA as CITES site no. MX-007, along with other
animal traffickers, illegal hunters, and illegal mammal
national biological collections at Instituto de Biología
souvenirs seized by customs. Zoos and other public
(Figure 4).
or private facilities also donate dead mammals, their
parts or products to CNMA.
Table 1. Collection records of Mexican mammals by Order, held by the mammalian collection (Colección Nacional de Mamíferos;
CNMA) of Instituto de Biología of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Mammalian Order
Number of
holdings
Common names
Rodentia
24450
Chiroptera
Carnivora
18268
1087
Lagomorpha
Eulipotyphla
Cetartiodactyla
1064
966
681
Didelphimorphia
Cingulata
Primates
Pilosa
Perissodactyla
Sirenia
463
67
26
21
15
14
Mice, squirrels, gophers,
porcupines
Bats
Bears, foxes, racoons, otter,
ocelot
Rabbits, hares, jackrabbits
Shrews, moles
Jabalin, deer, bison,
dolphins, whales
Opossums
Armadillos
Monkeys
Anteaters, tamandua
Tapir
Manatee
Species occuring in:
Mexico
X
Solely New
World
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
6
Cervantes et al., 2016. JoNSC 4, pp.4-11
As expected, native mammal species make up the
majority of CNMA holdings. The earliest numbers in the
collection catalogue correspond to Virginia Opossum
(Didelphis virginiana) specimens (skin and skull) from
México and the United States of America. These were
collected, skinned, and stuffed in 1938 - 1945. The five
Mexican political divisions or states with the highest
number of collecting records (Table 2) are territories
that are mostly represented by an interesting array
of diverse ecosystems such as tropical rain forest,
tropical dry forest, cloud forest, temperate forest,
grassland, mangrove, and xeric shrublands. Therefore,
holdings at CNMA are evidence of the rich biological
diversity of Mexican mammals.
Moreover, CNMA holds specimens from several
countries representing all world continents except
for Antarctica (Table 3), although African specimens
came solely from captive facilities. Other important
holdings are specimens of the endangered Mexican
Wolf (Canis lupus baileyii, CNMA-24555; Figure 5)
the extinct Monk seal (Monachus tropicalis, CNMA24563), and fluid-specimen individuals and skeletons
of the critically endangered Vaquita Marina (Phocoena
sinus, CNMA-19588, 19589). The Vaquita is a small
and secretive porpoise, endemic to a small range
in the northern Gulf of California, México. Similarly
important holdings are two specimens of the recently
catalogued Big Gopher (Orthogeomys lanius, CNMA46463, 46483), microendemic to a small region in
the mountains south and east of Pico de Orizaba in
Veracruz. This fossorial rodent, unknown to science
since the first two specimens were captured in 1904,
was rediscovered in 2013 (Hafner et al., 2014); its
conservation status has not ever been assessed,
although the Mexican government has listed it as
threatened since 2010 (Herrera Flores, 2010).
Figure 5. Skull of Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi, CNMA24555), extirpated from Mexican grounds for nearly half a
century.
In 1983, 26 type specimens belonging to 15 taxa were
held in the collection (Urbano Vidales & SánchezHerrera, 1983). At present, 12 holotype specimens
highlight the Type section, including taxa of rodents,
bats, carnivores, and shrews (Table 4; HortelanoMoncada et al., 2006). It is interesting to note that the
first holotype specimen deposited at CNMA, in 1941,
was the Peter´s Climbing Rat (Tylomys gymnurus,
CNMA-101), and at present it is still recognized at
the subspecific level. The last holotype specimen
catalogued at CNMA was the Delicate Deer Mouse
(Habromys delicatulus; CNMA 22439), a monotypic
species endemic to the cloud forest of the mountains
of Central México (Carleton et al., 2002).
