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WEEKLY
VOL. XL NO. 43 PAGES 48
` 8.00
NEW DELHI 23 - 29 JANUARY 2016
THE INDIAN REPUBLIC EXPERIENCE
Raghul Sudeesh
A
'Republic' is a State in which supreme power is held
by the people and their elected representatives. It
has an elected head of the state rather than a monarch.
In a 'Republic', the people give power to leaders they
elect to represent them and serve their interests.
Though India became an independent nation putting an
end to the British rule, on August 15, 1947, it declared
itself as a Sovereign, Democratic and Republic state
with the adoption of the Constitution of India only on
January 26, 1950. Since then January 26 is being celebrated across India as 'Republic Day'.
At the time of adoption, Indian Constitution was the
largest written constitution in the world and it still continues to hold that title. The Constitution laid down the
entire structure for the Republic. This magnum opus
remains the back bone of the Indian Republic.
The preamble to the Indian Constitution promises
to secure to its citizens:
Justice - Social, Economic and Political;
Liberty - Of Thought, Expression, Belief, Faith and
Worship;
Equality - Of status and of opportunity; and to promote
among them all;
Fraternity - Assuring the dignity of the individual and
the unity and integrity of the Nation.
Interestingly, the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR), a milestone in the history of
Human Rights was adopted by the United Nations
General Assembly on 10 December, 1948. The Indian
Constitution was greatly influenced by this document
and the drafters imbibed into our Constitution most of
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Combined State/ Upper Subordinate
Services (Gen. Rectt.) and (Special
Rectt.) Examinations-2016.
Last Date : 11.02.2016 (pg 2-12)
SSB
Sashastra Seema Bal, New Delhi
requires 143, SI (Staff Nurse), ASI (Farm
Asstt.), Head Constable (Steward) etc.
Last Date : 30 Days after publication.
(pg 15-19)
Turn over the pages for other vacancies
in Banks, Armed Forces, Railways,
PSUs and other Govt. Deptts.
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z Swami Vivekananda : Youth And Governance
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the Human Rights values enshrined in the UDHR declaration. The Indian Constitution guarantees to its people most basic human rights and freedoms mentioned in
HAPPY R E P U B L I C D A Y
the UDHR, under Part III and Part IV of our Constitution.
However, only Part III Rights (Fundamental Rights) are
enforceable in a Court of Law. Probably, no other
Republic in this world would have emphasized so much
on Human Rights.
A remarkable feature of the Indian Republic is that
though being a Federal in form, it acquires a unitary
character during the time of emergency. When emergency is declared in India, the normal distribution of
powers between the Centre and the State undergoes
massive changes. The Union Parliament will be empowered to legislate on any subjects mentioned in the State
List. This is a unique feature of the Indian Constitution
and hence, some jurists refer to our Constitution as
'Quasi Federal'. Also, in the matter of Centre-State relations, our Constitution has put out a detailed framework
while other constitutions have only skeletal provisions.
From the inception itself, Indian Republic has adopted adult suffrage without any qualification either of sex,
property, taxation or the like. Every man and woman
above 18 years of age has been given the right to vote
in elections. For conducting, free, impartial and fair elections, the Constitution has set up an autonomous
Election Commission to supervise and conduct elections. This experiment has been totally successful and
made India the world's largest democracy.
India is a country with lot of diversities and mutual distrust and suspicion exists among various groups. To
promote a sense of security among the minorities,
Constitution has made special provisions for them. India
is also a country of many religions. The Constitution has
adopted a secular nature from the inception itself but
the word 'Secular' was added to the preamble only in
1976 by the 42nd amendment.
Continued on page 48
CAREER IN AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
Usha Albuquerque & Nidhi Prasad
D
o you feel curious about how the aircraft flies high in the
air or how satellites up there transmit telephonic and TV
signals? Or how does a non-living thing travels and even
sends us pictures of outer space while there is no person
handling it. Ever wonder what makes a paper plane fly? Are
you fascinated by electronics and computers? Like the smell
of gasoline? Are you a hands-on kind of person? Well then,
Aerospace Engineering is the career for you.
Aeronautical/ Aerospace Engineering is the science or art
which is involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of
air flight-capable machines, and the techniques of operating
aircraft and rockets. It is one of the most challenging fields
of engineering with a wide scope for growth. This field deals
with the development of new technology in the field of aviation, space exploration and defense systems. It specialises in
the designing, construction, development, testing, operation
and maintenance of both commercial and military aircraft,
spacecrafts and their components as well as satellites and
missiles.
This branch mainly deals with the technology, business and
other aspects related to aircraft. One of the significant parts in
aeronautical engineering is a branch of physical science
called aerodynamics. It deals with motion of air and the way in
which it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft.
Aeronautical Engineering is a part of Aerospace Engineering,
while Astronautical Engineering another branch of the core
field, deals with spacecrafts operating outside the atmosphere
of Earth.
As Aerospace engineering involves design and manufacture
of very high technology systems, the job requires manual,
technical as well as mechanical aptitude. Aeronautical engineers usually work in teams under the supervision of senior
engineers, bringing together their skills and technical expertise. Though highly paid, the work is very demanding. An aeronautical engineer needs to be physically fit and fully dedicated to his work. To be a successful Aeronautics engineer, you
need to be alert, have an eye for detail and a high level of
mathematical precision.
The specializations in this field include:
Structural design
Navigational guidance and control systems
Instrumentation and communication
Production methods, or it can be in a particular product
such as military aircrafts, passenger planes, helicopters,
satellites, rockets etc.
ELIGIBILITY
The basic eligibility criteria for a BE / B.Tech is 10+2 or equivalent examination, with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics
with a high percentage of marks in the aggregate.One can pursue B.Tech/ B.E. in Aeronautical Engineering or a diploma in
Aeronautics. The degree and postgraduate degree courses are
offered by the engineering colleges and Institutes of Technology
(IITs), and the diploma courses are available at polytechnics.
Selection to the graduate courses ( BE / B.Tech ) is based on
merit i.e. the marks secured in the final exams of 10+2 and
through qualifying exam JEE (Joint Entrance Exam) conducted
by the IIT's.
After pursuing B.Tech/B.E in Aeronautical Engineering, students
can pursue M.Tech/MS in the following specializations:
Continued on page 47
DELHI POSTAL REGD. NO. DL-SW-1/4101/2015-17U(C)-108/2015-17 Licensed to Post without prepayment RNI 28728/76 N.D.P.S.O. New Delhi 22 / 23.01.2016 Date of Publishing : 18.01.2016 (` 8.00)
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48
www.employmentnews.gov.in
Employment News 23 - 29 January 2016
SUBHAS BOSE: THE SUBLIME PRAGMATIST
Priyadarshi Dutta
N
etaji Subhas Chandra Bose was a
great freedom fighter, nation builder
and pragmatist. Born on 23 January, 1897
in Cuttack (Orissa) to Janakinath Bose
and Prabhavati Devi, he was the ninth
child among eight brothers and six sisters.
His father, Janakinath Bose, was an affluent and successful lawyer in Cuttack.
Subhas was a very intelligent and sincere
student. He passed his B.A. in Philosophy
from the Presidency College in Calcutta.
Since his early days, he plunged into the
freedom struggle.
Initially, Subhas Chandra Bose worked
under the leadership of Chittaranjan Das,
an active member of Congress in
Calcutta. He regarded Chittaranjan Das as
his political guru. Bose had been in civilian
politics close to two decades (1921-1940),
inclusive of his 11 imprisonments, working
for India’s independence at home and
abroad. He was essentially a political
thinker and philosopher who put forth his
ideas in numerous speeches, books,
essays and letters.
A ‘faith philosophical’ was the anchor of
his actions. He says, in his unfinished
autobiography “An Indian Pilgrim”, ‘Reality, therefore, is Spirit, the essence of
which is Love, gradually unfolding itself in
an eternal play of conflicting forces and
their solution’. It shows how his mind was
at a plane different from that of career
politicians of the day (he himself had been
the Chief Executive Officer and later
Mayor, Calcutta Corporation). He also
identifies the source of his inspiration. He
says, ‘I was barely fifteen when
Vivekananda entered my life. Then there
followed a revolution within and everything
was turned upside down”. Vivekananda,
says Subhas Bose, gave him an ideal for
which he could give his whole being.