Table 2. Collection records of Mexican mammals by Mexican political divisions (states), held by the mammalian collection
(Colección Nacional de Mamíferos; CNMA) of Instituto de Biología of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Number of
state
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
State
Oaxaca
Guerrero
Chiapas
Veracruz
Puebla
Jalisco
Baja California Sur
Morelos
Ciudad de México
Estado de México
Colima
Durango
San Luis Potosí
Sonora
Michoacán
Baja California
Number of
holdings
4985
4203
3615
3476
3311
2476
2313
1874
1825
1581
1461
1386
1248
1173
982
969
Number of
state
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
State
Nayarit
Tamaulipas
Guanajuato
Campeche
Coahuila
Sinaloa
Yucatán
Zacatecas
Tabasco
Quintana Roo
Tlaxcala
Querétaro
Hidalgo
Chihuahua
Nuevo León
Aguascalientes
Number of
holdings
930
740
624
597
583
570
543
518
512
497
440
387
377
364
340
131
7
Cervantes et al., 2016. JoNSC 4, pp.4-11
Table 3. Collection records of Mexican mammals by country hold by the mammalian collection (Colección Nacional de Mamíferos;
CNMA) of Instituto de Biología of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. (*undetermined country)
Number of
country
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Country
Mexico
United Sates of America
Argentina
Colombia
Trinidad & Tobago
Costa Rica
Brazil
Belize
Undetermined
Venezuela
Panama
Peru
Canada
Rusia
Bolivia
Cuba
Spain
China
Number of
holdings
45917
681
198
105
93
72
60
58
48
48
47
35
34
32
23
10
8
5
Number of
country
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Country
Nicaragua
French Guiana
Guatemala
Africa *
Haiti
Poland
El Salvador
Czech Republic
Chile
Honduras
Sweden
Australia
Philippines
France
Indonesia
Iceland
Japan
Madagascar
Number of
holdings
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Table 4. Holotype specimens hosted by the mammalian collection (Colección Nacional de Mamíferos; CNMA) of Instituto de
Biología of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Type, catalogue number, gender,
authority name and date
Present valid taxon name,
authority name and date
Family and
Order
Preservation
type
Holotype, CNMA-101, ♀
Tylomys gymnurus Villa R., 1941
Holotype, CNMA-8516, ♀
Tylomys nudicaudus villai Schaldach, 1966
Holotype, CNMA-22439. ♂
Habromys delicatulus
Carleton, Sánchez y Urbano Vidales, 2002
Holotype, CNMA-8496, ♀
Orthogeomys grandis alvarezi
Schaldach, 1966
Holotype, CNMA-221, ♂
Orthogeomys grandis huixtlae
Villa R., 1944
Holotype, CNMA-12145, ♂
Spilogale pygmaea intermedia
López-F. and Urbano V., 1979
Holotype, CNMA-212, ♀
Potos flavus dugesii Villa-Ramírez, 1944
Holotype, CNMA-8445, ♀
Notiosorex phillipsii Schaldach, 1966
Holotype, CNMA-9246, ♂
Nyctinomus depressus Ward, 1891
Holotype, CNMA-9243, ♂
Vesperugo veraecrucis Ward, 1891
Holotype, CNMA-8594, ♂
Rhogessa mira La Val, 1973
Holotype, CNMA-1738, ♀
Cynomops malagai Villa R., 1955
Tylomys nudicaudus gymnurus
Villa, 1941
Tylomys nudicaudus villai
Schaldach, 1966
Habromys delicatulus
Carleton, Sánchez y Urbano
Vidales, 2002
Orthogeomys grandis alvarezi
Schaldach, 1966
Muridae,
Rodentia
Muridae,
Rodentia
Muridae,
Rodentia
Skin and skull
Geomyidae,
Rodentia
Skin and skull
Orthogeomys grandis huixtlae
Villa R., 1944
Geomyidae,
Rodentia
Skin and skull
Spilogale pygmaea intermedia
López-F. and Urbano-V., 1981
Mephitidae,
Carnivora
Skin and
skeleton
Potos flavus chiriquensis
J. A. Allen, 1904
Cryptotis phillipsii
(Schaldach, 1966)
Nyctinomops macrotis
(Gray, 1839)
Perimyotis subflavus
veraecrucis (Ward, 1891)
Rhogessa mira
La Val, 1973
Molossus rufus
É.-Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 1805
Procyonidae,
Carnivora
Soricidae,
Eulipotyphla
Molossidae,
Chiroptera
Vespertilionidae,
Chiroptera
Vespertilionidae,
Chiroptera
Molossidae,
Chiroptera
Skin and skull
Skin and skull
Skin and
skeleton
Skin and skull
Fluidpreserved
Fluidpreserved
Skin and skull
Skin and skull
8
The Collection as a Resource
CNMA is frequently visited by researchers and
students. They mostly request to examine mammalian
specimens for morphology projects, cranial and
dental variation, patterns of reproduction, sexual
dimorphism, size and biomass variation, and hair
colour and structure, among other topics. Requests
to take pictures of skulls and obtain permanent loans of
frozen tissues for molecular systematics are common.
In addition, not only mammalogists but researchers
of other vertebrate groups request the services of the
resident dermestid colony to clean bones. Recently,
requests for specimen information in database format
have noticeably increased.
The information of CNMA scientific specimens is
currently being uploaded into a database. The
results have been highly useful for the curation of the
specimens. The management of the CNMA database
has become a helpful tool that significantly helps store,
retrieve, and analyse information on the specimens
as an important part of the internal curatorial work
at CNMA. For example, CNMA keeps a record in its
curatorial database of specimens recently collected in
the field or received from different sources, samples
being cleaned in the colony of dermestids, skins
and skeletons in fumigation, bone material being
washed, skins in the process of tanning, specimens
being fixed in formaldehyde before being preserved
in alcohol, stored frozen tissues, nomenclature and
classification of species, cataloguing of specimens,
georeferencing of localities (when not registered in
the field), national and international loans and permits
for collection, export and import, among others. All
of these procedures have helped CNMA to obtain
international recognition for its high standard of
curatorial practice.