A week before Subhas Bose was born,
Swami Vivekananda had pronounced a
new conception of India at Colombo, Sri
Lanka (then Ceylon). To the contemporary
political leadership, India was an evolving
political, constitutional and economic construct. But Vivekananda said that Indian
civilization had maintained its uninterrupted continuity unlike other civilizations of
the world because its soul lay in spirituality not political institutions. He also said
that India was a land of spirituality and
renunciation. Her mission is to conserve,
preserve and accumulate her spiritual
energies and deluge the world with that
concentrated energy.
If not moored to such a lofty ideal,
Subhas Bose could not have given the
THE INDIAN REPUBLIC...
Continued from page 1
Mere enumeration of rights will not serve
any purpose. In order to safeguard the
Constitution, it has set up an independent judiciary. According to noted Constitutional
Scholar, M P Jain, the Supreme Court of India
has wider powers than the highest Court in
any other federation. The jurisdiction of the
Supreme Court is very broad. It is the general
Court of appeal from the High Courts, the ultimate arbiter in all Constitutional matters and
also enjoys an advisory jurisdiction. It can hear
appeals from any court or tribunal in the country and can issue writs for enforcing the fundamental rights. Similarly, the High Courts are
also Constitutional Courts and are empowered
to issue writs for the purpose of violation of
‘heaven born service’ after qualifying the
ICS examination in 1920. He was placed
at No.4 in the merit list- the highest position secured by any Indian in the history of
the ICS. But he chose to serve the motherland instead of colonial masters. He got
into touch with C.R. Das (1867-1925) – his
future political mentor- first through letters and then in person. Their association lasted for only
four years due to
untimely death of
Das and imprisonment of Subhas
Bose. But those
were enough to
launch him into constitutional politics.
He was one of the
nine members of
committee led by
Pt. Motilal Nehru
that produced the
“Nehru Report” (1928) on dominion status.
Subhas Bose believed in a fine balance
of subjectivity and objectivity. While visiting Cairo for a single day in January 17,
1935 he combined contemplation with a
political meeting with Egyptian nationalist
leader Mustapha El-Nahas Pasha of Wafd
Party. Pasha expressed confidence that
Hindus and Muslims of India can work
together in the best interest of the nation
like Muslims and Copts in Egypt. Subhas
Bose, standing at the base of the
Pyramids, realized the similarities and differences between Egypt and India. They
were both very ancient civilizations. ‘Our
emphasis was not on civilization but on
culture; not on material side of life but on
the intellectual and spiritual. Therein we
had our advantages, as well as our disadvantages. Owing to our superior thought
power, we could hold our own against
invaders from outside even when we were
vanquished physically for the time beingand in course of time we could absorb the
outsider, while the ancient Egyptians went
down before the Arab invaders and disappeared altogether’.
But India, he felt, had neglected its
material side while developing the spiritual side. This in the long run enervated
India spiritually as well. Therefore, he preferred ‘the golden mean between the
demands of spirit and of matter, of the soul
and of the body- and thereby progress
simultaneously on both fronts’. His mus-
ings at Pyramids, therefore, sum up his
political vision for India. He wanted to see
a modern India that is industrially self-sufficient and militarily self-reliant. Yet, it
would not be out of sync with India’s native
genius.
His Presidential Speech at the 51st session
of
Indian
National Congress at
Haripura (1938) concluded as-“We are,
therefore, fighting not
for the cause of India
alone but for humanity as well. India freed
means
humanity
saved”. But his idealism never got better
of his pragmatism.
He was aware that
political
freedom
without
economic
reconstruction was
hollow. He was the
first to broach the
subject of national planning. He knew
Indians sooner or later will have to assume
the political responsibility for India.
He said, “The very first thing that our
future national government will have to do
is to set up a commission for drawing up a
comprehensive plan for reconstruction”.
His Presidential tenure saw the genesis of
a Planning Committee, despite the lukewarm attitude of the Congress. Twenty
nine subcommittees, formed into eight
groups, were set up with special terms of
reference to deal with all parts and
aspects of the national life and work
according to a pre-determined plan.
Though the exit of Subhas Bose from
Congress, outbreak of the World War II in
1939 and imprisonment of Nehru impeded
its work, it was revived by the efforts of K
T Shah in 1945. The Planning Committee
was the forerunner of the Planning
Commission in independent India with scientist Dr. Meghnad Saha, an associate of
Subhas Bose, playing a major role.
Though the Planning Commission has
been renamed as Niti Aayog (National
Institution for Transforming India) the idea
of national planning remains intact. The
tribute should go to the farsightedness of
Subhas Bose.
Subhas
Bose
recaptured
the
Presidential post in Congress at Tripuri
(1939) through an election. He defeated
the
official
candidate
Pattabhi
Sitaramayya. It was Subhas Bose’s
uncompromising attitude against the
British, which made him a misfit in the
Congress. His political differences with
Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru made him
to quit it completely. He set up “Forward
Block” which was based on Leftist agenda. The beginning of the World War II
upset his political plans. Interestingly he
met veteran revolutionary Veer Savarkar
at Bombay in June, 1940. Savarkar was
the first to tell him to go out of India, and
build an army of resistance in Japan with
Rashbihari Bose, with whom Savarkar
was in touch.
It was in Germany (April 1941-Feburary,
1943) that his Indian associates gave
Subhas Bose the title ‘Netaji’. A resolution
was passed to make ‘Jana Gana Mana’ of
Rabindranath Tagore the national anthem
of free India. Subhas Bose had raised a
mini version of Indian National Army (INA)
in Germany in 1941. It was called the
Indian Legion. It was also in Germany that
he set up ‘Azad Hind Radio’ as broadcast
arm of India’s overseas freedom movement. Its broadcast was receivable in
India. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in an
edition of Mann Ki Baat, said Subhas
Bose exemplified the influence of radio
broadcast on public mind.
Subhas Bose was always a youth icon.
He was perhaps the only political leader to
be in the forefront of both non-violent and
revolutionary forms of freedom struggle.
His transition from civilian politics to militaristic role thus seemed very natural.
On his the 119th birth anniversary this
year, focus of the nation is on the declassification and public release of the first batch
‘Netaji files’ by the central government.
Earlier, on September 19, 2015 West
Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee had
released the digitized version of 64 confidential files on Netaji in possession of the
state government. On October 14, 2015 the
Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, while
hosting the extended family members of
Netaji and some public activists, at 7, RCR
announced to declassify the files on Netaji
available with Government of India. It is estimated that there are as many as 130 files
on the subject. It is expected that the
declassification of files will clear the mysteries surrounding Netaji’s life and people
would be able to know whether Netaji survived the alleged Taihoku air crash in
August 1945.
The author is an independent
researcher based in New Delhi. He is
currently a Consultant, Ministry of I&B.
Views expressed are his personal.
fundamental rights or for any other purpose.
American historian and a leading authority on the Indian Constitution, Granville Austin
in his prologue to his book, "Working a
Democratic Constitution", says, "The Indian
Constitution is a live document in a society
rapidly changing and almost frenetically political. The touchstone for public, and many private affairs, the Constitution is employed
daily, if not hourly, by citizens in pursuit of
their personal interests or in their desire to
serve the public good. The working of the
Constitution so fully expresses the essentialness of the seamless web and so completely reveals the society that adopted it that its
study truly is a window into India." In this
classic work, Austin also says, "The
Constitution and its seamless web have met
India's needs. The inadequacies in fulfilling
its promises should be assigned to those
working it and to conditions and circumstances that have defied greater economic
and social reform during the short fifty years
since Indians began governing themselves.
The Country has achieved greatly against
greater odds".
India as a Republic has stood the test of
time. We have had wars, insurgencies, communal riots, inter-state disputes and many
other issues. However, we have overcome
all of these and have only matured as a
democracy. The Constitution and its framework which laid down the blue print for the
effective functioning of a Republic must be
given credit for that.
As another Republic Day approaches, I
am reminded of the special message of Dr.
Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India
to his countrymen, on the birth of the Indian
Republic. He said,"We must re-dedicate
ourselves on this day to the peaceful but
sure realization of the dream that had
inspired the Father of our Nation and the
other captains and soldiers of our freedom
struggle, the dream of establishing a classless, co-operative, free and happy society in
'his country'. We must remember that this is
more a day of dedications than of rejoicing dedication to the glorious task of making the
peasants and workers the toilers and the
thinkers fully free, happy and cultured."
The author is a journalist covering
the country's judicial system. e mail :
[email protected]
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