The specimen database of CNMA is already available
free of charge online, through the institutional website
(https://datosabiertos.unam.mx/). Currently, there are
nearly 37,000 records available. Our records show
that CNMA holdings are intensively consulted online,
and feed numerous research projects dealing not
only with the presence or absence of species data,
but with complex analyses such as niche modelling,
biogeographical inferences, and impact of climate
change, that require large mammalian datasets.
Curatorial records from CNMA are also uploaded into
databases of international projects, organisations, and
agencies that help make field data on biodiversity
available online using web portals, such as the Global
Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; http://www.gbif.
org/) and The Mammal Networked Information System
(MaNIS; http://manisnet.org/).
Cervantes et al., 2016. JoNSC 4, pp.4-11
CNMA products also include an online collection of
digitised files, named IREKANI, containing images
of specimens and their associated taxonomic and
geographical metadata (http://unibio.unam.mx/
irekani/; Figure 6; Cervantes and Vargas-Cuenca,
2012; Cervantes 2016). This dataset provides users
that live away from biological collections with access
to images of mammalian museum specimens, needed
to make decisions about taxonomic identification.
Similarly, ecologists and botanists interested in
identifying mammalian skin or bone remains found in
the field rely on this image collection as a vital resource.
Moreover, this web site is heavily consulted and
used by students and instructors in mammalogy and
wildlife courses, and by popular science publications
to illustrate what mammals look like, where they occur,
and how they are named. Many of the IREKANI files
that CNMA holds also function as voucher information
for camera trap records. Editors of scientific journals
frequently ask CNMA to corroborate identifications
of new or noteworthy mammalian records obtained
through camera traps that have been reported in
manuscripts submitted for publication.
Figure 6. Digital file number 11903 from image collection of
Colección Nacional de Mamíferos, available online (http://unibio.
unam.mx/irekani/). Highly distinctive S-shaped enamel pattern of
third upper right molar of Allen´s Woodrat (Hodomys alleni, adult
♀, CNMA-46965), a secretive cricetid rat endemic to the dry
tropical forest of western México.
CNMA designed its own web page (cnmaib.wordpress.
com), which includes information on how to contact
and find CNMA, forms to request academic visits,
specimen and frozen tissue deposits and loans, and
access to the dermestid colony service. The website
also shows panoramic views and particular images of
CMNA’s facilities, provides taxonomic and geographic
data on important specimens (Figure 7), and free PDF
files of relevant publications on Mexican mammals,
including research articles and books. Information on
9
Figure 7. Images of the facilities at Colección Nacional de
Mamíferos (CNMA) of Instituto de Biología of Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México.
faculty, staff, and students associated with CNMA is
also made available therein.
Cervantes et al., 2016. JoNSC 4, pp.4-11
Figure 8. Digital file number 12017 from image collection of
Colección Nacional de Mamíferos, available online (http://
unibio.unam.mx/irekani/). Comparative dorsal view of Mexican
squirrel skins (top to bottom): Red-bellied Squirrel (Sciurus
aureogaster; CNMA-6819), Ring-tailed Ground Squirrel
(Notocitellus annulatus; CNMA-37243), Tropical Ground Squirrel
(N. adocetus; CNMA-47466), and Southern Flying Squirrel
(Glaucomys volans; CNMA-29).
Acknowledgements
CNMA is also an important facility that curators
and staff utilise to teach mammalogy to students Feedback from anonymous reviewers improved
enrolled in undergraduate and postgraduate courses, this manuscript. This project was funded in part by
give seminars and talks on curatorial matters, and Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de
participate in exhibitions and museographical activities la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), México. We also thank
and events outside campus (Cervantes et al., 2009). and dedicate this publication to the many curators,
For instance, the teaching collection of CNMA is staff, and students, past and present, from Instituto de
intensively used to support the laboratory section of the Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Mammalogy course taught in UNAM at undergraduate that have contributed to the curation of mammalian
level. Regarding enviromental education, students specimens at CNMA, particularly to Bernardo Villaassociated with CNMA also help organize events using Ramirez, our academic mentor. He founded CNMA on
mammal specimens to teach children and adults of 17 March 1947, which makes 2017 an occasion for the
local communities how mammals function in nature, celebration of nearly 70 years of CNMA’s contributions
and how human beings may coexist with mammals to the knowledge and conservation of the mammalian
biodiversity in México.
to live sustainably (Figure 8).
Conclusion
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implications, and to the growth and enrichment of
domestic and international databases on Mexican
mammals, which are benefiting conservation efforts
to sustainably manage this component of biodiversity.
The main objectives of CNMA are maintaining and
developing the national collection of Mexican
mammals, and providing support to research, teaching,
museography, and environmental education in México.
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